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Basics Of Qualitative Research: Techniques And Procedures For Developing Grounded Theory
Abstract
Incl. bibl., index.
... This design helped us capture the core features of the research phenomenon and discover logically coherent mechanisms that build theory beyond immediate empirical settings (Eisenhardt, 2021). To benefit the most from the depth of these data, our study adopted a grounded theory approach (Corbin & Strauss, 2014) and used abductive reasoning that directed the research process back and forth between theory and practice (Dubois & Gadde, 2002). Moving between the empirical field and preliminary conceptual frameworks helps to build theories on underexplored topics (Timmermans & Tavory, 2012), which is in line with the research scope of this study. ...
... the principles of open, axial and selective coding (Charmaz, 2014;Corbin & Strauss, 2014). NVivo software was used to code the data. ...
... with a thorough open, line-by-line coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2014), ...
Sustainability transitions are a significant challenge that requires established industries to adopt innovative ways of doing business. Research suggests that while this is possible through business model innovation (BMI), risk avoidance by regime actors and high levels of future uncertainty act as barriers to successful transitions. Specifically , we lack knowledge about how established companies innovate their business model (BM) to reduce uncertainty related to sustainability transitions. We explore the case of a large forest-based manufacturing company in the construction industry, Stora Enso. We find that, by pursuing transformative BMI and combining multiple value creation logics, a company can reduce different types of uncertainty while shaping its business ecosystem towards more sustainable opportunities. We show that the BM can serve as an organizational tool for collectively exploring new knowledge , reducing uncertainty and driving change in a business ecosystem.
... During the interview process, a private meeting room in the hospital is chosen for the one-to-one individual interview. We used semi- (Corbin & Strauss, 2008;Wang, 2022). During data analysis, the authors continuously write memos; we highlighted the primitive data line by line to ask questions, such as 'What is going on'? ...
... The transcripts were then coded (the first author and the corresponding author) using open, axial and selective coding according to the grounded theory data analysis process(Corbin & Strauss, 2008;Wang, 2022). No software was used in data analysis. ...
Background
Family caregivers have a vital role to play in palliative care for chronically ill patients. In Taiwan, caregiver demographics are evolving, with the number of male caregivers increasing. Gender differences influence psychosocial behaviours, thought processes and communication styles. In healthcare, acknowledgement of gender differences facilitates effective delivery of high‐quality care.
Aim
The aim of this study is to explore male caregivers' decision‐making process for palliative care for chronically ill family members.
Methods
This study employed grounded theory to generate a substantive theory of male caregivers' decision‐making process for palliative care for chronically ill family members. We recruited 22 male participants from three inner‐city teaching hospitals in Taiwan.
Findings
Regarding the decision‐making process of palliative care of chronic ill family, where male caregivers do not want their loved ones suffering anymore, the male caregivers' decision‐making process was impacted, first, by caregivers' views on the last stage of life; second, by their wish for good care during the end of life; and third, by their conviction that the patients' wishes should be respected. Furthermore, caregivers' philosophy of life and death is also a supportive ground for decision‐making. This philosophy was influenced by their education in palliative care, financial status and religious beliefs and practices. The core category emerging from this study is encapsulated by a participant's assertion, ‘How difficult is it? There are no male and female differences’.
Conclusion
We found that palliative care experiences of male caregivers are important for the decision‐making process for palliative care for their chronically ill family members. Caregivers want their loved ones to receive good care as the last step in life, to respect their wishes and no more suffering for the patient. Therefore, health professionals should be familiar with the palliative care process that caregivers go through to offer updated information when needed.
... This analysis entailed an in-depth review of documents and interviews with key individuals involved in these projects. The qualitative data were subjected to rigorous content analysis, employing coding methods and thematic analysis as outlined by Corbin and Strauss (2008) and Braun and Clarke (2006) [41] [43]. This systematic approach facilitated the identification of recurring themes and patterns related to the dynamics of trust in AI-driven projects. ...
... This analysis entailed an in-depth review of documents and interviews with key individuals involved in these projects. The qualitative data were subjected to rigorous content analysis, employing coding methods and thematic analysis as outlined by Corbin and Strauss (2008) and Braun and Clarke (2006) [41] [43]. This systematic approach facilitated the identification of recurring themes and patterns related to the dynamics of trust in AI-driven projects. ...
In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), establishing customer confidence is crucial for the integration and acceptance of AI technologies. This interdisciplinary study examines factors influencing customer trust in AI systems through a mixed-methods approach, blending quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to create a comprehensive conceptual framework.
