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Prevalence of hepatitis B and C among blood donors attending the National Blood Transfusion Center in Baghdad, Iraq from 2006-2009
Abstract
To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C among blood donors attending the National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC) in Baghdad, Iraq from 2006-2009 and to compare the results with previous year's results and results from studies on a normal population, and to identify certain demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and residence of positive cases.
This is a retrospective cross-sectional observational study. Monthly reports from the NBTC during the year 2006-2009 were collected. This study took place at Communicable Disease Control Center (CDC), Baghdad, Iraq in January 2010. Analysis of the reports regarding age, gender, and residence was carried out using Excel 2007.
The sample size was 495,648 blood donors. Out of them, only 3258 (0.6%) were positive for hepatitis B and 933 (0.3%) were positive for hepatitis C. The average prevalence of HBsAg was higher in men (0.7%) than women (0.5%) with no statistical significance (p=0.07) while the prevalence of anti-HCV was higher in women (0.4%) than in men (0.2%) with statistical significance (p=0.000). Residence distribution of the positive cases for HbsAg and Anti HCV Ab in both genders was found to be higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Regarding age distributions, most of the affected donors were between 20-40 years age.
The findings indicate that Baghdad is of low endemicity with hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. Generally, men are affected more than women and urban areas more than rural areas. Further studies are needed to provide more details about the status of HBV and HCV infection in other provinces of Iraq. Results of these studies could be utilized to determine the most feasible and useful approaches for strengthening prevention and control activities.
... It is a low prevalence rate and this result agree with that of a national survey which revealed that, Iraq is of low prevalence with HBsAg and it was the lowest in some provinces including Misan (<0.5%) (20). In Baghdad, a cross-sectional study showed that the prevalence of HBsAg in blood donors attending the National Blood bank was 0.6% in all donors (21). Another cross-sectional observational study in Basrah province showed the prevalence of HBsAg among all blood donors to be 0.2% (22). ...
... This result agree with the national survey that indicates the decreased HCV infection rate if compared with HAV and HBV cases which was 0.4% only (20). Similar results were obtained by studies in Baghdad and Basra which showed that, the prevalence of HCV cases were 0.7% and 0.12% respectively among blood donors (21,22). All of these studies gave decreased infection rates if compared with Saudi Arabia which showed 30% of reported cases (6), and Egypt which showed an infection rate of 5-25% among blood donors (24). ...
... High prevalence results of HBV and HCV in males compared to females have been observed in the national survey which indicates that, male gender significantly increases the risk of having positive HBs antigen by 41% compared to females and also increases the risk of having positive anti-HCV IgG antibodies by 75% compared to females, but this association was not significant statistically (20). Similar results of gender disproportion were obtained in Baghdad, Basra and Thi-Qar Provinces, Iraq (21,22,27). This gender disproportion may be attributed to many personal and social factors, such as sexual activities (usually illegal) in country or abroad, participation of shaving tools among customers, tattooing, cupping and drug use. ...
Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease primarily involving the liver. The present study was accomplished to estimate the prevalence of viral hepatitis A, B and C infections in Misan province, Iraq in the past five years and to evaluate the incidence of these infections among community categories depending on gender, residence place and age groups. A total of 1548 positive cases data of viral hepatitis A, B and C infections were collected from the records of Central Public Health laboratory of Misan Province for the period between January 2013 through December 2017. The present study demonstrated that, Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was the most predominant type, accounting for 71.4% of the cases, followed by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 18.6% and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 10%. Males were the most affected gender by all viral hepatitis infections with 54.47%, 84.03% and 55.48% for HAV, HBV and HCV respectively. Regarding to residence place, citizens were the most affected by viral hepatitis infections with 75.93%, 57.64% and 64.52% for HAV, HBV and HCV respectively. HAV infections predominate in patients less than 14 years old with 95.11% of viral hepatitis cases while HBV and HCV most affect age group (25-50) years with 61.11% and 45.81% of viral hepatitis cases respectively. Hepatitis Awareness programs should be done to control the incidence of viral hepatitis focusing on personal hygiene, the importance of using clean water for drinking and cooking and protected sexual contact.
... The present study indicated that HCV (Anti-HCV) prevalence was 0.54%, which was significantly higher (X 2 =19, P=0.000) in 2013 (0.8%) as compared to 2012 (0.64%) and 2011 (0.21%). This Seroprevalence was about twice to that reported in blood donors (0.26%) in Baghdad [7], but slightly higher to that reported in a national normal population (0.4%) study [6]. The prevalence rate of Anti HCV was lowest in Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Karbala, Al Qadisiyah, Al Muthanna, Al Basrah and Dahuk (<0.3%) and highest in Babylon, Al Najaf and Thi Qar (> 0.9%) [6]. ...
... The present study demonstrated an increase in anti-HCV with time which agreed to previously reported study in blood donors [7]. In Babylon, a higher anti-HCV was found in Iraqi patients with inherited blood disorders who received multiple blood transfusion [8], while it was 0.32% in general population, 0.17% in healthy blood donors, 0.8% in high risk groups [4]. ...
... Italy, Punjab, Iraq…) pose a serious health care problem [53]. The reported studies indicated that HCV Seroprevalence decreased over time [7,5,1], our study demonstrated an increase in anti-HCV in 2013 as compared to 2012 and 2011. This illustrates such increased pockets in Iraq, which represent a serious health impact and thus a regional and national survey is warranted. ...
... In Iraq, studies demonstrated that the prevalence of hepatitis B has declined from 4.1% to less than 1% in the period of seventies to twenties. [7][8][9] One local study showed that the rate of anti-HCV was 1.2% in Baghdad. 8 However, other study explored thoughtful concerns about the HBV and HCV which were found to be intermediate to highly endemic infections in our country. ...
... [7][8][9] One local study showed that the rate of anti-HCV was 1.2% in Baghdad. 8 However, other study explored thoughtful concerns about the HBV and HCV which were found to be intermediate to highly endemic infections in our country. 10 In spite of the importance of the studying TTI epidemiology in Iraq, available information on TTI prevalence is insufficient. ...
Background
Despite saving millions of lives through blood transfusion, transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) still threaten the lives of patients requiring blood transfusion. Hence, screening blood donors and studying the prevalence of TTIs among blood donors may display the burden of these diseases among our population. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence rates of transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors in Basra, Iraq from 2019 to 2021 as groundwork for providing safe blood transfusion in Iraq.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out in the blood banks in Basra, Iraq from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021. A total of 197 898 samples were collected and screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-hepatitis B core (HBc), anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis immunologically.
Results
The prevalence rates of seropositive of viral hepatitis for the year 2019, 2020, 2021 were as following: hepatitis B virus (HBV) rates 1.54%, 1.45% and 1.14% with significant declined trend by 26%; anti-HCV rates were 0.14, 0.12 and 0.11% with significant declined trend by 21.4%; and the syphilis rates were 0.38, 0.47, 0.36 with marked declined trend 5.3%, respectively.
Of those donors showed HBV positive, 2503 (1.26%) had positive anti-HBc results, while only 173 (0.0874) showed positive test results for both anti-HBc and HBsAg.
Conclusion
Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis and syphilis showed a steady decline between 2019 and 2021, and these rates were much lower in Basra than in other parts of Iraq and neighbouring countries. The importance of using the anti-HBc test in the screening of blood donors was indicated in this study. These findings would contribute in improving the understanding of TTIs epidemiology and supporting health authorities controlling bloodborne diseases.
... This is consistent with previous local studies [11][12][13][14]. Globally, the published data [8,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] also indicated the low contribution of females in blood donations compared to males, which may result from numerous aspects, including pregnancy and menstruation. In Sudan, this could also partly be related to the culture of the community. ...
... Comparatively, several studies from all over the world also reported a low seropositivity rate for anti-HIV1/2 [15][16][17][19][20][21][22]26,29,[31][32][33][35][36][37][38], anti-T.pallidum [8,[15][16][17][19][20][21][22]26,27,[29][30][31][32][33][35][36][37][38], and both HBsAg and anti-HCV [16,17,[19][20][21]24,29,30,32,33,[36][37][38] compared to the current study. In our area (Kosti locality), many studies concerning TTIs have been performed [11,12]. ...
Background:
Transfusion-transmissible infections are well-known global health challenges. The present study is proposed to investigate the seropositivity of anti-HIV1/2, anti-HCV, HBsAg, and anti-T.pallidum among volunteer blood donors of Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital.
Methods:
Our study was conducted in a cross-sectional retrospective manner. The data of donors who attended Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital throughout 2016 to 2018 were reviewed and retrieved manually from blood bank records.
Results:
Out of 8139 donors, 22.52% were seropositive for serological markers of TTIs and 1.67% were seropositive for at least two serological markers of TTIs. The overall seropositivity rate of anti-HIV1/2, HBsAg, anti-HCV, and anti-T.pallidum was 1.77%, 6.07%, 1.14%, and 11.87%, respectively (p < 0.000). Anti-T.pallidum was the most frequently detected (p < 0.05) marker across all study variables. TTIs seroprevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) varied according to the age, residence, occupations, and blood groups. Notably, there was a rising trend in the rate of anti-HIV1/2 and seropositivity for more than one marker with age (p < 0.000). Regionally, rural area residents had a higher rate of anti-HIV1/2 (2.20%), HBsAg (6.31%), anti-HCV (1.42%), anti-T.pallidum (18.38%), and multiple markers seropositivity (2.28%) compared to urban areas. Between occupations, the highest rate of anti-HIV1/2 (p = 0.483), HBsAg (p = 0.003), anti-HCV (p = 0.408), anti-T.pallidum (p < 0.000), and multiple markers seropositivity (p < 0.000) were detected in farmers. Regarding the screening, we also found that the frequency of anti-T.pallidum was significantly (p = 0.003) higher in donors who carry the AB+ve blood group, whereas anti-HCV (1.83%) was more frequent in donors carry O-ve blood group (p = 0.255). As seen, anti-T.pallidum+HBsAg was the most frequently (1.22%) co-occurring markers. In contrast, anti-T.pallidum+anti-HIV1/2+HBsAg was the lowest frequency one (p < 0.000).
