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A First Course in Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Eds)
Abstract
Graph., tabl., bibl.
... However, using Monte Carlo analysis needs to determine the minimum sample size to ensure the statistical power and accuracy of parameter estimation. Line (2005) and Raykov (2006) gave suggestions on sample size. The absolute sample size is not less than 200, and the ratio of sample size to the number of variables is greater than 10 [66,67]. ...
... Line (2005) and Raykov (2006) gave suggestions on sample size. The absolute sample size is not less than 200, and the ratio of sample size to the number of variables is greater than 10 [66,67]. The estimation of the minimum sample size is affected by the type, quantity and distribution of observed variables. ...
Rural revitalisation in China relies heavily on the rural residential environment and is vital to the well-being of farmers. The governance of rural human settlements is a kind of public good. The external economy of governance results in the free-riding behaviour of some farmers, which does not entice farmers to participate in governance. However, current research seldom considers the public good of rural human settlements governance. This research is based on the pure public goods attribute of rural human settlements governance. It begins with government information and, using structural equation modelling (SEM), researchers construct the influence mechanism of government information, attitude, attention, and participation ability on the depth of farmers’ participation. The empirical results show that ability, attention, and attitude all have a dramatic positive influence on the depth of farmers’ participation, and the degree of impact gradually becomes weaker. Additionally, government information stimulus is not enough to promote farmers’ deep participation in governance. It needs to rely on intermediary variables to indirectly affect the depth of participation (ability, attention, attitude), and there is a path preference for the influence of government information on the depth of participation. As an important organisation in the management of rural areas, the village committee can significantly adjust the effect of the degree of attention on the depth of participation of farmers. Therefore, the government not only needs to provide farmers with reliable and useful information, but also needs to combine necessary measures to guide farmers to participate in the governance of rural human settlements.
... When we examine PISA 2015 results for Mexican students, out of 214 students placed at levels 4 and 5 (cognitive levels 5 and 6), the first plausible value of each of the three scientific competencies were selected as indicators for the latent Science Competencies variable, which was the variable used as a predictor in the structural regression model (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2000) tested with the EQS 6.4 program. The three indicators for scientific competencies are: Explain phenomena scientifically Science Competencies (PV1SCEP), Evaluate and design scientific enquiry (PV1SCED), and Interpret data and evidence scientifically (PV1SCID). ...
... This restricted model included 4 mediating variables. Thus, we obtained a mixed analysis model which simultaneously tested interactions between latent variables, between manifest variables, and between latent and manifest variables (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2000). ...
Traditionally secondary studies on achievement on Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA) tests point to the significant impact of socioeconomic status and cultural backgrounds of families as well as the role of parental involvement, which in some cases has had a negative impact on achievement. For this article, a model of structural regression was tested, with structural modelling software. This model included the following factors: domestic and educational assets, parental support for students, parents' perceptions about science, and science competencies among 214 high performing Mexican students on PISA tests in 2015. This resulted in a structural regression model with a goodness of fit, where science competencies were a positive significant variable, impacted by domestic and educational assets and parental involvement. An additional restricted model with four variables manifested as mediators, revealed that science competencies were predicted positively and significantly by domestic and educational assets, and by the manifest parental emotional support variable. Variables related to ownership of educational and cultural assets and resources, as well as parental support, particularly emotional parental support, have positive and significant impact on science competencies.
... Regarding the distribution of the questionnaire, the researchers utilized Google Survey and hardcopy to send and record the answers. A sample size of 368 qualified to testify the statistical significance, calculated as the number of free parameters in each model was multiplied by 10. 41 The sample had diverse backgrounds regarding gender, age, and education. Specifically, male respondents accounted for 51.1% of the responses while female respondents accounted for 48.9%. ...
... Positive recommendations from inpatients also improve in-patient revisit intentions, as supported by previous research on healthcare. [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] This result might suggest that in the case of financial resource constraints, managers should prioritize social influence to enhance CPV and customer satisfaction, attracting them to purchase private healthcare treatment in the first place. For instance, private hospitals should concentrate on loyalty programs, such as discounts for family members or social media marketing. ...
Purpose:
Recent literature on healthcare quality demands more contextualized and patient-perspective research, as models from developed countries are not suitable for developing countries. Moreover, research on private healthcare services in Vietnam has long been underestimated by academia, but it has significant economic and commercial value. Hence, this study explores the dimensions of service quality in private healthcare and how they impact in-patient satisfaction, perceived value, and customer loyalty in Vietnam.
Methods:
This mixed-method study had a sample size of five inpatients for the qualitative phase and 368 inpatients for the quantitative phase from hospitals in Vietnam. The qualitative analysis explores service quality dimensions in private healthcare and incorporates them with the literature to develop a conceptual model. The quantitative phase tests the relationship between each construct in the conceptual model via structural equation modeling.
Results:
The four dimensions of service quality were emotion, function, social influence, and trust. Most of these dimensions have a significant impact on customer perceived value and satisfaction. However, emotion does not significantly influence customer perceived value, and function does not considerably impact customer satisfaction. In addition, social influence is an underrepresented variable in the service quality literature, but it has the most substantial impact on customer perceived value and customer satisfaction. The quantitative results also confirm that customer satisfaction and customer perceived value significantly impact customer loyalty (word-of-mouth and revisit intention); however, customer perceived value does not significantly impact customer satisfaction.
Conclusion:
The study suggests that private healthcare providers and the government in Vietnam should allocate resources to improve service quality. Practitioners should invest in social branding and e-services to reach out to their customers. Future research should focus on a cost-benefit analysis and compare the effectiveness of service quality dimensions on customer behavioral intention.
... YEM, gözlemlenen değişkenlerdeki ölçüm hatalarını dikkate alan hassas bir mekanizmaya sahip bir tekniktir. Klasik regresyon analizlerinde göz ardı edilen bu durum, regresyon tahminlerini yanıltıcı kılmakta ve araştırmacıyı yanlış sonuçlara götürebilmektedir (Raykov-Marcoulides, 2000). Bu da YEM'i üstün kılan özelliklerden biridir. ...
... İçsel değişken, dışsal değişkenin etkisi altındadır. Bir değişken aynı anda hem içsel hem de dışsal olarak yer alabilmektedir (Raykov-Marcoulides, 2000). Bu da YEM'in bir diğer üstün özelliğidir. ...
Sustainable development has become a common goal of all countries throughout the world and become a manifesto in which the steps to be taken in this direction are determined together. The main goal of these steps taken to meet the needs of the current generation without depriving future generations of their ability to meet their own needs is to ensure intergenerational solidarity. Preserving the integrity of the earth's ecosystem is extremely important for the continuation of current and future life. Now, countries have to reduce unconscious resource consumption in order not to endanger the present and future of the world. In this respect, it is important to determine policies that do not ignore environmental effects in the realization of economic development goals. In this article, the impact of the environmental performances of the world's countries on sustainable development is examined. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between the environmental performance index indicator, which evaluates the environmental achievements of the world's countries, and the sustainable development index indicator. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was preferred as the analysis technique. In this context, 154 world countries which are included in the Environmental Performance Index 2020 report and whose data can be fully obtained were examined. The results of the analysis show that the impact of environmental performance on sustainable development is positive and strong. The results are consistent with the empirical literature and reveal the importance of environmental achievements within the sustainable development of countries.
ÖZET
Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, tüm dünya ülkelerinin ortak bir hedefi ve bu yönde atılacak adımların birlikte belirlendiği bir manifesto haline gelmiştir. Gelecek nesilleri, kendi ihtiyaçlarını karşılama kabiliyetlerinden mahrum bırakmadan, mevcut neslin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaya yönelik atılan bu adımların en temel hedefi, nesiller arası dayanışmanın sağlanmasıdır. Dünya ekosisteminin bütünlüğünün korunması, mevcut ve gelecek yaşamın devamı için son derece önemlidir. Artık ülkeler, dünyanın bugününü ve geleceğini tehlikeye atmamak için bilinçsizce kaynak tüketimini azaltmak zorundadırlar. Bu açıdan ekonomik kalkınma hedeflerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde, çevresel etkileri göz ardı etmeyen politikaların belirlenmesi önemlidir. Bu makalede, dünya ülkelerinin çevresel performanslarının, sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerindeki etkisi incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, dünya ülkelerinin çevresel anlamda elde ettikleri başarılarının değerlendirildiği çevresel performans endeksi göstergesi ile sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi göstergesi arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektir. Analiz tekniği olarak Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) tercih edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, Çevresel Performans Endeksi 2020 raporuna dâhil olan ve verisine tam olarak ulaşılabilen 154 dünya ülkesi incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, çevresel performansın, sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerindeki etkisinin pozitif yönde ve güçlü olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar ampirik literatürle tutarlıdır ve ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınmalarında, çevresel başarılarının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
... Nonetheless, the possibility of the occurrence of multicollinearity is very rare in research if a proper sample size is picked. Raykov & Marcoulides (2006) write that the presence of multicollinearity in the model can easily lead to unstable regression coefficient estimates. So when multicollinearity exists in a data set, the data is considered deficient. ...