Quantitatively, the study analyzes responses from 1248 participants using structural equation modeling (SEM), exploring interactions between technological factors like perceived usefulness and transparency, psychological factors including perceived risk and domain expertise, and organizational factors such as leadership support and ethical accountability.
The results confirm the model, showing significant impacts of these factors on consumer trust and AI adoption attitudes. Qualitatively, the study includes 35 semi-structured interviews and five case studies, providing deeper insight into the dynamics shaping trust. Key themes identified include the necessity of explainability, domain competence, corporate culture, and stakeholder engagement in fostering trust.
The qualitative findings complement the quantitative data, highlighting the complex interplay between technology capabilities, human perceptions, and organizational practices in establishing trust in AI. By integrating these findings, the study proposes a novel conceptual model that elucidates how various elements collectively influence consumer trust in AI.
This model not only advances theoretical understanding but also offers practical implications for businesses and policymakers. The research contributes to the discourse on trust creation and decision-making in technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary efforts to address societal challenges associated with technological advancements. It lays the groundwork for future research, including longitudinal, cross-cultural, and industry-specific studies, to further explore consumer trust in AI.
... Moreover, the interviewer asks questions based on the clues provided by participants, avoiding biased and guiding questions as much as possible. Expert reviews provided quality assurance for this study, which conformed to the principle of theoretical sampling (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). ...
... The study followed a grounded theory analysis methodology to explore information anxiety signs of front-line healthcare professionals. Therefore, the transcribed data were analysed using open, axial and selective coding approaches (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). In the open and axial coding process, the two researchers independently (7) where i is the four periods of the COVID-19 pandemic (virus encounter, lockdown, flattening and second wave), j is the category of information anxiety signs, IAS i,j is the number of i sign in the j period. ...
Aim
Being front‐line healthcare professionals is associated with possible severe information anxiety during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Investigating signs of information anxiety is the first and key step of its targeted medical intervention. This study aims to explore the signs of front‐line healthcare professionals' information anxiety during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Design
This study is qualitative research. Grounded theory was used to classify information anxiety signs of front‐line healthcare professionals.
Methods
Twenty‐four front‐line healthcare professionals from a general hospital with over 5000 beds in Wuhan were recruited to participate in semi‐structured interviews. According to the frequency and frequency variation of signs appearing in interviews, the trends of signs during the virus encounter, lockdown, flattening and second wave were compared. Based on the interviews, those signs that were conceptually related to each other were extracted to construct a conceptual model.
Results
Psychological signs (emotion, worry, doubt, caution, hope), physical signs (insomnia, inattention, memory loss, appetite decreased) and behavioural signs (panic buying of goods, be at a loss, pay attention to relevant information, change habits) could be generalized from 13 subcategories of information anxiety signs. Psychological signs were the most in every period of the pandemic. Furthermore, psychological signs decreased significantly during lockdown, while behavioural and physical signs increased. Finally, severe psychological and behavioural signs were associated with physical signs.
... In the context of grounded theory analysis, data from the interviews were analysed using the technique of content analysis based on category development (Chaiyawat & Jezewski, 2006;Corbin & Strauss, 2015), with a particular focus on victims' challenges and needs. Scarce studies on male victimization utilize the grounded theory approach to investigate their challenges and needs. ...
... The author reviewed the data line by line, sentence by sentence, and paragraph by paragraph, to identify concepts, properties, and dimensions of the data. In order to overcome analytic blocks and identify emerging categories, he kept questioning the data and analysing words, phrases, and/or sentences (Corbin & Strauss, 2015;Parker, 2018;Strauss & Corbin, 1990;Walker & Myrick, 2006). This led to the emergence of themes. ...
... The semi-structured interview approach was used to interact with the participant during interviews. The semistructured interview consists of open-ended questions, giving participants more room to describe what they consider important (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) and partial control over the direction of the interview (Mishler, 1986). The interview started with more general questions and then moved toward specific questions related to the situation. ...
... The researcher is the primary research instrument in qualitative research. As qualitative research requires the interpretation of data as part of the analysis, the researcher's biases, assumptions, and beliefs can interfere with the analysis of results (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Hence, social researchers should take responsibility for disclosing their biasedness in the study to neutralize and distinguish its effects (Altheide & Johnson, 1994). ...
