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Intrathoracic blood volume index as an indicator of fluid management in septic shock

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Abstract

To investigate the value of intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI) monitoring in fluid management strategy in septic shock patients. In a prospective study, 33 patients who were diagnosed to be suffering from septic shock in the intensive care unit (ICU) were enrolled . Seventeen patients who received pulse indicator continuous cardiac output (PiCCO) monitoring, and ITBVI was used as indicator of fluid management, were enrolled into ITBVI group; 16 patients who received traditional fluid management strategy [directed by central venous pressure (CVP)] were enrolled into control group. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHEII) score, sepsis related organ failure assessment (SOFA) score and vasopressor score were compared between 1 day and 3 days of treatment. The characteristics of fluid management were recorded and compared within 72 hours. (1)In 3 days of treatment, APACHEII, SOFA and vasopressor score were significantly lower in ITBVI group compared with that of in 1 day of treatment[21.3±6.2 vs. 25.4±7.2, 6.1±3.4 vs. 9.0±3.5, 5 (0, 8.0) vs. 20.0 (8.0, 35.0), respectively, all P<0.01], whereas there were no changes in control group. (2)Although fluid output (ml) was higher in ITBVI group during 48-72 hours period (2 421± 868 vs. 1 721±934, P=0.039), there was no difference in fluid intake, fluid output or fluid balance (ml) within 0-72 hours between two groups (fluid intake: 9 918±137 vs. 10 529±1 331, fluid output : 6 035±1 739 vs. 5 827±2 897, fluid balance: 3 882±1 889 vs. 4 703±2 813, allP>0.05). (3)Comparing the fluid volume (ml) used for fluid replacement period, except that there was no significance in fluid challenge with colloid during 0-6 hours between two groups [ml: 250 (125, 500) vs. 250 (69,250), P>0.05], more fluid intake (ml) was found in ITBVI group [0-6 hours crystalloid: 250(150,250) vs. 125 (105,125), 6-72 hours crystalloid: 125 (125, 250) vs. 100 (56, 125), 0-72 hours crystalloid: 250(125, 250) vs. 125 (75, 125), 6-72 hours colloid: 125 (106, 250) vs. 75 (50, 125), 0-72 hours colloid: 200 (125, 250) vs. 100 (50, 125),all P<0.01]. Clinical picture in patients with septic shock is improved after 3 days of treatment than 1 day of treatment under fluid management directed by ITBVI, compared with by CVP. This improvement may be attributable to accurate assessment of preload and appropriate infusion rate in fluid challenge.
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・论著・
生垦蕉重塞鱼塾匡堂;!!!堡!旦箜!!鲞筮!塑曼蔓也堡坐堡!翌丛鲤!垒坚墨!堕!!!!!∑!!:!!!盟!:!
胸腔内血容量指数在感染性休克
患者液体管理中的应用
徐永昊刘晓青何为群徐远达
陈思蓓农凌波
黄红川
黎毅敏
【摘要】
目的
探讨胸腔内血容量指数(ITBVI)在感染性休克患者液体管理中的应用价值。方法采用
前瞻性临床观察研究方法,将入住重症监护病房(IcU)的33例感染性休克患者分为两组。ITBVI组17例患
者接受脉搏指示连续心排血量(PiCC0)监测,以ITBVl作为液体管理的指导指标,对照组16例患者以中心
静脉压(CVP)作为液体管理的指导指标。对比两组患者治疗1
d和3
d时的急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分
系统I(APACHE
I)评分、感染相关器官功能衰竭评分系统(SOFA)评分、血管活性药物评分,以及补液72
内两组患者的液体管理数据。结果
①ITBVI组3
d时APAcHE
I、s0FA和血管活性药物评分(分)均较
