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Foliar diseases of Eucalyptus spp. grown for ornamental cut foliage
Abstract and Figures
Eight Eucalyptus species grown for ornamental foliage have been seriously affected by leaf blight and leaf spot caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica, Dichomera versiformis and Phaeophleospora eucalypti. Other fungi such as Readeriella mirabilis, Sarcostroma brevilatum, Thyrinula eucalypti, Vermisporium aff. falcatum and Harknessia victoriae were found associated with smaller spots. Most of these are new host records.
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... Keep as cool as possible without freezing. Attiwill and Adams 1996, Barber et al. 2003, Horsman and Delaporte 2002, Keane et al. 2000, Phillips 1996 Geleznowia Yellow bells ...
... Keep as cool as possible without freezing. Attiwill and Adams 1996, Barber et al. 2003, Horsman and Delaporte 2002, Keane et al. 2000, Phillips 1996 Geleznowia Yellow bells ...
... has been explored for several decades (e.g. Bird et al., 1974;Bettucci and Alonso, 1997;Barbed et al., 2003;Roux et al., 2003;Hunter et al., 2011;Márquez et al., 2011;Jimu et al., 2015). The recent application of high-throughput sequencing of fungal-specific PCR amplicons has revealed enormous species diversity and richness in Eucalyptus spp. ...
... has been explored for several decades (e.g. Bird et al., 1974;Bettucci and Alonso, 1997;Barbed et al., 2003;Roux et al., 2003;Hunter et al., 2011;Márquez et al., 2011;Jimu et al., 2015). The recent application of high-throughput sequencing of fungal-specific PCR amplicons has revealed enormous species diversity and richness in Eucalyptus spp. ...
Fungal communities in above-ground tree tissues are hyperdiverse and are influenced by biotic interactions with other organisms living in or on these tissues. These biotic interactions are, however, still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to understand how insect-associated gall formation on Eucalyptus foliage correlates with the diversity of foliar fungal communities in surrounding healthy leaf tissue, as well as the co-occurrence patterns among the members of the fungal community. We used ITS metabarcoding to characterise the foliar fungal communities of 179 individual E. grandis trees. These trees were assigned to infestation levels of the wasp Leptocybe invasa (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera), which causes gall formation on shoot tips and leaves of its host. Fungal community networks were calculated using a Pearson correlation coefficient. The composition and diversity of fungal communities were influenced by the severity of L. invasa infestations. We identified potential Eucalyptus pathogens with high sequence abundance at all disease severity levels, but network analysis indicated that the co-occurrence of potential pathogens between no to mild and medium to heavy infestation differed significantly. A better understanding of microbial interactions, especially the role of pathogens, can be useful for controlling disease- and beneficial host-associated microbial communities.
... Eucalyptus L'Hér is considered one of the most important plants for the global economy (Turnbull 2000), due to its role in reforestation of degraded areas and production of medicines, furniture, charcoal, paper, honey and as ornamental foliage (Barber et al. 2003;Khaekhum et al. 2017). Brazil is the largest producer of "eucalyptus" worldwide (IBGE 2018), with over 5 million hectares of this plant in the country (IBGE 2018). ...
Brazil is the world’s largest producer of “eucalyptus” and its highest number of species in the country is located at the “Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade” (FEENA). Despite the historic and economic importance of this area, little is known about the fungal community associated with Eucalyptus species at FEENA. Here we evaluated the diversity of saprobic fungi in three different stages of Eucalyptus microcorys F. Muell leaf litter. In addition, we compared the saprotrophic fungal community with endophytic fungi of E. microcorys to assess whether endophytes are also found in the leaf litter. We investigated fungal communities using the particle filtration technique coupled with isolation on two culture media. Fungal isolates were clustered into morphospecies and identified using both morphology and DNA sequences. A total of 2558 fungal isolates were obtained, represented by 48 taxa. We report the following five species for the first time for the American continent: Castanediella eucalypti Crous, Hern.-Restr. & M.J. Wingf., Harknessia pseudohawaiiensis Crous & Carnegie, Neophaemoniella eucalypti Roon.-Lath. & Crous, N. niveniae (Crous) Crous, Xenogliocladiopsis cypellocarpae L. Lombard & Crous and Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica Hern.-Restr., R.F. Castañeda & Gené. In addition, we found putative new species and well-known fungal pathogens of “eucalyptus” in the leaf litter. The fungal diversity decreased, while the dominance of certain fungal species increased across leaf stages. As expected, the endophytic fungal community significantly differed from communities in the leaf litter. Particularly, only 8 taxa were shared between the leaf types. Eucalyptus microcorys hosts a fairly diverse saprobic fungal community on its leaves, which varies with leaf maturity. Exploring the saprobic fungal community is essential for understanding its dynamics in the leaf litter and the trophic interactions with their plant hosts.