... Tekin voru átta viðtöl og öllum viðmaelendum gerð grein fyrir nafnleynd og trúnaði í meðferð persónugreinanlegra upplýsinga. Við úrvinnslu á gögnum var notast við opna kóðun (open coding) sem byggir á að greina viðtölin með kerfisbundinni og skipulagðri aðferðafraeði með það að markmiði að finna og skilgreina sameiginleg þemu (Corbin og Strauss, 1998). Við þemugreiningar eru viðtölin lesin ítarlega yfir og þar á eftir eru svo valin eitt eða tvö viðtöl og þau lesin aftur ítarlega og allar hugmyndir, vangaveltur og upplýsingar sem vekja athygli rannsakenda skráðar niður. ...
... Með því eru fundin tengsl milli viðtala og þeirra þema sem skilgreind eru. Þá eru svipaðar hugmyndir og þaettir í hverju viðtali dregin saman í flokka (Corbin og Strauss, 1998). ...
Á árinu 2016 var ákvæði 66. gr. d. bætt við lög um ársreikninga nr. 3/2006 en með ákvæðinu var fyrirtækjum af ákveðinni gerð og stærð gert skylt að greina frá umfangsmiklum ófjárhagslegum upplýsingum í ársreikningum sínum. Með ákvæðinu var innleidd tilskipun Evrópusambandsins um ófjárhagslegar upplýsingar og upplýsingar um fjölbreytileika nr. 2014/95/EB. Markmið þessarar rannsóknar er að varpa ljósi á þá reynslu sem hlotist hefur af lagasetningunni. Þá leitast rannsóknin við að greina þau áhrif sem löggjöfin hefur haft á íslensk fyrirtæki í samhengi við aðra áhrifaþætti sem gegna hlutverki í sjálfbærnivegferð fyrirtækja. Með því er leitast við að varpa ljósi á helstu þætti sem kunna að hafa þýðingu fyrir gæði og umfang sjálfbærniupplýsinga enda veitir löggjöfin fyrirtækjum umtalsvert sigrúm í upplýsingagerðinni. Á grundvelli þessa markmiðs leitast rannsóknin við að svara eftirfarandi rannsóknarspurningu: Hver er upplifun sérfræðinga sem vinna að gerð og miðlun sjálfbærniupplýsinga af innleiðingu tilskipunar Evrópusambandsins um ófjárhagslega upplýsingagjöf, hvaða áhrif hefur hún haft á starfsemi íslenskra fyrirtækja og hvaða aðrir áhrifaþættir og hvatar hafa þýðingu gagnvart umfangi og gæðum sjálfbærniupplýsinga þeirra? Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar gefa til kynna að íslensk fyrirtæki séu aftarlega á merinni í alþjóðlegum samanburði. Lög hafa hjálpað til að setja sjálfbærni á dagskrá en hafa ekki lykilþýðingu við ferli upplýsingagjafar í dag. Margvíslegir hvatar og áhrifaþættir hafa áhrif á sjálfbærniupplýsingar fyrirtækja, umfram annað þrýstingur frá haghöfum. Miðlun sjálfbærniupplýsinga hefur þó margvísleg bein og óbein áhrif á rekstur og starfsemi fyrirtækja.
... The interview guide included 14 open-ended questions. These questions were designed to encourage the RAs to extensively describe their experiences of conducting research during the pandemic (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). Prior to beginning an interview, the consent form was reviewed with each RA to ensure that the written version had been read, accepted, and confirmed to participate in the study. ...
... Finally, we conducted member checking by contacting all interviewed RAs to verify that the findings and quotations attributed to them accurately represented participant perspectives (Creswell & Poth, 2018). Notes were maintained as an audit trail to further contribute to the trustworthiness of the findings (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). ...
Background
Research assistants (RAs) are vital for the successful completion of research. When data collection and recruitment are dis-rupted, like during the COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying restrictions, the effects on RAs attempting to conduct re-search are unclear.
Participants and procedure
This study explored RAs’ perspectives of conducting research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Five RAs who had begun collecting data at a mid-western children’s hospital on how a robot named MEDi® could help patients uphold health and safety procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic participated in semi-structured interviews.
Results
Thematic analysis of the interview data identified four key themes (and sub-themes) that reflected RAs’ experiences of con-ducting research during the COVID-19 pandemic: inspiration and motivation; research barriers; human connections and relationships; and creativity and problem-solving. The first theme focused on the sources of RAs’ inspiration and motivation to participate in research; the second focused on the barriers that affected data collection and recruitment. The third theme described the impact that human connections and relationships had on the success of the research, and the final theme explored the RAs’ creativity and problem-solving approaches, which aided in navigating the challenges faced during the pandemic. The RAs overcame the challenges with positive attitudes, creativity, and collaboration.
Conclusions
Overall, the results reveal how the RAs explored creative strategies to adapt research methods to suit unanticipated circum-stances and develop interpersonal skills to facilitate participation in future research and career activities.
