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The Foundations of Social Theory
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... These theories show that learning takes place as an interaction between individual (micro) and group-level (macro) activities but do not elaborate on how the interaction takes place. The microfoundations approach (Barney & Felin, 2013;Coleman, 1990;Foss et al., 2010) studies how team-level outcomes are affected by individual-level action and provides us with a beneficial approach (Felin et al., 2015) to deepen our understanding of how boards guide learning by connecting the OBM. ...
... Since our study focuses on this interplay, the microfoundations approach is the most natural for our study. We study the microfoundations of board-guided learning by applying the Coleman "bathtub" (Coleman, 1990;Distel, 2019) framework. In this framework, the focus is to understand how social facts and conditions of individual action cause individual action that causes social outcomes. ...
... Altogether, we found seven second-order themes explaining learning. Four second-order themes showed practices in accordance with the steps in learning theory (Crossan et al., 1999) and the Coleman (1990) "bathtub," and three second-order themes described how the board guided learning practices, participation, and temporality of board meetings. This structure enabled us to group the data in the two aggregate dimensions of learning practices and guiding of learning practices. ...
... These changing properties often have implications for sociological issues that are being explored. Accordingly, the researcher seeks to identify these network properties and characteristics to proceed to capture and make sense of them (Crossley, 2019). ...
... At the same time, only some will be willing to answer a questionnaire with dozens or even hundreds of names. Another point is that whole network research tends to focus on links in a particular layer, which has the consequence of failing to capture cross-cycles (Simmel, 1955;Crossley, 2019). ...
... If we focus on sociology, we will find that high social network density (i.e., the number of ties that exist in a network) is associated with high levels of trust, norms of cooperation and mutual support, and high levels of social capital. In other words, high density is a fertile ground for cultivating and stimulating social capital, for example, through trust (Coleman, 1990;Putnam, 2000). ...
Social Νetwork Αnalysis (SNA) is an important methodological approach but also a valuable instrument for research in social sciences and social issues, including Diversity, Social Capital, and the Trust Crisis. More precisely, a network consists of sets of nodes, ties, and sometimes attributes. Nodes refer to elements of the researcher's project and ties are based on the researcher's interests. In a network, the vital components are the connections and patterns. In the past, the scientific community merely associated social network analysis (SNA) with the quantitative methodological approach. However, this approach has begun to be revised in recent years because the quantitative approach can only solve specific cases that arise in society. On the contrary, qualitative SNA can generate and examine data on numerous social issues. The qualitative SNA is an in-depth approach focusing on the social subject and its connections with other social subjects, institutions, or organizations. This study highlights the importance of a qualitative SNA and offers a distinctive approach to qualitative SNA in the research field.
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... Locally, [4; 10] and others have done explorative studies of the same phenomenon. True, as rational theorist like [1] has pointed out; there is definitely an element of cost-benefit-analysis going on when people choose to enter into these unions. Rational theory is a means-to-end theory; telling that whatever a person does, is aimed at achieving the desired end. ...
... The element of 'permanence' in small house union as a 'marriage' type provide participants with the paybacks of sharing a household, emotional and bodily as women enjoy the marriage benefits like regular sexual act with a permanent partner and reproduction where children insure the relationship. Intimate interactions depend on gaining a reward or profit from the relationship [1]. The fact that women in small house unions are known by some of their partner's relatives, reproduce children acknowledged by men, permanent bond between partners and the similarity of the union's arrangement to the formal marriage entail that, demographically, women in 'small house' are effectively married; hence, small houses are a marital strategy that urban women adopt. ...
... Female partners continue struggling in painful and costly forms and the 'technologies of patience' suspend questions about the cruelty of the 'now', [2] as there is 'consensual promise' in small houses and actors misrecognise that consensual promise as an achievement. Subscribing to [1], small house participants make affective deals about the costliness of one's attachments. The matrix of 'small house' can best understood in a [19] way when he talks about the public-private zoning of typical being, a split within the man of modernity, who is a man of the house and of the market. ...
Small house' has become an oft talked about phenomenon in Zimbabwe's urban space. The study explores the nature of 'small house' phenomenon in Harare, how individuals involved in this arrangement perceive their social categorisation and how they cope with other competing duties and societal expectations. The study adopts qualitative methodology involving the use of semi-structured interviews amongst participants recruited using purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. The 'small house' is a practice permitting a man to have lifelong secret erotic affairs with a woman, with the chances of having children accepted by the man. Rational Choice and Cruel Optimism models were utilized. The findings made herein show that inasmuch as the small house is a conscious art/ purposive behaviour, it is a co-dependent relationship rife with 'false' hope. Small house partners are effectively 'married' as the bond amid them carries the marriage meaning, committed themselves to their 'small housing' life. The never-ending search for fulfilment of 'unattainable' dreams, 'good life' appetite or social mobility prospects keeps the 'small house' adherents clinging to this phenomenon. The mystification of life precarity, emotive attachment and the optimistic habitus inherent in small housing is 'cruel' in keeping the members in 'problematic relationships' hoping for eventual miraculous pay offs, while it obscures one's alternative effort to prosperity. Because of the 'problematic' experiences in 'small house' relations, sometimes it is 'marriages' without love, love without sex, and sex without love-all messed up, for it has mixed aftermaths to the participants in terms of achievements, experiences and harms.
... Proponents of institutional trust adopt an economic framework and emphasize that the decision to trust an unfamiliar exchange party results from a choice based on controlled information processing and rational, forward-looking calculations. A firm's managers judge an unfamiliar party as trustworthy and are willing to trust it if they anticipate that the penalty costs the other party will incur upon engagement in opportunistic actions outweigh the benefits (Coleman, 1990;Hardin, 1992;Williamson, 1993). This perspective gives precedence to trustworthiness based on legal arrangements and social structures, potentially imposing sanctions on the defecting party (Zucker, 1986;Fukuyama, 1995). ...