... In total, 401 samples were used to test the structural model,. The value of the fitting indicators and the judgment standard [50,56,57] of the modified model are shown in Table 3. Note that the p value of some path coefficients is not significant (see Table 4 for details). ...
... The g ij values gauge the effects that these exogenous intangible variables may have, while the ij values measure the effects (Escobedo Portillo et al. 2016). Confirmatory factor analysis involves testing a pre-established model, in which the researcher defines the entire set of interactions among its components, to explain one or more latent dimensions based on observable data (Raykov and Marcoulides 2006). Precision measures like the NFI and CFI range from 0 (indicating a poor fit) to 1 (indicating a good fit) for optimizing structural equation model (SEM) models (perfect fit). ...
... In the data analysis, SEM was implemented due to its theoretical foundation that emphasizes the relationship between latent variables and observable variables. SEM utilizes both a measurement model and a structural model to establish the causal links between variables [48,49]. To assess the suitability of the data for the SEM approach, various statistical techniques were employed, including factor analysis, path analysis, and regression models. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted railway transportation in developing countries, resulting in reduced passenger demand and economic activity. As a result of the pandemic effect, there is an increased focus on health and safety among potential passengers. To address this issue, the present study aimed to investigate the fundamental factors that contribute to railway transportation service quality (SERVQUAL) and the intention to use intercity train services in Thailand using the health belief model (HBM), with 1600 passenger participants using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings demonstrated that train operators’ service standards remain vital to passengers, and the HBM had a statistically significant impact on shaping passengers’ intentions to use train services after an epidemic. These results can inform rail agencies and health authorities when developing policies and strategies to prioritize both business and passenger safety on intercity trains.
... Raikov and Marcoulides [90]; Marôco [87]; Kline [91] and Rodrigues, Alves, and Silva [92] defined the structural equations model as two sub models; a measurement sub model, often used to examine patterns of interrelationships between various constructs, in which each construct included in the model is usually measured by a set of observed indicators (Questions); a structural regression model, similar to confirmatory factor analysis models, except that they also postulate particular relationships between the constructs (regressions), rather than considering them merely interconnected. ...
Our work is one of the rare studies that sought to verify the relationship between green supply chain management practices and environmental performance in companies in an emerging Latin American market. We surveyed in the specialized literature on environmental management and green supply chain management (GSCM) for practices were most cited and can influence this relationship. From this review, an e-survey was constructed and answered by 79 environmental or supply chain/logistics managers from the surveyed sample. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the adoption of green supply chain management practices and the environmental performance of the companies. We found that GSCM practices: environmental management with total quality (GSCM4), cooperation with suppliers to achieve environmental management objectives (GSCM7), and cross-functional cooperation for environmental improvements (GSCM3), in this order. These are the main GSCM practices that influence the environmental performance in the surveyed companies. Thus, our study adds relevant information to the specialized literature and for the decision-making of managers, professionals, and government working in this area of study.
... The Tolerance figure for all variables is above the threshold of 0.1. Raykov & Marcoulides (2006) suggest that even VIF digits are below 10. Hence, the result made clear that there is no presence of multicollinearity. ...
Purpose: Several studies have empirically investigated and measured firm growth in different aspects. Yet, no studies in Tanzania took advantage of enterprise surveys from World bank micro data to explore the effect of contingent and institutional factors on the firm's revenue growth. This paper will fill the gap by linking revenue growth with contingent and institutional factors. Methodology: By adopting the combined data sets from the World bank enterprise survey in 2006 and 2013, this paper regresses revenue growth measured by the log percentage change of sales against different kinds of contingent and institutional factors using Pooled Ordinary Least Square model. Findings: On average, contingent factors such as competition, small size and corruption positively affect revenue growth. Moreover, firms owned by a female, pressure from government regulations, tax rates, access to finance and skilled workforce are institutional factors significantly affecting the firms' revenue growth. The robust results indicate that these factors affect firms in the service industry more. Practical implications: The paper recommends that the government should have a mutual talk with firms' owners and review the regulations for firms' operations. Financial institutions should take an opportunity by giving loans to service firms to boost their liquidity, ultimately improving their revenue. Also, firms should construct a good recruitment policy that will enable them to hire skilled workers. Originality/Value: This paper used an updated World bank enterprise survey on firms in Tanzania cities. The results are robust to different categories of firms' sectors and industries.
... Each SEM has many latent variables, and the attributes of latent variables should meet the requirements of both validity and reliability (Raykov and Marcoulides, 2006). In order to ensure the suitability, validity, and reliability of the model, SPSS software was used for statistical analysis of the collected questionnaire data. ...
Talent is one of the most significant factors to promote the development of sports undertakings. The present study aimed to explore the factors affecting the identification of sports talents in China's physical education curriculum. Based on the literature review, this study puts forward a model to examine the influencing factors of sports talent identification in China's physical education curriculum using structural equation modeling and uses the structural equation modeling and factor analysis method to verify the hypothesis combined with the results of 310 effective questionnaires. The article summarizes influencing factors from four aspects, namely, physical, psychological, coach, and environmental factors. On the basis of relevant literature, the hypothesis model was established by structural equation modeling. The results show that the main factors affecting the identification of sports talents in the physical education curriculum are personal physical quality performance, psychological quality, coach's knowledge, and the identification policies of schools to sports talents. The conclusion of this study can provide guidance for the reform of the physical education curriculum, the growth of sports talents, and the development of sports talents in China.
... In total, 401 samples were used to test the structural model,. The value of the fitting indicators and the judgment standard [50,56,57] of the modified model are shown in Table 3. Note that the p value of some path coefficients is not significant (see Table 4 for details). ...
As college students bear little energy cost of public buildings on campus, information intervention is more feasible than economic intervention to augment the energy-saving intention of college students. College students are sensitive to environmental information; thus, building energy consumption information, which reflects the energy consumption levels of the environment where students live, may be effective to promote the energy-saving intention of college students. However, the changeable cognitive structure of college students makes it difficult to predict the cognitive results of building energy consumption information. Based on social cognitive theory and theory of planned behavior, this paper reveals the impacts of building energy consumption information on energy-saving intentions of college students from the perspective of perceived value and personal norms. The conclusions are: (1) The impacts are positive and indirect; (2) the impacts are realized through the path “perceived benefit—perceived value—intention” and “perceived benefit & risk—personal norm—intention”; (3) the perceived value and personal norm independently affect energy-saving intention; and (4) the effect of perceived benefits is the most obvious. Based on the above results, we put forward a series of policy suggestions, with the aim to enhance the positive effect of building energy consumption information on college students.
... Fragebogenkonstruktion sollten weithin eindimensionale Skalen resultieren. In diesem Fall ist, wie oben gesagt, Cronbachs α ein zulässiger Kennwert (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2019). Ist zusätzlich zur Eindimensionalität noch die die strenge Bedingung gegeben, dass alle Items vergleichbar hoch laden, dann gilt α = ω. ...
Viele Methodenbücher sind leider staubtrocken geschrieben und zudem noch voll von mathematischen Ableitungen und Formeln. Dieses Studienbuch ist bewusst anders. Statt Kaffeesatzleserei bietet es praxisrelevantes Wissen. Es zeigt außergewöhnlich verständlich, wie man empirische Untersuchungen liest, sachkundig interpretiert und kritisch bewertet. Es bedient sich dabei einer lockeren und alltagsnahen Sprache. Formeln kommen praktisch nicht vor. Grundlegende empirische Methoden und Konzepte kann man nämlich auch verstehen, wenn man kein Mathefreak oder Statistikguru ist. Die über 100 Beispiele stammen aus dem konkreten Forschungsalltag. Der Blick auf Problemzonen empirischer Forschung wird durch mehr als 160 Fragen geschärft. Diese eignen sich zugleich gut als Leitlinien für eigene empirische Studien. Zu den einzelnen Themen gibt es außerdem kommentierte ein- und weiterführende Literaturhinweise. Die 4. Auflage ist in allen Teilen umfassend überarbeitet und erweitert worden.