... Consistent with the procedures of constant comparative analysis (Strauss and Corbin 1990;Glaser and Strauss 1967), the questions became more focused as the analysis continued and the findings emerged. This process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, which means that no new data were found that added to the analysis (Strauss and Corbin 1998). Theoretical saturation was evident after examining 16 transcripts. ...
Objective: The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore how young people experienced the onset of mental health problems and to investigate their initial interactions with the health system. Design: Grounded theory was used to address the study objectives. Data were obtained through in‑depth semi‑structured interviews. Setting: Participants were recruited through two community health centres in a Sydney metropolitan area health service. Subjects: The purposive sample consisted of eight males and twelve females between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five (mean age was 21). Main outcome measures: The research identified a basic social process, a core category or central phenomenon which had the characteristics of a maze through which the participants had to struggle to find a way. The process of ‘finding a way’ has four stages. These are (a) first sign in the early stages, often involving denial or fear, and self‑medication with alcohol or other drugs; (b) recognition of the symptoms as a sign of mental illness; (c) understanding, discovering information about the illness; and (d) resolution, when care is successfully accessed. At each stage, barriers and/or facilitating factors either delay or speed progress. Conclusions: The study offers insights into the experiences of a small group of individuals and hence has limitations; however this theoretical approach provides an understanding of what ‘finding a way’ means to this group of participants and how it influences their lives. It offers a framework for understanding some of the cultural and contextual factors that affect young people’s pathways into mental health services and can inform interventions.
... As a result, the reader must understand who the investigator is and how their background may bias findings. (Corbin & Strauss, 2014) 4. Include concise and targeted direct quotes from your data in your reporting to demonstrate to readers the quality of your coding, theme creation, and subsequent findings. This might be a significant step forward in terms of openness and reliability. ...
This book titled “How to Write Your Thesis Using Qualitative Research Design” is a valuable reference for undergraduate and graduate students, professors, and research practitioners to refine and pursue more evident perspectives in conducting qualitative research in different fields. Many researchers are overwhelmed by the intricacies of qualitative research methods in conducting research. As the essential part of the research, research methods have not been usually reviewed. Researchers need to be immersed in a particular method’s trends, weaknesses, and strengths by writing a research methodology review. In such a way, researchers will have a firm grounding on the philosophies, values, and importance of the research method in a particular study, allowing them to execute a specific research method properly. This book will help researchers write a review article for their research method.
This book contains nine chapters that explain: Introduction to Qualitative Research, Writing a Qualitative Thesis?, Sampling in Qualitative Thesis Design and Guide in Writing a Literature Review, Making Literature Search, Writing Thematic Analysis, Guide in Conducting Interviews and Focus Group Discussions, Gaps Identification, Writing Thesis Results, Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations, and Thesis Write-Up for Journal Article Publication. May this book serve its purpose of translating research into practice.
Chapter 1 Nature on Qualitative Research
Chapter 2 Writing a Qualitative Thesis?
Chapter 3 Sampling in Qualitative Thesis Design and Guide in
Writing a Literature Review Chapter 4 Making Literature Search
Chapter 5 Writing Thematic Analysis
Chapter 6 How to Conduct Interviews and Focus Group
Discussions
Chapter 7 Gaps Identification as Starting Point of Research Chapter 8 Writing Thesis Results, Discussion, Conclusion, and
Recommendations
Chapter 9 Qualitative Thesis Write-Up for Journal Article
Publication
... The authors chose Grounded Theory to base our understanding of the situation on the interactions and relations of the urban poor with each other and other social actors, as described by themselves. We also considered it necessary to examine the change over time in these families and finally to place them within the surrounding social structures that contribute to shaping their lives (Corbin and Strauss, 2008). We intended to understand as much as possible from the perspective of the urban poor and how they deal with the poverty trap, their surroundings, and the many social actors they interact with. ...
People living in poverty inhabit the outskirts of Mexican cities. They struggle and survive but cannot overcome poverty. The present article seeks to understand how the survival tactics of the urban poor keep them in poverty and, with this understanding, inform future interventions. A study based on qualitative grounded theory was conducted in 10 impoverished neighbourhoods in three main regions and cities in Mexico. Observational accounts and in-depth individual and group interviews were conducted with diverse social actors for 115 participants (75 women and 40 men) aged between 12 and 76 years. The data were analysed using an interpretative thematic analysis. Research findings revealed that the urban poor tackle adversities, such as a lack of basic services, health, education, environment, and nutrition. The strength, patience, and hard work employed by these individuals to survive were evident, but their actions to tackle these threats were costly. Ultimately, the urban poor remain in a cycle of poverty, or poverty traps. Interventions to fight poverty, improve life conditions, and general development must include integrated and participatory plans that consider the knowledge and strengths of the urban poor.