d时显著下降[21.3士6.2比25.4±7.2,6.1士3.4比9.O土3.5,5.O(O,8.O)比20.O(8.O,35.O),均P<
O.01];而对照组则均无显著变化。②虽然ITBVI组48~72
h液体出量(m1)大于对照组(2
421士868比
721士934,P—o.039),但ITBVI组与对照组O~72
h的液体出入量和平衡量(m1)比较差异均无统计学意
义(入量:9
918土137比10
529士1
331,出量:6
035士1
739比5
827士2
897,平衡量:3
882士1
889比4
703士
813,均P>o.05)。⑧在快速补液试验中,ITBVI组与对照组患者除o~6
h胶体液入量[ml:250(125,500)比
250(69,250)]差异无统计学意义(P>o.05)外,其余时段液体入量(m1)ITBVI组均比对照组高(O~6
h晶体
液:250(150,250)比125(105,125),6~72
h晶体液:125(125,250)比100(56,125),o~72
h晶体液:250(125,
250)比125(75,125),6~72
h胶体液:125(106,250)比75(50,125),O~72
h胶体液:200(125,250)比100(50,
125),均P<o.01]。结论与以CVP指导相比,用ITBVI指导感染性休克患者的液体管理显示,3
d时患者
病情较1
d改善,这种改善可能得益于对血容量状态的准确判断和适当的快速补液速度。
【关键词】感染性休克;
中心静脉压}胸腔内血容量指数
Intrathoraclc
bIood
voIume
index
as
an
indicator
of
fluid
management
in septic
shock
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【Abstract】
objective
To
investigate
the
value
of
intrathoracic
blood
volume
index
(ITBVI)
monitoring
in
fluid
management
strategy
in
septic
shock
patients.I垤ethods
In
prospective
study,
33
patients
who
were
diagnosed
to
be
suffering
from
8eptic
shock
in
the
intensive
care
unit(ICU)were
enrolled.≤kventeen
patients
who
received
pulse—indicator
continuous
cardiac
output(PiCC0)monitoring,
and
ITBVl
was
u8ed
as
indicator
of
nuid
management,were
enrolled
into
ITBVI
group;16
patients
who
received
traditional
nuid
management
strategy[directed
by
central
venous
pressure(CVP)]were
enroIled
into
contro【group.Acute
physiology
and
chroIlic
health
evaluation
(APACHE
I)score,sepsis
related
organ
failure
assessment(SOFA)score
and
vasopressor
score
were
compared
between
day and
days
of
treatment.The
characteristics
of
nuid
management
were
recorded
and
compared
within
72
hours.Resul拓
①In
days
of
treatment,APACHE
I,s0FA
and
vasopressor
score
were
significantly
lower
in
ITBVI
group
compared
with
that
of
in l
day
of
treatment[21.3士6.Z
vs.25.4±7.2,6.1士3.4
vs.9.O士3.5,5(O,
8.O)v8.20.O(8.O,35.O),respectively,all
P<O.01),whereas
there
were
rIo
changes
in
control
group.
②Although
nuid
output(m1)was
higher
in
ITBVI
group
during
48—72
hours
period(2
421士868
vs.
721士934,P=O.039),there
was
no
difference
in
nuid
intake,nuid
output
or
nuid
balance(m1)within
O一7Z
hours
between
two
groups(nuid
intake:9
918士137
vs.10
529士1
331,nuid output:6
035士1
739
vs.5
827±2
897,nuid
balance:3
882士1
889
vs.4
703士2
813,all
P>O.05).③Comparing
the
nuid
volume(m1)used
for
nuid
replacement
period,except
that
there
was
no
significance
in
nuid
challenge
with
colloid
during
O一6
hours
between
two
groups[ml:250(125,500)vs.250(69,250),P>O.05),more
nuid
intake(m1)was
found
in
ITBVI
group(O一6
hours
crystalloid:250(150,250)vs.
125(105,125),
6—72
hours
crystalloid:125(125,250)vs.100(56,125),0—72
hours
crystalloid:250(125,250)vs.125
(75,125),6—72
hours
colloid:125(106,250)、,s.75(50,125),O一72
hours
colloidI
200(125,250)vs.
100(50,125),all
P<O.01].Conclusion
Clinical
picture
in
patients
with
septic
shock
is
improved
after
days
of
treatment
than
day
of
treatment
under
nuid
management
directed
by
ITBVI,compared
with by
C、,P.This
improvement
may
be
attributable
to
accurate
assessment
of
preload
and
appropriate
infusion
rate
in
nuid
challenge.