... The institutional perspective assumes that the decision to trust another party is the result of a rational choice based on controlled information processing and forward-looking calculations that attempt to maximize gains or minimize losses (Coleman, 1990;Hardin, 1992;Williamson, 1993). ...
... Son tres los autores que teorizan sobre el concepto y abordan diferentes dimensiones del mismo P. Bourdieu (2000) J. Coleman (1990) y R. Putnam (2003). Bourdieu (2000:149) en la señala el capital social explica porque dos personas con equivalente capital cultural y económico obtienen diferentes beneficios. ...
... Coleman, el capital social puede ser creado y mantenido, en función del "cierre" de las relaciones sociales y la estabilidad de la estructura. Para Coleman (1990) , todas las formas de capital social pueden verse afectadas por esta dinámica, ya que la movilidad de los individuos vulnera la estabilidad de las relaciones sociales, siendo así, el capital social se puede disolver en función de la articulación de los otros tipos de capital social (J. Coleman, 1990:312). ...
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el desarrollo local desde la teoría del capital social y de las redes sociales. La tesis central de este artículo es demostrar como el capital social, entendido como relaciones e interacciones entre los diferentes actores locales, condiciona las oportunidades y dirección del desarrollo local. Este artículo se base en las investigaciones que hemos realizado en el Barrio de Raval de Barcelona en los últimos dos años estudiando la estructura y la dinámica de tejido asociativo de este barrio. Las observaciones y datos que presentamos se basan en esta investigación, patrocinada por el Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya, la cual consistió en una aproximación a las redes asociativas en dicho barrio, mediante la elaboración de grafos y aplicando metodologías de análisis de redes. Palabras claves: capital social, desarrollo local, redes sociales, asociacionismo.
... This suggests that one is prepared to take risks (Harrison McKnight & Chervany, 2001). uncertainty is the source of risk, and risk taking consequently reinforces a sense of trust when the expected behaviour materializes (Coleman, 1990;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Rousseau et al., 1998). Expectations regarding behaviours and positive outcomes must therefore be aided by suspension, "a mental leap to faith and the bracketing of the unknowable which represent the defining aspect of the nature of trust" (Möllering, 2001, p. 417). ...
... Trust relies on the social dimensions of the trustor's subjective probability toward the trustee's will (Gambetta, 1988) and leads to collective outcomes (Coleman, 1990). Trust has to be constantly and reflectively reproduced in the social world by the actors involved in an ongoing communication process to ensure continuity and order in social situations (Giddens, 1991, p. 96). ...
This paper examines contextual dynamics shaping the development of trust in the management of indigenous tourism. It focuses in particular on the role of women’s leadership in fostering community autonomy and a sense of community, which is argued to be key to building trusting relations essential to sustaining the tourism enterprise. Based on empirical fieldwork with the Pataxó Jaqueira community of Porto Seguro, Brazil involving document analysis, participant observation and interviews, the paper shows how trust, tradition and culturally embedded indigenous leadership capacities interact when seeking to develop and deliver tourism that meets community needs. The data show how investing in cultural resources builds social capital and reinforces the credibility women’s leadership, which is then leveraged to challenge patriarchal gender norms. Moreover, it identifies mechanisms of trust development and maintenance between entrepreneurial indigenous women and other community stakeholders, stressing the impacts of the women’s capacity for openness, solidarity and risk taking. The article thus provides contextualised and historically-informed, socio-cultural insights regarding the intersections of gender, trust and traditions in shaping sustainable indigenous tourism.
... Nel concetto di istituzioni sono incluse sia quelle formali, quali gli apparati dello Stato, la legislazione, le imprese e altre organizzazioni, sia quelle informali, quali la cultura, i valori, le abitudini e le routine, la fiducia (North, 1990;Jessop, 2001). Queste ultime sono alla base anche delle teorie sul capitale sociale (Coleman, 1990;Putnam, 1993;Bagnasco, 1999). In sintesi, sia le istituzioni formali che quelle informali sono socialmente costruite nel tempo e nello specifico contesto geografico e condizionano l'agire degli attori e le relazioni sociali. ...
... La spesa «straordinaria» per il Mezzogiorno (inclusa, dal 1989, la spesa per tutte le «aree depresse» del Paese) diminuisce dallo 0,6% del PIL nel 1991 -ultimo anno dell'Intervento straordinario -allo 0,4% nel 1998 (SVIMEZ, 2011). Il ruolo perequativo degli investimenti pubblici nel Mezzogiorno si arresta e poi si inverte a favore del Centro-Nord: gli investimenti pubblici complessivi (ordinari e straordinari) per abitante nel Mezzogiorno crollano, infatti, dal 141% del Centro-Nord nel 1991 al 79% nel 1999 (cioè da un valore del 41% superiore a quello di un abitante del Centro-Nord a un valore inferiore del 21%) (SVIMEZ, 1999;2006). Inoltre, gli unici finanziamenti «straordinari» disponibili, quelli della Politica europea di coesione, stentano ad essere spesi, tra la distrazione del Governo nazionale e le difficoltà delle Regioni meridionali a costituir si in soggetti propositivi: nei primi due cicli di programmazione della Politica europea di coesione (1989-1993 e 1994-1999), l'Italia è all'ultimo posto per capacità di spesa nella classifica degli Stati beneficiari di risorse per l'«Obiettivo 1» e deve chiedere ripetute proroghe (SVIMEZ, 1995;1997; 34 . ...
