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Logistics and the Chaco War Bolivia versus Paraguay, 1932-1935
Abstract
This article provides an assessment of how Paraguay, the weaker power, managed to defeat Bolivia in the 1932-35 Chaco War, fought over the disputed and remote Gran Chaco region that separated the two countries. The article argues that Paraguay’s logistical superiority was a decisive factor leading to victory in 1935. It uses a broad definition of logistics to include the acquisition of matériel before the war as well as the establishment of national and international supply lines during the war. Comparing and contrasting Bolivia and Paraguay in the period from the early 1920s to 1935, this article suggests that the preparation and development of an effective logistical infrastructure by Paraguay in the late 1920s and early 1930s were vital for the operational success that it had achieved on the battlefields of the Chaco by late 1933.
... On 5 December 1928 a small Paraguayan patrol seized a Bolivian outpost in the far northern corner of the Chaco, killing several Bolivian soldiers and triggering a number of armed attacks from both sides over the next few years (Farcau 1996, 12-15). In 1932, while the parties were negotiating possible troop withdrawals at a conference with the Commission of Neutrals in Washington, DC, both governments were busy sealing more or less successful international arms deals (Hughes 2005). It was, however, both countries' general lack of organisation, logistics and equipment that momentarily halted the escalation of the skirmishes into a state of full-blown war (Scheina 2003, 86-7). ...
... Filled with colourful images and black and white photographs, it gives a thin but nonetheless satisfactory overview of the armies, major battles and the war's aftermath. Matthew Hughes's (2005) article, which focuses solely on the logistics of the war, is a further useful contribution. There are also a number of general texts that dedicate chapters to the Chaco War. ...
... In addition, the region's hostile geographical and extreme climatic conditions hampered the militarisation of the bush. Logistics were thus imperative to a successful military campaign and, ultimately, played a decisive role in Paraguay's victory (see Hughes 2005). Eighty years later, the Chaco poses a different kind of challenge to the archaeologist in search of the material remains of South America's first 'modern' conflict. ...
Conflict, Heritage and World-Making in the Chaco documents and interprets the physical remains and afterlives of the Chaco War (1932-35) – known as South America’s first ‘modern’ armed conflict – in what is now present-day Paraguay. It focuses not only on archaeological remains as conventionally understood, but takes an ontological approach to heterogeneous assemblages of objects, texts, practices and landscapes shaped by industrial war and people’s past and present engagements with them. These assemblages could be understood to constitute a ‘dark heritage’, the debris of a failed modernity. Yet it is clear that they are not simply dead memorials to this bloody war, but have been, and continue to be active in making, unmaking and remaking worlds – both for the participants and spectators of the war itself, as well as those who continue to occupy and live amongst the vast accretions of war matériel which persist in the present. Framing the study as an exploration of modern, industrialised warfare as Anthropocene ‘hyperobject’ (Morton 2013), This book shows how the material culture and heritage of modern conflict fuse together objects, people and landscapes, connecting them physically and conceptually across vast, almost unimaginable distances and time periods. She offers a unique perspective on the heritage of conflict, the natural environment, practices of recycling, the concept of time, and the idea of the ‘Anthropocene’ itself, as seen through the lens of the material legacies of war, which remain firmly and stubbornly embedded in the present and which continue to actively shape the future. It makes a major contribution to key debates in anthropology, archaeology, environmental humanities, critical heritage and material culture studies on the significance of conflict in understanding the Anthropocene, and the roles played by its persistent heritages in assembling worlds.
... 38 The Depression hit Latin America hard, but Paraguay had even bigger problems to deal with. Since the 1920s when oil had been discovered in the Chaco area by the US company Standard Oil, Paraguay saw the snowballing threat of invasion from Bolivia (Cote 2013;Hughes 2005). Accordingly, Paraguay had been preparing for war by using all its money (and the money it did not have; debts) buying arms from Europe and the US (Hughes 2005). ...
... Since the 1920s when oil had been discovered in the Chaco area by the US company Standard Oil, Paraguay saw the snowballing threat of invasion from Bolivia (Cote 2013;Hughes 2005). Accordingly, Paraguay had been preparing for war by using all its money (and the money it did not have; debts) buying arms from Europe and the US (Hughes 2005). 39 The Chaco war (1932)(1933)(1934)(1935) was extremely costly in both economic terms and human lives on both sides. ...
... It had the initial successes, but Paraguay stopped Bolivia's progress and began pushing the troops back in late 1934 (Cote 2013). Paraguay won the war and for the last time settled the disputed limits of the Chaco region within the boundaries of Paraguay (Hughes 2005). However, the nation had yet again lost an important part of its male population, of which many had thirsted to death in the arid Chaco. ...
