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Apert Syndrome. Case Report Síndrome de Apert. Reporte de un caso

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The case of a white female aged 7 is evaluated in the Primary Care Service of the Barrio Adentro medical mission in Nueva Esparta state, Republic of Venezuela. After a clinical and radiological evaluation she is diagnosed with a genetic syndrome known as Apert Syndrome. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino, de color de piel blanca, de 7 años de edad, evaluada en el Servicio de Atención Primaria de la misión médica Barrio Adentro del estado Nueva Esparta, en la República de Venezuela. Después de la evaluación clínica y radiológica se diagnostica un síndrome genético conocido como Síndrome de Apert.
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Redalyc
Sistema de Información Científica
Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal
Pérez Breña, Ninecta; Abad Aguiar, Francisco; Reyes Hernández, Dunia; González
Martínez, Yamil
Síndrome de Apert. Reporte de un caso
MediSur, vol. 8, núm. 4, 2010, pp. 75-77
Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos, Cuba
¿Cómo citar? Número completo Más información del artículo Página de la revista
MediSur
ISSN (Versión impresa): 1727-897X
mikhail@infomed.sld.cu
Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos
Cuba
www.redalyc.org
Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto
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Revista Electrónica de las Ciencias Médicas en Cienfuegos ISSN:1727-897X Medisur 2010; 8(4)
RESUMEN
Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino,
de color de piel blanca, de 7 años de edad, evaluada en
el Servicio de Atención Primaria de la misión médica
Barrio Adentro del estado Nueva Esparta, en la
República de Venezuela. Después de la evaluación clínica
y radiológica se diagnostica un síndrome genético
conocido como Síndrome de Apert.
Palabras clave: Acrocefalosindactilia; radiología;
diagnóstico
ABSTRACT
A 7 years old female patient, with white skin colour,
evaluated in the service of primary attention of the
medical mission Barrio Adentro in the Nueva Esparta
state, from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. A
genetic Syndrome called Apert´s Syndrome was
diagnosed after the clinical and radiological evaluation. A
revision of the literature on this affection was carried
out.
Key words: Acrocephalosyndactylia; radiology;
diagnosis
INTRODUCCIÓN
El síndrome de Apert, conocido como acrocéfalo-
sindactilia, es una rara enfermedad hereditaria con
patrón autosómico dominante, cuyo defecto se produce
por una mutación espontánea de origen paterno, que
afecta al receptor 2 del factor de crecimiento de los
fibroblastos (FGFR2). Se calcula una prevalencia de 15
por 1 millón de nacidos vivos, aunque es mayor en los
países asiáticos donde puede llegar a 22,3. La relación
entre la edad del padre y la aparición de la mutación es
directamente proporcional.
(1-4)
El defecto genético produce un cierre precoz de las
suturas craneales, con la subsecuente aparición de
craneosinostosis, lo que ocasiona un crecimiento
asimétrico de la cabeza, además de una sindactilia
simétrica que afecta frecuentemente los cuatro
miembros, se acompaña de dismorfia facial y
alteraciones neurales. Es frecuente que aparezca el
retardo mental.
(1, 4)
Los pacientes y sus familiares deben ser evaluados por
equipos multidisciplinarios. Se hace necesaria la
programación de un grupo de intervenciones quirúrgicas
que comienzan en la infancia, etapa en la que se realiza
la craneotomía descompresiva. Existen otras
intervenciones con las que se puede disminuir la
obstrucción de las vías aéreas, las operaciones estéticas
y funcionales como las faciales, las odontológicas y la de
los miembros (separación de dedos de manos) que
pueden realizarse en la infancia tardía y en la
adolescencia. La familia debe ser apoyada
psicológicamente y así mismo debe ser entrenada para
el manejo adecuado del caso para de esta forma lograr
la incorporación de estas personas a la sociedad y para
evitar la marginación a que puede ser expuesto el
paciente.
(1, 4-9)
PRESENTACION DE CASO
Síndrome de Apert. Reporte de un caso
Apert Syndrome. Case Report
Dra. Ninecta Pérez Breña,
(1)
Dr. Francisco Amed Abad Aguiar,
(2)
Dra. Dunia Reyes Hernández,
(3)
Dr. Yamil González
Martínez.
(4)
(1)
Especialista de I Grado en Medicina General Integral.
(2)
Especialista de I Grado en Medicina General Integral. Pro-
fesor Instructor.
(3)
Especialista de II Grado en Histología. Máster en Ciencias. Profesor Auxiliar.
(4)
Especialista de I
Grado en Medicina General Integral. Profesor Asistente. Sociedad Cubana de Medicina Familiar.
Recibido: 12 de julio de 2010 Aprobado: 2 de agosto de 2010
Correspondencia:
Dra. Ninecta Pérez Breña.