... Methodological individualism is concerned with letting individual reasons play an important part -perhaps the most fundamental one -in the explanation of collective phenomena or in the study of the justification of collective choices which impact social organization (Boudon 1979, Coleman 1990. Empirical explanation and norm-based justification play distinct and complementary roles. ...
... The implementation of general principles or objectives often involves inserting "meaningful" agreements or contracts (or those typical of a "mission" of the partners concerned) into a more general system of interactions (investments, market relations, consumer/user choices, etc.) or into "systems of action" as in Coleman 1990). However, it is quite difficult to reconcile a contractual approach to the actions of agents (such as firms) with a global approach to the correct standards of economic organization. ...
This chapter is an investigation of the links between the positive, normative and hermeneutic dimensions in the role imparted to norms as they are used or implemented in the processes of collective norm-based action. Whether the interpretations are rightful or not is an important rationality issue in its own right and it matters in the tradition of methodological individualism. However, the connection with practical rationality and the tradition of the « rational actor» in the social sciences is quite complex, when individual reasons are taken into account by models or theories which are used by steering authorities. The combination of positive explanations (or predictions), normative guidance and margins of interpretation is at the heart of the credibility of regulation in society, and this gives weight to the choice of hypotheses about individual cognition and attitudes. The same combination must be considered with attention in the development of responsibility-oriented devices in social functionings. Methodological individualism, it is argued, raises crucial issues in this respect.
... In markets, sellers often have private information about their products and services that buyers cannot access before completing the transaction. Such information asymmetry creates a trust problem if exchanges are sequential and buyers have to pay sellers before these sellers provide their products or services (Akerlof 1970;Coleman 1990;Kollock 1994;Reuter and Caulkins 2004). However, several assurance mechanisms reduce buyers' uncertainty about seller trustworthiness 1 (Cook, Levi, and Hardin 2005;Diekmann and Przepiorka 2019;Ladegaard 2021): first, a functioning legal system makes sellers' cooperation formally enforceable (Platteau 1994;Nee 2005). ...
... produce these benefits and suppress these costs. Extrinsic self-regarding motives (8) are thus equivalent to social norms (Coleman 1990;Bicchieri 2006; Horne and Mollborn 2020), partly overlap with a broader notion of conformity (see below), but must be kept distinct from group solidarity (Brewer and Miller 1996), which falls under other-regarding motives. ...
Reputation systems promote cooperation in large-scale online markets for illegal goods. These so-called cryptomarkets operate on the Dark Web, where legal, social, and moral trust-building mechanisms are difficult to establish. However, for the reputation mechanism to be effective in promoting cooperation, traders have to leave feedback after completed transactions in the form of ratings and short texts. Here we investigate the motivational landscape of the reputation systems of three large cryptomarkets. We employ manual and automatic text mining methods to code 2 million feedback texts for a range of motives for leaving feedback. We find that next to self-regarding motives and reciprocity, moral norms (i.e. unconditional considerations for others’ outcomes) drive traders’ voluntary supply of information to reputation systems. Our results show how psychological mechanisms interact with organizational features of markets to provide a collective good that promotes mutually beneficial economic exchange.
... However, prior research mainly explored legitimacy spillover effects at the macro level (i.e., how the density of an organization is positively associated with that of another) (Kuilman & Li, 2009). Researchers have attributed the macro-tomacro relationship to several across-level causal mechanisms (Coleman, 1994;Hedstrom & Swedberg, 1998). As Bitektine and Haack (2015) argue, legitimacy is a cross-level process that includes macro-level 'collective' legitimacy judgment (i.e., validity), which influences micro-level perceptions and judgment of social acceptability (i.e., property). ...
While the role of cognitive legitimacy in new organizational forms’ development has been extensively studied, the cognitive legitimacy of social entrepreneurship (SE) has so far received limited attention. Drawing from legitimacy theory and organizational ecology literature, we theorize and explore how SE obtains cognitive legitimacy via its prevalence and the legitimacy spillovers of the two categories it encapsulates: new business and nonprofit organizations. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, we find evidence for the existence of legitimacy spillovers from both new business and nonprofit organizations to SE activity. Second, the perceived density of social enterprises is significantly related to individuals’ engagement in SE. Third, we find the effect of legitimacy spillover effects is more significant when individuals perceive a lower density of social enterprises. Our study contributes to the research on SE, organizational ecology, and hybrid organizations by exploring the multiple sources for increasing SE’s legitimacy, particularly highlighting the existence of cross-categories legitimacy spillover effect within hybrid organizations.
... Although the definition of social capital exists in the perspective of individual and collective theory [34,37,[65][66][67][68], the concept of social capital as resources embedded in social networks is clear. At the individual level, these resources can be emotional, informational, instrumental or appraisal supports [69]. ...
In China, income disparities between regions continue to widen, especially in rural areas where environmental policies are implemented, where regional development is more underdeveloped and inequality is high. This paper provides an explanation from the perspective of social capital. Based on the panel data of 2077 counties in 2001–2015, this paper finds that the difference in social capital between ecological and non-ecological functional areas is not only from the gap in the total amount but also from the gap in the income effects. Empirical evidence shows that, although there is a positive correlation between social capital and rural income, the difference between the income effects is further caused by the lower level of social capital in ecological functional areas than in non-ecological functional areas. It is proved that there is a gap between the income effects of social capital in ecological function areas and non-ecological function areas, especially among the low-income groups of the two sectors. The results of the further decomposition of the differences show that the total difference in rural income between ecological function areas and non-ecological function areas is about 40%, of which the contribution of social capital is greater than the contribution of the two sectors. Therefore, the national key ecological functional areas need to explore new models for poverty reduction through social capital.