Although contemporary global demand for natural resources is higher than ever, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay already have a long history of government mediation between different interests in the midst of a changing international agrofood system. This chapter provides a historical backdrop to the recent wave of distantly driven agrarian changes, by painting, in broad strokes, the scenery of agrarian change and continuity in Latin America from around 1870 to the 1970s. While focus is on Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, these countries are situated in the broader regional context as well as in the world history of capitalist agrofood relations, as outlined in the Food Regimes approach. The chapter shows how the wider international agrofood system always has had a huge impact on the region, providing shifting opportunities and constraints, at the same time as shifting local norms and power configurations have also influenced development in different ways.
... En los últimos años, se han sumado una serie de nuevas investigaciones y aportes, que han contribuido a esclarecer aspectos puntuales referidos al mencionado conflicto, entre los que cabe destacar los trabajos de Hernán Pruden (2001) sobre el separatismo de la región boliviana de Santa Cruz de la Sierra; Esther Casal de Lizarazu (2002) y su análisis de las repercusiones de la Guerra del Chaco en la Argentina; diversos trabajos vinculados al rol de los intelectuales y la izquierda durante el conflicto, aparecidos en una compilación de Gustavo Guevara y Juan Luis Hernández (2004); Matthew Hughes (2005), quien brinda una explicación estratégico-militar del triunfo paraguayo en la guerra; Luc Capdevila (2008Capdevila ( , 2010Capdevila ( , 2011, que -en una serie de estudios individuales o en co-autoría con Nicolás Richard, Isabelle Combès y/o Pablo Barbosa-analiza detenidamente el proceso de colonización del Chaco Boreal y, sobre todo, el papel desempeñado durante la guerra por las comunidades indígenas de la zona; Gabriela Dalla Corte (2009,2012), esclareciendo el poder e injerencia de los capitales argentinos y anglo-argentinos instalados en el Chaco Boreal y sus vinculaciones con los gobiernos de Asunción y Buenos Aires; Ricardo Scavone Yegros y Liliana Brezzo (2010), quienes si bien abordan en términos más generales la política exterior paraguaya se detienen particularmente en este periodo, en los preparativos para la guerra y el viraje experimentado por el Paraguay tras la misma acercándose a Brasil y los Estados Unidos; Óscar J. Barrera Aguilera (2011), aportando una mirada sobre las negociaciones de paz en el Chaco en el marco de las conferencias panamericanas de la década de 1930;Sandra Pérez Stocco (2012, 2014, quien analiza el rol desempeñado por la Cancillería argentina y la posición de neutralidad formalmente asumida; Bridget Maria Chesterton (2013), que coloca el acento en la influencia del nacionalismo de la clase dirigente y el pueblo paraguayos, conduciéndolos a considerar al Chaco Boreal como parte integral de su territorio; Mario G. Parrón (2015), a partir de sus aportes acerca de los cuestionamientos bolivianos a la conducción de las negociaciones de paz por parte de la diplomacia argentina; y Carlos Gómez Florentín (2016), poniendo de relieve las condiciones del clima, el terreno y la etnicidad como factores determinantes del triunfo de las armas paraguayas. ...
El presente artículo se propone analizar y explicar la posición de la Argentina ante la Guerra del Chaco y sus intervenciones en pos de alejar la solución del conflicto de la órbita panamericana para llevarlo, inicialmente, al terreno de la Liga de las Naciones, tomando en consideración para ello, como factor explicativo central, la vocación esencialmente europeísta y anti-norteamericana de su clase dirigente, fundada en cuestiones tanto político-diplomáticas (búsqueda de prestigio) como económico-comerciales, en un particular contexto de depresión económica internacional. Palabras claves: Política exterior argentina; Guerra del Chaco; Europeísmo versus panamericanismo; Década 1930. Abstract This article aims to analyze and explain the position of Argentina to the Chaco War and its interventions trying to avert conflict resolution of the Pan American orbit and, initially, take it to the field of the League of Nations, taking into consideration, as the central explanatory factor for this behavior, the vocation essentially pro-European and anti-American of its ruling class, based on both political-diplomatic (search for prestige) as economic-commercial issues, in a particular context of international economic depression. A MODO DE INTRODUCCIÓN El conflicto por el Chaco Boreal que enfrentó a bolivianos y paraguayos a lo largo de varias décadas entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX hasta su trágica resolución mediante la Guerra del Chaco, ha sido objeto de múltiples interpretaciones. Entre los estudios más clásicos sobre el tema e incluso sobre la participación de la Argentina en la cuestión y las relaciones que por entonces mantenía este país tanto con
... All nations around the island, including Philippines and China want to exploit these coffers. Manila asserts a 200-nautical mile absolute economic 1 For example, in the Chakaco War of 1932-35, Paraguay annexed a region of Bolivia in the mistaken belief that it contained oil deposits (Hughes, 2005). France was reluctant to lose Algeria in the latter's of independence between 1954-62 partly because of Algeria's oil deposits, but was unable to prevail (Alexander and Keiger, 2002). ...