Sociedad Cubana de Medicina Familiar.
Dirección de correo electrónico: ninec2005@yahoo.com
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Revista Electrónica de las Ciencias Médicas en Cienfuegos ISSN:1727-897X Medisur 2010; 8(4)
La realización de estudios ultrasonográficos ayudan al
diagnóstico prenatal, con ellos se detectan anomalías
que son sugestivas del Síndrome de Apert, lo que puede
ser confirmado con la realización de una amniocentesis,
previo consentimiento de los padres, los cuales deben
estar impuestos del pronóstico del caso.
(10)
PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO
Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino,
de color de piel blanca, de 7 años de edad, que nació de
un embarazo normal, a término (parto fisiológico) que
pesó al nacer 2 488 g, no presentó íctero, ni cianosis, ni
tampoco otras complicaciones peri o postnatales.
Recibió lactancia materna hasta los cinco meses, luego
lactancia mixta. Presentó retardo en el desarrollo
psicomotor, la sonrisa social la presentó a los 6 meses,
no gateó, el brote de la primera dentición se produjo a
los once meses y pronunció las primeras palabras a los
14 meses. No se recogieron antecedentes de casos
similares en la familia. La paciente fue llevada a la
consulta integral de atención primaria de la misión
médica Barrio Adentro del estado Nueva Esparta,
Venezuela. La madre refirió que durante el embarazo no
sufrió alteraciones psicológicas, ni recibió tratamiento
farmacológico o sufrió trauma físico alguno.
Al examen físico se observó cráneo alargado en forma
de barquilla, alteraciones oculares con hipertelorismo,
exoftalmos y órbitas aplanadas, cara con ojos saltones,
aplanamiento de los huesos frontal y occipital, el tercio
medio de la cara estaba aplanado e hipodesarrollado,
nariz picuda, oblicuidad antimongoloide de las
hendiduras palpebrales. Se observó además al examen
bucal apelotonamiento de los dientes. (Figura 1).
Las manos y los pies estaban deformados simétricamente, presentaba sindactilia en las manos con fusión de los
dedos índice, medio y anular mientras que en los pies es con unión de todos los dedos. (Figuras 2 y 3).
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Revista Electrónica de las Ciencias Médicas en Cienfuegos ISSN:1727-897X Medisur 2010; 8(4)
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
1. DeGiovanni C, Jong C, Woollons A.What syndrome is this? Apert syndrome.Pediatr Dermatol.2007;24(2):186-8.
2. Fanganiello R, Sertié A, Reis E, Yeh E, Oliveira N, Bueno D, et al.Apert p.Ser252Trp mutation in FGFR2 alters
osteogenic potential and gene expression of cranial periosteal cells.Mol Med.2007;13(7-8):422-42.
3. Carneiro G, Farias J, Santos P, Lamberti P. Apert syndrome: review and report a case.Rev Bras
Otorrinolaringol.2008;74(4):583-87.
4. Yoon S, Qin J, Glaser R, Wang JE, Wexler N, Sokol R, et al.The ups and downs of mutation frequencies during
aging can account for the apert syndrome paternal age effect.PLoS Genet.2009;5(7):998-1006.
5. Carro E, Fernández S.Síndrome de Apert. Presentación de un caso.Rev Cubana Pediatr. 2005;77(3-4).
6. Moreno A, Chovil K, Forero J, Oyuela M.Sindrome de Apert.Rev colomb radiol. 2001;12(4):1027-9.
7. Marucci D, Dunaway D, Jones B, Hayward R.Raised intracranial pressure in Apert syndrome. Plast Reconstr
Surg.2008;122(4):1162-8.
8. Hohoff A, Joos U, Meyer U, Ehmer U, Stamm T.The spectrum of Apert syndrome: phenotype, particularities in
orthodontic treatment, and characteristics of orthognathic surgery.Head Face Med.2007;8(3):10.
9. Salazard B, Casanova D.The Apert's syndrome hand: therapeutic management.Chir Main. 2008;27(Suppl 1):115-
20.
10.Athanasiadis A, Zafrakas M, Polychronou P, Florentin-Arar L, Papasozomenou P, Norbury G, et al.Apert syndrome:
the current role of prenatal ultrasound and genetic analysis in diagnosis and counselling.Fetal Diagn Ther.2008;24
(4):495-8.
Al realizarse la evaluación multidisciplinaria se deter-
minó la presencia de afectación severa del lenguaje y
moderada de la inteligencia, no se encontraron anorma-
lidades cardiovasculares ni en otros sistemas.
Exámenes radiográficos:
Los rayos X realizados en las manos mostraron: sindac-
tilia ósea y de los tejidos blandos de los dedos II-III-IV
en ambas manos.