... Indeed juniper RAF differed between environments primarily by putative pathogens: Coniochaeta prunicola (more abundant in savanna, found on damaged leaves and twigs, the genus is known for its woody host pathogens; Damm et al. 2010;Ivanová andBernadovičová 2012, 2013), Pyrenochaeta lycopersici (more abundant in savanna, a root rot) and Readeriella sp. (more abundant in woodlands, often opportunistic pathogens, particularly of Eucalyptus; Barber et al. 2003, Andjic et al. 2010. A Helotiales sp. and another unclassified fungus (OTU60) also were more abundant in woodlands. ...
Recent droughts in southwestern USA have led to large-scale mortality of piñon (Pinus edulis) in piñon-juniper woodlands. Piñon mortality alters soil moisture, nutrient and carbon availability, which could affect the root-associated fungal (RAF) communities and therefore the fitness of the remaining plants. We collected fine root samples at piñon-juniper woodland and a juniper savannah site in central New Mexico. Roots were collected from piñon and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees whose nearest neighbors were live piñon, live juniper or dead piñon. RAF communities were analyzed by 454 pyrosequencing of the universal fungal ITS region. The most common taxa were Hypocreales and Chaetothyriales. More than 10% of ITS sequences could not be assigned taxonomy at the phylum level. Two of the unclassified OTUs significantly differed between savanna and woodland, had few like sequences in GenBank and formed new fungal clades with other unclassified RAF from arid plants, highlighting how little study has been done on the RAF of arid ecosystems. Plant host or neighbor did not affect RAF community composition. However, there was a significant difference between RAF communities from woodland vs. savanna, indicating that abiotic factors such as temperature and aridity might be more important in structuring these RAF communities than biotic factors such as plant host or neighbor identity. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EM) were present in juniper as well as piñon in the woodland site, in contrast with previous research, but did not occur in juniper savanna, suggesting a potential shared EM network with juniper. RAF richness was lower in hosts that were neighbors of the opposite host. This may indicate competitive exclusion between fungi from different hosts. Characterizing these communities and their responses to environment and plant neighborhood is a step toward understanding of the effects of drought on a biome that spans 19 000 000 ha of southwestern USA.
... Seimatosporium species are common as saprobes and pathogens on plants, but are not considered to be destructive foliar pathogens. For example, Vermisporium acutum (≡ Seimatosporium acutum), was found on a single necrotic lesion on Eucalyptus nicholii leaves (Barber et al. 2003). Species of Seimatosporium have been reported from necrotic spots and associated with disease on branches, twigs, leaves and fruits (Bulgakov et al. 2014). ...
The genus Seimatosporium is saprobic or pathogenic on plants, and are 'pestalotioid fungi'. The genus presently belongs in Discosiaceae (Amphisphaeriales) and includes 78 species epithets. In this study, we observed three specimens of Seimatosporium from Russia and they are characterized by morphological and sequence data. We analyzed combined ITS and LSU gene sequence data of 42 species representing the genera Discostroma (7), Sarcostroma (2) and Seimatosporium (32, including the three new strains) with Pseudopestalotiopsis theae as the outgroup taxon. One isolate from dead branches of Physocarpus opulifolius is unique and is introduced as Seimatosporium physocarpi sp. nov., in this paper. It can be distinguished from similar and related species by phenotypic conidial characters and phylogenetic analyses. A specimen from Rosa kalmiussica Chrshan. & Lasebna (often included in Rosa canina sensu lato) is designated as an epitype for S. rosae, the type of the genus. In addition, a collection of S. lichenicola is described, illustrated and compared with other species in the genus.