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Many method books are unfortunately written dry as dust and are also full of mathematical formulas. This textbook is deliberately different. Instead of coffee-table reading, it offers knowledge that is relevant to practice. It shows in an exceptionally comprehensible way how to read, interpret and critically evaluate empirical studies. It uses a relaxed language that is close to everyday life. Formulas are virtually absent. Basic empirical methods and concepts can be understood even if you are not a math freak or statistics guru. The more than 100 examples are taken from actual everyday research. The view on problem areas of empirical research is sharpened by more than 160 questions. These are also well suited as guidelines for your own empirical studies. In addition, there are annotated introductory and further references to the individual topics. The 4th edition has been extensively revised and expanded in all parts.
... As mentioned, this research employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) for statistical analysis. SEM is widely used to quantify and test substantive theories in many scientific disciplines such as sociology, biology, and economics (55). In an attempt to evaluate the model in this study, PLS was selected as a component-based approach of SEM, which, as claimed by Hsu et al. (2006), is a convenient tool for analyzing quantitative data, particularly for small sample sizes (56). ...
The pharmaceutical industry's performance in the global economy has been affected by the growing competition associated with globalization, economic liberalization, and the trade-related aspect of the intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement. To maintain performance, organizations need to consider strategic foresight (SF) and organizational resilience (OR) to anticipate future trends and survive crises. By proposing a conceptual framework, this study examines the relationship between organizational resilience, strategic foresight, competitive advantage (CA), and firm performance (FP). A conceptual framework was developed to assess the hypotheses in the pharmaceutical industry. Then, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to investigate the relationships quantitatively. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) based on the data generated from 202 completed questionnaires by the pharmaceutical companies in Iran demonstrate that OR, SF, and CA have significant positive impacts on FP. Moreover, CA partially mediates the relationship between OR and FP and also between SF and FP. The findings of this study enrich the existing literature by demonstrating that early detection of environmental change and resilient manner assist Iranian pharmaceutical firms to survive if joining the WTO. This is the first study that examines the direct and indirect effect of OR and SF on the FP, considering the mediating impact of CA. This investigation attempts to address the mechanisms through which OR and SF affect organizational performance, especially in the pharmaceutical industry.
... For factor reliabilities, their R 2 values should be greater than 0.50; their factor weights should be significant; the AVE should exceed 0.50 and greater than the error variances (meaning that the convergent validity is fairly good) [67]. Raykov and Marcoulides [71] specifically note that "t value is greater than +2 or less than -2, the parameter is referred to as significant at the used significance level (typically 0.05)" (p. 33). ...
Scientific insight is a cognitive and behavioral task. Although as a concept or a measure that sounds very familiar, so far not even one tool was found to measure the cognitive behavioral scientific insight (CBSI). Due to the lack of a questionnaire in this field, the researchers aimed to design a cognitive behavioral scientific insight questionnaire (CBSIQ) and to determine its validity. Therefore, the researchers designed the CBSIQ with 105 questions on a five-point Likert scale, and then 205 university faculty members were asked to complete the tool. The faculty members were recruited using stratified sampling and within each stratum using simple random sampling methods. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA). Results show that CBSIQ ended with 33 questions constituting three factors: scientific thinking and applying scientific methods, scientific moral and commitment, and speaking in scientific terms. It is concluded that the CBSIQ is valid with relatively good fit indices. The implication of the CBSIQ is that it provides the key factors to diagnose individuals’ thinking obstacles; it can act as a framework to design instructional packages in order to teach people how to think insightfully and how to solve their problems scientifically or, in other words, how to acquire a scientific insight. Therefore, CBSIQ has the capability to function as a useful tool and as a remedy specifically to diagnose and resolve educational problems.
... However, Sharif et al. (2021) accepted a value of >0.4 [54]. Only one item was removed from Model 2 to achieve an optimum value and at least three items in each domain were preserved in the CFA process [55,56]. ...
Background:
Heatwaves have long been recognised as a serious public health concern. This study was aimed at developing and validating a Malay-version of a questionnaire for evaluating knowledge, risk perception, attitudes, and practices regarding heatwaves.
Method:
The knowledge construct was evaluated with item analysis and internal reliability. The psychometric characteristics, construct and discriminant validity, and internal consistency of the risk perception, attitude and practice constructs were evaluated with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Results:
The 16 items in the knowledge construct had a good difficulty, discrimination, and reliability index of 0.81. A total of 16 items were maintained in EFA with Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 and 0.82, 0.78 and 0.84 obtained for total items and risk perception, attitude, and practice constructs, respectively. A total of 15 items were retained after CFA. The finalised model met the fitness indices threshold. The convergent and discriminant validity were good.
Conclusion:
This newly developed Malay-version KRPAP questionnaire is reliable and valid for assessing Malaysians' knowledge, risk perception, attitudes, and practices regarding heatwaves.
... Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships among social health and health anxiety. Multiple criteria of goodness-of-fit statistics were used in the assessment of model fit ((RMSEA ≤ 0.05), (NFI, NNFI, CFI ≥ 0.90)) (Raykov and Marcoulides, 2012). The level of significance was set at 0.05. ...
Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationships between health anxiety and social health among Health Care Workers exposed to covid-19 in Iran.
Method
The research was an online-survey and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 735 Health Care Workers and health volunteers in Iran from 13 April to 4 May 2020. Three standardized pre-tested questionnaires were used to collect data including social health, health anxiety and corona-related questions. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and Amos 24 software.
Results
The majority of the respondents were males and 51.4%, were married. Fifty-six percent of the participants were employed and 5.1 percent of respondents had covid-19. 52.6% of respondents are satisfied with the government's performance in managing corona virus. 83% of health anxiety changes are explained by social health.
Conclusion
Increasing public awareness, efforts to reduce social anxiety and stress, and improving social functioning and social support can be part of the interventions of health policy makers and social experts.
... Alternative analytical approaches, such as structural equation models (SEM), are more appropriate in this context. SEM allows combined modelling of two pathways simultaneously J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f enabling their direct comparison, while considering potential errors of measurements in all observed variables (dependent and independent) (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). ...
Objective
To examine the pathways between life course socioeconomic position (SEP) and general and oral health, assessing the role of two competing theories, social causation and health selection, on a representative sample of individuals aged 50 years and over in England.
Methods
Secondary analysis from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Wave 3 data (n = 8659). Structural equation models estimated the social causation pathways from childhood SEP to adult self-rated general health and total tooth loss, and the health selection pathways from childhood health to adult SEP.
Results
There were direct and indirect (primarily via education, but also adult SEP, and behavior) pathways from childhood SEP to both health outcomes in older adulthood. There was a direct pathway from childhood health to adult SEP, but no indirect pathway via education. The social causation path total effect estimate was three times larger for self-rated general health and four times larger for total tooth loss than the health selection path respective estimates.
Conclusions
The relationship between SEP and health is bidirectional, but with a clearly stronger role for the social causation pathway.
... It is recommended that a minimum sample size of 200 is required to minimize the bias in the results [54,55]. Other recommendations included a ratio of 10 observations per indicator [56] and the minimum sample size should be at least ten times the number of free parameters in the structural model [57,58]. Considering these recommendations, it was hypothesized that a sample size of around 400 samples would be sufficient to reduce bias in the results and obtain a reliable structural model. ...
The high use of gasoline and diesel vehicles results in environmental pollution and loss of
natural resources. The use of electric vehicles can be socially beneficial and reduce air pollution. In this research study, the main aims are to identify the potential of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Pakistan using a Stated Preferences (SP) survey. An SP questionnaire was designed using the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This questionnaire consisted of travelers’ personal and travel characteristics and various statements designed to address the variables of TPB such as Attitudes Towards the Electric Vehicles, Subjective Norms (SN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and Behavioral Intentions (BI). The behavior items were designed in the context of travelers’ willingness to buy and use EVs. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) were conducted to validate the designed hypotheses related to the variables of TPB. The cross-analysis revealed that there are variations in responses across different occupations, trip distances, travel modes, and vehicle ownership. The developed structural models showed that the Attitudes and PBC have a positive influence on BI and PBC, which also have a direct impact on travelers’ willingness to use EV. The SN, PBC, and Attitudes are significant predictors of behavioral intentions in the willingness to buy EV and PBC is not a direct predictor of travelers’ willingness to buy an EV. The BI acts as a mediator to explain the indirect effects of Attitudes, SN, and PBC on willingness to purchase and use an EV. In the end, a framework is also proposed for the behavior-related interventions to promote the EVs considering the socio-economic context of Pakistan.
