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Influence of Feed Type on Egg Production of Tswana Laying Chicken
Abstract
The experiment was done at estate management Unit in Sebele, Gaborone. Ten 23 weeks old laying Tswana chickens were bought from a local farmer and divided into two groups of five each, using complete randomized design. Group one was fed on layer mash and the other group was fed on composite local feed which was a mixture of sorghum, maize and sunflower traditionally used as a supplementary feed under free range system in Botswana. All layers were dewormed using Piperazine and treated with oxytetrazine to present disease. 250g of feed and 200ml of water were provided ad-libitum . The layers were individually caged to monitor daily feed and water intake. Collection and weighing of eggs were done every day for 90 days. Tswana layers fed on layers mash produced on average five eggs per week while those on composite local feed produced one egg per week that is 400% more production on layers compared to local supplementary feed.
... The PESA recommended the use of homemade feed based on easily accessible ingredients in rural projects (PESA, 2005;PESA, 2007;PESA, 2010). Although there is precedent for egg production based on homemade feed (Aganga et al., 2003;Cahuec-Maas, 2017;Mutayoba et al., 2012), to our knowledge, the respective information is scarce in Mexico. A recommendation of homemade feed should be based on the information about the nutritional needs of the birds, the local availability of ingredients, their nutritional quality (Chadd, 2008), and a systematic evaluation of their effect on the productive performance of the animals (Soler and Fonseca, 2011). ...
... In addition, this disadvantage, when compared to the hens treated with COM was significant in 36.4% of the study period. The lowest EP in the hens treated with CAS coincides with the findings by Aganga et al. (2003) and Cahuec-Maas (2017), who observed that non-industrial birds fed with homemade feed (13.5 and 11% CP, respectively) reached only 20 and 86% of the production observed in birds that received commercial feed, for each case. In contrast, Mutayoba et al. (2012) did not find differences in the number of eggs produced when local birds were fed with commercial feed (14.6% CP/2604 kcal EM kg 1 ) or homemade feed (15.5 % AGRO PRODUCTIVIDAD CP/3620 kcal EM kg 1 ). ...
... The eggs produced by the hens fed homemade feed weighed less than the eggs from the hens fed with the commercial feed, and this difference between treatments varied from 4.9 to 8.0%. This result agrees with what was reported by Aganga et al. (2003), who observed that the eggs of local hens fed with homemade feed (13.5% CP) were 5% lighter than those produced by birds fed with commercial feed (16.0% CP). ...
Objective: To evaluate two types of concentrate (homemade and commercial), in laying percentage (LP, %), weight (EW, g), and egg mass (EM, g bird-1 d-1), among hens in a cage-free system. Methodology: Sixty hens aged 37 weeks (Rhode Island Red and Barred Plymouth Rock) were assigned two treatments: COM, 150 g of commercial concentrate bird-1 d-1and CAS, 150 g of homemade concentrate bird-1 d-1. The birds were managed in a cage-free system with access to a meadow of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). LP, EW and EM were evaluated for 11 weeks. Results: LP was different between treatments (P<0.05) in the last four weeks of observation. In this time, the COM birds laid 17 to 24% more than CAS birds. The EW produced by birds from the COM group (59.1 to 60.7 g) was greater (P<0.05) than that of the CAS birds (55.0 to 57.0 g). In the second half of the study period, a lower EM (P<0.05) was observed in the CAS treatment (24.7 to 31.8 g bird-1 d-1) compared to the COM treatment (39.7 to. 41.8 bird-1 d-1). Study Implications: The results obtained are only valid for the types of concentrate evaluated and under the specified experimental conditions. Conclusions: The homemade concentrate reduces the productive performance of hens in a cage-free system in terms of LP, EW, and EM, when compared to the commercial concentrate.
... The nutritional stress posed by the change in quality and quantity of the available grass species with change in seasons necessitate this shift. However, the available conventional feed resources are costly and competed for [4]. ...
... Three syringes were considered blank as they were buffered with only buffered rumen fluid. The syringes were agitated every 2 h, the volume of gas produced was recorded after 2,4,8,16,24,48,72, and 96 h of incubation. The values were corrected for the blanks and were expressed in mL per 200 mg of DM. ...