Conclusions:
The study showed an alarming rate of TTIs, which suggests the requirement for comprehensive surveillance and health education programs.
... 14, 15 Ataallah et al . 16 found HBs Ag seroprevalence of 0.66% in blood donors in Baghdad. Before 2000, it was 0.97% in blood donors and 4.17 in the apparently healthy population. ...
... According to a retrospective cross-sectional observational study during the year 2006 to 2009, the prevalence of HCV infection was 0.7%. 16 In comparison with other countries, the prevalence of anti-HCV in Kuwait was 0.8%; in Jordan, it was 0.9%. 22,23 There are several studies that show the association of blood groups and various diseases, and there is evidence that people with O blood group and positive Rh are more vulnerable to bloodborne infections. ...
... In Iraq, variation in the prevalence of HCV was noticed in different population segments. The prevalence was 7.1% in the general population (13), 3.21% among pregnant women (14) and about 1% among blood donors (15). However, such prevalence was remarkably higher among haemophilias patients, which was estimated at 66.0% (16). ...
... A study done in Egypt showed that 64% of the HCWs did not follow the guidelines for safe disposal of used needles or syringes, and only 32% of the HCWs used gloves during medical procedures (2). Low educational levels and high HCV prevalence rate (3.21-7.1%) in the general population (13,14), and infected blood donors 1% (15), are among the contributory factors to HCV transmission among HCWs in Iraq. ...
Abstract Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major public health problem worldwide. About 130- 200 million people are infected with HCV worldwide leading to 500,000 deaths annually (WHO 2014). Healthcare workers (HCWs) have played an important role in the transmission of HCV infection, either as victims or as sources of infection. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of HCV, antibodies (Abs) RNA and genotypes among the female HCWs in Baghdad and to identify whether HCWs were infective or only infected. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 1001 women attending 17 health care centres in Baghdad, Iraq, was carried out. Information on type and duration of their occupation was obtained. HCV Abs (anti-HCV) were tested using a third generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA-3) and immunoblot assay (Lia Tek-111). Molecular analysis using RT-PCR and DNA enzyme immunoassay (DEIA) for HCV-RNA and genotype detections were carried out for 63 serum samples.Results: Only 160/1001 (15.98%) were HCWs. Anti-HCV and HCV- RNA seroprevalence were significantly higher (6.37%, p=0.0057, 88.83%, p= 0.011 respectively) among HCWs than non HCWs. HCWs were at a significantly higher risk of exposure to HCV infection (OR=2.75, 95% C.I. =1.31-5.79). There was no significant association between HCV genotypes and the HCWs. HCV-4 showed higher expression (62.5%) among HCWs. Conclusion: Female HCWs were infective and infected with HCV, thus there is a need for medical equipment to be sterilized and cleaned thoroughly. Keywords: Healthcare Worker, Hepatitis C Virus, Hcv-Genotype, Nosocomial Infection, Ribonucleic Acid, Risk factor
... In Iraq, variation in the prevalence of HCV was noticed in different population segments. The prevalence was 7.1% in the general population (13), 3.21% among pregnant women (14) and about 1% among blood donors (15). However, such prevalence was remarkably higher among haemophilias patients, which was estimated at 66.0% (16). ...
... A study done in Egypt showed that 64% of the HCWs did not follow the guidelines for safe disposal of used needles or syringes, and only 32% of the HCWs used gloves during medical procedures (2). Low educational levels and high HCV prevalence rate (3.21-7.1%) in the general population (13,14), and infected blood donors 1% (15), are among the contributory factors to HCV transmission among HCWs in Iraq. ...
Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major public health problem worldwide. About 130-200 million people are infected with HCV worldwide leading to 500,000 deaths annually (WHO 2014). Healthcare workers (HCWs) have played an important role in the transmission of HCV infection, either as victims or as sources of infection.
... The result findings indicate that HBV seroprevalence was lower compared to these reported for Iraq in previous studies. 14, 15 Ataallah et al. 16 found HBs Ag seroprevalence of 0.66% in blood donors in Baghdad. Before 2000, it was 0.97% in blood donors and 4.17 in the apparently healthy population. ...
... According to a retrospective cross-sectional observational study during the year 2006 to 2009, the prevalence of HCV infection was 0.7%. 16 In comparison with other countries, the prevalence of anti-HCV in Kuwait was 0.8%; in Jordan, it was 0.9%. 22,23 There are several studies that show the association of blood groups and various diseases, and there is evidence that people with O blood group and positive Rh are more vulnerable to bloodborne infections. ...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are counted as a public health issue worldwide. The virus is transmitted to infect others through blood and blood products. Appointed blood groups and Rh-positive are more prone to the transmission of the infection by blood transfusion. The aim of this study is to find out the frequency of hepatitis B and C in apparently healthy blood donors and whether there is an association between ABO and Rh blood groups. ABO blood groups and their relationship with HBV and HCV infections were studied in 87,124 blood donors of both genders. Out of these donors, 353 individuals were found to be infected with HBV and HCV with a ratio of 1:250. The study was conducted between January to June 2018, which was presented to the Central Blood Bank in Baghdad and Al-Razi Medical Centre. It found that most hepatitis B and C blood donors were blood group O with a prevalence of 33.7 and 45.5%, respectively, while the results for those with blood group A showed 28.5 and 22.7% HBV and HCV infections, respectively. On the other hand, the incidence of HBV in individuals with blood group B was 29.8%, and HCV was 23.8%. AB blood group donors demonstrated the least incidence at 7.9% for both HBV and HCV. In conclusion, it has been found that there is a significant association between blood groups and Rh factor with hepatitis B and C infections.
... This result agree with the national survey that indicates the decreased HCV infection rate if compared with HAV and HBV cases which was 0.4% only (20). Similar results were obtained by studies in Baghdad and Basra which showed that, the prevalence of HCV cases were 0.7% and 0.12% respectively among blood donors (21,22). All of these studies gave decreased infection rates if compared with Saudi Arabia which showed 30% of reported cases (6), and Egypt which showed an infection rate of 5-25% among blood donors (24). ...
... High prevalence results of HBV and HCV in males compared to females have been observed in the national survey which indicates that, male gender significantly increases the risk of having positive HBs antigen by 41% compared to females and also increases the risk of having positive anti-HCV IgG antibodies by 75% compared to females, but this association was not significant statistically (20). Similar results of gender disproportion were obtained in Baghdad, Basra and Thi-Qar Provinces, Iraq (21,22,27). This gender disproportion may be attributed to many personal and social factors, such as sexual activities (usually illegal) in country or abroad, participation of shaving tools among customers, tattooing, cupping and drug use. ...
Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease primarily involving the liver. The present study was accomplished to estimate the prevalence of viral hepatitis A, B and C infections in Misan province, Iraq in the past five years and to evaluate the incidence of these infections among community categories depending on gender, residence place and age groups. A total of 1548 positive cases data of viral hepatitis A, B and C infections were collected from the records of Central Public Health laboratory of Misan Province for the period between January 2013 through December 2017. The present study demonstrated that, Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was the most predominant type, accounting for 71.4% of the cases, followed by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 18.6% and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 10%. Males were the most affected gender by all viral hepatitis infections with 54.47%, 84.03% and 55.48% for HAV, HBV and HCV respectively. Regarding to residence place, citizens were the most affected by viral hepatitis infections with 75.93%, 57.64% and 64.52% for HAV, HBV and HCV respectively. HAV infections predominate in patients less than 14 years old with 95.11% of viral hepatitis cases while HBV and HCV most affect age group (25-50) years with 61.11% and 45.81% of viral hepatitis cases respectively. Hepatitis Awareness programs should be done to control the incidence of viral hepatitis focusing on personal hygiene, the importance of using clean water for drinking and cooking and protected sexual contact.
... Worldwide the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus is too diverse. In Iraq 3258 (0.6%) were positive for hepatitis B and 933 (0.3%) were positive for hepatitis C [4]. In Vietnam the prevalence of HBC and HCV was 11.4% and 0.17%, respectively, which is relatively higher [5]. ...
... Similarly a study in Jordan the prevalence of HCV was 0.8% [6]. In Iraq, a study among blood donors showed an HCV prevalence of 0.3% [4], while in Vietnam, 0.17% of the blood donors were reported to be HCV positive [5] in parallel with the current study. ...
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy regimens over an extended period is a key factor in obtaining their health
benefits as it improves clinical results, progression of disease and mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to
assess the levels of adherence and determinant factors leading to non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Dessie
Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 07 to March 31, 2014
in Dessie Referral Hospital. Self-report technique was used to measure the adherence level. Bivariate logistic
regression analysis was undergone to determine presence of statistically significant association between possible
determinant factors and adherence rate to antiretrovirals. The majority of the participants were females, 172
(56.8%). Two hundred seventy seven (91.4%) the respondents were optimally adherent to doses of antiretrovirals
by 3-days self-report. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that non-disclosure of HIV status (adjusted odds
ratio (AOR)=14.15, confidence interval (CI) (3.64, 54.98), P=0.001), lack of support (AOR=3.19, CI (1.07, 33.73),
P=0.042), perceived side effects due to antiretrovirals (AOR=4.93, CI (1.34, 18.19), P=0.017) and inadequate
knowledge about ART (AOR=5.64, CI (1.08, 296.26), P=0.001) were associated with non-adherence to doses of ARVs.