【Key
words】
Septic
shock;Ckntral
venous
pressure
Intrathoracic
blood
volume
index
万方数据
中国危重病急救医学2011年8月第23卷第8期
曼!堕生!!!竺!望坚!!!垒!g!堕!!!!!∑!!:!!!塑旦:!
对感染性休克的治疗,国际严重感染和感染性
休克治疗指南提出,在6
h内完成早期目标导向的
液体复苏治疗(EGDT),中心静脉压(CVP)达标,其
内涵是要求恢复适当的血容量水平[1。2]。然而CVP
和肺动脉楔压(PAOP)等压力指标容易受到各种因
素的影响,其反映前负荷水平的准确性在不断受到
质疑口1;尤其对于重症监护病房(ICU)重症患者,
心肺顺应性的改变以及正压通气都可能对CVP、
PAOP等压力指标的测量产生影响[4]。因此,用这些
压力指标能否最真实反映患者的血容量状态,从而
指导对患者的液体管理,目前存在争议。近年来研
究较多的有经肺热稀释技术得出的容量指标如胸腔
内血容量指数(ITBVI)、全心舒张期末容量指数
(GEDVI)等。Huber等[51和Michard等[6]对危重患
者的研究显示,ITBVI和GEDVI能更好地反映患
者的容量反应性。但这些容量指标能否弥补压力指
标的不足,以便更好地指导临床对感染性休克患者
的液体管理还需探讨。本研究中通过观察对比临床
医师参考ITBVI和CVP对感染性休克患者进行液
体管理的数据,评价ITBVI在感染性休克患者液体
管理中的应用价值。
1对象与方法
1.1研究设计:本研究为前瞻性临床观察研究。
1.2观察对象:选择2008年3月至2009年2月本
院ICU发生感染性休克的患者。入选标准:参考
2001年危重病医学会/欧洲危重病医学会/美国胸
科医师协会(SCCM/ESICM/ACCP)的诊断标准口]。
排除标准:急性心肌梗死,心源性休克,大面积肺栓
塞,存在心内解剖分流(房或室间隔缺损)者。本研究
符合医学伦理学标准,经医院伦理委员会批准,并获
得患者家属的知情同意。
1.3
患者分组:对接受脉搏指示连续心排血量
(PiCC0)监测、以ITBVI为液体管理指标的患者作
为ITBVI组;对只进行上腔静脉置管监测CVP为
液体管理指标的患者作为对照组。
1.4研究方法
1.4.1一般处理:常规监测生命体征,按指南给予
相应治疗;留置上腔静脉双腔导管,主腔用于CVP
的测量和经肺热稀释法测量时注射冰盐水。ITBVI
DOIl
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003一0603.2011.08.006
基金项目:广东省广州市教育系统创新团队资助项目(B94117)
作者单位:510120广东,广州医学院第一附属医院,广州呼吸疾
病研究所
通信作者:黎毅敏,Enmil:lymin98@grMn.com
・463・
组同时在股动脉留置PiCCO导管,用经肺热稀释法
测定ITBVI、GEDVI、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、
心排血指数(CI)、外周血管阻力指数(SVRI),早、
中、晚连续测量3次取均值。当患者出现循环动力学
变化时,随时进行测量。
1.4.2液体管理方法:对照组主要参考CVP测量
值(正常参考范围为8~12
mm
Hg,对于机械通气
患者范围可提高至12~15
mm
Hg,l
mm
Hg—
O.133
kPa)}ITBVI组主要参考ITBVI测量值
(正常值参考范围850~1
ooo
ml/m2),忽略CVP数
据。医师根据患者临床情况、CVP或ITBVI数据进
行液体管理,分别于补液后0~6、0~24、24~48、
48~72、0~72
h不同时段统计患者的入量、出量、
平衡量(平衡量=入量一出量)。
1.4.3快速补液试验:当患者出现组织灌注不良表
现时,由主管医师根据患者情况决定补液的时机、液
体的种类以及补液速度。主要参考指征包括:①收缩
压<90
mm
Hg,或较基础水平下降40
mm
Hg以
上,或平均动脉压(MAP)<65
mm
Hg;②尿量<
0.5
m1・kg。・h_1持续2
h以上;③血清乳酸升
高≥4
mmol/L;④皮肤瘀斑,肢端湿冷;⑤持续需要
高浓度的血管活性药物维持血压等。
记录每次快速补液试验所使用的液体种类
(晶体或胶体)、液体用量和输注速度、快速补液试验
开始后30
min内的补液量。并根据O~6、6~72、
O~72
h进行分段统计。
1.5病情严重程度评分:治疗1
d和3
d进行急性
生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统I(APACHE