The negative effect of waste from agricultural activities on man and animals had continued to be worrisome. This research inquired into the benefits of banana by-products silage (BBPs) supplemented with different substrates and urea. Samples of BBPs (banana peels, leaves, pseudostem and stalk) were cut, dried and bulked to formulate eight treatment (silage) groups namely; BBPs without additives (high moisture material 80–90%), BBPs treated with urea (2.5% of fresh weight), BBPs treated with wheat straw (20% of fresh weight), BBPs treated with wheat bran (20% of fresh weight), BBPs treated with alfalfa (20% of fresh weight), BBPs treated with wheat straw and urea, BBPs treated with wheat bran and urea and BBPs treated with alfalfa and urea arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement using completely randomized design. Results indicated that addition of different absorbents and urea significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the chemical composition. Highest crude protein and NH3–N contents were observed in silage with “urea and alfalfa”. Different absorbents and urea significantly (P < 0.05) influenced gas production from insoluble fraction (b), gas production rate constant for insoluble fraction (c), organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy. Highest values for b and organic matter digestibility were obtained in BBPs silage with both “urea and alfalfa”. It can be inferred from this study that anaerobic fermentation of ensiling-treated banana wastes have an appreciable level of nutrient and can be adopted in livestock feeding. Moreover, it will reduce or eliminate danger (on both man and animals) posed by these waste on the environment.
... In Lesotho, indigenous chickens remain predominant in the rural areas regardless of the introduction of exotic birds. Indigenous chickens have low output expressed in terms of low egg production, small egg size, slow growth rates and poor survival rate of chicks (Aganga et al., 2003). ...
... rences in the quality of the manufactured feeds sold in the market. It is important therefore, to ensure that quality compound feeds with appropriate nutritional values capable of achieving efficient production performance are patronized by the farmers. Mohamed and Talha (2013), Desalew, et. al. (2013), Sogunle, et. al. (2014), Martin et. el. (2009), Aganga et. al. (2003, Ayorinde, et. al. (2012) and Chehraghi (2013) also conducted research in the area of the effect of feeds on the growth of poultry birds. ...
This study compared two different types of poultry feeds namely, Vital feed and Top feed commonly used in rearing birds in order to determine which of them is preferred over the other. The data used are the weights (in kg) of 100 randomly selected 6-weeks broilers that were fed on the two poultry feeds. A crossover design was used to conduct the experiment. Analysis of variance and direct assay methods were used to analyze the research data. The study revealed through the analysis of variance method that there is no significant difference between the effects of the two feeds under study on the weight of the poultry birds. Moreover, the bio-assay analysis revealed that even though the effects of the feeds on the weights of the poultry birds were insignificant, it is clear that Vital feed is more effective than Top feed in improving the weight of the poultry birds. Furthermore, it was recommended that Vital feed should be used over Top feed in rearing 6-weeks broilers since it's effect on the weights of the birds is more significant.
... Despite the important role of chickens, indigenous chickens are generally considered to have poor genetic potential for both egg and meat production. Indigenous chickens have low output expressed in terms of low egg production, small egg size and low growth rates (Aganga et al 2003). ...
Study was conducted at agropoastorial kabale of Beyagelech, Benchmaji Zone, South nation and
nationality region of Ethiopia between June 24, 2017 and September 23, 2017 G.C for three
months. The objective of this study was to evaluate and demonstrate Potchefstroom Koekoek
determining the effect of different level of feeding. On farm Ninety-nine chickens were randomly
allocated to three feeding treatments at RCBD design based on PRG approach where there is 25
agropastorialist in the group, from which 1 is chairman, 1 secretary and 23 members. Proportion
of male with female headed household is equal. Training was given for agropastorialist and
extension members separately on chicken management, feeding protocol, health status inspection,
data recording, Monitoring and follow up of trial.
There was significant difference in: - first egg laying age: T1(161), T2(175) &T3(179); mean daily
egg laying percentage: T1(63%), T2(53%)&T3(42%); mean weight of egg at 33 weeks / hen:
T1(46gm), T2(41.2gm) &T3(40gm); total feed intake: T1(10.8kg), T2(9.45kg) &T3(8.1kg), feed
conversion rate: T1(3.2), T2(2.65) &T3(1.8) and mean final body weight at 33 weeks/chick:
T1(2.2kg), T2(1.8kg) &T3(1.7kg). But there is no significance difference between treatments on
mean mortality. Mean body weight of male at 33 Week were: T1 (2.1kg), T2 (1.7kg) &T3 (1.6kg);
Mean body weight of female at 21 Week: T1 (1.5kg), T2 (1.1kg) &T3 (1kg). In PRG role of female
had high percentage of contribution than male at: -feeding (52%), providing water (60%),
cleaning chicken house/shelter (64%) and follow up (52%).But health care is mostly by male
(56%) than female (44%).Total profit obtained at three months per 99 chicken feed
T1(5,001.7birr), T2(2,644 birr) &T3(1,276 and 45/100 birr).