The optimal adherence level achieved by 3-days self-report was 91.4%. Disclosure of HIV status, social support and
disclosure, knowledge about antiretroval therapy and reported side effects due to antiretrovirals were associated
with optimal adherence in HIV-infected patients.
Keywords: Adherence, ART, Determinants, Ethiopia.
... Worldwide the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus is too diverse. In Iraq 3258 (0.6%) were positive for hepatitis B and 933 (0.3%) were positive for hepatitis C [4]. In Vietnam the prevalence of HBC and HCV was 11.4% and 0.17%, respectively, which is relatively higher [5]. ...
... Similarly a study in Jordan the prevalence of HCV was 0.8% [6]. In Iraq, a study among blood donors showed an HCV prevalence of 0.3% [4], while in Vietnam, 0.17% of the blood donors were reported to be HCV positive [5] in parallel with the current study. ...
Blood transfusion is a life-saving intervention but, it can pose considerable risk to the blood donors, the recipient
(patient), the staff and the community in general if not performed within certain norms and standards. The aim
of this study was to establish the current seroprevalence of HBV and HCV in blood donors in Northeast Ethiopia
as there is no any previous study in the region. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Dessie
Blood Bank from 2008 to 2012. Serological assays for Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus and Syphilis were
screened by using 4th generation ELISA. Data on the socio-demographic variables of the study population,
laboratory test results of HBV, HCV, and RPR were collected from the registry book using a structured data
collection format. After collection, the data was cleaned manually, categorized and coded finally entered in to a
computer and analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007 for windows. A total of 8908 retrospective blood donors were
screened from 2008 to 2012. Out of this, 7154 (80.3%) were males. The prevalence rate of HBV and HCV
infection were 415 (4.66%) and 54 (0.61%) respectively. The analysis of both infections by age group revealed
prevalence increases with the age group of 25-44 and less as the age increases. HBV and/or HCV infections
among blood donors in the study area are increasing. The occurrence of these infections among the blood donors
should still be monitored carefully to further reduce the rates to ensure safer and more reliable blood for
transfusion.
Keywords: Prevalence; hepatitis B and C; blood donors; Ethiopia
... In Baghdad, a cross-sectional study showed that the prevalence of HBsAg in blood donors attending the National Blood bank was 0.6% in all donors, being higher in men (0.8%) than in women (0.5%). 7 Another cross-sectional observational study in Babylon governorate showed the prevalence of HBsAg among all blood donors to be 0.7%, being higher in women (4.6%) than in men (0.7%). 8 Another study showed the prevalence of HBsAg to be 0.66% in Najaf governorate and 3.5%in Karbala. 18 Regarding results from other countries, in Kuwait, a cross-sectional study performed in 2002 found that the prevalence of HBsAg in Kuwaiti national donors was 1.1% while its prevalence in non-Kuwaiti donors was 3.5%. ...
... In Baghdad, the prevalence was found to be 0.7% according to a retrospective cross-sectional observational study during the years 2006-2009. 7 In Babylon governorate, a cross-sectional study of blood donors from February 2007 to February 2008 showed that the prevalence of anti-HCV antibody in blood donors was 0.5%. 8 On comparison with other countries, the prevalence of anti-HCV among Kuwaiti national and non-Kuwaiti Arab first-time donors was found to be 0.8 and 5.4%, respectively. ...
Background:
Transfusion-caused hepatitis remains a major problem in Iraq. Therefore, testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and antibodies to hepatitis C antigen (anti-HCV) is a very important preventative measure. The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus seromarkers among blood donors as a foundation for safe blood transfusion in Iraq.
Methods:
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the blood banks in Basra, Iraq from 1 January to 31 December 2013. Blood samples were collected and were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HCV using standard laboratory techniques.
Results:
A total of 69 915 blood donors were enrolled for the study. A total of 1625 (2.3%) donors have shown serological evidence for hepatitis B virus infection; of those donors, 125 (0.2%) showed a positive test result for both anti-HBc and HBsAg while 1475 (2.1%) had positive anti-HBc results as the only positive test for HBV infection. There was no significant difference between males and females (p=0.28). The prevalence of anti-HCV was 0.1%.
Conclusions:
This is the first large population study of its kind in Basra, Iraq. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among blood donors is very low in Basra. Around 2% of blood donors had anti-HBc as the only serological evidence of HBV infection. Inclusion of anti-HBc in routine screening of blood donors in Iraq should be encouraged.
... Interferon-alpha is a potent cytokine with antiviral and immunomodulating actions which is produced in response to viral infection [48]. Temporary treatment of the disease is therefore aimed at suppressing viral replication, reducing the risk of progressing to advanced liver disease or inflammation of the liver and the development of complications such as liver failure or liver cancer [49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Chronic hepatitis B is therefore easily managed rather than treated. ...
... However, closing learning decided up to hope the countrywide prevalence atop HBsAg dropped under according to 0.6% afterward correlated positively which include youth [10]. In incomplete ignoble full-size populace study performed of Basrah, reportedly 2.3% gore donors had serological proof for HBV infection; on hence 0.2% tested a exceptional end result because each anti-HBc antibody yet HBs Ag [11]. ...
Background: One of the main public health challenges in the globe is the prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Objectives: The curent study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus in renal dialysis patients in Diyala province, Iraq. Methods: Ninety of renal dialysis patients attended Ibn-Sina Dialysis Center were screened for HBsAg, HBc IgG, HBc IgM and HBe Ab using ELISA technique, and then positive results were retested by conventional PCR for detection of HBs gene and HB core gene. Demographic data of study population were recorded. Simple statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 25. Results: Among studied samples, the seroprevalence of HBsAg, Anti-HBc Ab, Anti-HBc IgM and Anti-HBe Ab were 4.4%, 17.8%, 2.2% and 5.6% respectively. The results of conventional PCR showed that only 1(1.1%) of HBs gene at 417 bp in renal dialysis patients were positive. Whereas, the HBc gene at 791 bp was not detected in all included study population. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV was relatively high among renal dialysis in Diyala province/Iraq.
... For the prevalence of HCV among blood donors, a recent study revealed that 0.64% of people had HCV-Abs. In agreement with these findings, previous studies in Baghdad (41) and Babylon (42) governorates showed a closer prevalence rate of HCV infection (0.7% and 0.5%, respectively). As compared to other nations, the incidence of HCV among Kuwaiti nationals and non-Kuwaiti Arab first-time blood donors was reported to be 0.8% and 5.4%, respectively. ...
Background: Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health issue worldwide and remains a vital etiology of long-term hepatitis. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of HCV infection among Iraqi people. This research was proposed to detect the frequency of HCV infection in renal failure patients, thalassemia patients, blood donors, and Iraqi medical staff. Such prevalence potentially could assist in the development of a preventive program for this infection and orient future studies. Methods and Results: Cross-sectional research was conducted in Thi-Qar Province (Iraq). The enrolled 1650 individuals (1180 males and 470 females, age range of 1-85 years) were classified into four study groups. Group 1 included 120 patients with renal failure, Group 2 included 220 patients suffering from thalassemia, Group 3 included 1259 blood donor subjects, and Group 4 included 51 subjects from the medical staff. Serum anti-HCV-IgG-Abs were detected qualitatively by a human HCV-IgG-ELISA Kit (MyBioSource, USA). The findings revealed that out of 1650 subjects, only 53(3.2%) were infected with HCV. The highest prevalence was reported among thalassemia patients 34/220(15.45%), followed by renal failure patients 8/120(6.66%) and then the medical staff group 3/51(5.88%), whereas the lowest prevalence was reported among the blood donor group 8/1259(0.64%). The total infection rate of HCV was higher among males [33/53(62.3%)] than females [20/53(37.7%)], with significant differences (P<0.05). We found a significant difference in HCV infection rate according to the age range of the study subjects (P<0.05). The higher infection percentages of 29/53(54.7%) and 15/53(28.3%) were found in age groups of 1-20 years and 21-40 years, respectively, followed by the age group of 41-60 years, which had infection percentages of 7/53(13.2%), while the lowest infection rate was reported in the age group of more than 60 years, which was 2/53(3.8%). Conclusion: The frequency rate of HCV infection among Iraqi people is similar to those in most Asian and non-Asian studied populations, and the infection rate was higher in males and inversely correlated with the age of the subjects. The main routes of HCV infection were blood transfusions, renal dialysis, and HCWs. Thalassemic and hemodialysis patients were potentially vulnerable to HCV infection. Effective screening methods and blood donor screening protocols are likely required to prevent the spread of HCV infection.(International Journal of Biomedicine. 2023;13(2):234-240.)
... A study from the hospital of Rawalpindi and Islamabad reported that Prevalence of Hepatitis B was 2.45% in thier donors with a male gender predominance while that of Hepatitis C was 2.52% [4]. A retrospective study from Iraq reported that out of the total sampling 495,648 blood donors, only 3258 (0.6%) were positive for hepatitis B and 933 (0.3%) were positive for hepatitis C, [14] that coincides with our findings. ...