I)
评分、感染相关器官功能衰竭评分系统(SOFA)评
分、血管活性药物评分[8]。
1.6统计学方法:应用SPSS
13.o软件进行统计
分析。正态分布资料以均数±标准差(z土s)表示,用
f检验;非正态分布资料以中位数和四分位数
[M(Q£,Q。)]表示;非参数检验用Mann—Whitney
检验或Wilcoxon检验;率的比较用x2检验;P<
O.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1两组基线数据比较(表1~2):除ITBvI组男
性患者比例低于对照组(P=0.023)外,两组年龄、
APACHE
I评分、SoFA评分、血管活性药物评分、
基础疾病分布、入组时氧合指数和MAP差异均无
统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
2.2两组APACHE
I评分、SOFA评分、血管活性
药物评分及血流动力学指标比较(表2):ITBVI组
万方数据
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史垦蕉重煎叁垫里皇!!!!堡!旦蔓!!堂箜!塑曼垒垫垦尘鱼望丛鲤!垒!墨竺壁!!!!!!!!:!!!塑殳:!
表l两组感染性休克患者基本资料比较
注;ITBvl:胸腔内血容量指数,cOPD;慢性阻塞性肺疾病}与对照组比较。4P<o.05
衰2两组感染性休克患者病情严重程度评分及血流动力学指标比较
例APACHE
I评sOFA评分血管活性药物评分
氯合指数
心率(;士s,
平均动脉压EVLwI
Cl(__tj,
SVRI(;士l,
哪刖’
数分(至士s,分)
(_士,,分)[M(‘h,‘b),分](;士5,mm
Hg)
次/min)
(;士5,哪Hg)(;士j,ml/kg)
L/m2)kPa・s・L一1・m一2)
注:ITBVl:胸腔内血容量指数,APAcHE
I评分:急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统I评分,s0FA评分:感染相关器官功能衰竭评分
系统评分,EvLWI:血管外肺水指数,CI:心排血指数,sVRI:外周血管阻力指数;与本组1
d比较,‘P<o.01,与对照组同期比较,。P<
o.05,cP<o.0111
Inm
Hg=o.133
kPa,空白代表无此项
APACHE
I、SOFA和血管活性药物评分均较
d显著下降,氧合指数、MAP、CI显著升高(均P<
0.01),心率、EVLWI和SVRI均无明显变化(均
P>0.05);对照组各指标均无明显变化(均P>
o.05)。ITBVI组3
SOFA评分和血管活性药物评
分均较对照组降低(P<0.05和P<o.01)。
2.3两组不同补液时段出入量及CVP、ITBVI比
较(表3~4):两组不同补液时段入量、平衡量及
CVP比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>O.05)。
48~72
ITBVI组出量大于对照组(P=o.039),其
他时段两组出量相当(均P>O.05)。ITBVI组72
内ITBVI均值维持在903~936
m1/m2。
2.4快速补液情况(表5):除O~6
h两组快速补液
前30
min胶体液用量无明显差异(P=o.09)外,
其余各时段ITBVI组晶体液用量均比对照组多
(均P<O.01)。
裹3两组感染性休克患者不同补液时段
出入量比较(;士s)
组别
补液时段例数
人量(tIll)
出量(Inl)
平衡量(m1)
注tITB、兀:胸腔内血容量指数I与对照组同期比较,‘P<o.05
衷4两组感染性休克患者不同补液时段
CVP、ITBVI比较(;士5)
注:CVP:中心静脉压,ITBVI:胸腔内血容量指数}1
mm
Hg—
O.133
kPa,空白代表无此项
裹5两组感染性休克患者每次快速补液试验
前30
min液体用量比较[M(瓴,‘b))
注:ITBVI:胸腔内血容量指数;与对照组同期比较,1P<o.01
2.5预后:ITBVI组患者28
d病死率和住院病死
率为47.1%和52.9%,对照组为50.o%和56.3%,
两组比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>O.05)。
3讨论
本研究中使用ITBVI作为参考指标对感染性
休克患者进行液体管理,与传统指标CVP进行对
万方数据
史垦鱼重塞鱼墼匿堂!!!!至!旦整!!鲞第-!塑堡!!璺旦堕g!!!丛盟!垒!型壁!!!!!!堂:!!!盟!:!