... Social capita, Social Capital in Promoting Proficiency in English Speaking according to Putnam et al. (1993:167) is meant the "features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that can improve the efficiency of a society by facilitating coordinated actions." Fukuyama (2000:98) defines social capital "simply as an instant set of informal values or norms among members of a group that permits them to cooperate with one another" Bourdieu's (1983: 249) analysis of social capital is that it is "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to poSsession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition", Coleman (1990Coleman ( , 1994 delineates family bondage and networks of kinship, and religion based associations as the vital indicators of social capital and it is related firmly on the structure and conventions of the society that guide the people to develop integrations with other people around themn( cited in Ahmed 2019:45). ...
... Social capita, Social Capital in Promoting Proficiency in English Speaking according to Putnam et al. (1993:167) is meant the "features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that can improve the efficiency of a society by facilitating coordinated actions." Fukuyama (2000:98) defines social capital "simply as an instant set of informal values or norms among members of a group that permits them to cooperate with one another" Bourdieu's (1983: 249) analysis of social capital is that it is "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to poSsession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition", Coleman (1990Coleman ( , 1994 delineates family bondage and networks of kinship, and religion based associations as the vital indicators of social capital and it is related firmly on the structure and conventions of the society that guide the people to develop integrations with other people around themn( cited in Ahmed 2019:45). ...
... Contemporary methods are limited to comparisons between two models where the same network acts as the dependent variable (Duxbury 2023). 1 Yet sociologists are often interested in how network selection affects individual, group, and organizational outcomes. Structuralist perspectives posit that networks exert contextual effects on social action (Burt 1992;Centola 2015;Coleman 1990;Granovetter 1973;Melamed, Harrell, and Simpson 2018;White 1992). To the extent that distinct selection mechanisms create unique network contexts, network selection is likely to indirectly influence individual, group, and organizational outcomes by altering network structure. ...
Mediation analysis is increasingly used in the social sciences. Extension to social network data, however, has proved difficult because statistical network models are formulated at a lower level of analysis (the dyad) than many outcomes of interest. This study introduces a general approach for micro-macro mediation analysis in social networks. The author defines the average mediated micro effect (AMME) as the indirect effect of a network selection process on an individual, group, or organizational outcome through its effect on an intervening network variable. The author shows that the AMME can be nonparametrically identified using a wide range of common statistical network and regression modeling strategies under the assumption of conditional independence among multiple mediators. Nonparametric and parametric algorithms are introduced to generically estimate the AMME in a multitude of research designs. The author illustrates the utility of the method with an applied example using cross-sectional National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data to examine the friendship selection mechanisms that indirectly shape adolescent school performance through their effect on network structure.
... Numerous studies show empirical evidence for the disruptive effect of residential mobility on individuals' social embeddedness and access to social support (Axhausen & Frei, 2007;Simoni & Bauldry, 2020; see reviews in: Coleman, 1990;Hagan et al., 1996;Wellman et al., 2001). Following this argument, residential mobility may be one of the core causes for variations in access to family social support (Magdol & Bessel, 2003). ...
Increasing residential mobility is said to challenge existing social support systems as mobility raises geographic distances between family members. Since family social support is essential for health and well-being, this study investigates whether residential mobility affects familial social support following changes in proximity to family and kin. By applying a stepwise linear regression on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel study, this paper is looking at variations between different residential mobility trajectories regarding social support provision and spatial proximity to family members in Germany over a 10-year period. Our findings show that people who are moving within Germany are receiving significantly more social support from their family and kin, while internationally mobile respondents receive less compared to non-mobile people. Mediation analyses show that proximity to family and kin are accounting for the negative effect of international mobility on social support but cannot explain the positive effect of internal migration.
... Modal sosial akan mendorong efektifitas pemerintahan, beragam determinan memungkinkan negara berfungsi secara lebih efektif dan memiliki legitimasi (Fukuyama, 1995). Modal sosial tinggi yang dimiliki masyarakat lebih dapat memfasilitasi hubungan antara negara dan rakyat (Coleman, 1990). Hubungan yang baik antara pemerintah dan masyarakat akan menjamin stabilitas politik negara. ...
Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menggambarkan bentuk strategi nafkah berkelanjutan pada komunitas pemulung. Mengetahui bentuk modal sosial yang dimiliki oleh komunitas pemulung. Mengetahui konstribusi modal sosial dalam peningkatan kesejahtraan ekonomi pemulung. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ditentukan secara purposive, yaitu menentukan informan yang dianggap tepat. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa strategi nafkah berkelanjutan yang dilakukan oleh pemulung adalah strategi nafkah difersifikasi atau biasa disebut sebagai startegi nafkah ganda. Bentuk-bentuk modal sosial yang dimiliki oleh komunitas pemulung di TPA Antang Kota Makassar membentuk jaringan, rasa kepercayaan, norma sosial, nilai-nilai, dan solidaritas antar pemulung yang ada di TPA. Kontribusi modal sosial dalam peningkatan kesejahtraan ekonomi pemulung menumbuhkan rasa percaya, mempermudah pemulung mendapatkan pekerjaan karena adanya trust yang terbangun dari pemulung.
... The term has been used to mean personal resources (Bourdieu 1980;Lin 2001), social resources, collective assets and a feature of social structure that eases the actions of an individual in a structured context (e.g. Coleman 1990;Putnam et al. 1993;Fukuyama 1996). Many forms of social capital have emerged in the literature over the years (Bhandari and Yasunobu 2009). ...
... Bourdieu (1985) defines social capital as a resource based on the relationships, networks, and group membership. Trust, social norms, and social networks (networks) are the primary components of social capital (Coleman, 1994;Putnam, 1993;Fukuyama, 1995, 1999, 2001in Lawang, 2004. The created network can provide useful resources for network formation (Jiang et al., 2018). ...