Objectives: To screen the donors for the frequency of different blood groups, reason for deferral and comparative analysis of the donation in two consecutive years in blood bank of Qazi Hussian Ahmed Medical Complex Nowshera. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Blood bank of Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex, Nowshera from 25th April 2017 to 5th May 2019. A total of 3429 donors were included in the study. From each donor blood was collected in strict sterile environment. ABO and Rh blood grouping were done by agglutination method using antisera A, antisera B and antisera D. The frequency of different blood group was recorded. Data was analyzed for percentage calculation. Results: A total of 3429 donors received in the blood bank for donation. The age range of the donor was from 18 years to 52 years. The mean age was 35 years with standard deviation of 3.24. 3018(88%) of the donors were males and 411(12%) females. The distribution of RhD+ and RhD- blood groups was 89.90% and 10.09% respectively. The frequency of “RhD+ blood groups in target population” was B: 1226(35.75%), O: 807(23.53%), A: 754(22%) and AB:296(8.63%). The frequency of “Rh Negative blood groups” was: B: 139(4.05%), O: 95(2.77%), A:84(2.45%) and AB: 28(0.82%). The packed cell wastage rate in our blood bank was 185 (5.4%). The donor deferral rate was 0.7% (24cases) due to positive virology. In quarter 2 of 2017, 767 bags received for transfusion due to dengue outbreak in District Nowshera. Hepatitis B Virus was major cause of deferral that was reported in 14 cases followed by HCV Virus in 13 cases. Conclusion: The frequency of “Rh-positive blood group” was BOA and AB respectively. Blood Group B was noted in 35% of the donors that counted to be the major prevalent Rh positive blood group in our population. Regarding the Rh Negative blood group again the frequency was B,O,A and AB. Blood group B- was prevalent as a major negative blood group in our population that was recorded in 4.05% cases. AB- Blood group was the rare blood group noted in 0.82% of the donors. The main cause of deferral was Hep B virus that was noted in 14 cases followed by HCV virus in 13 case. The total prevalence of the hepatitis in the donors presented to our blood bank was 0.7%.
... Transfusion of blood is a non-alternative life therapy that has saved thousands of lives who suffer from haemorrhage. In an attempt to save lives, blood donors are needed and are also required to be screened properly as there are several infectious agents that can be transmitted through infected blood and blood products (Izevbuwa et al., 2021;Ataallah et al., 2011). Of all blood-borne infection, hepatitis B and C virus are major global health problems with about 350 million people infected with HBV and about 200 million people infected with HCV (Zaheer et al., 2014).There are long term consequences on the recipients who receive transfusion transmissible infectious blood since they represent a route for the infection to be transmitted during its asymptomatic phase which can further contribute to widening the route of infection to families and the public at large (Ataro et al.,2018). ...
The predominant widespread of blood borne viral diseases has greatly increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Screening blood donors is very essential to prevent further spread of such infections. So far, there are very few pooled data that shows the prevalence of HBV and HCV among voluntary blood donors in Edo State. Blood safety is one of the concerns of the Ministry of Public Health. To this end, all donor blood bags must be screened for hepatitis B and C. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among voluntary blood donors in a known tertiary hospital in Edo State for a period of three months; April 1 st to 30 th of June 2021. This retrospective study was conducted among blood donors (both sexes) aged between 18 years and 50 years. The objective was to collect from the registration registers and the monthly activity reports, the results of the ABOTT (Architect i1000) which uses the principle of chemiluminescence and also serological testing (Rapid Screen Test) which uses the principle of chromatographic immunoassay (CIA) for the qualitative detection of HBV and HCV in serum/plasma obtained after the diagnosis of hepatitis B and C of the blood donors within the study duration. In our series of 2,983 samples tested, the prevalence of HCV was 1.64% and HBV was 1.02%. 0.1% of the Voluntary Blood Donors had both HCV and HBV infections. This study showed a low prevalence rate which indicates clear improvement in preventive measures for selection and screening tests among voluntary blood donors. Although voluntary blood donors are mostly affected with HCV than HBV due to the fact that hepatitis B virus is preventable by vaccine and Hepatitis C virus; well there is no vaccine yet but there are precautionary measures which maybe a difficulty on individuals considering their unhealthy lifestyle.
... This source and reservoir of infection always results in to higher risk of morbidity, and mortality and its long term complications result into a state of chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 9 Additionally, Variations in the results by the different researchers may be due to differences in the demographic profiles, and sanitary conditions of particular environment. ...
Objectives: To determine the frequency of HBV and HCV among blood donorscoming voluntarily at the blood bank of Ibne- Siena hospital and research centre, Multan,Pakistan, to ascertain the disease burden in the community for their future prevention andcontrol. Study Design: It was a descriptive, cross- sectional study on blood units donated byhealthy individuals coming voluntarily for blood donation, and willing to get their blood testedfor HBV, HCV. Setting: Community medicine department of Multan medical and dental collegeMultan, and blood bank of affiliated tertiary hospital, Ibn-e- Siena hospital Multan. Period: Sixmonths period from Jan 2016 to June 2016. Materials and Methods: Data of the blood donorswas collected. Present study was based on previous well maintained records of hospital bloodbank. During the reported period, a total of 1195 blood donors attended the blood bank, andthey all were screened for HBsAg and anti-HCV. SPSS- 16 was used to analyze the data, fordetermination of frequencies of Hepatitis- B, and C according to the age and gender. Results:Total numbers of blood donors were 1195. 1191 were males, and 4 were females. All thefemales were negative for both HBV, and HCV. Males positive for HBV were 18 (1.5 %), andthose Positive for HCV were 27 (3.2%).
... The World Health Organization estimates that more noteworthy than two billion individuals worldwide are infected with HBV; 360 million have chronic infection and are at high hazard for hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis of the liver (World Health Organization, 2013). In Iraq, studies showed that the prevalence of HBV infection has decreased from 4.1% to less than 1% in the period of seventies to nineties (Ataallah et al, 2011;Al-Juboury et al, 2010). ...
Chronic Hepatitis B (HBV) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with about 248 million people having HBV infection. Presentstudy focused on the kidney function in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The aims of this study are: to estimate of the electrolytes in patients with chronic hepatitis B individuals. One hundred sixty patients' samples and thirty healthy individuals were investigated in this study. The concentrations of Sodium, Potassium and Magnesium were determined using inductively Coupled plasma-Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Alanine amino transferase (ATL) and Aspartate amino transferase (AST) activities, total serum bilirubin (T.S.B), urea, Creatinine and amount of albumin were measured using standard laboratory methods. Viral load (HBV PCR) was also determined in all the examined patients. Results from this study showed that low serum albumin and higher serum T.S. B, S.ALT, S.AST urea and S. Creatinine with chronic hepatitis B compared to those of healthy individuals. The findings of this study show that the concentration range of Sodium element between (136.54±3.107mmol\l) to (140.51±3.598 mmol\l) was significantly lower in HBV infected patients as compared to those in healthy controls (142.82±3.37 mmol\l). Magnesium concentration range between (1.592989±.31mg/l) to (1.7319±.32468 mg/l) was significantly lower in HBV infected patients as compared to those in healthy controls(1.7477±0.17 mg\l). While, potassium concentration range between (4.61877±0.73 mmol\l) to (5.51846±0.736 mmol\l) was significantly higher in HBV infected patients as compared to those in healthy controls (4.4552±0.38 mmol\l). Positive and negative significant correlation relationships between the renal functions were reported between some groups. There are significant differences between some the renal functions in some groups and insignificant in other groups.
... In the United States, there are about 1.25 million hepatitis B carriers and it is estimated that approximately 75% of the hepatitis B carriers live in Asia and Africa (1). Many studies showed that the suffusion of HBV infection has reduced from 4.1% to less than 1% in the period of the form 1970 to 1990 In Iraq (5,3). ...
Chronic Hepatitis B is a major global health problem worldwide, However, two Billion People could be infected with this disease Worldwide. Living organisms require varying amounts of heavy metals. Such as manganese(Mn), cobalt(Co) and zinc(Zn). Some heavy metals have bio-importance, but the bio toxic effects of many of them in human biochemistry are of great concern. Heavy metals are essential micronutrients involved in many metabolic processes. One hundred sixty patient samples and thirty healthy individuals were investigated in this study. All patients included in this research are tested positive for the HBSAg test and their specimens were examined by profile test which includes (HBS Ab, HBe Ag, HBe Ab, HBc Ab ,(IgM-IgG), HCV and HIV) and also viral load (HBV PCR) with unit (copies/ml) were carried to test the patients sera. Manganese, chromium, cobalt, and nickel have levels were determined by using inductively Coupled plasma-Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results show a significant increase in the concentration of manganese, chromium, cobalt, and nickel in serum of patients with chronic hepatitis B compared 836 to healthy individuals. We conclude that hepatitis B may affect the level of studied elements in patients infected with HBV.
... This difference in the prevalence of HCV infection attributed to different epidemiological distribution and risk factors of HCV infection between these countries. The prevalence of HCV infection in blood donors in another study done in Iraq (Baghdad) between 2006 and 2009 was found to be 0.3% in all donors [23]. This indicates that blood product is important predisposing factor to get HCV infection despite the extensive screening and disinfection procedure done in our country. ...
Objective: Patients who frequently receive blood have high risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HCV infection and potential risk factors among multiply transfused patients.Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in the hemophilia unit in Medical City in Baghdad, between June 1, 2016, and January 1, 2017. After taking consents and approval of ethical comity, the medical records of 1158 patients with hemophilia A and B, von Willebrand disease (vWD), thrombasthenia, Factors VII, X, and XIII deficiencies, and hypofibrinogenemia were analyzed for the presence of HCV antibody using (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Cases of hemophilia were classified into mild, moderate, and severe.Results: The prevalence of HCV infection was 13.2%. Of total, 595 (51.4%) patients had hemophilia A and 99 (16.6%) were anti-HCV positive, while 225 (19.4%) had hemophilia B and 28 (12.4%) were antibody positive compared to 9 (7%) in vWD. Of those with hemophilia A, 515 (86.6%) had severe hemophilia, and 32 (32.32%) cases had acquired HCV infection after 1996 (after introduction of HCV screening in blood banks in Iraq). There was a statistically significant association with treatment by Factor VIII only.Conclusion: The prevalence of HCV in patients with inherited bleeding disorder is 13.2%. In this study, it was found that multitransfusion is the only predictor for HCV infection in this group of patients.