... Considering the aforesaid fit indices it can be extrapolated that the KKR Emotion Propelled OCB Model has an editor@iaeme.com adequate fit (Arbuckle, 1997;Bollen, 1986;Brown, 2015;Byrne, 2013;MacCallum, 1986;Preacher, 2003;Raykov and Marcoulides, 2006). ...
The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationships between servant leadership and organizational justice towards OCB. The study also evaluates the legitimacy of OCB in estimating emotional quotient and whether or not it is mediated by social exchange. This study comprehends the subsisting research gaps in the literature by studying the recommendations from previous studies and through extending the introspection on OCB among IT professionals towards organizational backdrop. A questionnaire is employed as a research instrument to collect the data from the respondents. Standardized questionnaires are modified to Indian context and used as research instrument. Multi-stage random sampling technique that belongs to the category of probability sampling is applied to choose the potential unbiased respondents into the sample. Eliminating and revising double-barreled, ambiguous, and misleading statements, 231 completely filled questionnaires remained at a response rate of 83.69%. The results of multiple linear regression observed that among the servant leadership and organizational justice variables-emotional healing, creating value, helping subordinates, procedural justice, interpersonal justice, and informational justice are significant with OCB. The conceptual framework-"KKR Emotion Propelled OCB Model" that integrates all the ascertained attributes determining OCB is suggested. Managerial implications and
... El análisis factorial exploratorio, el cálculo de las consistencias internas (α y ω) y de los índices de complejidad de Hofmann (1978) se realizaron con la ayuda del paquete psych de Revelle (2019). A través del paquete lavaan de Rosseel (2012), se desarrolló el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) para realizar un análisis de sendero (Kline, 2015;Martín & Fernández, 1978;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006) y el posterior análisis de invarianza factorial. Todos los paquetes mencionados forman parte del software R de Core Team (2020) y, para todos los cálculos indicados, se utilizó el valor de probabilidad p ≤ .05. ...
El Covid-19 no sólo es una enfermedad contagiosa, sino el causante del así llamado estrés por pandemia. Además, la cuarentena obligatoria que se impuso con el fin de disminuir el riesgo de contagio modificó la cotidianidad de las personas, diluyendo así los límites entre las rutinas familiares y laborales. Con el objetivo de determinar las relaciones entre los estresores vitales, la sintomatología depresiva y ansiosa, y los efectos amortiguadores de los recursos sociales, se utilizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para realizar un análisis de sendero. Por Internet, se recolectó una muestra argentina de 637 individuos, de los cuales 182 cumplían con los requisitos de inclusión que comprendían estar con una pareja formal, estar conviviendo con hijos y encontrarse trabajando. Se determinó que la pareja como recurso consistió en el principal factor que puede reducir el riesgo de que se desarrollen síntomas depresivos y/o ansiosos. Los estresores de la pandemia y los hijos como estresores tienen las asociaciones más considerables con la ansiedad y, por otro lado, las siguientes variables tienen las correlaciones más destacadas con la depresión: la pareja como estresor, los conflictos familia-trabajo y los estresores de la pandemia. Se concluye que, aunque los estresores de la pandemia están significativamente correlacionados con la depresión y ansiedad, la pareja consiste en la variable clave por sus asociaciones con los síntomas analizados en el presente estudio.
... While other fit indices showed values well under the criteria, this comparison should be considered as a measurement invariance. A justification is that a relatively huge sample size might result in the high possibility of test values on chi-square [42]. The sample sizes in the current study are 228 and 215. ...
The Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL 1.5–5) is applied to identify emotional and behavioral problems on children with developmental disabilities (e.g., autism spectrum disorder [ASD] and developmental delays [DD]). To understand whether there are variations between these two groups on CBCL DSM-oriented scales, we took two invariance analyses on 443 children (228 children with ASD). The first analysis used measurement invariance and multiple-group factor analysis on the test structure. The second analysis used item-level analysis, i.e., differential item functioning (DIF), to discover whether group memberships responded differently on some items even though underlying trait levels were the same. It was discovered that, on the test structure, the Anxiety Problems scale did not achieve metric invariance. The other scales achieved metric invariance; DIF analyses further revealed that there were items that functioned differently across subscales. These DIF items were mostly about children’s reactions to the surrounding environment. Our findings provide implications for clinicians to use CBCL DSM-oriented scales on differentiating children with ASD and children with DD. In addition, researchers need to be mindful about how items were responded differently, even though there were no mean differences on the surface.
... Both analyses used the robust DWLS estimator (Li, 2016). Among the numerous fit indices proposed (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006), the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) were calculated, taking into account the recommendation of Hu and Bentler (1999). Values of CFI > 0.90, TLI > 0.90 and SRMR < 0.08 are taken to indicate acceptable model fit. ...
Participant dropout poses significant selectivity problems in longitudinal studies. Although it is often assumed that participant's value structures predict future participation and dropout, there is insufficient evidence supporting this proposition. This study aims to contribute to the literature by clarifying the relationship between participants' personal values and study dropout. Data of the 2008 baseline sample of the German Aging Survey was used to predict future survey (non-)participation in subsequent follow-ups (N = 4442). Personal values were measured using the Portraits Value Questionnaire. It was found that different values had differential effects on survey dropout: Whereas higher Power, Achievement, Security and Conformity values predicted increased odds of dropout, higher Benevolence, Self-Direction, Universalism, Stimulation and Hedonism values predicted decreased odds. Additionally, being older and having lower income were also associated with increased dropout. Therefore, participants' personal values seem to have major influence on participant's study participation behaviour, with values relating to pro-social behaviour having the strongest effects. Given the importance of personal values in human behaviour, longitudinal research must account for these relationships for providing accurate scientific findings.
... SEM is a collection of methods which test correlation and causation between latent and observed variables. SEM can be described as a statistical method, reached via testing a structural notion with hypotheses (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2012;Tomer, 2003). Explanatory Relational (correlational) design model is particularly successful in testing complex models, if any, for the network of relationships in the model under consideration. ...
Öğrencilerin iyi oluşlarında; öğretmen, aile, okul, çevre ve kültürler arası farklılaşma önemli faktörlerdir. Bununla birlikte okullarda değer iklimi ve lider gibi iki önemli faktör vardır. Bu faktörlerin öğrencilerin iyi olma durumları üzerinde ne kadar etkili olduğunun bilinmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada değer iklimi ve okul müdürüne duyulan güvenin öğrencilerin iyi oluş durumlarına etkili olma durumu araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlara bağlı olarak okullar gerekli tedbirleri almalıdır. Öncelikli olarak İyi Oluş Modeli (İOM) ileri sürülmüştür. Bu çalışmada korelasyonel model adı verilen nicel ölçüm yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapısal eşitlik modeli (YEM), yol analizi (PATH) kullanılan bu modelde 256 örneklem yer almıştır. Araştırmada üç ölçme aracı kullanılmıştır. Tüm ölçeklere, YEM in ilk aşaması olan ölçme modeli için DFA yapılmış veri ile orijinal ölçek yapısının uygunluğu test edilmiştir. Daha sonra gizil değişkenler ile İOM için yapısal eşitlik oluşturulmuş ve dört hipotez test edilmiştir. Bu hipotezler doğrultusunda öğrencilerin değer iklimi ve okul müdürüne duyulan güvenin öğrencilerin iyi olma durumlarını yordama gücü test edilmiştir. Kabul edilebilir düzeyde olan uyum indeksleri İOM modelinin verilerle uyumlu olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Model incelendiğinde okulun değer ikliminin öğrencilerin iyi olma durumlarını pozitif ve kuvvetli bir şekilde yordadığı görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, okullardaki değer ortamları öğrencilerin iyi oluşlarını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Öğrencilerin bireysel sorumluluklarını yerine getirmeleri okulun değer iklimini olumlu yönde etkiler.
... Ölçekte bulunan ifadelerin sayısı fazla olduğunda Cronbach Alpha katsayısı yüksek çıkabilmektedir. Birleşik güvenilirlik değeri (CR), Cronbach Alpha değerine alternatif bir güvenilirlik katsayısı olarak kullanılabilmektedir" (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2012). Yakınsak geçerlilik ise (AVE), ifadelerin hem kendi aralarında hem de oluşturdukları faktörle ilişkili olup olmadığını değerlendirmek maksadıyla kullanılmaktadır. ...