This study investigates the moderating effects of environmental dynamics, social networks, and business networks on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance. Through a questionnaire survey, 315 questionnaires were collected for analysis from managers and owners of businesses registered with KADIN, HIPMI, AKLI, GAPENSI, and REI Indonesia. This study made use of PLS-SEM analysis. Our results indicate that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has a significant effect on business success and that network resources moderate this relationship. Moreover, our findings imply that environmental dynamics, social networks, and business networks augment the effect of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on firm performance. The outcomes of this study add to both theory and practice. Theoretically, this study contributes to the body of knowledge and literature on how entrepreneurial orientation (EO) may enhance business performance via network resources following the concept of social capital that is influenced by a dynamic environment of social and commercial networks. This study can potentially improve corporate performance (EO) through strategic and entrepreneurial focus. The administration may employ this strategy to circumvent resource restrictions imposed by restricted access and a dearth of new opportunities. Therefore, Network resources enable enterprises to access additional resources, leading to a more successful EO implementation. In addition, environmental dynamics and social and business networks encourage the application of EO to enhance corporate performance.
... Recreation via Instagram is positively related to the collective social capital of shared language, shared vision, reciprocity, and social trust. is derived from the structure of the social network between people in the community, which yields collective productivity (Cao et al. 2022;Coleman, 1988Coleman, , 1994Granovetter, 1985;Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998). The components that constitute social capital are frequently discussed in the literature related to communities. ...
In the age of virtual cocreation of value by consumers, the role of the content modality in the development of social capital has been largely overlooked. Given that different modalities lead to varied forms of digital communication, this study examines whether a predominantly visual modality can enhance social capital and improve the collective value perceived by members of an online brand community. Through quantitative analysis, this study demonstrates that the visual modality of Instagram fosters social interactions, shaping the platform’s engagement dynamics. Affect-based visual imagery is persuasive in eliciting responses that match the hedonic nature of the platform. Therefore, fostering a positive emotional connection to both the community and the brand can lead to increased loyalty. This research proposes a different perspective on the interactive social exchange that facilitates the establishment of social capital. Value cocreation engagement is not necessarily dependent on the extensiveness of information depth. Adopting an affective orientation in persuasion has shown efficacy in forming attitudes towards attitudinal objects, particularly the community and brand.
... Названі параметри є результатом звернення до конструкта соціальної взаємодії(Coleman, 1990) як ресурсу та механізму самоідентифікації, що дало змогу розглянути це явище у двох аспектах: структурномуяк сукупність взаємозв'язків, у яких відбувається економічне залучення суб'єкта та/або групи, і соціокультурномуяк відданість учасників економічної взаємодії спільним цінностям, нормам та смислам, на основі яких вибудовуються економічні зв'язки. ...
Актуальність дослідження економічних орієнтацій молоді визначається необхідністю розширення уявлень про структуру економічної ідентичності та економічну поведінку підростаючого покоління в умовах сучасних економічних та загальних суспільних трансформацій, пов’язаних насамперед з поглибленням процесів глобалізації і диджиталізації. Мета статті – описати підхід та сформулювати основні положення моделі емпіричного дослідження економічної ідентичності, а також представити та обговорити результати її застосування для вивчення економічних орієнтацій учнівської та студентської молоді. Результати. Основою запропонованого підходу до дослідження економічної ідентичності є положення про ключову роль ідентичності в прийнятті економічних рішень, пріоритетну роль самовизначення суб’єкта щодо зовнішніх стимулів у конструюванні його економічної ідентичності, а також ціннісно-смислову детермінацію економічних орієнтацій суб’єкта. Емпіричне дослідження, здійснене за допомогою методів глибинного інтерв'ю та психосемантики, дало змогу верифікувати модель дослідження економічної ідентичності молоді. За основні показники цієї моделі взято уявлення про ціннісні регулятори в економічній сфері, ставлення до економічних об’єктів і явищ, настановлення щодо норм та правил ділової взаємодії. Встановлено, що семантичний простір економічних орієнтацій учнівської та студентської молоді структурується значеннями соціальної цінності економічної діяльності та економічної активності і незалежності. Значення, які репрезентують ставлення до економічних об’єктів і явиш, виявилися на периферії семантичного простору економічних орієнтацій молоді. Перспективи практичного застосування результатів дослідження пов’язані з урахуванням особливостей економічних орієнтацій учнівської та студентської молоді (зокрема, регіональних особливостей, вивчення яких є завданням наступного етапу дослідження) у розробленні та реалізації освітньої політики для підвищення рівня адаптації молоді до зміни економічних та загальносоціальних умов її життєдіяльності.
... In fact, according to the AlmaLaurea 2023 Report [3], a substantial percentage (28.6%) of young people-to attend university-migrate from southern to developed areas of central and northern Italy. This proportion of the population rarely returns to their "homeland", where social relationships established among people, in the form of social capital [4][5][6], may allow them to live better [7], maintaining the bond between people and boosting solidarity among them [8]. The social bond-more than any other element-could become a protective factor enabling citizens to remain in a specific place, react to the risk of vulnerability, and compare possible critical events [9][10][11], both of a personal and socio-environmental nature, as reported in the literature. ...
This article explores the depopulation phenomenon in the context of the Molise region, an Inner Area in the south of Italy, considering it as an indicator of emerging social vulnerability. In particular, this paper presents the results of a quantitative study conducted in Molise on a non-probabilistic sample composed of 89 respondents through an online self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. This research may contribute to stimulating reflection on social vulnerability studies by explaining that, in the age of complexity, societies, although simple, are not builders of social capital capable of protecting against social vulnerability. In particular, the data reveal that more than 2/3 of the sample (+75%) do not participate in community activities (events at volunteer centers; civic and political activities; and events youth aggregation centers). For this reason, it is important to improve solidarity, which is the core of new strategies of proximity welfare that help to reduce depopulation.