Esta investigación analiza las distintas facetas que determinaron el desarrollo de la minería
fósil en Bolivia, desde 1921 a 2010. Los modelos que implementaron los gobiernos bolivianos
para explotar minerales fósiles, oscilaron entre liberales y estatistas, una y otra vez ¿Cómo
incidió la política y los problemas técnicos, propiciando la institución de uno y otro?, ¿qué
consecuencias desarrollistas y políticas tuvo cada ciclo?, ¿cómo se articularon los aspectos
técnicos de la minería fósil y la lucha política en la explotación y comercialización de
carburantes?
Develando estas preguntas, vinculamos los sujetos de la decisión, al objeto de la decisión,
analizando: a) El proceso social tejido en torno a la minería fósil: los actores o sujetos sociales
involucrados en la lucha política por imponer un modelo de gestión. b) La minería fósil como
ámbito especializado que precisa determinados medios técnicos y económicos, en el marco
del contexto geológico boliviano.
Se procedió a indagar en los procesos de construcción ideológica del Estado boliviano en
sus momentos constitutivos, en las fuentes de su producción y reproducción, para esclarecer
el poder que tienen las representaciones instituidas del Estado sobre la cuestión petrolífera.
Estudiamos las realidades cotidianas y los contextos estructurales de la lucha política,
analizando articulaciones, discursos y posicionamientos entre los distintos actores.
Para entender las características materiales del “objeto de la decisión” fue preciso explorar en
campos científicos y tecnológicos específicos, bibliografías técnicas sobre geología, medios
tecnológicos y costos operativos de la minería y explotación de los hidrocarburos. Al indagar
las variables formales inherentes a las disciplinas administrativas, se tomó en cuenta que sus
valores no son absolutos.
De los sucesivos vaivenes liberales y estatistas de la política energética, cabría inferir la
inviabilidad del modelo liberal, en el contexto actual.
On 20 November 2016, residents of Gran Chaco Province in south-east Bolivia voted by popular referendum to approve a statute that established Gran Chaco as Bolivia's first autonomous region. This article examines regional autonomy in the Chaco as an example of how identities, territory and political power are being remapped at the intersection of an extractivist development model and competing visions of a plurinational state. I chart how regional autonomy, an elite-led project centred on demands for a fixed share of departmental gas royalties, has been institutionalised under the framework of plurinationalism and used to bolster central state power in this gas-rich region. The article considers the historical evolution of this regionalist project, its intersection with broader processes of state formation under the Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement towards Socialism, MAS) government and its implications for the Chaco's Indigenous peoples, who have achieved significant representation within the regional assembly while seeing their own visions of territorial autonomy sidelined by an extractivist development agenda.
Bertrand Russell, 1917 ve 1921 yıllarında yazdığı kitaplarda, uluslararası düzeyde eşitsizliği, şiddeti ve uluslararası hukukun etkisizliğini ortadan kaldırmak için öneriler sunmuş; işaret ettiği sorunlara, idealist çözümler aramıştır. Russell’a göre, dünya coğrafyasına eşit dağılmamış hammadde ve kaynakların, uluslararası düzeyde eşitsizlik ve şiddet yaratmadan, devletlerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilmesi ancak uluslar üstü organizasyonlar tarafından sağlanabilir. Devletler, ortak savunma ve kaynak politikaları geliştirmek üzere, egemenliklerini uluslar üstü organizasyona devretmeli; böylece dünya, kendine yetecek bloklara ayrılmalı; bloklar, diğeri için tehdit yaratmayacak güç ve dengede olmalıdır. Böylece çatışmaların ekonomik nedenleri ortadan kalkacak, uluslararası ilişkilere/hukuka duyulan ihtiyaç son bulacaktır. Anılan tezin günümüz anayasa hukuku paradigmasındaki karşılığının, ortak kaynak ve savunma konularında yasama ve yürütme egemenlik yetkilerinin güvenceli bir sistemle devredildiği “federal devlet” yapılanması olduğu ifade edilebilir. Çalışmada Russell’ın, dünyanın Amerika, Asya, Avrupa olmak üzere üç büyük bloka ayrılacağı öngörüsü incelenmiş; günümüzde NAFTA, USMCA, FTAA, AB, ŞİÖ, ASEAN gibi birliklerden oluşan blokların güç ve kaynak dengesinde oynadıkları rol üzerinde durulmuştur. Russell’ın tezlerinin organik ve fonksiyonel yönlerden günümüzde bulduğu karşılığın, uluslararası hukukun etkisizliğini ortadan kaldırmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
War over the Chaco Boreal, a desolate region claimed by both Bolivia and Paraguay, caused disproportionately high loss of life and treasure for both sides. Neither state could afford to prosecute a war on its own, despite recent modernization programs that drew attention from outsiders. International interest included prewar calls for refugee resettlement via the League of Nations—but once fighting did break out, there was significant and increasing intervention and involvement by international relief organizations and diplomats. This chapter’s focus on the involvement of foreign actors in the Chaco War unveils important trends in the history of war-making in the twentieth century, which places this South American conflict closer to the World Wars that served as the conflict’s bookends.