比,结果显示,ITBVI组3
d时APACHE
I、SOFA
及血管活性药物评分均比1
d时明显下降,提示病
情趋于稳定,血管活性药物使用剂量减少}而对照组
3个评分均无明显变化,说明总体病情并没有得到
明显改善。虽然本研究中两组患者病死率并无统计
学差异,但ITBVI组患者3
d时病情总体改善,理
论上可以给疾病的治疗提供良好的平台,早期的循
环稳定对组织灌注和器官功能的保护都有重要意
义。而且本研究在临床观察过程中并没有对感染的
治疗方案进行干预,两组患者的抗感染方案均是在
有丰富经验的ICU医师指导下制定的。因此上述指
标的变化最可能得益于早期液体管理。
首先分析前3
d的液体出入量:回顾类似相关
经典研究,如Rivers等[9]的研究显示,EGDT的液
体复苏治疗可以使EGDT组患者的病死率、前3
APACHE
I评分、血管活性药物使用比例均较对照
组减少,虽然两组患者在前3
d的液体总入量无明
显差异,但EGDT组在前6
h的液体用量均值接近
000
m1,比对照组明显要多,提示要达到早期复苏
目标可能需要更多的液体。但最近Boyd等n们对血
管加压素和去甲肾上腺素在感染性休克患者中的应
用研究(VASST研究)[11]进行回顾性分析时发现,
过多的液体可能与病死率增加相关。而本研究中,前
h的早期复苏ITBVI组和对照组人量无明显差
异,均值在1
300
ml左右,明显比Rivers等[9]的研
究数据要少。但值得注意的是,两个研究中感染性休
克患者的来源不同。本研究中的患者主要是由于严
重肺部感染引起的感染性休克,并且很多是在住院
~段时间后病情加重转入ICU的,患者的心肺功能
都有不同程度的恶化,而且患者在住院过程中生命
体征和出入量都是受到监控的,一般很少出现液体
的过度缺乏。在这些前提下出现的感染性休克与外
科ICU或急诊室的感染性休克患者(如急性腹膜
炎、重症急性胰腺炎引起的感染性休克)有很大的不
同。Lin等[121的研究也显示,急诊室和住院过程中转
入ICU的患者,在APACHEⅡ评分、院内感染发生
率和抗菌药物使用情况方面都有明显差异,其中方
案组患者在早期复苏过程中使用的平均输液速度
(136.2土119.O)ml/h,对照组(88.6士57.7)m1/h,
折算为前6
h的液体用量,方案组患者的人量与本
研究结果相似。因此,对不同来源和不同病程阶段患
者在早期复苏时应进行个体化的评估。
严重肺部感染伴感染性休克在ICU中很常见,
对这部分患者的液体管理是临床上的一大难题。美
・465・
国ARDS网络组织(ARDSNetwork)口31在急性肺损
伤(ALI)患者的研究中提出,保守性液体管理方法
能缩短机械通气和ICU住院时间,患者的病死率有
下降趋势,因此对于感染性休克伴严重肺部感染患
者必需同时考虑和兼顾到血容量相对不足及患者的
氧合水平。尤其当这些患者出现组织灌注不良表现
而需要进行快速补液时,更加需要对患者血容量状
态进行准确的判断,在尽快恢复有效循环血容量的
同时,尽量避免容量过多的不良反应。PiCCO除了
可以提供ITBVI和GEDVI这些容量指标外,还可
以测量EVLWI,以协助评价患者肺水肿程度。本研
究中对两组患者均采取相对保守的液体管理思路,
两组患者前3
d不同时段的入量无明显差异,CVP
也均维持在相似水平。对两组患者72
h内发生的快
速补液事件进行统计,数据显示ITBVI组前30
min
补液量较大,反映出医师对ITBVI组患者容量水平
的判断更有信心,实施快速补液试验更为果断(补液
速度更快)。但折算ITBVI组快速补液试验的速度
较指南推荐的速度(每30
min胶体300~500
ml或
晶体1
ooo
m1)[z]要慢,也反映出医师在对ITBVI
组进行液体复苏的同时考虑到这部分患者存在