La conjunción de todos los signos clínicos hallados per-
mitió llegar a la conclusión que se estaba en presencia
de una paciente con Síndrome de Apert.
Como parte de la evaluación multidisciplinaria la pacien-
te fue referida al Servicio de Odontología, se realizó
también interconsulta con el Servicio de Ortopedia In-
fantil para valorar una posible cirugía de las alteraciones
de las manos y de los pies, como parte del mejoramien-
to de la calidad de vida de la paciente. Se brindó a la
madre apoyo psicológico y orientación adecuada para
lograr la incorporación social de esta paciente.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Article
Full-text available
Author Summary Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of some genetic diseases increases with the age of the father. This “paternal age effect” is traditionally explained by the fact that, as men age, the male germ-line cells continue to divide, and each division presents an additional chance for mutation. Apert syndrome is an example of such a disease; virtually all cases are caused by spontaneous base substitution mutations of paternal origin at either one of just two sites. In this paper, we measure the frequencies of these two mutations in the sperm of unaffected men of different ages and find a frequency increase with age similar to what has been found in the data on Apert syndrome births. We also find (1) the increase in mutation frequency is not strictly monotonic, featuring a decrease followed by an increase in middle age, and (2) after normalizing for age, the two mutation frequencies are correlated within individual donors. The mutation frequency increase we observed is greater than expected based just on the number of male germ-line divisions. Along with other evidence, our data supports a novel explanation for the paternal age effect whereby Apert syndrome mutations, though harmful to the child, confer an advantage to premeiotic cells in the male germ-line that carry such a mutation. A number of other genetic diseases may exhibit similar features.
Article
Full-text available
Apert syndrome is a rare congenital malformation syndrome characterized by the triad of cutaneous and progressive bony syndactyly, midfacial hypoplasia and craniosynostosis. Two missense mutations of the gene encoding the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) have been implicated in most cases. We report a case of Apert syndrome detected on prenatal ultrasound. Postnatal genetic analysis showed, for the first time, that the previously reported P253R mutation of the FGFR2 gene is also prevalent in southeast Europe. After prenatal sonographic detection of anomalies suggestive of Apert syndrome, parents should be counselled about prognosis and risk of recurrence, and the option of amniocentesis should be offered.
Article
Full-text available
In the PubMed accessible literature, information on the characteristics of interdisciplinary orthodontic and surgical treatment of patients with Apert syndrome is rare. The aim of the present article is threefold: (1) to show the spectrum of the phenotype, in order (2) to elucidate the scope of hindrances to orthodontic treatment, and (3) to demonstrate the problems of surgery and interdisciplinary approach. Children and adolescents who were born in 1985 or later, who were diagnosed with Apert syndrome, and who sought consultation or treatment at the Departments of Orthodontics or Craniomaxillofacial Surgery at the Dental School of the University Hospital of Münster (n = 22; 9 male, 13 female) were screened. Exemplarily, three of these patients (2 male, 1 female), seeking interdisciplinary (both orthodontic and surgical treatment) are presented. Orthodontic treatment before surgery was performed by one experienced orthodontist (AH), and orthognathic surgery was performed by one experienced surgeon (UJ), who diagnosed the syndrome according to the criteria listed in OMIM™. In the sagittal plane, the patients suffered from a mild to a very severe Angle Class III malocclusion, which was sometimes compensated by the inclination of the lower incisors; in the vertical dimension from an open bite; and transversally from a single tooth in crossbite to a circular crossbite. All patients showed dentitio tarda, some impaction, partial eruption, idopathic root resorption, transposition or other aberrations in the position of the tooth germs, and severe crowding, with sometimes parallel molar tooth buds in each quarter of the upper jaw. Because of the severity of malocclusion, orthodontic treatment needed to be performed with fixed appliances, and mainly with superelastic wires. The therapy was hampered with respect to positioning of bands and brackets because of incomplete tooth eruption, dense gingiva, and mucopolysaccharide ridges. Some teeth did not move, or moved insufficiently (especially with respect to rotations and torque) irrespective of surgical procedures or orthodontic mechanics and materials applied, and without prognostic factors indicating these problems. Establishing occlusal contact of all teeth was difficult. Tooth movement was generally retarded, increasing the duration of orthodontic treatment. Planning of extractions was different from that of patients without this syndrome. In one patient, the sole surgical procedure after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in the maxilla and mandible was a genioplasty. Most patients needed two- jaw surgery (bilateral sagittal split osteotomy [BSSO] with mandibular setback and distraction in the maxilla). During the period of distraction, the orthodontist guided the maxilla into final position by means of bite planes and intermaxillary elastics. To our knowledge, this is the first article in the PubMed accessible literature describing the problems with respect to interdisciplinary orthodontic and surgical procedures. Although the treatment results are not perfect, patients undergoing these procedures benefit esthetically to a high degree. Patients need to be informed with respect to the different kinds of extractions that need to be performed, the increased treatment time, and the results, which may be reached using realistic expectations.