In general Potchefstroom Koekoek chickens feed T1=120 g/day/chickens groups had better record
than T2=105 g/day/ chickens and T3=90 g/day/ chickens. Therefore, it is concluded that feeding
at 120g/day/Koekoek chicken is the best feeding level at agropastorialist management. Thus
feeding T1=120g/day/chicken is useful because of improving production profitability of rearing
chicken at small scale farm of agropoastorial management.
... However, Adomako et al., (2014) found higher egg weights in naked neck local-exotic crossbred chickens. Small egg size is a characteristic of indigenous tropical fowl breeds and this may be an adaptation to the tropical climate (Smith, 1974;Aganga, Tshwenyane and Molefhe, 2003). Egg production traits are quantitative in nature with a continuum between high and low-performing birds (Zaman, Sørensen and Howlider, 2004;Chatterjee et al., 2008). ...
Egg production performance of 571 local Ghanaian chickens and 107 SASSO T44 chickens kept under improved management conditions were analysed. Average egg weight, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined for the three experimental chicken ecotypes. Hen-day production was significantly (
P
< 0.05) higher in the savannah local chicken ecotype than the forest ecotype and SASSO T44 chickens. Egg weights of local Ghanaian chickens compared favourably with values reported for local chickens in Africa. On the average, SASSO T44 had significantly (
P
< 0.05) higher egg weights and feed intake compared with the local chicken ecotypes. The local chicken ecotypes on the other hand, had significantly (
P
< 0.05) better feed conversion ratios than SASSO T44 chicken. Local Ghanaian chicken ecotypes have a more efficient FCR per every unit of egg produced compared with the control population. Low feed intake, good feed conversion ratios and adaptation to the environment are traits local chicken harbour which can be exploited in future breeding programmes to improve on chicken meat and egg production in Ghana. Ghanaian local chickens could thus be a valuable genetic resource for the development of an efficient egg production chicken breed adaptable to the humid tropical climates.
... However,Adomako et al., (2014)found higher egg weights in naked neck local-exotic crossbred chickens. Small egg size is a characteristic of indigenous tropical fowl breeds and this may be an adaptation to the tropical climate (Smith, 1974;Aganga, Tshwenyane and Molefhe, 2003). Egg production traits are quantitative in nature with a continuum between high and low-performing birds (Zaman,Sørensen and Howlider, 2004;Chatterjee et al., 2008).Differences in egg production and quality exist between different strains of laying hens (Grobas et al., 2001;Anderson, 2002). ...
The existence of sexual dimorphism in the Minorcan horse, an autochthonous breed from Minorca Island in the Balearic archipelago (NW Mediterranean Sea), is established in the official standard, with females being shorter and longer than males as well as having slenderer necks and a squarer croup. However, no study so far has explored the size and shape components of this dimorphism separately. The aim of this study was to analyse the morphology of this breed using geometric morphometric methods in order to find size and shape differences between sire lines. The analysis was based on landmarks digitized in lateral view from 38 registered adult Minorcan horses (20 males and 18 females) within an age range of 3 –14 years (average 7 years) with different performance goals. The analyses did not reveal any significant differences between the “shape” and “size” of male and female animals, for the landmarks studied, so the sexes are functionally similar.
A research experiment was conducted throughout 2009-2010 season. The research studied during 150 days the indicators of the sexual maturity age and the egg quantity, weight and productivity of 169 local hens which belong to the second generation F2 selected from the first generation flock F1. The research results indicated that:
- The age of sexual maturity was 195 days.
- The egg quantity during the studied period of the whole studied flock was 86,94 eggs with a monthly average of 17,39 eggs, while it was 99,59 eggs in the selected hens for producing F3 with a monthly average 19,92 eggs.
- The egg weight average of the whole experiment flock was 49,75 g, while the average of the selected hens was 50,29 g.
- The egg productivity average of the whole experiment flock was 0,58 egg/hen/day, while it was 0,66 egg/hen/day in the selected hens.