Sanal ideal benlik uyumu, tüketicilerin kullandıkları sosyal med-ya platformlarının sanal benlikleriyle uyumlu olması olarak tanım-lanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, sanal ideal benlik uyumunun tüketicilerin sosyal medya ilgilenimi ve sosyal medya kullanım motivasyonu üze-rindeki etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 443 sosyal medya kullanıcısı üzerinde çevrimiçi anket yöntemi uygulanmış olup, veriler yapısal eşitlik mo-dellemesi aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, sanal ideal benlik uyumunun sosyal medya ilgilenimi (hedonik değer ve kendini ifade etme) üzerinde etkili olduğunu; sosyal medya ilgilenim boyutlarından hedonik değerin sosyal medya kullanım motivasyonu boyutları (eğlence, kişisel yararlanma, bilgi arama, kolaylık, fedakârlık) üzerinde etkili olduğunu; sosyal medya ilgilenim boyutlarından kendini ifade etmenin ise eğlence dışında tüm sosyal medya kullanım motivasyonu boyutları üzerinde etkili olduğunu fakat eğlence üzerinde etkili olmadığını göstermektedir. Araştırma sonuçlarının dijital pazarlama yöneticilerine yol gösterici nitelikte olması beklenmektedir.
... Although there is no specific criterion reported in the literature among the indices with normal distribution such as Tanaka's GFI indices (Tanaka, 1987), which is obtained for different dimensionality cases, Cheung and Rensvold (2002) state that if there is a difference of 0.01 or more for the fit indices, the difference will be significant. Next, it was suggested that the NOHARM analyses on the data set could be repeated for up to 2 factors, and the analyses were continued until taking the 2-factor results since no different results were obtained for the 3-factor and subsequent factors (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). Accordingly, the fit indices obtained as a result of NOHARM were given in Table 2. ...
Foreign language testing is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and obtaining objective and error-free scores on learners' language skills is often problematic. While assessing foreign language performance on high-stakes tests, using different testing approaches including Classical Test Theory (CTT), Generalizability Theory (GT) and/or Item Response Theory (IRT) may help both to obtain results closer to true scores on students' proficiency levels and to minimize the amount of measurement error on test results, depending on item parameters, testing objectives and the amount of time and resources for valid and reliable evaluation. In this study, two popular testing theories the CTT and IRT were compared in testing language proficiency. Multi-dimensionality of two multiple-choice language tests taken by 2032 low-int and intermediate level language students in the spring term of 2018-2019 academic year was examined via CTT and IRT. In the first step of the analyses, the dimensionality test results revealed that test results were multidimensional. As a result of the NOHARM test, carried out to analyze which IRT model the data fit finest, it was determined that the test data fit the 3-parameter-logistic model. Eventually, it was determined that the correlation coefficients between foreign language proficiency estimations based on the CTT and IRT varied between 0.806 and 0.891. Thus, it was concluded that the two assessment theories (CTT focuses on measurement errors while the IRT focuses on individual traits) could let test designers obtain valid and reliable measurement scores, while the latter approach was observed to be slightly better at testing language achievement and/or proficiency.
... RMSEA ((%90 güven aralığı), 0,0444) değeri <0,05 tir. Normlaştırılmış uyum indeksi (NFI: 0,967), karşılaştırmalı uyum indeksi (CFI: 0,985), uyum iyiliği indeksi (GFI: 0,976) ve düzeltilmiş uyum iyiliği indeksi (AGFI: 0,955) değerleri> 0,95 olduğundan dolayı model iyi bir uyumu göstermektedir (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson ve Tatham, 1998;Jöreskog ve Sörbom, 1996;Schermelleh-Engel, Moosbrugger ve Müller, 2003;Raykov ve Marcoulides, 2012 Girişimsel pazarlamanın söz konusu boyutlarının ortak noktası pazarlama çevresi ile daima bir iletişim halinde olmasıdır. Ağlar aracılıyla değer yaratma, informel pazarlama araştırması ve pazara yakınlık boyutları işletme sahipleri/yöneticilerinin veya çalışanlarının çevreleri ile girdikleri iletişim sonucunda topladıkları bilgiler doğrultusunda ortaya çıkan boyutlardır. ...
Amaç: Bu çalışma girişimsel pazarlama boyutlarından ağlar aracılığıyla değer yaratma, informel pazarlama araştırması ve pazara yakınlık boyutları arasındaki ilişkiyi doğrulamak ve söz konusu boyutların KOBİ'lerin yapısal özelliklerine göre hangi şekilde farklılaştığını ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır.
Yöntem: Girişimsel pazarlama boyutlarını ölçen 9 maddelik 3 boyutlu ölçek İzmir ilinde bulunan 387 adet KOBİ'ye uygulanmıştır ve ölçek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Yapısal özelliklerin farklılıklarının ortaya konmasına yönelik istatistiksel testler ve iki aşamalı kümeleme analizi yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Ölçüm modeli DFA analizi sonucunda iyi uyum değerlerine sahiptir. Boyutlar arası ilişkiler istenilen düzeyde ve pozitif yönlüdür. Girişimcilik eğitimi, cinsiyet ve eğitim özelliklerine göre önemli farklılaşmalar tespit edilmiştir. Girişimsel pazarlama boyutları "yüksek" düzeyde algılanan kümeler, eğitim seviyesinin yüksek, girişimcilik eğitimi almış erkek katı-lımcılardan oluştuğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç ve Öneriler: Literatür tarafından ortaya konmuş olan ilişkiler ve ölçüm modeli veriler tarafından doğrulanmıştır. Gözle-nen değişkenler örtük yapıyı iyi şekilde temsil etmektedir. KOBİ sahip/yöneticilerinin ön lisans/lisans eğitimlerinin sadece akademik bilgi avantajı değil, geliştirdikleri ağların profesyonel iş hayatlarına getirdiği avantajı da kullanabildikleri ortaya konmuştur.
Özgün Değer: Çalışma güncel girişimsel pazarlama literatüründe söz konusun boyutların daha detaylı incelenmesine yönelik yenilikçi ve özellikli bir çalışmadır. Kaynaklarının sınırlı olmasından dolayı araştırma bulguları sınırlı kaynaklar ile yapılacak faaliyetler açısından işletmelere ışık tutmaktadır.
Purpose: This study aims to verify the relationship between entrepreneurial marketing dimensions, creating networks proposals, information marketing research and market proximity, and to reveal which dimensions of SMEs differ according to the research.
Methodology: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed for a 9-item 3-dimensional scale measuring the dimensions of interventional marketing. Statistical tests and two-stage cluster (Two Step Cluster) analysis were conducted to reveal the differences in structural properties.
Findings: The measurement model has good fit values as a result of CFA analysis. Relationships between dimensions are at desired level and positive. Significant variations have been identified in terms of entrepreneurship education, gender and educational characteristics. It has been observed that clusters whose dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing are perceived at a "high" level consist of male participants who have a high level of education and have received entrepreneurship education. Practical Implications: Relationships and measurement model revealed by the literature have been verified by the data. The observed variables represent the latent structure well. It has been revealed that SME owners / managers can use not only the academic knowledge advantage of their associate / undergraduate education but also the advantage of the networks they have developed to their professional business life.
Originality: The study is an innovative and specific study for a more detailed examination of the aforementioned dimensions in the current entrepreneurial marketing literature. Due to limited resources, research findings shed light on businesses in terms of activities to be done with limited resources.
... With the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique, the SEM model allows the flexibility to find the most suitable model in the proposed models [21], [51], [58], [69], [95]. Evaluate the fit of the SEM model, Chi-Square (χ2) testing, Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) procedures [10] together with confidence intervals, standardized-root are required. ...
Vietnamese people involved in illegal work abroad have received worldwide attention in recent times. Studies that explore the causes of this fact are mainly qualitative. This study applies a quantitative research method to clarify the relationship between emigration personality, Attitude towards money, financial anxiety, and intention to engage in illegal labour to fill that overseas gap law of Vietnamese people. This study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey using a targeted sampling technique of 400 study participants. The SEM model is used to test the hypotheses posed, and the research results through the model show that: (i) Migration personality has a positive and significant impact on attitudes about money; (ii) Financial anxiety and intention to engage in illegal work abroad; (iii) Attitudes towards money positively and significantly affect intention to engage in illegal work abroad; (iv) Financial anxiety has a positive and significant impact on intention to engage in illegal work in the country; (v) There exists a positive and significant relationship between emigration personality and attitudes towards money; Attitude towards money with financial anxiety; Financial anxiety about the intention to engage in illegal work abroad. The conclusions of this study provide valuable data for government policymakers.