... Methodological Individualism and Formal Models: Some General Remarks 1 MI attempts, roughly, to explain macro-phenomena and macro-level regularities by linking macro-and micro-levels of analysis and by employing assumptions on micro-level behavioral regularities. Coleman's (1986Coleman's ( , 1990, Chap. 1) well-known heuristic diagram ( Fig. 1) summarizes key building blocks of such explanations (Coleman's diagram has quite some antecedents, see Raub & Voss, 2017 for details). In brief, propositions on macro-conditions and macro-outcomes are represented by Nodes A and D in Fig. 1. ...
This chapter is on when and how formalization and model building contribute to theory construction in methodological individualism. It shows that formalization is not always needed but can sometimes be useful for making assumptions explicit and for deriving implications that would appear out of reach of, or even go counter to, informal reasoning. The chapter focuses on examples from different theoretical approaches and research fields, including meanwhile ‘classic’ as well as more recent contributions. We sketch both insights that do not require elaborate formalization as well as implications that do require some degree of formalization. The exposition itself is largely informal.
... Furthermore, he interrelates bureaucratization-as one of the forces of Occidental rationalizing-with modernity. Weber's view profoundly influenced the debates on organization societies (Perrow, 1991) and approaches from rational choice (Coleman, 1990) to neo-institutionalism (Jepperson and Meyer, 2021a). It also inspired our approach. ...
Organizations and societies have changed. Bureaucracy, as modernity’s form of organization, has transformed into a reflexive organization, coordinating the conditions of system reproduction in time–space with increased reflexivity. Simultaneously, modernity with capitalism, industrialization, and rationalization as its institutional dimensions radicalized; reflexive organizations as one of its driving forces and the reflexive organization as the new organization model. Today, reflexive organizations are the most ubiquitous and powerful agents in our societies, separating and integrating activities, practices, and occurrences in new time–space arrangements and sets of social systems together with others, fueling modernity’s dynamism and global scope and letting our societies resemble an engine without a driver, erratically running in directions we cannot foresee. To identify and understand these changes and their impact on our current world, we develop a research framework informed by Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory that upgrades social systems to the core of structuration theory and adds the reflexive mode of organization and a strategic perspective to Giddens’ theory of modernity.
Meaning is a fundamental component of the social world (Luhmann, 1995; Schutz & Luckmann, 1973; Weber, 1946). People inhabiting the social world interpret the meaning of natural objects in their environment and social objects, including others, and act based on these interpretations. If we call the mechanism by which people interpret the meanings of objects and other people’s actions and link them to their own actions the meaning-making mechanism (Lamont, 2000), then social science, which aims to explain the behavior of people and groups, must, as its fundamental task, elucidate this meaning-making mechanism as its fundamental task.
The tempestuous environment engendered by the COVID-19 pandemic
brought about kaleidoscopic stressors that threaten the achievement of
the sustainable development goals on poverty, gender equality
employment and decent work. In the tourism sector, the COVID-19
containment measures widened the already pre-existing inequalities and
susceptibilities especially among women and the disabled. Women in the
tourism sector are over-subscribed in the lower-level positions where
there is limited job security and low remuneration. Here, employees with
disability face increased risk of job losses as they are unable to work from
home due to lack of adequate equipment and support available in the
workplace. Government response plans have failed to embrace and
consider gender and disability, as with studies exploring the effects of the
pandemic in the tourism sector.This urges for a need to address this question, as this chapter attempt to do. The aim is to examine, very
closely, the effects that COVID-19 response has had on gender equity as
well as on the disabled employees in the tourism sector in Zimbabwe and
suggest strategies that can be employed to mitigate these effects.
Trust seems to become established even in scenarios where the prerequisites for trust are complicated by conditions that evoke scepticism. Nonetheless, trust emerges, a phenomenon that is to be comprehended and examined in the present experimental inquiry. In order to comprehensively capture the process, a competitive online game environment was used to document the development of trust networks, directionality, and strength using network analysis. Despite the conditions conducive to distrust in this game setting, acts of trust were exhibited.Robust trust bonds persisting over the course of gameplay appear to manifest mostly dyadic or triadic, with participant embeddedness within the network and homophily in terms of general trustfulness towards strangers being conducive factors for trust bonding and game survivability. This study hence contributes to the overall understanding of online trust development and offers several further research opportunities in a mostly unexplored field.
Während immer neue Spaltungslinien wie soziale Ungleichheit, politische Polarisierung oder der Umgang mit Krisen zu gesellschaftlicher Fragmentierung führen, wird übersehen, dass Nachbarschaft im Alltag ein Potenzial für Zusammenhalt birgt. Das Buch geht daher der Frage nach, was Nachbarschaft eigentlich ist, und präsentiert zahlreiche empirische Befunde. Sebastian Kurtenbach zeigt, wie Nachbarschaft heute verstanden werden kann, welche Rolle Organisationen oder die Digitalisierung für das nachbarschaftliche Zusammenleben spielen, und welche Unterschiede zwischen Nachbarschaft in der Stadt und auf dem Land bestehen.
This article is the first to examine experiences of women with leadership roles in the U.K. Higher Education sport sector. We carried out detailed interviews with women leaders. We utilized Bourdieu’s model of habitus, capital, and field; Acker’s concept of “gendered organizations;” and Shilling’s concept of physical capital. Our findings show Higher Education operates more inclusively than the wider sport sector, which has the potential to advance gender equality. However, gendered practices remain with women working harder to accumulate and convert capital. Motherhood negatively impacts conversion of capital and respondents without children felt this benefitted their career. Finally, we discuss the impact of menopause on the careers of women and suggest this can impact self-perception.