EVLWI较高而氧合指数较低的情况,相对减慢了补
液的速度。可见ITBVI组在没有增加72
h内液体
用量的情况下,同样可以使循环更快趋于稳定。同时
也提示,在对循环不稳定的患者进行快速补液试验
时,补液的质量(时机和速度)比液体种类的选择和
液体用量更重要。
近年来使用动态血流动力学对容量反应性的研
究也较多。Kramer等014J和Hofer等【15。在对手术室
完全镇静肌松和接受机械通气患者的研究中提出,
每搏量变异率(SVV)或脉搏压力变异率(PPV)
这些动态指标结合患者的心功能状态比CVP或
ITBVI这些静态指标更能准确地反映患者的容量反
应性;国内虞意华等【16]在老年严重脓毒症患者中的
研究也得出相似结果。但是SVV和PPV的适用条
件比较严格,心律失常、机械通气的潮气量大小、患
者自主呼吸的强度都会对这些指标产生较大影响。
以ICU中接受机械通气的感染性休克患者为对象
的研究并没有得到一致的结论n7。1
8|。因此,对于ICU
中的感染性休克患者,CVP和ITBVI这些评价容
量的静态指标仍比较常用。本研究结果初步验证了
以ITBVI指导的液体管理在感染性休克患者治疗
中的有利作用,但其对患者预后的影响还需要设计
大样本的随机临床对照试验进行评价。同时,对不同
万方数据
・466・
主里鱼重煎璺墼医堂!!!!堡!旦筮!!鲞自§里塑堡堕!£!韭堡!堡坚鲤!垒!曼塑!!!!!!Y!!:!!!盟!:!
类别患者进行液体管理时ITBVI的参考范围该如
何划分,能否结合其他指标使液体管理更准确有效,
都需进一步研究。
参考文献
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(收稿日期:2011一06—28)
(本文编辑:李银平)
・消息・
第二届全国中西医结合重症医学学术会议征文通知
第二届全国中西医结合重症医学学术会议将于2011年11月在南京举行。会议将邀请到国内相关领域著名专家做专题报
告,就重症医学、急救医学问题进行广泛而深入的研讨。会议将采用论文报告,重症护理论坛,优秀论文评选等多种学术交流
形式。届时,来自全国各学科的专家将共聚一堂,共话发展,共叙友情。
l征文内容:中西医结合重症医学新理论新技术的临床研究、前沿进展、理论探讨、实验研究、循证医学等,涉及ICU规范化
建设、严重感染、休克与多器官功能障碍综合征、脓毒症、机械通气、免疫治疗、血液净化、镇痛与镇静、营养与代谢支持、血流动
力学监测与容量复苏、创伤急救、重症胰腺炎、重症心血管病、中毒等重症医学相关内容。
2征文要求:①未公开发表的论文。②全文3
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收,邮政编码:210029。⑤截稿日期2011年10月15日(以当地邮戳为准),信封上注明“会议征文”字样。
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万方数据
... As shown in Figure 1, from a total of 8162 citations retrieved, nine studies were selected for inclusion. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] The nine studies were all prospective, with eight being RCTs and one being a prospective cohort. Six of the studies were published in English and three in Chinese. ...