... Finally, we decided to apply the ADF estimation method which does not require the assumption of a multidimensional normal distribution (the sample size was considered sufficient for such an estimation, cf. Raykov & Marcoulides, 2000). ...
The Satisfaction With Family Life scale (SWFL) was developed by Zabriskie and McCormick to assess individuals’ satisfaction with family relationships and family life. The aim of our study was twofold:
(a) to verify the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the SWFL scale, and (b) to confirm if it maintains the single-factor structure of the original SWFL. A total of 474 subjects from the general
population were involved in the study, of whom 205 were women and 269 men. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed a very good fit of the single-factor structure of the tool. The Polish version of the SWFL scale demonstrated good psychometric properties with excellent test-retest reliability. The obtained results support the utility of the Polish version of the SWFL scale as a valuable measure of global satisfaction with own family.
... For all cases, the values were greater than the allowed value of 0,6(Hair et al. 2010;Powell 1992), making them reliable measurements. However, when performing the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to define the degree of statistical plausibility and the level of fit of the model's hypotheses(Hoyle 2015;Raykov and Marcoulides 2006), it was determined that of the seven dimensions identified, factors 2 and 7 should be removed. In addition, items 2, 3, and 5 were sufficient in dimensions F1, and items 13, 14, and 15 were sufficient in dimensions F5. ...
This research is the first to analyze the relationship between lifestyles and purchase intentions in first-generation bicultural consumers residing in Canada. It applies the Activities, Interests, and Opinions (AIO) model and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and includes education level as a moderating variable to find differences in consumption between the country of origin and the host country. A total of 194 personal surveys were administered. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), suggesting that subjective norm predicts purchase intention, being positively related to Health and Optimism and Household Oriented and Industrious, and negatively related to Self-reliance and Leadership. A negative impact was found between the education level and the subjective norm, which was significant concerning the host country. The study also revealed that the subjective norm is positively related to Health and Optimism and negatively related to Self-reliance and Leadership, improving the model’s predictive accuracy when the educational level is involved. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of TPB and provide marketers with better identification of psychographic market segments.
... causes or motivation for food waste) on a dependent variable (e.g. participants doing food waste) (Raykov and Marcoulides, 2006). However, to justify this mediating role, two conditions should be fulfilled (Haque et al., 2019). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to stimulate the pursuit of waste-free food consumption and develop guidelines to avoid irresponsible consumer behaviours. In doing so, the paper answers the questions: How much food is thrown away by Australian households? What are the causes of food wasted? And, how motivated are Australian household members to reduce food waste?
Design/methodology/approach
An online survey was completed by a demographically representative sample of 5,272 households in Australia to address these questions. Using the state-wise data set and a structural equation modelling technique, this paper analyses behavioural and socio-demographic factors that influence household food waste in Australia.
Findings
The study identified that inedible food waste was the most common waste that people threw away (69%). The second-largest contribution towards waste came from meal leftovers (44%). The study identified household members not finishing their meal and cooking too much food as the leading causes of food waste from meal leftovers. Furthermore, household food members were unable to identify whether the food was safe to eat, uncertain whether they would eat prepared food that was saved for later consumption and remained confused about when to discard food. Finally, 42% indicated a high level of motivation to reduce food waste, while 34% indicated a moderated level.
Originality/value
This study's findings contribute to the practical challenges associated with the measurement of food waste in households. Further, the study provides insights to policymakers and practitioners to develop customised interventions to reduce household food waste.
... Structural equation models consist of two parts-the measurement model, which defines the relationship between the latent constructs to be measured and the observed variables, and the structural model specifying the hypothesized relationships between constructs at the level of latent, measurement error-free variables (see, e.g., Bollen, 1989;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2012;Yuan & Bentler, 2006, for introductions). The focus of the present study are structural equation models with continuous indicator variables. ...
Small sample structural equation modeling (SEM) may exhibit serious estimation problems, such as failure to converge, inadmissible solutions, and unstable parameter estimates. A vast literature has compared the performance of different solutions for small sample SEM in contrast to unconstrained maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. Less is known, however, on the gains and pitfalls of different solutions in contrast to each other. Focusing on three current solutions-constrained ML, Bayesian methods using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, and fixed reliability single indicator (SI) approaches-we bridge this gap. When doing so, we evaluate the potential and boundaries of different parameterizations, constraints, and weakly informative prior distributions for improving the quality of the estimation procedure and stabilizing parameter estimates. The performance of all approaches is compared in a simulation study. Under conditions with low reliabilities, Bayesian methods without additional prior information by far outperform constrained ML in terms of accuracy of parameter estimates as well as the worst-performing fixed reliability SI approach and do not perform worse than the best-performing fixed reliability SI approach. Under conditions with high reliabilities, constrained ML shows good performance. Both constrained ML and Bayesian methods exhibit conservative to acceptable Type I error rates. Fixed reliability SI approaches are prone to undercoverage and severe inflation of Type I error rates. Stabilizing effects on Bayesian parameter estimates can be achieved even with mildly incorrect prior information. In an empirical example, we illustrate the practical importance of carefully choosing the method of analysis for small sample SEM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
... Information about the validity and reliability of the questionnaire is presented in our previous study (please see Mohammadfam et al. [16]). Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the construct validity and factor loading of each indicator on related construct were determined [17]. The weighted sum score was used to calculate the final score of each variable. ...
The construction industry is notorious for having an unacceptable rate of fatal accidents. Unsafe behavior has been recognized as the main cause of most accidents occurring at workplaces, particularly construction sites. Having a predictive model of safety behavior can be helpful in preventing construction accidents. The aim of the present study was to build a predictive model of unsafe behavior using the Artificial Neural Network approach. A brief literature review was conducted on factors affecting safe behavior at workplaces and nine factors were selected to be included in the study. Data were gathered using a validated questionnaire from several construction sites. Multilayer perceptron approach was utilized for constructing the desired neural network. Several models with various architectures were tested to find the best one. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to find the most influential factors. The model with one hidden layer containing fourteen hidden neurons demonstrated the best performance (Sum of Squared Errors=6.73). The error rate of the model was approximately 21 percent. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that safety attitude, safety knowledge, supportive environment, and management commitment had the highest effects on safety behavior, while the effects from resource allocation and perceived work pressure were identified to be lower than those of others. The complex nature of human behavior at workplaces and the presence of many influential factors make it difficult to achieve a model with perfect performance.
... Path analysis was used to investigate whether the assumed theoretical model corresponds to the crosssectional empirical model that has been studied. A model was estimated with Maximum Likelihood Estimation, which searches for parameter estimates that make probability for observed data maximal [70]. The model fit was evaluated using the following fit indices: Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR). ...
Background
Although systematic research on narcissism has been conducted for over 100 years, researchers have only recently started to distinguish between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in relation to criminal behavior. In addition, there is some evidence suggesting that identity integration and self-control may underlie this association. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a theory-driven hypothetical model that investigates the complex associations between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, identity integration, self-control, and criminal behavior using structural equation modeling (SEM).
Methods
The total sample ( N = 222) included 65 (29.3%) individuals convicted of criminal behavior and 157 (70.7%) participants from the community, with a mean age of 37.71 years ( SD = 13.25). Criminal behavior was a grouping variable used as a categorical outcome, whereas self-report questionnaires were used to assess grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, self-control, and identity integration.
Results
The overall SEM model yielded good fit indices. Grandiose narcissism negatively predicted criminal behavior above and beyond the influence of identity integration and self-control. In contrast, vulnerable narcissism did not have a direct significant effect on criminal behavior, but it was indirectly and positively associated with criminal behavior via identity integration and self-control. Moreover, grandiose narcissism was positively, whereas vulnerable narcissism was negatively associated with identity integration. However, identity integration did not have a direct significant effect on criminal behavior, but it was indirectly and negatively associated with criminal behavior via self-control. Finally, self-control was, in turn, negatively related to criminal behavior.
Conclusions
We propose that both subtypes of narcissism should be carefully considered in clinical assessment and current intervention practices.
