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Antioxidant and antibacterial activities
of bark extracts from Commiphora
berryi and Commiphora caudata
Ramesh Kumari a , Arumugam Meyyappan b , Debkumar Nandi
a , Bikram Keshari Agrawalla a , Avik Acharya Chowdhury c ,
Palanisamy Selvamani d , Subbaiah Latha d , Venkatachalam
Sesha Giri a , Joydeep Mukherjee b , Santu Bandyopadhyay c &
Parasuraman Jaisankar a
a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, (Unit of CSIR, Government of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick
Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta 700032, India
b School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta
700032, India
c Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian
Institute of Chemical Biology (Unit of CSIR, Government of India),
4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta 700032, India
d Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan
Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024,
India
Available online: 16 Mar 2011
To cite this article: Ramesh Kumari, Arumugam Meyyappan, Debkumar Nandi, Bikram Keshari
Agrawalla, Avik Acharya Chowdhury, Palanisamy Selvamani, Subbaiah Latha, Venkatachalam Sesha
Giri, Joydeep Mukherjee, Santu Bandyopadhyay & Parasuraman Jaisankar (2011): Antioxidant
and antibacterial activities of bark extracts from Commiphora berryi and Commiphora caudata ,
Natural Product Research, 25:15, 1454-1462
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786411003752052
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Natural Product Research
Vol. 25, No. 15, September 2011, 1454–1462
Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of bark extracts from
Commiphora berryi and Commiphora caudata
Ramesh Kumari
a
, Arumugam Meyyappan
b
, Debkumar Nandi
a
,
Bikram Keshari Agrawalla
a
, Avik Acharya Chowdhury
c
, Palanisamy Selvamani
d
,
Subbaiah Latha
d
, Venkatachalam Sesha Giri
a
, Joydeep Mukherjee
b
,
Santu Bandyopadhyay
c
and Parasuraman Jaisankar
a
*
a
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, (Unit of CSIR,
Government of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta 700032, India;
b
School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700032, India;
c
Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
(Unit of CSIR, Government of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta
700032, India;
d
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of
Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
(Received 15 September 2009; final version received 5 March 2010)
This study investigates the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
of eight extracts obtained from the dried barks of Commiphora berryi and
Commiphora caudata (Burseraceae). The radical scavenging activity was
assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide assays.
The methanolic extracts of C. berryi and C. caudata showed significant
DPPH radical scavenging activity, with IC
50
values of 26.92 and
21.16 mgmL
1
, respectively, and low radical scavenging activity against
the nitric oxide assay. The antimicrobial activity of the plants was tested
against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The ethyl acetate,
chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of C. berryi showed good
antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.26 mg mL
1
, whereas the ethyl acetate
and methanol extracts of C. caudata showed moderate antimicrobial
activity with an MIC of more than 2.0 mg mL
1
against P. aeruginosa
compared to the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts, which showed
an MIC of 1.1 mg mL
1
. The methanolic extracts of C. berryi and C.
caudata also showed moderate cytotoxic activity against a human mam-
mary carcinoma cell line (MCF-7), with values IC
50
of 82.6 and
88.4 mgmL
1
, respectively.
Keywords: Commiphora berryi;Commiphora caudata; antioxidant activity;
antibacterial activity; cytotoxic activity
1. Introduction
Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl. (Burseraceae) and Commiphora caudata (Arn)
Engl. (Burseraceae) are shrubs: thorny and moderate-sized trees found mostly in
the dry forest peninsula of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
*Corresponding author. Email: jaisankar@iicb.res.in
ISSN 1478–6419 print/ISSN 1029–2349 online
ß2011 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/14786411003752052
http://www.informaworld.com
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Chemical Biology] at 03:22 07 December 2011
(Ambasta, 1992; Nadkarani, 1982) in India. The bark extracts of Commiphora
species are known for their medicinal properties and have been shown to exhibit a
wide range of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory (Chandrasekhar,
Rajan, Raj, & Gowrishankar, 2009), antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective
(Gowrishankar, Manavalan, Venkappayya, & Devidraj, 2008), smooth muscle
relaxing, anticandidal, antimycobacterial, antischistosomal, molluscicidal, anticancer
and antiulcer activities (Gowrishankar, Babu, Varadharaju, Latha, & Rajesh, 2004).
The bark extracts of C. berryi and C. caudata contain flavanoids, polyphenols,
glycosides, steroids, tannins, diterpenoids, triterpenoids and carbohydrates
(Selvamani, Sen, & Gupta, 2009; Sudarshana, Suresh, Latha, Selvemani, &
Srinivasan, 2009).