Cambridge Core - Latin American History - Exiled Among Nations - by John P. R. Eicher
This article compares two German-speaking Mennonite colonies in Paraguay and their encounters with Nazism during the 1930s. It focuses on their understandings of the Nazi bid for transnational völkisch unity. Latin America presents a unique context for studying the Nazis’ relationship to German-speakers abroad because it held the allure of being the last prospect for German cultural and economic expansion, but was simultaneously impossible for the German state to invade. The Menno Colony was made up of voluntary migrants from Canada who arrived in Paraguay in the 1920s. The Fernheim Colony was composed of refugees from the Soviet Union who settled alongside the Menno Colony in the 1930s. Both groups shared a history in nineteenth-century Russia as well as a common faith and culture. Nevertheless, they developed radically different opinions about völkisch nationalism. The Menno Colony's communal understanding of Germanness made völkisch propaganda about Hitler's “New Germany” unappealing to their local sensibilities. They rejected all forms of nationalism as worldly attempts to thwart their cultural-religious isolationism. The refugees of Fernheim Colony, by contrast, shared little communal unity since they originated from diverse settlements across the Soviet Union. They viewed Germanness as a potential bridge to an imagined German homeland and believed that the highest goal of völkisch unity was to promote communal unity. Resembling other German-speaking communities in Latin America, the two colonies—which seemed identical to Nazi observers—held vastly different interpretations of völkisch nationalism at the height of the Nazi bid to establish transnational German unity in Latin America.
El Gobierno argentino tuvo una activa participación como mediador en la Guerra del Chaco (1932-1935) entre Paraguay y Bolivia, y fue su accionar el que permitió alcanzar el fin del conflicto, lo que le valió a su Canciller, Saavedra Lamas, obtener el Premio Nobel de la Paz, hecho hasta entonces inédito en la historia latinoamericana. En 2009 los presidentes de ambos países firmaron en Buenos Aires el acuerdo definitivo de límites, remarcando el rol clave de la Argentina en esa solución. La Guerra del Chaco, por su complejidad, magnitud y trascendencia internacional, resulta un caso paradigmático para contrastar los enfoques teóricos sobre la autonomía y la dependencia en materia de política exterior, particularmente en lo que respecta a la postura adoptada por nuestro país en el conflicto. Entender la multidimensionalidad de los factores que llevaron a la guerra, en los que se conjugaban intereses económicos, políticos y territoriales de los estados en guerra como así también de otros países, como asimismo el accionar de empresas transnacionales, permite vislumbrar posturas y estrategias que no siempre pueden ser interpretadas dentro de los marcos teóricos tradicionales. Más aún en un contexto caracterizado por cambios sustantivos a nivel internacional producto del crack de 1929, del afianzamiento de un nuevo paradigma energético, y de modificaciones en el mapa político latinoamericano, factores que también deben analizarse. La política asumida por el gobierno argentino ¿fue una política exterior subordinada o autónoma?. ¿Cuáles fueron los verdaderos factores que llevaron a la Argentina a ejercer un rol protagónico en el conflicto?. Se pretenderá demostrar que ni la autonomía ni la dependencia permiten interpretar adecuadamente el comportamiento de nuestro país en la resolución de esa contienda, intentando conjugar todas esas aparentemente contradictorias variables, en pos de una explicación alejada de determinismos.
En el marco de la Guerra del Chaco entre Paraguay y Bolivia (1932-1935) tuvo lugar una intensa participación de actores externos a los Estados en pugna. Dicha intervención asumió diferentes formas, fue encarnada por agentes diversos, y jugó un rol central, tanto en el transcurso de la contienda como en las negociaciones de paz que la sucedieron; por lo cual se hace indispensable encarar un análisis detenido al respecto. Entre la mencionada multiplicidad de actores que intervinieron en el conflicto un párrafo aparte merecen las empresas multinacionales, especialmente las del sector petrolero (a saber: Royal Dutch-Shell, de capitales anglo-holandeses, instalada en Paraguay; y Standard Oil of New Jersey, de capital norteamericano, radicada en Bolivia), cuyos objetivos e intereses en la zona litigiosa se combinaron no sólo con los de los países en guerra sino también con los de las Naciones de origen de dichas compañías, que estaban librando una sorda disputa por acaparar mercados y fuentes de materias primas en esta región del planeta; y, más aún, con los de algunos de los Estados limítrofes que, como Argentina y Brasil, aspiraban a ejercer una cada vez mayor influencia regional. A lo anterior hay que agregar que, en el caso de nuestro país, contaba con una empresa petrolera estatal fuerte (YPF), la cual estaba librando, fronteras adentro, su propia batalla contra los mismos trusts petroleros que operaban en Paraguay y Bolivia. Todo ello, por último, debe ser enmarcado en un contexto internacional signado por el ascenso de Estados Unidos como potencia dominante a nivel global en detrimento de Gran Bretaña; el cambio de rumbo de la política internacional del primero, adoptando hacia América Latina la denominada " Buena vecindad " ; la sustitución del carbón por el petróleo como principal insumo energético; y los efectos del crack de la bolsa neoyorquina de 1929, entre otros.