... One of them is the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) index. It was indicated that if the value of RMSEA is less than 0.05 the model would be considered reasonable (Raykov and Marcoulides, 2000). ...
The main core of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is the parameter estimation process. This process implies a variance-covariance matrix Σ that is close as possible to the sample variance-covariance matrix of data input (S). The six Sigma survey uses ordinal (rank) values from 1 to 5. There are several weighted correlation coefficients that overcome the problems of assigning equal weights to each rank and provide a locally most powerful rank test. This paper extends the SEM estimation method by adding the ordinal weighted techniques to enhance the goodness of fit indicators. A two data sets of the Six Sigma model with different statistics properties are used to investigate this idea. The weight 1.3 enhances the goodness of fit indicators with data set that has a negative skewness, and the weight 0.7 enhances the goodness of fit indicators with data set that has a positive skewness through treating the top-rankings.
Zusammenfassung
Die Fähigkeit zur Selbsterneuerung ist für Unternehmen so relevant wie selten zuvor. Die Pandemie hat schonungslos offengelegt, welche Organisationen in der Lage dazu sind, sich flexibel und adaptiv auf neue Anforderungen einzustellen und sich zu transformieren. Das Konstrukt der Selbsterneuerung ist bislang theoretisch und empirisch noch kaum exploriert. Eine Studie der Universität Regensburg hat die Kompetenzen der Selbsterneuerung von Unternehmen näher untersucht und erstmals ein valides Testmodell entwickelt, mit dem Organisationen ihre Selbsterneuerungsfähigkeit messen können. Dafür relevante Kompetenzen, die untersucht wurden, sind beispielsweise die Fähigkeit einer Organisation, über sich selbst zu reflektieren, zu erkunden oder die Fehler- und Feedbackkompetenz eines Unternehmens. Die Ergebnisse aus der empirischen Untersuchung zeigen weiter, dass die Kompetenzen der Erneuerung statistisch hochsignifikant mit der digitalen Reife einer Organisation assoziiert sind. Je höher also die Fähigkeiten einer Organisation, wie Selbstreflexion, Experimentieren oder Zweifeln ausgeprägt sind, desto höher ist auch der digitale Reifegrad eines Unternehmens. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass es für Unternehmen relevant ist, sich im Zuge der digitalen Transformation gezielt mit den Kompetenzen der Selbsterneuerung auseinanderzusetzen.
In the study, it was aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale in order to determine the self-efficacy perceptions of classroom teachers in the field of mathematics learning difficulties. In the development process of the scale, the basic resources and the scale development studies in the literature were examined. First, a pool of substances was created. Content validity was ensured by taking the opinions of 21 expert participants in the 24 question areas determined in the item pool. Content validity index was used in content validity. In this analysis, two questions were removed from the scale. Preliminary application was made with 44 participating teachers who are experts in their fields and exploratory factor analysis was started. For exploratory factor analysis, 359 people consisting of classroom teachers in Sakarya province were studied. In the explanatory factor analysis, 5 items were removed from the scale by looking at the factor load. The factor loadings for the 17 items in the scale vary between 0.508 and 0.976. Among the comparative fit indices obtained as a result of confirmatory factor analysis, RMSEA=0.067 and Cmin/DF=1.568 were calculated. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the measurements is 0.970. The data obtained were analyzed with statistical methods using SPSS 25, AMOS 24 and Microsoft Excel programs. The validity and reliability criteria of the scale developed within the scope of the study were met.
Tüketicilerin geleneksel alışveriş süreçlerine kıyasla elektronik ortamda farklı alışveriş davranışları sergilediğini literatürde birçok çalışmada ifade edilen bir görüştür. Bu bağlamda, pazarlama disiplininin merkezinde yer alan bir kavram olarak memnuniyet algısının, tüketici davranışlarının değişim gösterdiği elektronik ortamda araştırılması büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada pazarlama yazınında yer alan memnuniyet ve e-memnuniyete ilişkin mevcut modeller incelendikten sonra, e-memnuniyet (elektronik memnuniyet) kavramının açıklanmasında bilişim sistemleri disiplininden de yararlanarak e-perakendecilik sektörü için genişletilmiş bir e-memnuniyet modeli önerilerek, söz konusu modelin geçerliliği test edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma bağlamında önerilen modelin test edilmesi amacıyla oluşturulmuş olan anket online olarak online alışveriş yapmış olan tüketiciler üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Toplam 795 analize uygun anket geri dönüşü olmuştur. Elde edilen veriler üzerinde tanımlayıcı istatistik analizleri, açıklayıcı faktör analizi ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile güvenirlilik ve yapı geçerlilik yönünden sınanmakta ve yapısal eşitlik modeli ile test edilmektedir. Araştırma bulguları verilerin önerilen modeli desteklemekte olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular ışığında, elektronik ortamda müşteri memnuniyetinin belirleyicileri olarak ortaya çıkan 10 faktörün (rahatlık ve zaman tasarrufu, ürün çeşitliliği ve bilgi zenginliği, promosyon etkinlikleri, ürün yorumlama, müşteri ilişkileri ve teslimatın yerine getirilmesi, güven, algılanan risk, görsel unsurlar, e-işlem etkinliği ve eğlence) üç ana boyut altında (web sayfası etkinliği, algılanan fayda ve güvenlik algısı) özetlenebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu üç boyuttan web sayfası etkinliği ile güvenlik algısının görece olarak daha yüksek belirleyiciliğe sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Yine bulgular e-sadakatin en önemli belirleyicisinin e-memnuniyet olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
The ongoing debate about if students’ lives are either positively or negatively affected by parental involvement in terms of support or pressure for their children academic success is still important. This study aims to determine the relationships between secondary school students’ gender, parents’ income, grade, parental pressure or support for students’ academic success, educational stress they experience, and their level of school happiness, and to examine the effect of parental pressure or support for academic success on the level of school happiness. The study was carried out with 1051 secondary school students in Düzce, Turkey. To collect data, three separate scales were used, and the data were analyzed using path analysis. The results revealed that happiness at school decreases as hopelessness versus expectation, workload, work pressure increase. On the other hand, happiness at school increases when the parental support for academic success increases. Female students are happier at school than male students. Educational stress leads the parents to put more pressure on their children for their academic success, which makes the school happiness lower. Although the parents support their children for their academic success, the level of happiness at school may decrease if they are under stress. Work pressure sustains the positive effect of parental support for academic success and has a positive impact on school happiness.
There is a debate in the literature regarding the level of contribution of executive functions (EF) to reading comprehension (RC), in the context of the simple view of reading (SVR) model. The current study aims to create sub‐profiles of reading and cognitive abilities based on a measure traditionally used for evaluating EF, that is, the Stroop task, and specifically, Stroop time. Ninety‐seven adults with and without reading difficulties performed reading and cognitive tasks, including the Stroop tests. Four groups were created based on Stroop performance time and a reading profile was created for each group. A mediation analysis was conducted to determine if reading accuracy and linguistic abilities predict RC mediated by Stroop time. Participants with a shorter Stroop time demonstrated better reading abilities, whereas those with longer Stroop time showed decreased reading performance. Stroop time was also negatively associated with better performance in additional cognitive abilities. A mediation analysis suggested that decoding ability and linguistic ability predict RC through EF. Our findings support the SVR model and the involvement of EF in reading proficiency and might be used for designing EF‐based interventions for reading and RC difficulties.
This study aims to adapt the Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale
(ASMC), developed by Choukas-Bradley et al. (2020), into Turkish and carry out validity,
reliability, and standard-setting studies on adolescents. The study was conducted on 444
adolescents, 296 of whom were girls. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine
the scale's construct validity. Correlation analysis was performed for criterion validity, and
Cronbach alpha and composite reliability coefficients were calculated for reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the scale fits perfectly. The scale showed a moderate positive correlation with social appearance anxiety, depression, anxiety, and stress. In addition, the reliability coefficients were over .90. The results indicated that ASMC has good psychometric properties.