... In this type of research, the question that the researcher focuses on is not "Why" but "What" (Gürbüz & Şahin, 2016). Qualitative research, which follows an inductive path by its nature, is an approach that explores meanings and thoughts in a particular situation and enables the researcher to discover details with a high level of participation in the field (Creswell, 2009;Strauss & Corbin, 2008). The aim of qualitative approach is to understand the nature of the phenomenon (Florczak, 2014). ...
In this research, it is aimed to investigate the classroom and out-of-class practices
that classroom teachers do while transferring cultural values to students.
The research was conducted with a phenomenological design based on a qualitative
approach with an interpretive tradition. The participants of the study were
teachers working as teachers in different cities of Türkiye. Data were collected
through an interview form consisting of open-ended questions and interviews
developed by the researcher. Participants participated in the research by choosing
the most appropriate interview form or interview. Thematic analysis was
applied on teachers’ opinions. Accordingly, a total of 29 codes belonging to 4
themes were created under 1 main theme. A main theme named School and Cultural
Values was created. Under this main theme, themes such as Cultural Values,
School and Socialization, Education Program and Teacher Practice were
created based on teacher opinions. This research, besides revealing the current
situation regarding the socialization processes in Türkiye’s education system,
puts its analytical emphasis on teacher practices inherent in secondary socialization
processes. Within the framework of this overview, the starting point of
this research is how aware teachers are of socialization processes at school and
how they reflect this awareness to their practices.
... The analysis of the field data commenced with qualitative data transcription following an iterative and inductive process (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). The researcher transcribed the recorded data verbatim, formatted it, and uploaded it to the NVivo 12 software for analysis. ...
The study examined slum residents' daily activities for survival, their implications on the environment, and the health of the inhabitants. The narrative design based on the qualitative methodology was deployed among 23 participants for an in-depth qualitative interview. The findings show various socioeconomic activities, such as processed and unprocessed food stuff; unskilled and unskilled labor, undertaken by the slum residents to fend for themselves. Such activities tend to negatively impact the environment in which people live as well as the health of the residents. The findings should be carefully applied to other slum communities with similar characteristics across all contexts. The outcome of the study provides city administrators with practical evidence of environmental pollutants occasioned by slums’ socioeconomic activities and their health implications in a developing country context. The novelty of this research lies in its application of two theoretical frameworks to examine the same slum phenomenon, emphasising the impact on the ecology and health of residents.
... The data collection and analysis process of grounded theory is iterative. Researchers start by conceptualizing the initial data through open coding to identify key concepts, attributes, and dimensions within the data [30]. Next, using axial coding, they connect the concepts with central phenomena and explore their causal relationships [31]. ...
The present research aims to explore the dual potential of artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology in the esthetic reproduction of Ming-style furniture and its innovative design while promoting sustainable practices and cultural heritage preservation. For this purpose, a combination of methodologies integrating the principles of grounded theory, empirical research, sustainable design, and design practice and evaluation techniques is employed. The results are as follows: First, the three-level coding method in grounded theory is used to construct a multi-dimensional esthetic feature library of Ming-style furniture, including 6 esthetic feature dimensions and 102 groups of esthetic elements. Second, a set of databases specifically for Ming-style furniture is developed based on the Midjourney platform. The AIGC exclusive toolkit for furniture (MFMP) contains a language package of 61 keywords and a basic formula for Ming-style furniture design. The MFMP toolkit accurately reproduces Ming-style furniture esthetics through empirical validation. Finally, combined with sustainable design principles, a new path is explored in order to utilize the MFMP toolkit for the sustainable and innovative design of new Chinese-style furniture. The research results demonstrate that AIGC enhances traditional and modern furniture design, offering tools for industry growth in a sustainable way and preserving cultural heritage.
... They require that the interviewee understands them, putting their experiences in relation with the questions. We required the inter- Our coding was completed with 'process coding', a form of coding that focuses on actions, as intertwined with the dynamics of time, such as changes, processes of emergence, etc. (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). This focus on time and change borrowed from classic qualitative approaches associated with the idea of practices helped us get at ever-evolving relations characteristic of social-ecological systems . ...
As sustainability scientists increasingly put forward the relevance of process‐relational approaches to make sense of social‐ecological phenomena, an inquiry on which methods would fit a process‐relational approach is necessary.