This project was inspired by the book by Eduardo Galeano, The Open Veins of Latin America, which examines the reasons behind Latin America‘s poverty as a result of the Spanish conquest in the fifteenth century through globalization in the twenty-first century. Paraguay stuck out to me in the book because it was unlike the other Latin American countries that were getting drained of their resources for the greater goal of the superior country. Surprisingly, Paraguay was one of South America‘s most advanced countries in the late 1800s which intrigued me because Paraguay is now the second poorest country in South America and corruption is widespread. I felt it necessary to take a glance at Paraguay‘s history and examine what lead to its rise and fall and the consequences of these events.
In short, Paraguay‘s situation can be interpreted from the events that took place starting with the Spanish conquest, the various wars that Paraguay fought, and the economic and political motivations behind these events. As a result, the transformation this country has gone through over the centuries is a product of these key events. Through this investigation I hope to communicate the importance that Paraguay has and has had in South America throughout history although it is a seemingly unimportant country to the average by-passer.
This article studies the important role of Paraguayan women during the Chaco War (1923–1935). It studies the relationship between “Godmothers of War” and their “Godsons” during the war, outlining how urban elite Paraguayan women corresponded with rural lower-class men in the name of patriotism.
This article considers how Juan Belaieff's experiences in the Caucasus of Russia during the early twentieth century shaped his later work with the Paraguayan military in the Chaco region. His Russian training in both military science and ethnography prepared him for his scouting work in the Chaco, a territory contested by both Bolivia and Paraguay. This work, done with the native population of the Chaco, helped secure victory over the Bolivians during the Chaco War (1932-1935). It also played a key role in his broader project of incorporating the native peoples of the Chaco into the Paraguayan nation-state, a project that drew upon his work on behalf of Russia with the populations of the Caucasus. Significantly, his postwar efforts and ethnographic studies directly led to rights and considerations for Paraguay's indigenous population. Belaieff's work demonstrates how both the Paraguayan military and society (long considered by historians as isolated) were influenced by outside ideas and people.
Mémoire d’habilitation à diriger des recherches (HDR) : « Violence, représentations, identités. Guerres et temps présent (Europe-Amérique latine) », Rennes, 11 décembre 2006, 1159 p. dactylographiées. Inédit : Variations sur le pays des femmes. Échos d’une guerre américaine, Paraguay 1864-1870/Temps présent, 534 p. ; anthologie de textes, 476 p. ; rapport de synthèse 149 p.
With access to inexpensive credit, states can finance wars without overburdening their constituents, and face relatively small short-term costs compared to states with poor credit access. As a result of these economic benefits, states with lower credit costs will be more likely to win their wars, ceteris paribus. However, lower borrowing costs provide states domestic political benefits, which I argue are more important for democracies than nondemocracies. Since expensive credit forces states to rely on its citizens for revenue, governments that are more sensitive to their citizens' preferences are at a disadvantage. In sum, I argue that democracies are more sensitive to credit costs than authoritarian regimes. To test this theory, this article analyzes a data set of wars using logistic regressions and matching techniques, and examines the case of the Chaco War. The results demonstrate that the costs of borrowing have a substantial effect on war outcomes, and that these costs are more important for democracies than nondemocracies.
Did disputes between non-great powers in the New World, 1816–1989, escalate to war if the disputes involved roughly equal sides or not? Metaphorically and practically, “balances of power” are about measurement, but many of the usual measures prove to be incorrect. Proper assessments of the balances of fighting power qualify counts of the material resources by considering the political-organizational capacity of the state to employ what is counted, the geopolitical location and logistics, and what bystander states might do if the dispute were to escalate. A modest correlation exists between rough equality in power capabilities and war, not peace, in the Americas, 1816–1989. A bare majority of the wars in the Americas from 1816 until 1989 were fought between equal sides, and equal disputants were thirteen times more likely to escalate to war than non-equals were. This relationship found among non-great powers is much less strong than the relationship found among the great powers.
States have limited fiscal resources and are forced to find additional revenue sources to pay for wars. With access to inexpensive credit, states can finance wars without overburdening their economies or constituents, and face relatively small short term conflict costs compared to states that have to borrow expensive credit or extract resources directly from society. As a result, states with a credit access advantage will be more likely to win a war against a state with a poor credit rating, ceteris paribus. This paper seeks to generalize previous credit access theories to determine how a state's credit access will affect its prospects in war. To empirically validate this hypothesis, this paper uses binomial logistic and multinomial logistic ordered probit analysis.