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the pathogenesis of many
diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction,
and also in ageing (Badami, Gupta, & Suresh, 2003). Natural products are well
known for their radical scavenging activity, and various Commiphora species are
also reported for their antioxidant activity in vivo as well as in vitro (Gowrishankar
et al., 2008).
In recent years, infections due to microorganisms have greatly increased, and
antibiotic resistance is becoming an ever-increasing therapeutic problem; the recent
appearance of strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics raises the spectre of
untreatable bacterial infections and adds urgency to the search for new infection-
fighting strategies. Natural products from plants may provide a new source of
antimicrobial agents with potentially novel mechanisms of action (Barbour et al.,
2004; Hamil et al., 2003; Machado et al., 2002; Motsei, Lindsey, Van Staden, &
Jaeger, 2003). Since C. berryi and C. caudata are traditionally used in the treatment
of various ailments, this study attempts to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant and
also anticancer activities of the bark extracts of C. caudata and C. berryi obtained
using different solvents.
2. Results and discussion
Commiphora species are known as traditional medicinal plants; they are used for the
treatment of coughs, as cold remedies and to treat wounds. The barks of C. berryi
and C. caudata were dried under shade, ground to half dust and repeatedly extracted
with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. A preliminary
phytochemical analysis of the crude bark extract of C. berryi revealed the presence of
flavanoids, glycosides, steroids, reducing sugars, tannins and terpenoids (Selvamani
et al., 2009). The crude bark extracts of C. caudata also contain flavanoids,
polyphenols and reducing sugars in various proportions (Sudarshana et al., 2009).
Antioxidants are known to protect the body against ROS-mediated toxicity.
A large number of plants have potent antioxidant activity (Badami et al., 2003;
Hallwell, Gutteritge, & Aruoma, 1987). In this investigation, the DPPH and nitric
oxide radical scavenging activities of various extracts of C. berryi and C. caudata
were studied. Among all the extracts (Table 1), the methanolic extract of C. berryi and
C. caudata showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, with IC
50
values of 26.92 and
21.16 mgmL
1
, respectively, which is as potent as the standard ascorbic acid
(IC
50
22.7 mgmL
1
). The potent DPPH radical scavenging activity of the methanolic
Natural Product Research 1455
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extracts of both plants might be explained by their rich contents of flavanoids and
polyphenols in comparison to the ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether
extracts. As anticipated, the extracts of C. berryi and C. caudata showed less nitric
oxide radical scavenging activity compared to the standard, ascorbic acid (Table 1).
Commiphora species were previously reported to have potential antimicrobial
activity (Mothana & Lindequist, 2005; Rahman, Garvey, Laura, Piddock, &
Gibbons, 2008; Romero et al., 2005). The antimicrobial activities of extracts of C.
berryi and C. caudata were found to be active against Gram-positive as well as
Gram-negative bacteria (Table 2). The ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether
extracts of C. berryi showed good antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, with an
MIC of 0.26 mg mL
1
, whereas the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of C. caudata
showed moderate antimicrobial activity with an MIC of more than 2.0 mg mL
1
against P. aeruginosa, compared to the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts,
which showed an MIC of 1.1 mg mL
1
. The chloroform extracts of C. berryi and C.
caudata showed good activity against E. coli, with an MIC of 0.9 and 1.2 mgmL
1
,
respectively (Table 2). The difference in the inhibitory activities among the various
extracts might be due to the the presence of terpenoids and steroids in the petroleum
ether and chloroform extracts of both plants and also the ethyl acetate extract of C.
berryi, which are generally responsible for antimicrobial activity (Ripa, Nahar,
Haque, & Islam, 2008; B. Singh & S. Singh, 2003). It is noteworthy to mention that
Paraskevaa et al. (2008) have reported that other species of Commiphora showed the
antibacterial activity at MIC in the range 0.1–8.0 mg mL
1
.
Determination of the cytotoxic activity of the extracts was carried out by MTT
assay using the human mammary cancer cell line MCF-7. There was a linear
relationship between the cell number and absorbance measured at 550 nm in both the
control and extract-treated wells. After 72 h treatment, the cytotoxicity of the
extracts was determined. Both the plants showed potent cytotoxicity against the
MCF-7 cell line. The methanolic extracts of C. berryi and C. caudata showed
Table 1. Antioxidant activity of crude extracts from C. berryi and
C. caudata.
IC
50
(mgmL
1
)
Plant Extract
a
DPPH Nitric oxide
C. berryi ME 26.92 1.41 924 1.15
ET 51.58 3.55 1584.3 2.96
PE 397.13 13 696.3 3.38
CH 647.50 4.60 1294 2.64
C. caudata ME 21.16 1.71 1423 2.40
ET 67.5 1.15 1366 3.05
PE 790.5 2.00 42000
CH 495.46 3.20 1656 3.52
Standard Ascorbic acid 22.4 1.15 144.15 1.88
Notes: Values represent means SEMs of three different experiments.
a
ME, Methanol extract; ET, ethyl acetate extract; PE, petroleum ether
extract; CH, chloroform extract.