This paper discusses how a process‐relational approach can be applied to traditional qualitative research methods, namely interviews and coding and the tensions associated with it.
Process‐relational perspectives share commonalities with interpretative approaches but also present specific characteristics, such as the importance of material aspects and the understanding of the phenomenon as a moment in which different elements become defined respective to each other.
The paper uses data and researchers' experiences from an action research project seeking to support collective action among coastal communities affected by environmental changes in Kenya and Mozambique.
Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
... A third round involved axial coding to group similar codes, identifying higher-level themes. This process required iteration between the comment data and related literature to refine the theme categorization, which is characteristic of qualitative research analysis [21]. The themes categorized tasks into design-related and non-design-related contributions. ...
Open-source is a decentralized and collaborative method of development that encourages open contribution from an extensive and undefined network of individuals. Although commonly associated with software development (OSS), the open-source model extends to hardware development, forming the basis of open-source hardware development (OSH). Compared to OSS, OSH is relatively nascent, lacking adequate tooling support from existing platforms and best practices for efficient collaboration. Taking a necessary step towards improving OSH collaboration, we conduct a detailed case study of DrawBot, a successful OSH project that remarkably fostered a long-term collaboration on Thingiverse - a platform not explicitly intended for complex collaborative design. Through analyzing comment threads and design changes over the course of the project, we found how collaboration occurred, the challenges faced, and how the DrawBot community managed to overcome these obstacles. Beyond offering a detailed account of collaboration practices and challenges, our work contributes best practices, design implications, and practical implications for OSH project maintainers, platform builders, and researchers, respectively. With these insights and our publicly available dataset, we aim to foster more effective and efficient collaborative design in OSH projects.
... The study used a mixed method, sequential explanatory procedure to acquire a complete understanding of the factors that constitute teachers' perceptions of learning and teaching via the Bagroup project. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected via observations, questionnaires, and interviews (Corbin & Strauss, 2014;Creswell, 2014). ...
We investigated teachers’ perspectives about what opportunities for learning and teaching could be created using WhatsApp as a social network to help students prepare for the final secondary-school Bagrut (matriculation) exam in mathematics. Launched by the Ministry of Education and the Center for Educational Technology three months before the Bagrut examination, the “WhatsApp Bagroup” project was initiated to serve as an additional environment for learning mathematics. The formation of these WhatsApp groups was meant to provide an online review project during which teachers integrated blended learning, and students presented problems with which they were having difficulties. During this initiative, we applied a quantitative and qualitative research model to analyze the teachers’ points of view about what learning and teaching opportunities were created. The study used a mixed method, sequential explanatory procedure to acquire a complete understanding of the factors that constitute teachers’ perceptions of learning and teaching via the Bagroup project. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using three tools: a questionnaire with Likert-type statements and open questions, informal semi-structured interviews, and observations of four Bagroup study groups conducted during the three-month period. Factor analysis revealed three categories regarding the Bagroup environment: factors that contribute to learner’s emotional needs, factors that promote learning, and factors that inhibit learning. The findings may have implications for distance and remote learning and teaching opportunities.
... For this study, a qualitative approach was employed to identify the factors specific to the Indian aerospace industry. Qualitative methodologies are effective in capturing unanticipated factors and nuances related to entrepreneurial intentions in high-tech contexts, offering a holistic view of the entrepreneurial process (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). These studies allow for a deep exploration of the motivations and personal factors that drive individuals towards high-tech entrepreneurship (Gartner, 1985). ...
High-tech entrepreneurship in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), is crucial for the advancement of the aerospace industry, particularly in India, where notable progress has been witnessed in the last two decades, contributing significantly to technological advancements, defense capabilities, and space exploration efforts. Leveraging their specialization, high-tech entrepreneurs deliver high-quality, tailored products, and solutions. Despite the significant role played by high-tech entrepreneurs there remains limited exploration of behavioral indicators for entrepreneurial intentions in the Indian aerospace sector. Quantitative studies are valuable for generalization, but exploratory qualitative research offers more context-dependent insights. Qualitative research utilizing Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been adopted in this study to investigate the behavior indicators of high-tech entrepreneurship within SMEs in the Indian aerospace industry. Using semi-structured interviews of twenty-four successful high-tech entrepreneurs, this study identifies thirty behavior indicators for high-tech entrepreneurship including risk-taking, perseverance, commitment to quality, to be one's own boss, empowerment of subordinates, technical expertise, self-confidence, and ability to work with cutting-edge technologies. Some of these indicators were not common with the findings of previous research on high-tech entrepreneurship, such as commitment to quality, empowering employees, technical expertise, and working on cutting-edge technologies. This study also brings out unique motivational factors namely relative work experience and underutilized skills within corporate settings. These findings contribute significantly to the existing theory of high-tech entrepreneurship and offer valuable insights for academia, industry, and government for entrepreneurial education and policy development to nurture successful high-tech entrepreneurs, thereby promoting a self-sustainable and competitive Indian aerospace industry.