- Noel Birch
- Colonel Neilson
- Commander Craven
Noel Birch to Colonel Neilson and Commander Craven, 14 February 1933, in File (microfilm) NB
Archivo Contratos Reservado Época
- In Dpto
In Dpto. Archivo Contratos Reservado Época 1927-1929, MDN.
Dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay. Statement of the Bolivian Government's case Communicated in Virtue of Article 15
84 League of Nations. Dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay. Statement of the Bolivian Government's case
Communicated in Virtue of Article 15, Paragraph 2, of the Covenant (Geneva: League of Nations Publication
Department, 1934), 1934.VII.9, 24-5.
The Chaco War Behind the Chaco War The War over the Chaco Forgotten Victors
- H N Larden
H. N. Larden, " The Chaco War, " Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 79 (1934): 139-44; Adrian
English, " The Chaco War, " Army Quarterly and Defence Journal 109/3 (1979): 350-58; Ronald Stuart Kain,
" Behind the Chaco War, " Current History (August 1935): 468-74; J. W. Lindsay, " The War over the Chaco, "
International Affairs 14/2 (March-April 1935): 231-240; Robinson, " Forgotten Victors, " 178-185; John Hoyt
Williams, " The Chaco War, 1932-35, " Strategy and Tactics 110 (1986): 7-10; Mondain, " La guerre du Chaco, "
43-64; Yves Salkin, " Action des attachés et conseillers militaires français en Amerique Latine de 1919 à 1940, "
First published in Portuguese as Guerra do Chaco (leia-se petróleo)
- Julio José Such
- La Chiavenato
- Guerra Del Chaco
10 Such as Julio José Chiavenato, La Guerra del Chaco: petróleo (Asunción: Schauman, 1989). First published
in Portuguese as Guerra do Chaco (leia-se petróleo) (São Paolo: Editoria Brasiliense, 1979).
Vickers Archive, CUL. For Briggs's inability to speak Spanish and comments generally, see Nosworthy (British Minister, British Legation
- F W Major
- Briggs
Major F. W. Briggs (La Paz) to Vickers GB, 3 November 1932, in File (microfilm) NB K606/312-6, Vickers
Archive, CUL. For Briggs's inability to speak Spanish and comments generally, see Nosworthy (British
Minister, British Legation, La Paz) to Birch (UK), 14 November 1933, in File (microfilm) NB K607/15-18,
Vickers Archive, CUL.
521-30; Bohumil Bad'ura
Mondes et Cultures 46/3 (1986): 521-30; Bohumil Bad'ura, " Československé zbrane a diplomacie ve válce o
Zook, Conduct, 48. The £1.25 million figure is corroborated in FO 371
- Chaco Farcau
- War
Farcau, Chaco War, 20; Zook, Conduct, 48. The £1.25 million figure is corroborated in FO 371/13451, f.97,
NA.
Military Attaché to British AmbassadorVickers-Armstrong) to Director, Export Licensing Section, Board of Trade
- Colonel Russell
- Na G Nemsley
Colonel Russell [?], Military Attaché to British Ambassador (British Embassy Rio de Janeiro), 18 August
1928, in FO 371/12730, NA; G. Nemsley (Vickers-Armstrong) to Director, Export Licensing Section, Board of
Trade, 17 February 1928, in FO 371/12741, f.192, NA.
Asunción [hereafter MDN]; Seiferheld, Economía y petróleo, 36-40
- Harris Gaylord
See archival sources listed below in Dpto. de Archivo del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Asunción
[hereafter MDN]; Seiferheld, Economía y petróleo, 36-40; Minute by A. V. Burbury, 11 December 1928, in FO
371/12730, NA; and Harris Gaylord Warren's Paraguay: An Informal History (Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1949), 303.
Board of Trade) to Under-Secretary of State (FO)
- Fountain
Fountain (Board of Trade) to Under-Secretary of State (FO), 19 February 1930, in FO 371/14197, f.13, NA.
análisis y crítica sobre la conducción militar (La Paz: Editorial Calama, 1981-2), two volumes; Luis Vittone
- Jorge Antezana Villagrán
- La Guerra Del Chaco
Jorge Antezana Villagrán, La Guerra del Chaco: análisis y crítica sobre la conducción militar (La
Paz: Editorial Calama, 1981-2), two volumes; Luis Vittone, La guerra del Chaco (Paraguay[?]: n.p., 1986[?]),
three volumes. For wider aspects to the war, see Elio M. A. Colle, El drama del Paraguay (Buenos Aires:
La Paz) to Henderson (FO) enclosing Annual Political Report on Bolivia for
- Hobson
Hobson (La Paz) to Henderson (FO) enclosing Annual Political Report on Bolivia for 1930, 19 March 1931,
in FO 371/15058, f.201, NA.