... Studies that reported at 6 or 24 hours either found no difference in fluid balance or infusion totals between TPTD and pressure measurements 23 or found an increase in fluid use in the TPTD group. 20,21 In contrast, studies that reported at 48 and 72 hours either found no significant difference 15,17,19 or a reduction in positive fluid balance for the TPTD group. 16,23 Finally, only one trial reported to seven days and found a less positive fluid balance on day seven for the TPTD group. ...
... Studies that assessed the fluid infusion totals demonstrated that total IV fluid use was either the same 15,17,19 or increased 21 in the TPTD group compared to the pressure-based comparator groups. When dynamic TPTD studies were pooled for fluid infusion totals, there was a low level of evidence to show TPTD had no effect on infusion totals. ...
Article
Transpulmonary thermodilution devices have been widely shown to be accurate in septic shock patients in assessing fluid responsiveness. We conducted a systematic review to assess the relationship between fluid therapy protocols guided by transpulmonary thermodilution devices on fluid balance and the amount of intravenous fluid used in septic shock. We searched MEDLINE, Embase and The Cochrane Library. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were prospective, parallel trials that were conducted in an intensive care setting in patients with septic shock. The comparator group was either central venous pressure, early goal-directed therapy or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure. Studies assessing only the accuracy of fluid responsiveness prediction by transpulmonary thermodilution devices were excluded. Two reviewers independently performed the search, extracted data and assessed the bias of each study. In total 27 full-text articles were identified for eligibility; of these, nine studies were identified for inclusion in the systematic review. Three of these trials used dynamic parameters derived from transpulmonary thermodilution devices and six used primarily static parameters to guide fluid therapy. There was evidence for a significant reduction in positive fluid balance in four out of the nine studies. From the available studies, the results suggest the benefit of transpulmonary thermodilution monitoring in the septic shock population with regard to reducing positive fluid balance is seen when the devices are utilised for at least 72 hours. Both dynamic and static parameters derived from transpulmonary thermodilution devices appear to lead to a reduction in positive fluid balance in septic shock patients compared to measurements of central venous pressure and early goal-directed therapy.
Article
Full-text available
Objective: To explore the accuracy of fluid responsiveness assessment by variability of peripheral arterial peak velocity and variability of inferior vena cava diameter (ΔIVC) in patients with septic shock. Methods: A prospective study was conducted. The patients with septic shock undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Beijing Electric Power Hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were enrolled. According to sepsis bundles of septic shock, volume expansion (VE) was conducted. The increase in cardiac index (ΔCI) after VE ≥ 10% was defined as liquid reaction positive (responsive group), ΔCI < 10% was defined as the liquid reaction negative (non-responsive group). The hemodynamic parameters [central venous pressure (CVP), intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI), stroke volume variation (SVV), ΔIVC, variability of carotid Doppler peak velocity (ΔCDPV), and variability of brachial artery peak velocity (ΔVpeak-BA)] before and after VE were monitored. The correlations between the hemodynamic parameters and ΔCI were explored by Pearson correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to analyze the predictive value of all hemodynamic parameters on fluid responsiveness. Results: During the study, 74 patients with septic shock were included, of whom 9 were excluded because of peripheral artery stenosis, recurrent arrhythmia or abdominal distension influencing the ultrasound examination, and 65 patients were finally enrolled in the analysis. There were 31 patients in the responsive group and 34 in the non-responsive group. SVV, ΔIVC, ΔCDPV and ΔVpeak-BA before VE in responsive group were significantly higher than those of the non-responsive group [SVV: (12.3±2.4)% vs. (9.2±2.1)%, ΔIVC: (22.3±5.3)% vs. (15.5±3.7)%, ΔCDPV: (15.3±3.3)% vs. (10.3±2.4)%, ΔVpeak-BA: (14.5±3.3)% vs. (9.6±2.3)%, all P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in CVP [mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 7.5±2.5 vs. 8.2±2.6] or ITBVI (mL/m2: 875.2±173.2 vs. 853.2±192.0) between the responsive group and non-responsive group (both