... The coding frame was revised based on study team deliberations and then applied to transcripts using the qualitative data management software program NVivo™ version 12. We then compared and contrasted [29] analytic codes into broader categories and emergent themes until we were confident that we had captured the predominant ideas, interpretations, and perspectives evident in the focus groups. As a research team we refined these themes and several versions of the written text for clarity and completeness. ...
Background
Patient-centred measurement (PCM) emphasizes a holistic approach wherein the voices of patients are reflected in the standardized use of patient-reported outcome and experience measures and are represented throughout the continuum of measurement activities. Given the challenges of routinely integrating patient self-reports into clinical care decisions, the perspectives of all healthcare system stakeholders, especially patients, is necessary to advance the science of PCM. The purpose of the analysis we report on here was to identify patient-driven research priorities for advancing the science of PCM.
Methods
We analyzed data from seven focus groups that were conducted across British Columbia, Canada and that included a total of 73 patients, using qualitative inductive analysis and constant comparative methods.
Results
We found that the patients conveyed a desire for PCM to contribute to healthcare decisions, specifically that their individual healthcare needs and related priorities as they see them are always front and centre, guiding all healthcare interactions. The patients’ commentaries highlighted intersecting priorities for research on advancing the science of PCM that would help transform care by (1) enhancing the patient-provider relationship, (2) giving voice to patients’ stories, (3) addressing inclusivity, (4) ensuring psychological safety, (5) improving healthcare services and systems to better meet patient needs, and (6) bolstering healthcare system accountability.
Conclusions
These priorities provide direction for future research efforts that would be positioned to make progress towards better health, better care, and better use of resources for individuals and for society.
... Having collected the data via the developed questionnaire, the quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS (version 26) software program through mathematical procedures like scale reliability analysis, EFA, and PCA. Additionally, the qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed based on grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). ...
... To gain insights into the nature of the questions in the MMLU-hard subset, we conducted an open coding exercise involving three researchers. Open coding is a qualitative analysis technique that involves assigning labels or categories to data based on their characteristics or themes [7]. The researchers independently reviewed the questions in the MMLU-hard subset and assigned labels or categories based on their assessment of the cognitive capabilities required or specific domain knowledge needed to answer each question. ...
The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to their widespread adoption in various academic and business applications. However, the reliability of these models remains a concern, particularly in situations where their outputs cannot be fully trusted. This paper presents a novel approach to identify potential errors in large LLM benchmarks through leveraging the consensus of frontier models. Our study focuses on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark, a popular dataset used to evaluate the performance of LLMs across a wide range of subjects.
... To gain insights into the nature of the questions in the MMLU-hard subset, we conducted an open coding exercise involving three researchers. Open coding is a qualitative analysis technique that involves assigning labels or categories to data based on their characteristics or themes [7]. The researchers independently reviewed the questions in the MMLU-hard subset and assigned labels or categories based on their assessment of the cognitive capabilities required or specific domain knowledge needed to answer each question. ...
The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to their widespread adoption in various academic and business applications. However, the reliability of these models remains a concern, particularly in situations where their outputs cannot be fully trusted. This paper presents a novel approach to identify potential errors in large LLM benchmarks through leveraging the consensus of frontier models. Our study focuses on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark, a popular dataset used to evaluate the performance of LLMs across a wide range of subjects.
... Doküman analizi, yazılı belgelerin içeriğini titizlikle ve sistematik olarak analiz etmek için kullanılan nitel bir araştırma yöntemidir (Wach, 2013). Nitel araştırmada kullanılan diğer yöntemler gibi doküman analizi de anlam çıkarmak, ilgili konu hakkında bir anlayış oluşturmak, ampirik bilgi geliştirmek için verilerin incelenmesini ve yorumlanmasını gerektirmektedir (Corbin ve Strauss, 2008). ...