Snow (FO) on Memorandum on Paraguay-Bolivia border clash
- Minute
Minute/note by T. M. Snow (FO) on Memorandum on Paraguay-Bolivia border clash, 22 November 1929, in
FO 371/13451, f.97, NA.
See also the map entitled Las Comunicaciones de Bolivia con el Atlántico y con el Pacífico
- Ibid
Ibid. See also the map entitled " Las Comunicaciones de Bolivia con el Atlántico y con el Pacífico, " in FO
371/15789, f.275, NA on which the nearest railhead for the Chaco is at Arani.
interpretación de política internacional americana (Buenos Aires: Bernabe
- La Justo Rodas Eguino
- Guerra Del Chaco
Justo Rodas Eguino, La Guerra del Chaco: interpretación de política internacional
americana (Buenos Aires: Bernabe, 1938); and Alfredo M. Seiferheld, Economía y petróleo durante la Guerra
del Chaco (Asunción: Instituto Paraguayo de Estudios Geopolíticos e Internacionales, 1983).
National Archives London (formerly the Public Records Office) [hereafter NA]; War Office to Under Secretary of State at Foreign Office
- Paris
Paris (Asunción), 10 January 1920, in FO 371/4542, f.9, National Archives London (formerly the Public
Records Office) [hereafter NA]; War Office to Under Secretary of State at Foreign Office, 24 August 1920, in
FO 371/4429, f.393, NA; British Legation Santiago to Curzon, 25 February 1921, in FO 371/5532, f.213, NA;
Editorial Canelas, 1987) Dirección de Publicaciones de las FF AA NN, 1985) two volumes
- Demetrio Canelas
Demetrio Canelas, La
guerra del Chaco: documentos (Cochabamba, Bolivia: Editorial Canelas, 1987); Pedro Medina, La Guerra del
Chaco (Asunción: Dirección de Publicaciones de las FF AA NN, 1985) two volumes; Salustio Selaya Peláez,
Documentos y Memorias de la Guerra del Chaco (La Paz: Empresa Editora Urquizo, 1972);
See also Wonfor to Noel Birch
- Cul Vickers Archive
Vickers Archive, CUL. See also Wonfor to Noel Birch, 13 February 1933, in File (microfilm) NB K606/334,
Vickers Archive, CUL.
For attempt to buy Bristol fighters from Britain, see Minute by A. V
- Economia Seiferheld
- Petróleo
Seiferheld, Economia y petróleo, 36-40. For attempt to buy Bristol fighters from Britain, see Minute by A. V.
Forgotten Victors: White Russian Officers in Paraguay during the Chaco War
Robinson, " Forgotten Victors: White Russian Officers in Paraguay during the Chaco War, 1932-5, " The Journal
of Slavic Military History 12/3 (September 1999): 178.
British Legation La Paz) to John Simon (FO)
- Vaughan
Vaughan (British Legation La Paz) to John Simon (FO) 30 September 1932, in FO 371/15789, ff.291-303,
NA.
Paraguay since 1930 The Cambridge History of Latin America Latin America since
- H Paul
- Lewis
Paul H. Lewis, " Paraguay since 1930, " The Cambridge History of Latin America. Latin America since 1930.
58 Letter entitled Bolivian Shipments
58 Letter entitled Bolivian Shipments, Bridge [?] to Birch, 13 February 1933, in File (microfilm) NB
[Fuerzas] AA. [Armadas] de la Nación en el Decenio de la Pre-Guerra del Chaco hasta la Victoria de Boquerón (Asunción: Imprenta Militar, 1979), 92. The author is grateful to the Business History Unit of the London School of
- Marcial Samiengo
- Ff Las
Marcial Samiengo, Las FF. [Fuerzas] AA. [Armadas] de la Nación en el Decenio de la Pre-Guerra del Chaco
hasta la Victoria de Boquerón (Asunción: Imprenta Militar, 1979), 92. The author is grateful to the Business
History Unit of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) for help in converting the gold
peso figure to pounds sterling.
304-5; and Robinson Forgotten Victors
- London Lincoln
(Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 304-5; and Robinson, " Forgotten Victors, " 178,
180.
Battles of Hide and Seek. A Story from the Front Line
- Chaco The
- War
The Chaco War. Battles of Hide and Seek. A Story from the Front Line, " The Times, (28 October 1933).
The Chaco War: Bolivia and Paraguay CT and London: Praeger, 1996) and David H. Zook The Conduct of the Chaco War Zook's volume was translated into Spanish as
- W Bruce
- Farcau
Bruce W. Farcau, The Chaco War: Bolivia and Paraguay, 1932-35 (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1996)
and David H. Zook The Conduct of the Chaco War (New Haven, CT: Bookman, 1960). Zook's volume was
translated into Spanish as La conducción de la Guerra del Chaco (Buenos Aires: Policarpo Artaza, 1962).