... This difference in the prevalence of HCV infection attributed to different epidemiological distribution and risk factors of HCV infection between these countries. The prevalence of HCV infection in blood donors in another study done in Iraq (Baghdad) between 2006 and 2009 was found to be 0.3% in all donors [23]. This indicates that blood product is important predisposing factor to get HCV infection despite the extensive screening and disinfection procedure done in our country. ...
Objective: Patients who frequently receive blood have high risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HCV infection and potential risk factors among multiply transfused patients.Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in the hemophilia unit in Medical City in Baghdad, between June 1, 2016, and January 1, 2017. After taking consents and approval of ethical comity, the medical records of 1158 patients with hemophilia A and B, von Willebrand disease (vWD), thrombasthenia, Factors VII, X, and XIII deficiencies, and hypofibrinogenemia were analyzed for the presence of HCV antibody using (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Cases of hemophilia were classified into mild, moderate, and severe.Results: The prevalence of HCV infection was 13.2%. Of total, 595 (51.4%) patients had hemophilia A and 99 (16.6%) were anti-HCV positive, while 225 (19.4%) had hemophilia B and 28 (12.4%) were antibody positive compared to 9 (7%) in vWD. Of those with hemophilia A, 515 (86.6%) had severe hemophilia, and 32 (32.32%) cases had acquired HCV infection after 1996 (after introduction of HCV screening in blood banks in Iraq). There was a statistically significant association with treatment by Factor VIII only.Conclusion: The prevalence of HCV in patients with inherited bleeding disorder is 13.2%. In this study, it was found that multitransfusion is the only predictor for HCV infection in this group of patients.
... This source and reservoir of infection always results in to higher risk of morbidity, and mortality and its long term complications result into a state of chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 9 Additionally, Variations in the results by the different researchers may be due to differences in the demographic profiles, and sanitary conditions of particular environment. ...
... Our study revealed that prevalence of positive HCV antibody among blood donors was 0.16%. This prevalence is lower than that reported in Baghdad study (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009) 14 as 0.3% and Lebanon study (1997)(1998)(1999)(2000) 15 as 0.6%. In Arab countries, blood transfusion is still a problem due to the lack of organized infrastructure and highly trained and qualified staff. ...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, particularly in its chronic form, is associated with sizable morbidity and mortality. More than 350 000 deaths are attributed to HCV infection each year, most of which are caused by liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Objective: - This study aims to determine the prevalence of anti HCV antibody in AL-Anbar governorate among screened groups.
... In Iraq, studies showed that the prevalence of HBV infection has decreased from 4.1% to less than 1% in the period of seventies to nineties (3,4). Regarding the prevalence of HCV infection was much lower than HBV infection among blood donors; anti-HCV rate was found to be 1.2% in Baghdad in year 2000 (4). ...
Transmission of infectious agents through donated blood is one of the major problems of blood transfusion. This is because of its essential role in the supportive care of medical and surgical patients. Total of 6536 (6517 male and 19 female) blood donor samples were collected from February to May 2016 and screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis. The study was carried out in blood bank in Basra city, Iraq. A total of 127 (1.94%) donors have shown serological evidence of hepatitis B virus infection, 4 (0.06%) showed HBsAg while 123 (1.8%) had positive anti-HBc results. The prevalence of anti-HCV, HIV, and syphilis was 9 (0.13%), 0 and 18 (0.26%) respectively . There were no positive results among female donors.
... In addition, the result of this study showed that,1.1% of blood donors resident the capital city Sana'a were positive for anti-HCV, which is in agreement with that reported by Sultan et al. [19] and Al-Waleedi [20] who, found that, 1.05% and 1.3% of blood donors were positive for anti-HCV in Sana'a city and Aden respectively. Approximately have equivalence 1.5% with that reported by Sonia et al. [21], Less prevalence of HCV as compared to the results of this study, was reported by Doro et al. [22] Ataallah et al. [23] and Sallam et al. [24], who found that, (0.7%), (0.3%). and (0.2%) of blood donors were positive for HCV in Tripoli, Baghdad and Sana'a respectively. High prevalence of HCV as compared to this study was reported by Alodini [25], who fond 3.0% HCV of Hepatitis Infections among Blood Donors in Sana'a City, while Al-Robasi et al. [26]. ...
Aim: To determine the current sero-prevalence of HCV among blood donors in Sana'a city: Yemen.
Study Design: A descriptive cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted on 3606 blood donors at the National
Blood Transfusion and Research Centre in Sana'a, Yemen, during the period from October 2016 to
January 2017.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of
anti-HCV antibody using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique at the National Blood Transfusion
and Research Centre in Sana'a Yemen during the period from October 2016 to January 2017.
Results: A total of 3606 blood donors were enrolled in this study, 1.6% of them were anti-HCV
positive. Distributed as the following, 1.1%, 2.8%, 2.2%, 2.9%, 3.4%, 2.4% and 1.7% of anti-HCV
antibody was among blood donors resident the capital city of Sana'a, Sana'a rural area, Taiz, Ibb,
Dahmar, Amran and Almahwet governorate respectively. The prevalence rate of HCV was higher
among Handicraft (1.8%). High HCV seropositivity were detected among the age group 36-45, the
difference was found statistically insignificance.
Conclusion: Low percentage of HCV sero-prevalence was detected among our blood donors.
Specific strategies for the screening of blood donors should be followed in the blood bank centers in
Yemen.
... This result is in agreement with that reported (4.1%.) by Michel et al, in Congo [19] and quite similar (4.5% ) to that reported by Al-Waleedi et al, in study conducted in Aden city. [14] The prevalence of HBsAg in recent study was more than that reported by Alodini et al [13] (2.1%), Jadeja et al, (1.32%) [20] and Ataallah et al, (0.6%) [21] in study conducted in Sana'a City, India and Baghdad respectively. Rodenas et al, [22] have reported higher result 7.67% of HBsAg. ...
Background: Substantial percentage of HBV cases were reported among our population. Blood transfusion
represent major rout transmission of Hepatitis B virus. The recent situation in Yemen increase the demand of blood and its products due to anemia, accidents, malnutrition, etc. Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the current prevalence of HBsAg and total anti-HBc among blood donors in Sana’a, Yemen. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the National Blood Transfusion and Research Centre in Sana'a Yemen, during the period from October 2016 to January 2017. A total of 3606 blood donors were included in this study. Serum was separated from each blood specimens, and then they were analyzed for the presence of HBsAg, total Anti-HBc antibodies using an Enzyme Immunoassay technique according to manufacture instructions. Results: The result of this study shown that, 4.1% and 14.0% donors were found to be reactive for HBsAg and anti-HBc respectively. The overall prevalence of HBV (HBsAg and/or anti-HBc positive) was 16.2%. According to the residency of the blood donors, a high percentage of HBsAg were observed among donors from Raymah 10.8% and Almahwet 10.3% governments followed by Alhudidah 7.0%. However, the lowest of HBsAg among blood donors coming from Capital city of Sana'a, Sana'a rural area and Taiz government was 3.9%. 3.6% and 3.5% respectively. In other hand, anti-HBc was found higher among donors from Raymah followed by Almahwet. Alhudidah and Albaidah governorates as 35.1%, 25.9%, 20.9%, and 20.0% respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that our subjects still under the moderate to high-risk communities.
... In Iraq, studies showed that the prevalence of HBV infection has decreased from 4.1% to less than 1% in the period of seventies to nineties (3,4). Regarding the prevalence of HCV infection was much lower than HBV infection among blood donors; anti-HCV rate was found to be 1.2% in Baghdad in year 2000 (4). ...
... The seroprevalence rates of anti-HCV markers was much lower than that of Saudi Arabia, where the prevalence rate of anti-HCV was reported to be 0.41% among donors screened from January 2004 to December 2009 [24]. Additionally, the rate of anti-HCV among blood donors in Sudan was 0.65% [19] and 0.3% among blood donors from the National Blood Transfusion Center in Baghdad, Iraq, from 2006-2009 [25]. In Crete, the prevalence of anti-HCV in donors was 0.49% in females and 0.37% in males [26]. ...
Introduction:
Statistics on the prevalence of donor screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in Jordan are outdated. There are no studies on the prevalence of anti-HIV I/II, anti-human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II (anti-HTLV-I/II), or anti-syphilis. Data are also lacking on the prevalence and significance of using anti-HBc screening in Jordan. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTI) among donors at King Hussein Cancer Center and compare it with neighboring countries and to evaluate the significance of screening for anti-HB core total (anti-HBc) antibodies.
Methodology:
A retrospective analysis covering the period from 2009 to 2013 was conducted on records of healthy donors. The number of donors was 10,101, 12,694, 13,387, 14,256, and 12,495, respectively. Donors were screened for HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HIV I/II, anti-HCV, and anti-HTLV-I/II using ELISA technique, while syphilis antibodies were detected using rapid chromatographic immunoassay.
Results:
Among 62,933 donors, the prevalence of HBsAg was 0.52%, of anti-HBc was 6.04%, and of anti-HCV was 0.16%. None of the donors were positive for anti-HIV I/II, anti-HTLV I/II, or anti-TP.
Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that the seroprevalence for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV in Jordan was low compared to neighboring countries. None of the donors were confirmed positive for anti-HIV I/II, anti-HTLV I/II, or anti-TP during the studied period. This study demonstrates the importance of screening for anti-HBc to improve blood and platelet safety and stresses the need to complement it with an algorithm that qualifies reentry of anti-HBc false-positive donors.
... Therefore, the remaining 66 studies, involving 28,947,262 blood donors and assessing HBsAg prevalence in E and M countries, were considered for the meta-analysis. Out of these, 18 studies related to Iran (10, 11, 36-51), 14 to Pakistan (15, 52-64), 10 to Turkey (12, 13, 65-72), 7 to Egypt (73-79), 7 to Saudi Arabia (80-86), 2 to Iraq (87,88), and 2 to Yemen (89,90). There was one study each from other countries, which included Cyprus (91), Djibouti (14), Jordan (92), Kuwait (93), Lebanon (94), and Morocco (95). ...
Context:
The world health organization (WHO) recommends that all blood donations should be screened for evidence of infections, such as hepatitis B. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in blood donors at the eastern Mediterranean region office (EMRO) of the WHO and middle eastern countries.
Evidence acquisition:
A meta-analysis was carried out based on the results of an electronic literature search of PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published from January 1, 2000, to August 31, 2015. In accordance with a significant homogeneity test and a large value of I2, the random effects model was used to aggregate data from the studies and produce the pooled estimates using the "Metan" command.
Results:
We included 66 eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of HBsAg in blood donors of both EMRO and middle eastern (E and M) countries was 2.03% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.79 - 2.26). In addition, the prevalence rates in the EMRO countries was 1.99% (95% CI: 1.84 - 2.14) and 1.62% in the Middle Eastern countries (95% CI: 1.36 - 1.88). The prevalence among blood donors with more than one study was 1.58% in Egypt, 0.58% in Iran, 0.67% in Iraq, 2.84% in Pakistan, 3.02% in Saudi Arabia, 1.68% in Turkey, and 5.05% in Yemen.
Conclusions:
Based on the WHO classification of hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence, the prevalence of HBsAg in blood donors from E and M countries reached an intermediate level. However, there were low prevalence levels in some E and M countries.
... The results of the present study revealed that the prevalence of HCV was estimated as (0.38%), and this result is less than those in previous studies conducted in Iraq by Noaman (2012), AL-Badry (2011) , AL-Saaedi (2001), and Abdul-Aziz et al., (2001). They reported the prevalence in Diyala province (1,15%) , in Thi-Qar province (1.4 %) , in AL-Diwania (0.45), and in Kirkuk province (0.93) respectively, and more than results obtained by Tawfeeq (2013) in Babylon province (0.29%), Amin (2011) in Musol (0.07%) and Hussein (2010) in Sulaimania (0.1%) and this result was in agreement with the results obtained by Hanan et al., (2011) in Baghdad province (0.3%) and Abdul-Kareem et al.,(2001) in AL-Najaf province (0.34%). ...
Out of 5179 serum samples of blood donors of their age ranging from 20 to more than 60 year were 20 gave positive results by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in percentage of 0.386%. The results of the study showed that the highest rate of infection was in age group of (31-50) years old with percentage of 35% while the results of seroprevalence of HCV infection in relation to the location of different geographical regions showed that highest infection rate was in Samawa 60% which is significantly different at level (P< 0.05). Reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed for direct and rapid detection of hepatitis C virus infection using one step technique. The condition of viral RNA was designed in exicycler real time PCR system. The results of molecular detection showed that out of 20 seropositive samples 13 were positive for HCV in percentage of 65%. In conclusion HCV was recorded in AI-Muthanna province and RT-PCR technique was reliable, direct and rapid test in combination with serological test Copy Right, IJAR, 2014,. All rights reserved.
... This source and reservoir of infection always results in to higher risk of morbidity, and mortality and its long term complications result into a state of chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 9 Additionally, Variations in the results by the different researchers may be due to differences in the demographic profiles, and sanitary conditions of particular environment. ...
Introduction:- Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem throughout the world. Viruses, which can lead viral hepatitis, are hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (delta antigen), Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis G virus (HGV). Objective:- To see the frequency of hepatitis B and C in paramedical staff (Nurses, Dispensers and laboratory workers) of tertiary care hospital. Material and methods:- This Descriptive study was conducted among paramedical staff during the period from April 2003 to July 2005. A total of 200 cases from paramedical staff was included in the study. After taking permission or consent a proforma was filled for each volunteer about any history of previous surgery, blood transfusion, accidental needle prick. Blood samples were collected from these staff. Rsults:- A total number of subjects who were studied from April 2003 to July 2005 were 200. Out of which 150 were nurses, 25 were dispensers and 25 were laboratory workers. HBV positive cases in 50 males and 150 females. Anti HCV was detected in 50 males and 150 females. Conclusion:- A campaign to discourage unnecessary injection therapy and intravenous drips must be started and public should be given awareness of their danger. Moreover public should also be instructed to avoid tattooing, ear and nose piercing and circumcision by formal barbers.
... The Levant (Sham) Arabian region comprises Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan and the Gaza Strip. The HBsAg-positive prevalence is 0.6% in the general population in Iraq [89] , 1.6% in volunteer blood donors in Lebanon [90] and 1.4 % in blood donors in Jordan [91] . No data are available for Syria at present, apart from its classification as a geographical area with an intermediate endemicity in the report by Lavanchy [86] . ...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has shown an intermediate or high endemicity level in low-income countries over the last five decades. In recent years, however, the incidence of acute hepatitis B and the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen chronic carriers have decreased in several countries because of the HBV universal vaccination programs started in the nineties. Some countries, however, are still unable to implement these programs, particularly in their hyperendemic rural areas. The diffusion of HBV infection is still wide in several low-income countries where the prevention, management and treatment of HBV infection are a heavy burden for the governments and healthcare authorities. Of note, the information on the HBV epidemiology is scanty in numerous eastern European and Latin-American countries. The studies on molecular epidemiology performed in some countries provide an important contribution for a more comprehensive knowledge of HBV epidemiology, and phylogenetic studies provide information on the impact of recent and older migratory flows.
... The results of the present study revealed that the prevalence of HCV was estimated as (0.38%), and this result is less than those in previous studies conducted in Iraq by Noaman (2012), AL-Badry (2011) , AL-Saaedi (2001), and Abdul-Aziz et al., (2001). They reported the prevalence in Diyala province (1,15%) , in Thi-Qar province (1.4 %) , in AL-Diwania (0.45), and in Kirkuk province (0.93) respectively, and more than results obtained by Tawfeeq (2013) in Babylon province (0.29%), Amin (2011) in Musol (0.07%) and Hussein (2010) in Sulaimania (0.1%) and this result was in agreement with the results obtained by Hanan et al., (2011) in Baghdad province (0.3%) and Abdul-Kareem et al.,(2001) in AL-Najaf province (0.34%). ...
... The results of the present study revealed that the prevalence of HCV was estimated as (0.38%), and this result is less than those in previous studies conducted in Iraq by Noaman (2012), AL-Badry (2011) , AL-Saaedi (2001), and Abdul-Aziz et al., (2001). They reported the prevalence in Diyala province (1,15%) , in Thi-Qar province (1.4 %) , in AL-Diwania (0.45), and in Kirkuk province (0.93) respectively, and more than results obtained by Tawfeeq (2013) in Babylon province (0.29%), Amin (2011) in Musol (0.07%) and Hussein (2010) in Sulaimania (0.1%) and this result was in agreement with the results obtained by Hanan et al., (2011) in Baghdad province (0.3%) and Abdul-Kareem et al.,(2001) in AL-Najaf province (0.34%). ...
Out of 5179 serum samples of blood donors of their age ranging from 20 to more than 60 year were 20 gave positive results by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in percentage of 0.386%. The results of the study showed that the highest rate of infection was in age group of (31-50) years old with percentage of 35% while the results of seroprevalence of HCV infection in relation to the location of different geographical regions showed that highest infection rate was in Samawa 60% which is significantly different at level (P< 0.05). Reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed for direct and rapid detection of hepatitis C virus infection using one step technique. The condition of viral RNA was designed in exicycler real time PCR system. The results of molecular detection showed that out of 20 seropositive samples 13 were positive for HCV in percentage of 65%. In conclusion HCV was recorded in AI-Muthanna province and RT-PCR technique was reliable, direct and rapid test in combination with serological test Copy Right, IJAR, 2014,. All rights reserved.
... Anti-HCV prevalence among several groups in Syria has been measured, including blood donors (0.95%), sex workers (1.96%), health care workers (3%), injection drug users (IDU) (60.5%), and HD patients (48.9%) [24][25][26]. In Iraq, a study of nearly 500,000 blood donors in Baghdad between 2006 and 2009 demonstrated anti-HCV prevalence of 0.3% with higher prevalence among women (0.4%) as compared with men (0.2%) [27]. A study of 169 HD patients in Baghdad showed an anti-HCV prevalence of 7.1%, with female gender, older age, duration of HD, and history of blood transfusion as risk factors [28][29][30]. ...
... In regard to Hepatitis C, it has been found that the proportion of persons living with (HCV) is greatest in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Egypt [11]; HCV is responsible for infecting over 20 million in Arab countries [24]. In countries of the south Mediterranean region, the prevalence of HCV Abs was highest in Egypt (13%) and accounts for 31% of acute viral hepatitis, in Libya (1.2%), in Morocco (1.93%), in Algeria (2.5%), in Tunisia (0.4%) [11]. ...
