Content uploaded by C.W. Bullard
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by C.W. Bullard on Sep 02, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Net Energy Analysis: Handbook for Combining Process and Input-Output Analysis
Abstract and Figures
Methods are presented for calculating the energy required, directly and indirectly, to produce all types of goods and services. Procedures for combining process analysis with input-output analysis are described. This enables the analyst to focus data acquisition effects cost-effectively, and to achieve down to some minimum degree a specified accuracy in the results. The report presents sample calculations and provides the tables and charts needed to assess total energy requirements of any technology, including those for producing or conserving energy.
Figures - uploaded by C.W. Bullard
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by C.W. Bullard
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Leontief is regarded as the pioneer to integrate environmental accounts into IOA (Leontief, 1970). Bullard and Herendeen adapted IOA to calculate energy embodied in goods and services for the United States, on the basis of an energy balance model (Bullard and Herendeen, 1975a;Bullard et al., 1978). By integrating the embodiment theory in systems ecology (Odum, 1983), the model was further extended by Chen and colleagues to study various ecological elements (Kan et al., 2020;Liu et al., 2020;. ...
Given the increasing influence of international trade on regional land use, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of forest land use across global supply chains by means of embodiment accounting based on EXIOBASE3 database, with a specific focus on the climate vulnerability and adaptation readiness of supply chain agents. Globally, 2268.3 million hectares (Mha) of forest land was exploited for forestry in 2015, while 30% was associated with export production, mainly sourced from Russia, Canada, Africa, South America and tropical and subtropical Asia-Pacific and linked to the final consumption of developed (e.g. the EU, the USA and Japan) and emerging (e.g. China and India) economies. During 2000–2015, forest land exploited in climate-vulnerable regions rose to 689.4 Mha, contributing over 50% of the overall increase in global forest land exploitation. Forest land use displaced from China and India to these regions increased by 2.6 and 3.3 times, respectively, due to
escalating imports from tropics and subtropics (especially Asia-Pacific), where the readiness to take adaptation actions was also low. For the EU and the USA, virtual forest land use sourced from these regions remained large in absolute magnitude despite decreasing import volume. Therefore, transnational mutual efforts are needed to secure local forestry of climate-vulnerable regions, improve the resilience of global supply chains and mitigate negative influence on other sustainable development goals supported by forest ecosystems.
This chapter deals with the topic of measurement errors, modeling errors, and other sources and types of error that contribute to uncertainty LCA. It also discusses approaches for error propagation, such as the Monte Carlo approach.
Wind-driven desalination is a representative technology of renewable energy that not only alleviates water shortages but also reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by the utilization of fossil fuels. This study examined the GHG emissions from a wind-driven seawater desalination system by using the hybrid input-output life-cycle analysis (IO-LCA) to undertake a comprehensive low-carbon assessment by comparing with traditional thermal seawater desalination systems over the whole life cycle. The findings indicate that the GHG emissions of the wind-driven seawater desalination system are 96.14% lower than those of the traditional system. According to estimations, if reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is driven by wind power technologies at a larger scale, the annual GHG emissions can be reduced by an amount between 7.54E+05 and 3.71E+06 t CO 2-eq. Although the construction stage increases the emissions to 55.41% over the whole life cycle, the payback period (Y pp) is about 2.69 years, which means that the level of GHG emissions could be reduced by 25.42% of the level of the traditional systems. Based on the multi-dimensional low-carbon assessment, this study is expected to provide quantitative assessments and policy implications to integrate low-carbon technologies with seawater desalination and promote sustainable development of seawater desalination industries.
Description
Updates you on a wide variety of important topics with discussions in such critical areas as Overall performance in applications, Implementation of standard codes and accreditation procedures, Research procedures, and Needs for the future.
There is a worldwide consensus that renewable energy sources, such as wind power, will play an essential role in the global low-carbon energy transition. However, most quantifications of the CO2 emissions of wind power systems ignored the indirect footprints induced by supply chains. Thus, this study developed input–output (IO)-based hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) models based on China's 2007, 2012, and 2017 economic benchmark data to quantify the economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of China's wind power sector. Moreover, the key sectors driving the footprint variation were identified, and the footprint structure was analyzed via the production layer decomposition method. The study results confirm the decarbonization of the wind power sector in China, with a decrease in the GHG footprint from 52.27 g CO2e/kWh in 2007 to 21.23 g CO2e/kWh in 2017. This 59.38% GHG footprint reduction was mainly driven by the electricity and heat sector. Most of wind power's GHG footprint (more than 84%) was derived from upstream industries, highlighting the necessity of supply chain analysis in the governance of the wind power industry.
Methods for quantifying net energy impacts of individual energy facilities and entire energy-economic systems are presented. The analytical framework is developed first in the case of an economic system having only one energy sector; then it is generalized to a multifuel system where gross (rather than net) energy analyses are shown to be more useful. The relation between energy and economic feasibility is discussed by constructing an energy analog of conventional cost-benefit analysis. Empirical results are presented, comparing shale oil technology to conventional onshore drilling.
A methodology is developed to compute the total energy requirements for electricity-generating systems using an input-output model that explicitly accounts for the physical flow of energy. The capital and operating requirements of 16 separate energy supply facilities are used to evaluate the total energy required by 9 alternative means of producing and delivering electricity. Evaluated electricity-generating systems rely on either fossil or nuclear energy as their fuel source. Energy payback periods are computed based on an equivalent electricity basis. These results are compared to a number of alternative capital investments to reduce energy demand. In general, the conservation options return their energy requirements sooner than the supply alternatives.