... This high applicability can be attributed to the impressive range of function properties, which include high biocompatibility (Gonç alez et al., 2015), along with antibacterial (Be elik, 1956;Bracarense and Takahashi, 2014;Wu et al., 2018), antifungal (Hudecov a et al., 1996;Janu et al., 2016;Kayahara et al., 1990), chemosensitising (Kim et al., 2012(Kim et al., , 2013, antiviral (Aytemir and € Ozç elik, 2010; Goldberg and Rokem, 2009), antitumoural (Da Costa et al., 2018), antidiabetic (Wei et al., 2011;Xiong and Pirrung, 2008), anticancer (Yoo et al., 2010), antileukemic (Bransov a et al., 1995(Bransov a et al., , 1998, antiparasitic (Rodrigues et al., 2014), antitoxoplasmic (Montazeri et al., 2019), antinematodal (Kim et al., 2016), pesticidal (Uher et al., 1994), insecticidal (Alverson, 2003Beard and Walton, 1969;Dowd, 1999), and larvicidal (Siddhardha et al., 2010) effects. Other studies have reported antioxidant (Burnett et al., 2010;El-Metwally et al., 2020), antiproliferative (Reddy et al., 2014), anti-inflammatory (Kayahara et al., 1990;Li et al., 2021), analgesic (Ozt€ urk et al., 2002), radioprotectant (Hosseinimehr et al., 2009;Lima et al., 2018;Moslemi, 2009), and skin-whitening (Noh et al., 2009) properties. Moreover, this acid is used in dental care products (Kim et al., 2014), as a UV protectant (Masse et al., 2001) and a suppressor of hyperpigmentation and melisma based on its tyrosinase inhibitory capacity (Lim, 1999;Rasmey and Abdel-Kareem, 2021). ...