... Mycosphaerella cryptica, Dichomera versiformis, Cylindrocladium spp. and Phaeophleospora epicpccoides) and bacterial pathogens (Barber et al., 2003, Mafia and Alfenas, 2003). Eucalyptus Genome Sequencing Consortium (FOREST) aimed to identify over 15,000 expressed genes from 100,000 sequenced EST from 19 libraries from specific tissues and stages. ...
A major goal of plant genome research is to recognize genes responsible for important traits. Resistance genes are among the most important gene classes for plant breeding purposes being responsible for the specific immune response including pathogen recognition, and activation of plant defence mechanisms. These genes are quite abundant in higher plants, with 210 clusters found in Eucalyptus FOREST database presenting significant homology to known R-genes. All five gene classes of R-genes with their respective conserved domains are present and expressed in Eucalyptus. Most clusters identified (93) belong to the LRR-NBS-TIR (genes with three domains: Leucine-rich-repeat, Nucleotide-binding-site and Toll interleucine 1-receptor), followed by the serine-threonine-kinase class (49 clusters). Some new combinations of domains and motifs of R-genes may be present in Eucalyptus and could represent novel gene structures. Most alignments occurred with dicots (94.3%), with emphasis on Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) sequences. All best alignments with monocots (5.2%) occurred with rice (Oryza sativa) sequences and a single cluster aligned with the gymnosperm Pinus sylvestris (0.5%). The results are discussed and compared with available data from other crops and may bring useful evidences for the understanding of defense mechanisms in Eucalyptus and other crop species.
... Among the most important of these pathogens are Mycosphaerella spp. (Carnegie et al., 1997;Park et al., 2000;Barber et al., 2003;Maxwell et al., 2003) and their incidence and severity is increasing as the areas under cultivation expand (Park et al., 2000;Maxwell et al., 2003). ...
The white grubs, by virtue of their cosmopolitan distribution and life cycle are major and the toughest-to-manage pests of variety of forest nursery crops, agricultural crops and turf grasses in India and abroad. Observations from 2002 to 2008 on incidence and management of white grubs in a major central Indian teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) nursery (area 32 hectare.) revealed presence of three scarab species, viz., Holotrichia rustica (Burm.), H. mucida (Gyll.) and Schizonycha ruficollis (Fab.). While the adults (beetles) fed or mated on naturally growing bushes in the nursery, immediately after the emergence from the teak beds in the nursery, the immature stages (grubs) of the species fed on roots of teak seedlings. The damaged seedlings succumbed to the injury leading to mortality. It was interesting to note that these white grub species were not known earlier to damage any forestry host. Severe incidence (14-52%) of these scarabaeid grubs caused great economic losses and hampered the production of quality seedlings required for routine plantation programme by the State Forest Department.
This paper discusses studies conducted in two phases. Phase I was to understand the preliminary biology in laboratory and field, viz., monitoring of adults (beetles) in relation to the meteorological factors, duration of activity, beetle and white grub density, host range in the specific area, management related experiments including photosensitivity of beetles. Phase II focussed on strategic integration of best feasible and economical methods for management of these scarab species within sustainable limits, under the globally accepted concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
The nematode, Deladenus (=Beddingia) siricidicola, represents the cornerstone of Sirex noctilio biological control programs across the Southern Hemisphere. There is, however, significant variation in its efficacy in different
regions. In this review, we consider emerging issues related to the biology and handling of the nematode that might influence
its efficacy in biological control systems. Most practical aspects concerning the handling of D. siricidicola have been streamlined over the past half-century and these appear to be very efficient. However, large gaps remain in our
knowledge about some key aspects of the biology of D. siricidicola. For example, very little is known regarding the evolution of virulence in the nematode populations, and the consequent evolution
of resistance in S. noctilio populations. Furthermore, the levels of diversity in D. siricidicola and its ability to adapt to fungal, wasp and environmental variation are poorly understood. In this regard, new collections
and storage of native populations of the Deladenus spp. are critical for the future research and management of this key biological control agent of S. noctilio.
Dichomera versiformis sp. nov. on living leaves of Eucalyptus nitens is described and illustrated. The fungus is distinguished from other known species of the genus Dichomera by its conidia varying in shape from subglobose, obovoid or obpyriform to elongated clavate or ellipsoid. The differences between D. versiformis and similar species are discussed.
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