Background: Viral hepatitis is a preventable infectious disease with increasing importance all over the world. The aim of the current study is to assess the prevalence rate of acute viral hepatitis and positive viral hepatitis marker among clients of primary health care centers in Baghdad in 2010. In addition, to assess the proportion of positive hepatitis B and C viral marker from the total suspected acute viral hepatitis cases. Moreover, to determine the contribution of selected explanatory variables to the risk of testing positive for HBV and HCV serum markers.
Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study were carried out at the primary health care centers in Baghdad over 1 year. A questionnaire form was used to collect data about demographic factors and the results of the investigations. Total serum bilirubin and bilirubin in urine were done at the primary health care center laboratory. The rest of the sera samples were sent to Hepatitis referral Lab at Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL) to be tested for HBs Ag and anti HCV using ELISA technique.
Results: A total of 7,576,372 consultations to primary health care centers were recorded in Baghdad during 1 year in 2010. Among those a total of 2,692 cases (35.5 per 100,000 consultations) were labeled as acute viral hepatitis cases. Only (3.3%) of cases were positive for HBs Ag and another 0.7% had positive anti-HCV antibodies.
Conclusion: Proportion of HBs Ag positive tests among suspected acute cases was intermediate. The only predictor for positive HBs Ag was age while controlling for other risk factors. Proportion of Anti HCV positive tests among suspected cases was low. History of blood transfusion and previous tattooing or cupping were the most powerful predictors of Anti HCV positivity while controlling for all other risk factors.
Keywords: Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, prevalence, acute jaundice
http://www.hoajonline.com/epidemiolrep/2054-9911/1/1
http://www.hoajonline.com/journals/pdf/2054-9911-1-1.pdf
Background: The understanding of viral hepatitis has
evolved more rapidly in the last 30 years than at any other time in
history. Although epidemics of Jaundice were recognized as early as
the middle ages, the notion that such out – breaks were the result of
hepatitis caused by infectious agents was not known until the years at
World War 2 Much of the agents and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis
were derived from inoculation experiments with human volunteers in
various countries during World War 2.
Objectives: Hepatitis C Virus cause a major public health
problem in Yemen and increased incidence by HCV has been observed
to occur in Yemen from years to years. Because of santiness of
information on epidemiology of the Hepatitis C Virus among
population in the Yemen, the current review is intended to covers the
available information on the aspects of epidemiology and diagnostic
techniques elaborated for diagnostic of HCV in Yem
Background: Occult Hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) among blood donors is an important medical concern.Objectives: This study was done to detect the presence of occult hepatitis B virus infections among blood donors with negative hepatitis B surface antigen and positive total anti-hepatitis B core antibodies in Hawler Major Blood Bank in Hawler city/Kurdistan Region of Iraq.Methods: A total number of 12,185 blood donors in Hawler Major Blood Bank were screened for HBsAg and total anti-HBcAb using ELISA technique, and then positive results were retested by confirmatory technique by Chemiluminescence assay. All HBsAg-/HBcAb+ were selected as the study group; HBV DNA was tested among HBsAg-/HBcAb+ by conventional PCR and Real time-PCR. Clinical and demographic data of study group were recorded.Results: Among the 12,185 blood donors, HBsAg was positive in 27 (0.22%) donors using Chemiluminescence assay, the frequency of HBs Ag -/ HBc Ab+ was 276 (2.27%), and then the total prevalence of HBV infection in all blood donors was 2.49%. Among the 276 HBs Ag-/HBcAb+, occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) was positive in 39.1% (108/276) using conventional PCR and Real time-PCR techniques, while the prevalence among all blood donors (n=12,185) was 0.09%. Testing of HBV-DNA in HBs Ag -/ HBc Ab+ group for OBI was done by qualitative PCR (positive HBV-DNA=102/276) or by quantitative Real time-PCR (positive HBV-DNA=108/276).Conclusions: The OBI is frequently detected among blood donors in Hawler city especially those have HBsAg-/HBcAb+, and the total anti-HBcAb is an essential serological marker for screening HBV among blood donors. The risk factors for developing OBI among blood donors should be elucidated.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be transmitted by blood donation. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of HCV seropositivity among blood donors at our institution in order to inform efforts to reduce the transmission of HCV from blood donors to patients. Study subjects were potential blood donors who presented to the Transfusion Medicine Unit at the study institution in Malaysia to donate blood during 2011-2019. We retrospectively reviewed the records of all these subjects for the following: HCV enzyme immunoassay results (EIA) (positive results confirmed by a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIA)), gender, age, ethnicity, marital status and donation frequency. A total of 87,418 subjects were included in the study consisting of 113,475 donated blood samples. More than half, 57.87% of subjects were males; 85.34% were aged ≤41 years; 59.13% were first time donors. As much as 80.12% of subjects were Malay, 12.68%% were Chinese, 1.70% were Indian and 5.50% were of other ethnicities; 62.35% were married. A total of 85 subjects (0.1%) had both a positive EIA and positive RIA HCV test. Of these 85 subjects, 76% were male. The mean (±SD) age of study subjects with HCV seropositivity was 36 (±12) (range: 18-65) years. Among subjects with HCV seropositivity, 87% were first time donors, 93% were Malay, 5% were Chinese, 1% were Indian and 1% were of other ethnicities and 62% were married. The prevalence of HCV seropositivity during 2011 and 2019 were 0.13% and 0.06% (range: 0.03-0.2%), respectively. In summary, the prevalence of HCV seropositivity among study subjects was low and the majority were male, first-time donors, Malay and married. The prevalence of HCV seropositivity among study subjects fluctuated by year. We conclude that although the prevalence of HCV seropositivity was low, it might be reduced further by carefully monitoring male, Malay, married first time donors to detect other possible risk factors that should be screened for. Further studies are needed to determine what additional questions should be asked to increase the sensitivity of the screening questionnaire for detecting higher risk donors.
Objective:
The current study analysed the viral safety among Iranian blood donors.
Background:
Plasma products demand is increasing in the world. With contract plasma fractionation, the plasma wastage decreases and the access of patients to plasma-derived medicines (PDM) improves.
Study and design method:
Screening results including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Ag/Ab of 19 054 036 donations from 2006 to 2015 were analysed. The plasma for fractionation was tested for HBV DNA, HCV RNA, HIV RNA, HAV RNA, and Parvovirus B19 DNA by fractionators. New samples were collected from the positive donors and retested. The prevalence of serological and nucleic acid testing (NAT) markers per 105 donations, 95% confidential interval (CI), and p-values were calculated.
Results:
The prevalence of markers was as follows: 250/105 donations for HBsAg from 516 in 2006 to 116/105 donations in 2015; 74/105 donations for HCV, decreasing from 127 to 41/105 and 3.6/105 for HIV during current study. During 10 years, 5 713 641 units of recovered plasma were shipped for contract fractionation to produce PDM; 0.26/105 donations for HBV DNA and 0.14/105 for HCV RNA were reported positive. The results of five retested samples for HBV and one sample for HCV were negative.
Conclusion:
The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV in blood donations was extremely low. Thanks to the availability, high quality and safety of recovered plasma as a result of the improvements in the quality system at IBTO, this plasma could be used for the production of PDMPs.
Background: The understanding of viral hepatitis has evolved more rapidly in the last 30 years than at any other time in history. Although epidemics of Jaundice were recognized as early as the middle ages, the notion that such outbreaks were the result of hepatitis caused by infectious agents was not known until the years at World War 2 Much of the agents and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis were derived from inoculation experiments with human volunteers in various countries during World War 2. Objectives: Hepatitis C Virus cause a major public health problem in Yemen and increased incidence by HCV has been observed to occur in Yemen from years to years. Because of santiness of information on epidemiology of the Hepatitis C Virus among population in the Yemen, the current review is intended to covers the available information on the aspects of epidemiology and diagnostic techniques elaborated for diagnostic of HCV in Yemen. Material and methods: We reviewed the papers to document the epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Yemen and some areas of world. Different published research papers and books and annual reports from 1993 to 2018 on Hepatitis C Virus were review. Results: The prevalence rate of Hepatitis C Virus infection in the Yemen is ranging from 0.2% to 2.8%. Most of the surveys were conducted in Ibb and Amran governorates. and the risk factors for HCV infection, blood transfusion Surgery, family history of jaundice, visit to dentists, parenteral injury, cupping were considered significant risk factors for transmission of HCV in Yemen. Conclusion: Hepatitis C Virus is higher prevalent among Yemenis citizen, the risk factors play role in HCV transmission. More area-wide investigations concerning HCV infection in Yemen among different groups at risk from different areas of the country is recommended.
Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and associated factors. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly (simple random sample according to previous seroprevalence HBV in population) selected 500 blood donors from who came to the blood bank service in 48 Hospital in Sana'a between October 2016 to Aug 2016 and were interviewed face to face, then data was collected by using questionnaire and blood samples collected after that using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. the questionnaire consisted of three sections (A) demographics, (B) associated factors and (C) blood sample results. Results and conclusion: The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infected was 2.6%. Only three factors in simple and multiple logistic regression were statistically significant with prevalence of HBsAG. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that blood donors who had history of: dental treatment, cupping and malaria infection were more likely to infect with hepatitis B virus infected compared to those without history of: dental treatment, cupping and malaria infection 7.8%, 7.3 % and 7.5 % respectively. The rest of factors failed to achieve any statistical significant with prevalence of HBsAG. Hepatitis b is hyper endemic in Yemen, this need application of infection control policies in dental clinics, cupping centers, inject Hepatitis B virus vaccine and control of malaria in endemic areas.