P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameter after VE between the two groups. Correlation analysis showed that SVV, ΔIVC, ΔCDPV, and ΔVpeak-BA before VE showed significant linearity correlation with ΔCI (r value was 0.832, 0.813, 0.854, and 0.814, respectively, all P < 0.05), but no correlation was found between CVP and ΔCI (r = -0.342, P > 0.05) as well as ITBVI and ΔCI (r = -0.338, P > 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under ROC curve (AUC) of SVV, ΔIVC, ΔCDPV, and ΔVpeak-BA before VE for predicting fluid responsiveness was 0.857, 0.826, 0.906, and 0.866, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of CVP (AUC = 0.611) and ITBVI (AUC = 0.679). When the optimal cut-off value of SVV for predicting fluid responsiveness was 11.5%, the sensitivity was 70.4%, and the specificity was 94.7%. When the optimal cut-off value of ΔIVC was 20.5%, the sensitivity was 60.3%, and the specificity was 89.7%. When the optimal cut-off value of ΔCDPV was 13.0%, the sensitivity was 75.2%, and the specificity was 94.9%. When the optimal cut-off value of ΔVpeak-BA was 12.7%, the sensitivity was 64.8%, and the specificity was 89.7%. Conclusions: Ultrasound assessment of ΔIVC, ΔCDPV, and ΔVpeak-BA could predict fluid responsiveness in patients with septic shock receiving mechanical ventilation. ΔCDPV had the highest predictive value among these parameters.
Article
To determine the impact of a thyroid hormone infusion (T4) on the vasopressor requirements in children with cessation of neurologic function (i.e., brain death) during evaluation for organ recovery Retrospective cohort study. The 1998-2002 database of a regional organ recovery program. Children </=18 yrs with cessation of neurologic function during evaluation for organ recovery (n = 171) were included. The treated group (n = 91) received a weight-based bolus and continuous infusion of T4 according to the organ procurement agency protocol. All other children (n = 80) were considered untreated. T4 was administered at the clinician's discretion. All children (treated and untreated) had identical goals for fluids, blood pressure, and organ function criteria. Vasopressor score ([dopamine x 1] + [dobutamine x 1] + [epinephrine x 100] + [norepinephrine x 100] + [phenylephrine x 100]) at the time of the program's involvement (T0) and at organ recovery (TOR) were recorded. The Wilcoxon rank sum and Student's two-sample t-test were used to compare the average vasopressor score at T0 vs. TOR. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the difference in median vasopressor score at T0 vs. TOR. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the impact of T4 on the ability to wean vasopressor support while accounting for the effects of several potential confounders. One hundred seventy-one subjects were included in the final analysis. T4 administration was associated with an unadjusted decrease in the vasopressor score of 32 (95% confidence interval, 12-53; p = .002). After adjusting for steroid administration, fluid balance, and baseline vasopressor score, T4 administration was associated with a decrease in vasopressor score of 24 (95% confidence interval, 6-43; p = .011). T4 reduced vasopressor needs in children with cessation of neurologic function and hemodynamic instability. A prospective study of T4 in critically ill and hemodynamically unstable children appears warranted.
Article
The purpose of this review was to summarize recent findings concerning the consequences of cardiopulmonary interactions in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, weaning from mechanical ventilation and fluid-responsiveness assessment by respiratory variations of stroke volume. The efficacy of continuous or bilevel positive airway pressure in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema was strongly suggested by two recent meta-analyses. There is growing evidence to suggest that weaning-induced cardiac dysfunction and acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema could explain a large amount of liberation failure from mechanical ventilation. Despite a potential role for echocardiography and plasma measurements of B-type natriuretic peptide in demonstrating a cardiac origin to weaning failure, the demonstration of a significant increase in pulmonary-artery occlusion pressure during the weaning trial remains the gold standard for this purpose. In patients with heart failure there is no evidence for revisiting the reliability of the respiratory variation of stroke-volume surrogates to predict fluid responsiveness. For clinical practice, the knowledge of cardiopulmonary interactions is of paramount importance in understanding the crucial role of mechanical ventilation for treating patients with heart failure and, by contrast, the deleterious cardiovascular effects of weaning in patients with overt or hidden cardiac failure.