The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of provitamin A biofortified maize (PABM) diet, sex and age of birds on the haematological and serum biochemistry parameters of indigenous chickens. A total of ninety-six 13 week old male and female Ovambo chickens were reared and fed on either white maize (WM) a low vitamin A diet or a PABM based diet for eight weeks. Each diet was replicated four times. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte concentration (RBC), leucocytes concentration (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured. Albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), total proteins (TP), triglycerides (TRI), cholesterol (CHOLES), uric acid (UA) and creatinine (CREAT) concentrations were assessed. The activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) alkaline phosphate (ALP) and aspartate transaminanse (AST) were also assayed. The PABM diet increased (p<0.05) PCV and WBC of female birds. All mean values for the haematological parameters regardless of the age, sex and diets were within the normal range. Age had an effect (p<0.05) on ALT, TP, GLOB, TRI and UA. Sex of the birds significantly influenced the TP, GLOB, ALB, CREAT and TRI levels. There was significant interaction of diet and age of bird on ALP, ALT, and GLOB concentrations. The cholesterol level in 18 weeks old male birds fed on the WM diet was above the normal range. In conclusion, feeding PABM diet to female and male indigenous chickens will not negatively impact on the health status of indigenous chickens.
Two studies were conducted. The first study evaluated the production potential of indigenous (Tswana) chickens under an extensive free-range management system in the Gaborone agricultural region of Botswana. The second study was a survey of 25 randomly selected, commercial small-scale broiler farms in the Southern region of Botswana. Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire, interviews and direct observations of the birds and their management in the two systems. Study 1 involved 85 farmers. Ten different common supplementary feeds fed to the free-range chickens together with soil samples from where the chickens roost were collected. The feeds were: sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor), maize grain (Zea mays), jugo bean, also known as bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verda), tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius), millet grain (Pennisetum glaucum), melon seeds (Colocynthis citrullus L), Tswana water melon fruit (whole), sorghum milo, maize bran and sorghum beer residue (moroko). Mean adult body weight of the birds (n=713) was 2.2 and 2.0 kg for cocks and hens respectively. Average egg weight (n=188) was 48 g with an annual production of 34 eggs laid in 2 to 3 clutches. Production varied little among flocks. .Sexual maturity was attained at about 6 months for females. The crude protein content of the feeds (as-fed basis) given as supplements was: maize grain 9.8%, millet 6.5%, sorghum 11.1%, tepary bean 18.5% and jugo bean 15.8%. All the feeds had a low level of calcium, for example 0.22 % for melon seeds. The farmers kept the chickens for home consumption and occasional sales. In study 2, all the farmers practiced intensive housing on deep litter. The number and size of the poultry houses ranged from one to eight, with floor area of less than 100m2 to 1,000m2. Numbers of chickens in each batch ranged from less than 1000 to 10,000 with about 4 batches in a year. The broiler strains were Ross hybrid, Indian River and Cobb with 56% of the farmers keeping Ross hybrid. Various heating methods were used for brooding with more than 40% using gas as a source of heat. Vaccinations for either gumboro and / or Newcastle were used by 76% of the farmers. Feed was provided ad libitum in all instances.
Expeller-pressed, sunflower-cake samples, with and without hulls, had metabolisable energy contents of 12.74 ± 0.71 and 16.24 ± 0.84 MJ/kg, respectively, in diets of single comb, White Leghorn layers. Over a 40-week period, layer diets based on sunflower cake alone or a mixture (50:50, on nitrogen basis) of sunflower- and groundnut-cakes gave higher egg production, feed intake, feed efficiency and egg weight than diets based on groundnut cake alone. These differences were more marked at 12% than at 16 or 14% dietary protein levels. Effects of oil cakes on albumen height or yolk colour were not significant. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were similar on groundnut- and sunflower-cake diets.
A survey of small-scale poultry production in an urban and two agropastoral systems covered 381 households. Less detailed information was also obtained from a small sample in a transhumant pastoral system. More households owned poultry in the rice (89.5%) than in the millet (81.1%) or urban (57.1%) systems. Domestic fowl were commonest in all systems followed by pigeons, Guinea fowl and then ducks, although the last were absent from the millet zone. Most families kept only one species but there was more diversification in the rice system. Flock sizes were largest in the rice system for fowls, Guinea fowl and pigeons while duck flocks averaged more birds in the urban area. Females predominated in all species except pigeons where sex ratios were about equal. Management practices in relation to housing, feeding, health care and consumption and marketing are described. Productivity figures relating to egg production, egg size, hatchability, growth and mortality are provided.
The decline in egg weight which occurs at high environmental temperatures (above 26°C) is due mainly to the effect of heat stressper se and not to the effect of diminished feed intake. This is particularly true in the case of the egg shell component, the reduction in thickness of which is apparently due to alkalosis of the blood caused by the loss of excessive amounts of carbon dioxide by panting. The reduction in weight of albumen and yolk is also due mainly to heat stressper se but the explanation of the mechanism involved awaits further investigation.