Análisis agregados o con datos individuales de sección cruzada indican que la desigualdad económica erosiona la confianza social. Este trabajo reevalúa esta asociación distinguiendo entre los componentes transversales y longitudinales de la desigualdad, usando para ello una muestra de casi 140 000 individuos de 19 países, a lo largo de treinta años (1990-2020). Los resultados sugieren que hay una relación negativa y robusta entre desigualdad y confianza entre países controlando por variables sociodemográficas y actitudinales, y por el efecto directo y condicional del ingreso. Los individuos en países con mayor desigualdad reportan sistemáticamente menor confianza social, pero la evidencia es menos consistente con que la confianza varíe con la desigualdad. En la segunda parte del trabajo se reafirman estos hallazgos utilizando datos a nivel subnacional de España entre 2008 y 2022.
Recent developments in AI make the question of machine agency a pressing matter. Contrary to the idea that agency is the inherent quality of a system we argue that agency should be seen as a social status acquired in social practices. From this perspective, we develop criteria for the theoretical demarcation of agents and non-agents to distinguish entities based on the attributed abilities and their relative power in social networks. We derive a matrix of different types of AI agents and use the theory to interpret the findings of empirical studies on human-machine communication.
This Element represents the first systematic study of the risks borne by those who produced, commissioned, and purchased art, across Renaissance Europe. It employs a new methodology, built around concepts from risk analysis and decision theory. The Element classifies scores of documented examples of losses into 'production risks', which arise from the conception of a work of art until its final placement, and 'reception risks', when a patron, a buyer, or viewer finds a work displeasing, inappropriate, or offensive. Significant risks must be tamed before players undertake transactions. The Element discusses risk-taming mechanisms operating society-wide: extensive communication flows, social capital, and trust, and the measures individual participants took to reduce the likelihood and consequences of losses. Those mechanisms were employed in both the patronage-based system and the modern open markets, which predominated respectively in Southern and Northern Europe.
У статті представлено основні положення моделі емпіричного дослідження феномену економічної ідентичності, яку в подальшому буде застосовано автором для вивчення економічної ідентичності молоді та її регіональних особливостей. Основою запропонованого підходу є положення про те, що економічні преференції мають соціальне та культурне значення, отже, соціальна ідентичність є важливим чинником прийняття економічних рішень, сфера яких не обмежується споживанням та прибутком. Автором обґрунтовується положення про пріоритетну роль самодетермінації суб’єкта стосовно зовнішніх стимулів у конструюванні його економічної ідентичності. Ціннісно-смисловий складник економічного самовизначення детермінує економічні настановлення суб’єкта як безпосередньо, обмежуючи вибір прийнятних видів, форм та способів економічної активності та взаємодії, так і опосередковано, впливаючи на рівень домагань, очікувань та мети економічної діяльності. Показниками економічної ідентичності визначено уявлення про ціннісні регулятори в економічній сфері, ставлення до економічних об’єктів і явищ, настановлення щодо норм та правил ділової взаємодії.
The conservation of works of contemporary art is a complex endeavour and involves a variety of actors. As well as the artist, museums, collectors, gallerists and conservators are involved in activities relating to conservation. It is not self-evident that all of them will have the same interests when dealing with a contemporary artwork. Conflicts can occur in relation to the conditions of ownership, access, display, and integrity of the artwork. In order to manage a divergence of expectations, it is essential for parties to trust that they will work according to shared values and beliefs. This chapter explores the relationship between artists and museums in terms of trust and control and considers the role that contracts can play to manage expectations of artists and museums, and to regulate aspects of the conservation of contemporary artwork currently not addressed by copyright law. Drawing on literature from the fields of sociology and art, we explore how trust and control influence the relationship between the artist and the museum. Legal doctrinal methods help us to explain how copyright law applies to aspects of the conservation of contemporary art, and what provisions contracts could include to address parties’ expectations.
Despite its proven societal value, humanities knowledge tends to be marginalized in research policy; this has been a topic of debate for some time. In this chapter, we focus on the valorization of humanities knowledge, with the aim of comprehending the way this process engenders societal impact. We argue that historical impact stories offer an effective methodological approach for a deeper understanding of such valorization and its subsequent impact. Drawing on three humanities research cases from Sweden, we propose that valorization and impacts of humanities knowledge should be seen as processual and as influenced by societal actors who determine the premises and condition the somewhat unpredictable nature of such impacts. We introduce two concepts: (i) acting space , which involves access to collaborators, audiences, and channels that enable knowledge valorization, and (ii) meandering knowledge flows , which provides insight into the uneven and hard-to-predict nature of valorization. Through these concepts, we wish to provide a better and more nuanced understanding of how knowledge valorization in the humanities unfolds. By doing so, we hope to support humanities scholars to find ways of articulating their own modes of mattering.
This chapter analyzes the relationship between methodological individualism (MI) and reductionism. While the latter term is mainly used in reference to MI with a negative meaning, i.e. as a synonym of a naively atomistic and non-structural approach, it is also, though rarely, used to couch MI in terms of a non-atomistic micro-foundationalism that is compatible with systemic explanations (e.g. Elster). This chapter investigates the legitimacy of the pejorative use of the term reductionism with respect to MI. Three points are developed. First, the chapter argues that two different kinds of interpretation of MI in terms of naively atomistic reductionism can be distinguished: one in terms of psychological reductionism and the other in terms of semantic reductionism, the latter of which has a nominalist and an anti-nominalist variant. Second, the chapter explains why the different interpretations of MI in terms of naively atomistic reductionism are unfounded. Third, the chapter analyzes and criticizes the view that MI must be replaced by a new anti-reductionist approach understood as a middle ground between holism and MI.