1456 R. Kumari et al.
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cytotoxicity at IC
50
values of 82.68 and 88.63 mgmL
1
, respectively (Table 3). This
cytotoxicity might be explained by a single or synergistic effect of various
components present in the methanolic extract (flavonoids and/or polyphenols).
The remaining extracts showed IC
50
values between 119.05 and 138.6 mgmL
1
.
In conclusion, this investigation has revealed that the methanolic extracts of the
barks of C. berryi and C. caudata possess significant antioxidant activity. The ethyl
acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of C. berryi showed good
antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The chloroform extract of C. caudata
showed good inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The methanolic
extracts of both plants also showed moderate activity against a human mammary
carcinoma cell line. Further work is in progress to identify the bioactive compounds
that are responsible for these antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.
Table 2. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts from C. berryi and C. caudata
(MIC, mg mL
1
).
Plants Extracts
a
Microorganism
b
S.a. P.a. B.p. E.c. S.m.
C. berryi Me 2 0.20 2 0.20 2.1 0.05 42 2.1 0.08
ET 1.2 0.17 0.26 0.03 0.5 0.03 2.1 0.05 1.5 0.2
PE 1.2 0.17 0.26 0.01 1.1 0.05 1.1 0.05 42
CH 1.2 0.2 0.26 0.05 1.03 0.08 0.9 0.12 2.03 0.03
C. caudata ME 4220.08 42 1.9 0.12 2.1 0.05
ET 4220.05 424242
PE 42 1.1 0.08 424242
CH 2 0.3 1.1 0.08 42 1.2 0.31 2 0.1
Standard
c
Streptomycin 4.1 0.2 5 0.01 4 0.05 3.1 0.05 5.1 0.01
Notes: Refer to footnote of Table 1.
b
Microorganisms: S.a., S. aureus;P.a., P. aeruginosa;
B.p., B. pumilus;E.c., E. coli;S.m., S. marcences.
c
Standard antibiotic in mgmL
1
.
Table 3. Cytotoxic activity of crude extracts from C. berryi
and C. caudata against MCF-7 cell line.
Plant Extract
a
IC
50
(mgmL
1
)
C. berryi ME 82.22 1.64
ET 127.6 1.08
PE 5200
CH 129.4 1.29
C. caudata ME 88.4 2.00
ET 128.76 1.75
PE 118.6 1.38
CH 138.71 1.73
Note: Refer footnote of Table 1.
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3. Experimental
3.1. General experimental procedures
Spectroscopic grade solvents were used for all spectroscopic studies without further
purification. UV-vis absorption spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu TCC240A
spectrometer. An ELISA 550 reader from Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., USA, with a
filter of 490 nm, was used (Arumugam et al., 2010).
3.2. Materials
Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium 16401 (RPMI-16401), 1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazole-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl
tetrazolium] bromide, trypsin, foetal bovine serum (FBS), streptomycin, amphoter-
icin-B and penicillin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis,
MO, USA). N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDD), sodium
nitroprusside and sulphanilic acid were purchased from Sisco Research
Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India. All other chemicals and solvents: ethanol,
methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether (60–80C), ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulph-
oxide (DMSO) used in this study were of analytical grade and were obtained from
Merck Specialties Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India. Microtiter plates were purchased from
Tarsons India Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata, India.
3.3. Collection of plant material
The plant materials were collected based on information from ethnobotanical
surveys of plants used as traditional medicinal plants in India. The barks of C. berryi
and C. caudata were collected from Tamil Nadu, India, in January 2007. Dr J.M.
Majumder, East India Horticulture and Biotech Centre, West Bengal, India
authenticated the plant materials. The plant specimen C. berryi (CAL 57968) is
available at the Central National Herbarium of the Botanical Survey of India,
Kolkata, and the plant specimen of C. caudata (RHT 13285) is at the Rapinat
Herbarium, Tiruchirapalli, India.
3.4. Preparation of the extracts
The barks of C. berryi and C. caudata were dried under shade, ground to half dust
(1 kg each) and soaked in petroleum ether (60–80C) for 72 h at room temperature
with occasional shaking. The extracts were filtered and the filtrates were evaporated
to dryness under reduced pressure. The residues were soaked with fresh solvent. The
entire procedure was repeated twice to obtain maximum extraction of the
constituents. The residues were extracted in the same way with chloroform, ethyl
acetate and methanol. The extracts were collected and the solvents were evaporated
using a rotary evaporator at 40C to get 41 (4.1%), 83 (8.3%), 77 (7.7%) and 72 g
(7.2%) of crude extracts from the respective solvent extracts. All crude extracts were
stored at 4C (Harborne, 1998) before performing biological activity tests.