Article
Apert's syndrome is the most common among acrocephalosyndactylies with complex malformations of the hands. Treatment of the Apert hand is complex and numerous procedures are required. The aim of this study is to propose a strategy for hand management. Sixteen Apert syndrome hands were submitted to early surgery which included opening of the first web, separation of the fingers, realignment of the thumb and correction of the clinodactylies. We performed an average of six operations per child. Treatment of the first web depended on the classification of Upton: for the severe stages, we used a dorsal hand flap. Radical clinodactyly was treated by osteotomy of the delta phalanx and Z-plasty. We treated nine hands with four fingers and seven hands with five fingers. There was always bilateral opposition and symphalangism, excluding the fifth finger. All of the children have a rudimentary but functional pinch grip. Revision of the webs was necessary in 16% of the cases. The Apert hand requires early and specialised treatment that aims to provide a functional hand before two or three years, with the least surgical complications. The functional prognosis is darkened by symphalangism.
Article
Raised intracranial pressure is a well-known complication of Apert syndrome. The current policy in the authors' unit is to monitor these patients and only perform surgery when raised intracranial pressure has been diagnosed. The authors present their experience with this protocol, as it allows a more accurate picture of the natural history of raised intracranial pressure in Apert syndrome. The records of 24 patients, aged between 7 and 14 years, with Apert syndrome who had been managed expectantly (i.e., with no routine "automatic" early surgery) were reviewed. Data were collected on the incidence, timing, and management of raised intracranial pressure. Twenty of 24 patients (83 percent) developed raised intracranial pressure. The average age of the first episode was 18 months (range, 1 month to 4 years 5 months). Raised intracranial pressure was managed with surgery in 18 patients, including two patients who underwent shunt procedures for hydrocephalus. Two patients had their raised intracranial pressure treated successfully by correcting coexisting upper airway obstruction alone. Seven of the 20 patients (35 percent) developed a second episode of raised intracranial pressure, on average 3 years 4 months later (range, 1 year 11 months to 5 years 9 months). In Apert syndrome, there is a high incidence of raised intracranial pressure, which can first occur at any age up to 5 years and may recur despite initial successful treatment. Causes of raised intracranial pressure include craniocerebral disproportion, venous hypertension, upper airway obstruction, and hydrocephalus. Careful clinical, ophthalmologic, respiratory, and radiologic monitoring will allow raised intracranial pressure to be diagnosed accurately when it occurs and then treated most appropriately.
Article
Apert syndrome (AS), a severe form of craniosynostosis, is caused by dominant gain-of-function mutations in FGFR2. Because the periosteum contribution to AS cranial pathophysiology is unknown, we tested the osteogenic potential of AS periosteal cells (p.Ser252Trp mutation) and observed that these cells are more committed toward the osteoblast lineage. To delineate the gene expression profile involved in this abnormal behavior, we performed a global gene expression analysis of coronal suture periosteal cells from seven AS patients (p.Ser252Trp), and matched controls. We identified 263 genes with significantly altered expression in AS samples (118 upregulated, 145 downregulated; SNR >or= |0.4|, P <or= 0.05). Several upregulated genes are involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation and nucleotide metabolism, whereas several downregulated genes are involved in inhibition of cell proliferation, gene expression regulation, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix organization, and in PIK3-MAPK cascades. AS expression profile was confirmed through real-time PCR of a selected set of genes using RNAs from AS and control cells as well as from control cells treated with high FGF2 concentration, and through the analysis of genes involved in FGF-FGFR signaling. Our results allowed us to: (a) suggest that AS periosteal cells present enhanced osteogenic potential, (b) unravel a specific gene expression signature characteristic of AS periosteal cells which may be associated with their osteogenic commitment, (c) identify a set of novel genes involved in the pathophysiology of AS or other craniosynostotic conditions, and (d) suggest for the first time that the periosteum might be involved in the pathophysiology of AS.
What syndrome is this? Apert syndrome
  • C Degiovanni
  • C Jong
  • A Woollons
DeGiovanni C, Jong C, Woollons A.What syndrome is this? Apert syndrome.Pediatr Dermatol.2007;24(2):186-8.
Presentación de un caso
  • E Carro
  • S Fernández
  • Síndrome De Apert
Carro E, Fernández S.Síndrome de Apert. Presentación de un caso.Rev Cubana Pediatr. 2005;77(3-4).