Son yıllarda, özellikle içinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde, çalışanlar yalnızca ekonomik ihtiyaçlarının değil psiko-sosyal ihtiyaçlarının da karşılanmasını beklemektedir. Proaktif yapıya sahip iş becerikliliği doğası gereği yenilikçi ve yaratıcı olduğundan çalışanın yaratıcı davranış sergilemesi kaçınılmazdır. Bu noktada çalışanların proaktif iş becerikliliği davranışlarının potansiyel tetikleyicisi lider desteğidir. İş becerikliliğinin yenilikçi davranış üzerine arttırıcı etkisinin lider desteği üzerinden gerçekleşebileceğine ilişkin beklenti, araştırmanın çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışanların iş becerikliliği tutumlarının yenilikçi davranışa etkisinde lider desteğinin aracılık etkisinin olup olmadığını incelemektir. Araştırmanın evrenini, Türkiye’deki bir kamu kurumunun 81 ildeki merkez ve taşra teşkilatında görev yapan teknik ve idari personeli oluşturmaktadır. İş becerikliliği, yenilikçi davranış ve lider desteği ölçeklerinin kullanıldığı anket çalışması ile toplanan veriler Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) Mplus7 programı ve SPSS 22 ile analiz edilmiş, veri uyum indeksleri incelenmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda, iş becerikliliğinin ve alt boyutlarının (görev becerikliliği ile bilişsel ve ilişkisel beceriklilik) yenilikçi davranışa etkisinde lider desteğinin aracılık rolü üstlendiği tespit edilmiştir. Ulaşılan sonuç iş becerikliliğinin lider desteği üzerinden yenilikçi davranışı arttırdığını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın alan yazınına özgün bir bakış açısı getireceği düşünülmektedir.
La validez y fiabilidad como propiedades psicométricas consisten en complejos procesos que deben ser revisados constantemente para garantizar la correcta utilización de un instrumento de medición. Por tanto, en el presente estudio se indagó respecto a la validez estructural, la validez factorial y la fiabilidad del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI) en su adaptación argentina, a partir de diferentes métodos en una muestra de 746 participantes (Medad = 33.49, DE = 10.55) pertenecientes a la ciudad de Buenos Aires y al conurbano Bonaerense, en Argentina. Específicamente, se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios para probar los modelos de una, dos y cuatro dimensiones, utilizando los métodos de estimación de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados, máxima verosimilitud robusto, mínimos cuadrados ponderados diagonales, y mínimos cuadrados generalizados robusto. Adicional a esto, se indagó respecto a la fiabilidad de la prueba mediante el alfa, omega, glb algebraico y factorial, H, beta, y theta. Los resultados indican que el modelo unidimensional mostró mejores índices de bondad de ajuste independientemente del método de estimación; y que todos los índices de fiabilidad obtenidos fueron aceptables. Esta investigación aporta sólidas evidencias sobre la validez estructural y la fiabilidad del BAI.
This study aims to identify the factors that influence students' intention to plagiarize or plagiarize. To model plagiarism intention and behavior among college students, this proposed research refers to Theory Planned Behavior (TPB) by incorporating new variables of moral obligation and past behavior and using ICT literacy as part of perceived behavioral control. With a sample of 511 FKIP UNJA students, this study used a research methodology and model parameter estimation supported by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Testing the validity and reliability with the PLS Algorithm stages produces path coefficients (PLS-Algorithm). Based on the output coefficient path indicator which has a loading factor coefficient below 0.708 is dropped from the research model. After dropping indicators that do not match the criteria (<0.708), all items have reached a reliable point. Construct reliability was calculated using Cronbach Alpha and Composite reliability (CR) yielded greater than (>0.7) and AVE exceeded the acceptable value (>0.5) and thus the questionnaire items fulfilled and ensured the reliability of the instrument. The results of the construct reliability check based on discriminant validity can be done by looking at the AVE value to show the size of the indicator variance contained by the construct. Discriminant validity criteria refer to where the AVE value limit is 0.5. The results show that all AVE values for are (>0.5). In addition, the value of the square root of the AVE indicates a high discriminant validity value and can be accepted because the AVE square root value of all variable constructs is above the correlation value between the other construct values.
Araştırmanın amacı, bireylerin çocukluğundaki iş deneyimleri ile bugünkü benlik saygıları ve yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkide temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların aracı rolünü incelemektir. Çocukluk dönemindeki iş deneyimlerinin bireyler üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması sağlıklı toplum oluşturma hedefi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu amaç ve önem doğrultusunda araştırmada Geçmiş Çalışma Hayatını Değerlendirme Ölçeği, Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeği, Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçların Tatmini ve Engellenmesi Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyum Ölçeği ve Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma örneklemini 18-25 yaş arasındaki 1198 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, çocukluk döneminde çalışmış olan bireylerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları, benlik saygıları ve yaşam doyumları, çalışma şartlarına ve iş özelliklerine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, bireylerin çocukluk döneminde iş sebebiyle yaşadıkları okul ve aile sorunlarının bireylerin bugünkü benlik saygılarını ve yaşam doyumlarını temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar aracılığıyla olumsuz etkilediği; işe yönelik olumlu duyguların ise bireylerin benlik saygılarını ve yaşam doyumlarını olumlu etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın ana fikri, çocuk işçiliğinin bireyler üzerindeki psikolojik etkilerinin çalışmış olma durumuna göre değil çalışma şartlarına ve iş özelliklerine göre değişeceğidir. Bu bağlamda, iş deneyimi olan bireylerin, iş deneyimi olmayan bireylerle karşılaştırılması sonucunda anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Ancak çalışma şartları ve iş özellikleri dikkate alındığında olumlu iş deneyimi olan bireylerin, hiç çalışmamış olan bireyler göre temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları, benlik saygıları ve yaşam doyumları daha yüksek bulunurken; olumsuz iş deneyimi yaşamış olan bireylerin, iş deneyimi olmayan bireyler göre temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları, benlik saygıları ve yaşam doyumları daha düşük bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk İşçiliği, Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar, Benlik Saygısı, Yaşam Doyumu, Duygusal İhmal, Öz-Belirleme Kuramı
Year-class size of marine fish is thought to be determined during the first year of life, with density-dependent mortality during the larval or juvenile stages. However, investigations of such dynamics are often limited by data availability. To test this paradigm for winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, the abundances of 29 year classes moving through seven life stages were analyzed with a novel extension of key-factor analysis. Evidence of density dependence was identified between the egg and July young-of-the-year stages and high process-error variance was detected throughout the life cycle, suggesting year-class size is not fully determined until age-2. However, the first summer appeared to be a critical life stage for winter flounder, during which high temperatures, hypoxia, and predator abundance contributed to increased mortality rates behind a long-term population decline. Due to its general data requirements, the key-factor analysis method developed here may be applied to other marine populations to identify the impacts of external stressors at particular life stages and the degree to which they are compensated by density-dependent processes.
Growing evidence suggests that childhood trauma is associated with poorer cardiovascular health in adulthood, but few studies have examined potential mediators of these associations. We examined the links between different forms of childhood trauma (i.e., abuse, neglect, cumulative trauma) and cardiovascular health and explored potential mediators. Cross-sectional data from 1,251 participants in the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States’ II Biomarker Project were analyzed. Path analyses were conducted to examine the associations between childhood trauma and cardiovascular health (i.e., American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 [LS7] score). Depressive symptoms and sleep quality were explored as potential mediators, and exploratory analyses examined whether these associations were moderated by sex. Women reported more severe childhood emotional and sexual abuse and emotional neglect, p < .001 to p = .018, and higher LS7 scores, p = .027, than men. Path analyses demonstrated the total effects of increasing severity of all forms of childhood trauma with LS7 scores were significant, and cumulative childhood trauma was inversely associated with LS7 score Bs = -0.306– -0.076, p < .001–p = .048. The range of total effects of different forms of childhood trauma on LS7 scores mediated by depressive symptoms and sleep quality was 26.8%–57.5%. Sex moderated the associations between all forms of childhood trauma and cardiovascular health. Longitudinal studies are needed that examine mediators of the associations between childhood trauma and cardiovascular health. Findings suggest sex-specific, trauma-informed approaches for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults exposed to childhood trauma may be needed.
Gives an overview of statistical analysis with latent variables. Using traditional structural equation modeling as a starting point, it shows how the idea of latent variables captures a wide variety of statistical concepts, including random effects, missing data, sources of variation in hierarchical data, finite mixtures, latent classes, and clusters. These latent variable applications go beyond the traditional latent variable usage in psychometrics with its focus on measurement error and hypothetical constructs measured by multiple indicators. The article argues for the value of integrating statistical and psychometric modeling ideas. Different applications are discussed in a unifying framework that brings together in one general model such different analysis types as factor models, growth curve models, multilevel models, latent class models and discrete-time survival models. Several possible combinations and extensions of these models are made clear due to the unifying framework. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)