1458 R. Kumari et al.
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3.5. In vitro antioxidant assays
3.5.1. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method
Free radical scavenging activity was measured by DPPH assay, which was adopted
from Wang et al. (1998) and modified as reported by Badami et al. (2003). A 10 mL
aliquot of the extract (21–21 mgmL
1
) was added to 200 mL of DPPH in methanol
solution (100 mM) in a 96-well microtitre plate. After incubation at 37C for 20 min,
the absorbance of each solution was determined at 490 nm using an ELISA 550
reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., CA, USA). A corresponding blank reading was
also taken and the remaining DPPH was calculated. The IC
50
, the concentration of
sample required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH free radical, was obtained by plotting
the percentage of free radicals scavenged versus the putative antioxidant concentra-
tion. All determinations were performed thrice in duplicate sets, and the average of
these values is reported.
3.5.2. Nitric oxide radical inhibition assay
The free radical scavenging activity was measured by a nitric oxide assay, adopted
from Garrat (1964). The reaction mixtures (6 mL), containing sodium nitroprusside
(10 mmol, 4 mL), phosphate buffer saline (1 mL) and the extract or standard solution
(1 mL), were incubated at 25C for 150 min. After incubation, 0.5 mL of the reaction
mixture containing nitrite was mixed with 1 mL of sulphanilic acid reagent (0.33% in
20% glacial acetic acid) and allowed to stand for 5 min for the completion of
diazotisation. Then, 1 mL of NEDD was added, mixed and allowed to stand for
30 min at 25C. A pink-coloured chromophore was formed in diffused light. The
absorbance of these solutions was measured at 540 nm against the corresponding
blank solutions using a spectrophotometer.
3.6. Antimicrobial activity
3.6.1. Microorganisms
Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, Bacillus pumilus MTCC 1607, Serratia marcescens
MTCC 86, P. aeruginosa MTCC 2453, Escherichia coli MTCC 739.
3.6.2. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a broth two-fold
serial dilution method. The standardised culture (1 10
6
cell mL
1
) was inoculated
to 100 mL sterile nutrient broth. The inoculated culture was distributed in a test tube
with different concentrations (2, 1, 0.5, 0.250 and 0.125 mg mL
1
) of extracts of
C. berryi and C. caudata in DMSO and further diluted by two-fold serial dilutions.
A positive control (nutrient broth and culture) and a negative control (sterile nutrient
broth) were maintained. The same procedure was maintained for solvents (such
as DMSO) and the standard (streptomycin). The tubes were incubated aerobically at
37C for 24 h and the observation was taken by comparing to the positive control
(Andrews, 2001).
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3.7. Cytotoxicity assay
3.7.1. Cell line and culture medium
A human mammary carcinoma (MCF-7) cell line was obtained from the National
Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India. Cells were cultured in RPMI-1640
supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 IU mL
1
), streptomy-
cin (100 mg mL
1
) and amphotericin-B (5 mg mL
1
) in a humidified atmosphere of
5% CO
2
at 37C until confluent. The cells were dissociated with 0.2% trypsin and
0.02% ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) in phosphate buffered saline
solution. The stock cultures were grown in 25 cm
2
tissue culture flasks and
cytotoxicity assays were carried out in 96-well microtitre plates (Wang & Phang,
1995).
3.7.2. Cytotoxicity assay
Cells (10
4
cells well
1
) were seeded in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10%
FBS (final volume 200 mL well
1
) in a 96-well microtitre plate. Different concentra-
tions of crude extracts were added. After 72 h, MTT was added to each well to a final
concentration of 0.5 mg mL
1
and incubated again at 37Cin5%CO
2
for 4 h.
DMSO (100 mL) was added to each well to dissolve the incorporated MTT crystal.
The optical density at 550 nm was recorded using a microtitre plate reader to obtain
a dose-dependent response (Pasquier et al., 2004).
3.8. Statistical analysis
All data are expressed as means SEMs. The statistical analysis of all the
observations was carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by the multiple
comparison test of Tukey–Kramer, where necessary. Values of p50.05 are
considered as significant compared with the control.
Acknowledgements
Ramesh Kumari thankfully acknowledges the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR),
New Delhi, India, for awarding the Senior Research Fellowship (grant no. 45/39/2006/BMS/
TRM). This project was financially supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), New Delhi, in the form of network projects (NWP 0033 and IAP 0001).
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