NA. For use of Argentinean route, see also Materials Shipped to Bolivia
- Fo
- Robertson
50 FO to Robertson (Embassy Buenos Aires), 27 October 1927, in FO 371/11961, f.240, NA. For use of
Argentinean route, see also Materials Shipped to Bolivia, 1928, in File (microfilm) NB K606/32-4, Vickers
Archive, CUL.
La guerre du Chaco: Paraguay contre Bolivie (1932-35)
- Pierre Mondain
Pierre Mondain, " La guerre du Chaco: Paraguay contre Bolivie (1932-35), " Revue Historique 267/1 (January-
March 1982): 43.
The American Republics, 4: 265. See also British Consulate (Rosario) to Macleay (Ambassador
February 1933, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1933. The American Republics, 4: 265. See also
British Consulate (Rosario) to Macleay (Ambassador, Buenos Aires), 1 March 1933, in FO 371/16585, f.150,
31
The Petroleum Fields of Bolivia British Petroleum Archive
- T Cook
T. Cook, report entitled " The Petroleum Fields of Bolivia, " c.January 1925, in File 71972, Reports on
Bolivian Oilfields, June 1922-October 1923, British Petroleum Archive, University of Warwick, UK.
130 Quoted in John A. Lynn, ed., Feeding Mars: Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the
Present (Boulder, Co: Westview, 1993), ix. See also van Creveld, Supplying War, 231.
British Legation Asunción) to Lecke
- Tottenham-Smith
114 Tottenham-Smith (British Legation Asunción) to Lecke [FO?], 11 January 1934, in FO 527/16, NA.
An Introduction to Mennonite History: A Popular History of the Anabaptists and the Mennonites
- Cornelius J Dyck
Cornelius J. Dyck, An Introduction to Mennonite History: A Popular History of the Anabaptists and the
Mennonites (1967; Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1993), 325. A copy in Spanish of Law 514 can be found in
Garden in the Wilderness: Mennonite Communities in the Paraguayan Chaco
- Edgar Stoesz
- Muriel T Stackley
Edgar Stoesz and Muriel T. Stackley, Garden in the Wilderness: Mennonite Communities in the Paraguayan
Chaco 1927-1997 (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: MBC Publication, 1999), 22.
126 Information from the staff of the Museo Unger, Filadelfia, Paraguay.
Sborník historický 24 137-185; and Tomáš Jiránek Českoslovenstí dustojníci ve válce o Gran Chaco
- Gran Chaco
Gran Chaco, " Sborník historický 24 (1976): 137-185; and Tomáš Jiránek, " Českoslovenstí dustojníci ve válce o
Gran Chaco, " Historie a vojenství 43/4 (1994): 40-49.
Huey Long and the Chaco War
- In English
- Michael Gillette
In English, see Michael Gillette, " Huey Long and the Chaco War, " Louisiana History 11/4 (1970): 293-311;
The dust jacket of Peláez's Documentos y Memorias has an image of three oil derricks above some oil storage tanks next to a hand holding a rifle, a reflection of the unproven assumption that the Chaco War was fought over the supposed oil deposits of the Chaco
- La Guerra
- Del Chaco
- Seiferheld
- Economía Y Petróleo
La Guerra del Chaco and Seiferheld, Economía y petróleo. The dust jacket of Peláez's Documentos y Memorias
has an image of three oil derricks above some oil storage tanks next to a hand holding a rifle, a reflection of the
unproven assumption that the Chaco War was fought over the supposed oil deposits of the Chaco.
British Legation Asunción) to Austen Chamberlain (FO)
- Bird
106 Bird (British Legation Asunción) to Austen Chamberlain (FO), 15 January 1929, in FO 371/13450, ff.192-4,
NA.
British Legation Asunción) to Macleay (Buenos Aires)
- Tottenham Smith
Tottenham Smith (British Legation Asunción) to Macleay (Buenos Aires), 8 October 1932, in FO 371/15789,
ff.280-5, NA.
American Oil Companies in Latin America: The Bolivian Experience Inter-American Economic Affairs
- S Herbert
- Klein
Herbert S. Klein, " American Oil Companies in Latin America: The Bolivian Experience, " Inter-American
Economic Affairs, 18/2 (Autumn 1964): 47-72; and Standard Oil Company of Bolivia, Confiscation: A History
of the Oil Industry in Bolivia (New York: Standard Oil Company of Bolivia, 1939). In Spanish, see Chiavenato,
Paraguay: A Bibliography
- David Lewis See
- Jones
See also David Lewis Jones, Paraguay: A Bibliography (New York and London: Garland, 1979), 171-190, and
R. Andrew Nickson, Paraguay (Oxford: Clio, 1999).
NA; see also correspondence from 1928 in File (microfilm) NB K606
- T M Memorandum
- Snow
62 Memorandum by T. M. Snow (FO), 31 January 1929, in FO 371/13465, ff.6-9, NA; see also correspondence
from 1928 in File (microfilm) NB K606, Vickers Archive, CUL.