Background: The understanding of viral hepatitis has evolved more rapidly in the last 30 years than at any other time in history. Although epidemics of Jaundice were recognized as early as the middle ages, the notion that such outbreaks were the result of hepatitis caused by infectious agents was not known until the years at World War 2 Much of the agents and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis were derived from inoculation experiments with human volunteers in various countries during World War 2. Objectives: Hepatitis C Virus cause a major public health problem in Yemen and increased incidence by HCV has been observed to occur in Yemen from years to years. Because of santiness of information on epidemiology of the Hepatitis C Virus among population in the Yemen, the current review is intended to covers the available information on the aspects of epidemiology and diagnostic techniques elaborated for diagnostic of HCV in Yemen. Material and methods: We reviewed the papers to document the epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Yemen and some areas of world. Different published research papers and books and annual reports from 1993 to 2018 on Hepatitis C Virus were review. Results: The prevalence rate of Hepatitis C Virus infection in the Yemen is ranging from 0.2% to 2.8%. Most of the surveys were conducted in Ibb and Amran governorates. and the risk factors for HCV infection, blood transfusion Surgery, family history of jaundice, visit to dentists, parenteral injury, cupping were considered significant risk factors for transmission of HCV in Yemen. Conclusion: Hepatitis C Virus is higher prevalent among Yemenis citizen, the risk factors play role in HCV transmission. More area-wide investigations concerning HCV infection in Yemen among different groups at risk from different areas of the country is recommended.
To screen the donors for the frequency of different blood groups, reason for deferral and comparative analysis of the donation in two consecutive years in the blood bank of Qazi Hussian Ahmed Medical Complex Nowshera, a cross sectional study was carried out from April 25, 2017 to May 5, 2019. A total of 3,429 donors were included in the study. The mean age of donors with standard deviation was 35+ 3.24 years. Three thousand eighteen (88%) of the donors were males. The distribution of RhD+ and RhD- blood groups was 89.90% and 10.09% respectively. The frequency of ‘RhD+ blood groups in target population’ was B: 1226 (35.75%), O: 807 (23.53%), A: 754 (22%) and AB: 296 (8.63%). The frequency of ‘Rh Negative blood groups’ was: B: 139 (4.05%), O: 95 (2.77%), A:84 (2.45%) and AB: 28 (0.82%). The packed cell wastage rate in our blood bank was 185 (5.4%). The donor deferral rate was 0.7%. Hepatitis B Virus was the major cause of deferral that was reported in 14 cases followed by HCV Virus in 13 cases. It was concluded that the frequency of ‘Rh-positive blood group’ was B,O,A and AB respectively. Blood Group B was noted in 35% of the donors that counted to be the major prevalent Rh positive blood group in our population. Regarding the Rh Negative blood group, again the frequency was B,O,A and AB. Blood group B- was prevalent as a major negative blood group in our population that was recorded in 4.05% cases. The seroprevalence of hepatitis in the donors was 0.7%.
Background: Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are two of the most commonly transmitted infectious agents by Blood transmitting so it is still remains a considerable global health problem, this prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between 2015 and 2019 at the directorate of main Blood Bank, dialysis center, thalassemia center and public health laboratory in Thi-Qar Province-Iraq, during that period a total of 1323 patients, 948 (71.7%) males and 375 (28.3%) females, they suffering from signs and symptoms of liver diseases.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped partial double-stranded DNA virus that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 257 million people are living with HBV. Moreover, 20,900 acute hepatitis B cases were reported in 2016. Hepatitis B is highly prevalent in the African, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and European regions, respectively. Due to the high mutational rate of HBV and lack of reverse transcriptase proofreading activity, ten different genotypes with different geographical distributions have been identified. HBV pathogenesis and severity of infection depend on several host and viral factors, particularly, the genetic variability of both the host and virus. Although HBV infection is a global health concern, there is a lack of adequate studies and reports in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here, we provide a review on HBV epidemiology, pathogenesis, host–pathogen interactions, coinfection with selected viruses, and laboratory diagnosis, focusing on studies conducted in the MENA region to determine the current situation of the HBV infection and outline the future study areas.
Background: Occult Hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) among blood donors is an important medical concern.
Objectives: This study was done to detect the presence of occult hepatitis B virus infections among blood donors with negative hepatitis B surface antigen and positive total anti-hepatitis B core antibodies in Hawler Major Blood Bank in Hawler city/Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Methods: A total number of 12,185 blood donors in Hawler Major Blood Bank were screened for HBsAg and total anti-HBcAb using ELISA technique, and then positive results were retested by confirmatory technique by Chemiluminescence assay. All HBsAg-/HBcAb+ were selected as the study group; HBV DNA was tested among HBsAg-/HBcAb+ by conventional PCR and Real time-PCR. Clinical and demographic data of study group were recorded.
Results: Among the 12,185 blood donors, HBsAg was positive in 27 (0.22%) donors using Chemiluminescence assay, the frequency of HBs Ag -/ HBc Ab+ was 276 (2.27%), and then the total prevalence of HBV infection in all blood donors was 2.49%. Among the 276 HBs Ag-/HBcAb+, occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) was positive in 39.1% (108/276) using conventional PCR and Real time-PCR techniques, while the prevalence among all blood donors (n=12,185) was 0.09%. Testing of HBV-DNA in HBs Ag -/ HBc Ab+ group for OBI was done by qualitative PCR (positive HBV-DNA=102/276) or by quantitative Real time-PCR (positive HBV-DNA=108/276).
Conclusions: The OBI is frequently detected among blood donors in Hawler city especially those have HBsAg-/HBcAb+, and the total anti-HBcAb is an essential serological marker for screening HBV among blood donors. The risk factors for developing OBI among blood donors should be elucidated.
Objective:
To characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in countries of the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), namely Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria.
Methods:
We systematically reviewed and synthesized available records of HCV incidence and prevalence following PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were implemented using a DerSimonian-Laird random effects model with inverse weighting to estimate the country-specific HCV prevalence among the various at risk population groups.
Results:
We identified eight HCV incidence and 240 HCV prevalence measures in the Fertile Crescent. HCV sero-conversion risk among hemodialysis patients was 9.2% in Jordan and 40.3% in Iraq, and ranged between 0% and 3.5% among other populations in Iraq over different follow-up times. Our meta-analyses estimated HCV prevalence among the general population at 0.2% in Iraq (range: 0-7.2%; 95% CI: 0.1-0.3%), 0.3% in Jordan (range: 0-2.0%; 95% CI: 0.1-0.5%), 0.2% in Lebanon (range: 0-3.4%; 95% CI: 0.1-0.3%), 0.2% in Palestine (range: 0-9.0%; 95% CI: 0.2-0.3%), and 0.4% in Syria (range: 0.3-0.9%; 95% CI: 0.4-0.5%). Among populations at high risk, HCV prevalence was estimated at 19.5% in Iraq (range: 0-67.3%; 95% CI: 14.9-24.5%), 37.0% in Jordan (range: 21-59.5%; 95% CI: 29.3-45.0%), 14.5% in Lebanon (range: 0-52.8%; 95% CI: 5.6-26.5%), and 47.4% in Syria (range: 21.0-75.0%; 95% CI: 32.5-62.5%). Genotypes 4 and 1 appear to be the dominant circulating strains.
Conclusions:
HCV prevalence in the population at large appears to be below 1%, lower than that in other MENA sub-regions, and tending towards the lower end of the global range. However, there is evidence for ongoing HCV transmission within medical facilities and among people who inject drugs (PWID). Migration dynamics appear to have played a role in determining the circulating genotypes. HCV prevention efforts should be targeted, and focus on infection control in clinical settings and harm reduction among PWID.
Asia and Africa have previously been classified as areas of high endemicity for hepatitis B virus (HBV), but in some countries highly effective vaccination programmes have shifted this pattern towards intermediate or low endemicity. Thus, China is now the only country in Asia where HBV endemicity is high. Countries with intermediate endemicity include India, Korea, the Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand, and those with low endemicity include Japan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. Most countries in Africa have high HBV endemicity, with the exceptions of Tunisia and Morocco, which have intermediate endemicity. Zambia has borderline intermediate/high endemicity. In the Middle East, Bahrain, Iran, Israel and Kuwait are areas of low endemicity, Cyprus, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates have intermediate endemicity, and Egypt, Jordan, Oman, Palestine, Yemen and Saudi Arabia have high endemicity. All of these Middle East countries reach a large proportion of their population with hepatitis B vaccination, which is reducing the infection rate, particularly in Saudi Arabia. The vaccination programme in Taiwan has also greatly reduced the HBV infection rate. Future vaccination programmes must take into account the mode of transmission of HBV, the healthcare infrastructure to deliver vaccination, and the socioeconomic and political factors in each individual country, to determine the most cost-effective way of infection control.
There have been no previous reports of the prevalence of hepatatis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in Lao PDR. From 2003 to 2005, 13,897 first-time blood donors were screened for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV). The seroprevalence of HBsAg positive blood donors was 8.7%. The prevalence among males (9.7%) was higher than in females (6.2%). The prevalence of anti-HCV positive blood donors was 1.1%, with no significant differences between males (1.1%) and females (1.0%). Annual positive rates for HBsAg and anti-HCV during the years 2003 to 2005 did not differ significantly. Lao PDR has a high endemicity of HBV carriers (8.7%). Dual infection with HBV and HCV was 0.12%. For preventing HBV infection, the country introduced DPT-Hepatitis B vaccines into the National Immunization Program in 2001. The large reservoir of HBV and HCV infections will cause an enormous burden of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the future.