Collective action occurs when people voluntarily join with one another for obtaining collective goods, such as rights and equality, that institutions fail to provide or bloc them from getting. Collective action has to overcome obstacles due to free riding, recruitment, participation, costs of organizing, and social control by the opposition. Collective actions range from episodic protests and hostile crowds to sustained social movements and civil strife.
Collective action theory in the tradition of methodological individualism assumes that individuals make adaptive decisions under uncertainty, contingent on expectations about the decisions of peers, opponents and bystanders. The four key variables of participation are number of participants, costs of participation, the value of the collective good, and the production function for different tactics and modes of contestation.
The reduction of uncertainty is achieved by strategies of resource mobilization, selective incentives, solidarity, bloc mobilization, political opportunity, shared culture, mass media effects, signaling of information, and pace setter-follower diffusion dynamics. The theory explains unconventional political and social advocacy in democratic and autocratic regimes, from routine politics, strikes, demonstrations, hostile crowds to social movements and other modes of confrontation.
The aim of this paper is to show that the basic arguments underlying the methodological individualism (MI) tradition are in fact compatible with an acknowledgment of the existence of collective representations and, consequently, their analysis. Showing this, however, involves moving away from unfounded reductive versions of MI, be they economic or psychological. This should lead to a renewed way of considering the links that exist between psychological features of action, social norms, and rational behavior.
This chapter takes the form of a discussion between the editors of this volume and Daniel Little regarding the relationship between methodological individualism and methodological localism. The focus is on Little’s view that methodological individualism is incompatible with the assumption that actors are socially constituted and socially situated as well as on other topics such as micro-foundations, the micro–macro link, ontological individualism, causal explanation, rationality, Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, and Durkheim.
Theories of Social Change played a central role in explaining the development of modern societies. There are two classes of such approaches: structural (i.e. evolutionary and functionalistic) theories and individualistic theories (based for instance on learning, psychoanalytic or rational choice theories). The question is to what extend these theories fit the framework of Methodological Individualism. The answer is given in two steps: First, the article describes the logic of micro-foundational explanation that Methodological Individualism presupposes. Second, presenting some paradigmatic theories of social change it is argued that none of these theories does fulfill the requirements of this explanatory model; the reasons for these insufficiencies are discussed.
The article discusses recent scholarship on whether or not the association between agent-based computational models and methodological individualism is justified. It is argued that these analyses are problematic because they start with a specific understanding of methodological individualism, which makes their conclusion contingent on the chosen view of what this perspective either is or is not. To overcome this problem, the paper proposes to think of both agent-based models and methodological individualism as “generic instruments,” i.e., devices with properties that are transversal to explanatory problems, fields, and disciplines. Within this framework, it appears that agent-based models and methodological individualism share some basic principles irrespective of the entities and levels of analysis involved in the explanatory problem under examination. In this sense, this study claims, they are essentially linked.
In this chapter, I focus on the stimulating and enriching contribution published by Gianluca Manzo in this handbook under the title “Agent-based models and methodological individualism: are they fundamentally linked?” The purpose is to reply to the constructive criticism that he leveled at an article entitled “On the Connection Between Agent-Based Simulation and Methodological Individualism” that I coauthored with Shu-Heng Chen. Manzo agrees with the main conclusion of our article, which is that there is a clearly identifiable link between these two approaches. However, he disagrees with the line of reasoning that we have developed to support this conclusion. My objective is to show that Manzo’s criticism is based on a misunderstanding of our argumentative strategy that may stem from the fact that we did not clarify some implicit relevant methodological assumptions of our analysis. In this chapter, I shall attempt to elucidate and make explicit these assumptions to demonstrate that the distance between Manzo’s and our line of reasoning is less than it may appear at first sight.
The aim of this contribution is to clarify the long-standing debate on the transitions between micro and macro levels and to demonstrate that, more than any other paradigm, methodological individualism proposes sound solutions even if it is not always able to offer satisfactory elucidations of certain tricky questions. A tri-dimensional definition of the micro and the macro is put forward. It takes into account the nature of the problem to be solved, the type of hypothesis or simplification the researcher suggests to solve the puzzle, and the nature of the observation unit and the analysis which should be appropriate. While analyzing the manifold transitions between classes of phenomena, the author will bring to light and underscore the unexpected consequences of individual actions or collective decisions. Four cases result from the combination of the micro and the macro: it will be shown that methodological individualism remains the most promising and satisfactory scientific program insofar as it makes possible and defines methodological procedures that allow macro to be based on micro, and to make macro-macro, micro-micro, and macro–micro relationships intelligible. Several well-known historical and theoretical examples are called upon and studied to illustrate the approach and to attest its cognitive power.
Ordinary rationality theory (ORT) picks up Weber’s famous distinction between instrumental rationality and axiological rationality. Nonetheless, Boudon does not incorporate the affective or traditional dimensions proposed by the great German scholar. However, he adds a cognitive dimension which proves decisive. Modelled in this way, the reasons for acting or believing become the heart of a method for social science to analyse human behaviour. Boudon establishes an inextricable link between these individual reasons, the initial social contexts, and the resulting collective effects. This manner of explaining social phenomena allows for an avoidance of many pitfalls: between naturalism which denies reasons and constructivism which puts them in the forefront. Finally, this theory positions itself between: on one hand, the positivists, Marxists, and theoreticians of whatever approach, who only see social, economic, and biological causes determining behaviour; and, on the other hand, the utilitarians, rational choice theoreticians (RCT), or bounded rationality theoreticians (BRT), who see only self-serving, indeed selfish and maximizing reasons behind this behaviour. Clearly, Boudon’s proposition is aiming for the greatest possible realism.
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