Bu araştırmanın amacı Türkiye’de okul öncesi dönem keman eğitimi için yazılmış kitapların genel ve görsel özellikleri ile içerdiği etkinliklerin müziksel gelişim dönemlerine uygunluğu bağlamında incelenmesidir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Veri kaynağı olarak Türkiye’de okul öncesi dönem için yazılmış keman eğitimi kitapları alınmıştır. Amaçlı örneklem yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme ile Türk yazarlar tarafından okul öncesi keman eğitimine yönelik olarak yazılmış 11 adet başlangıç keman kitabı incelenmiştir. Veri toplamada araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanmış “Okul öncesi dönem için yazılmış keman eğitimi kitaplarını inceleme formu” kullanılmıştır. Görsel incelemede kitap içinde resim ve metinlerin yer alışı, resim özellikleri alt başlıkları yer almaktadır. İçerik incelemede sayfa içeriğinde yer alan öğeler, bitiriş sertifikası olma durumu, kitaptaki uygulamaların içerdiği sınıf modelleri yer almaktadır. Kitapların okul öncesi dönem müziksel gelişim dönemleri bakımından incelenmesinde ise duyma/işitme, sesleme/şarkı söyleme, hareket/dans ve keşif/oyun boyutlarına yer verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak kitaplarda yer alan etkinliklerin en çok duyma/işitme boyutunda olduğu, bu etkinlikler içerisinde en çok tiz ve pes kavramları, tanıdık ezgilere yer verme ve tempo çalışmalarına yer verildiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Sesleme/şarkı söyleme boyutunda tanıdık şarkıların ritim ve ezgilerini söyleyerek farklı duygularla ilişkilendirme etkinliklerinin yer aldığı ancak kendi şarkısını seçme, besteleme, mırıldanma ve farklı dinamiklerle söyleme gibi etkinliklerin kitaplarda hiç yer almadığı tespit edilmiştir. Hareket/dans boyutunda da kitaplarda yer alan görseller ve öğretmenin keman tutuşunu gözlemleme etkinlikleriyle çoğunlukla duruş tutuş çalışmalarına yer verildiği ancak hareket şarkıları ve parmak oyunlarına yeterli seviyede olmadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Keşif/oyun boyutunda ise öğrencilerin farklı müzik türlerini, tempoları, dinamikleri keşfetmeye yönlendirecek etkinliklerin kitaplarda hiç yer almadığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
... Aiming to gain a more comprehensive insight into how users prefer to interact with their surroundings, this study actively involves students in the design process of elementary schools in Tehran, focusing on understanding their preferences directly from their expressions, rather than relying on the brain patterns. To achieve the goal of the research, this research uses a qualitative method, Qualitative research involves an inductive approach, where the researcher investigates the meanings and insights within a specific context [40]. It encompasses various methods of data collection and analysis, utilizing purposive sampling and semi-structured, openended interviews [41,42] Qualitative research emphasizes words rather than numbers, which is exactly the aim of this research, and it involves observing real-life situations to interpret and understand the meanings that individuals create in their everyday lives [43]. ...
... The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Their analysis followed the documented procedures of grounded theory (26). As well as the use of open and focused coding, and research memos, this included the constant comparison technique, an approach that allows concepts to emerge from the data rather than from placing the data in a preconceived framework. ...
Introduction
Although some adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) require intensive and specialized ASD treatment, there is little research on how these adults experience the recovery process. Recovery is defined as the significant improvement in general functioning compared to the situation prior to treatment.
Methods
This qualitative study describes the recovery process from the perspective of adults on the autism spectrum during intensive inpatient treatment. Semi-structured interviews (n = 15) were carried out and analyzed according to the principles of grounded theory.
Results
Our results indicate that, given the specific characteristics of autism, therapeutic interventions and goal-oriented work cannot be carried out successfully, and the recovery process cannot begin, if no good working relationship has been established, and if care is not organized in ways that a person on the autism spectrum finds clear and predictable.
The Research Centre of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF-FZ) evaluated the Community Sponsorship Pilot Programme "New Start in a Team" (NesT) between 2019 and 2022. NesT enables the admission of refugees through a collaboration between state and civil society actors. The Research Report presents the findings of the evaluation.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, ortaokul matematik uygulamaları dersine ait öğretim materyalinde yer alan problemlerin, matematiksel modelleme problemlerine uygun olup olmadığının araştırılmasıdır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Matematik uygulamaları öğretim materyali olarak değerlendirilen beşinci, altıncı, yedinci ve sekizinci sınıf ders kitaplarında yer alan toplam 149 adet problem incelenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde tümdengelim ve tümevarım yöntemleri birlikte kullanılarak bu öğretim materyallerinde yer alan problemlerin yarısından fazlasının gerçekçi durum içeren problemler olduğu görülmüştür. Fakat bu problemlerin oldukça az bir kısmı modelleme problemlerinde bulunması gereken özgünlük kriterini sağlamaktadır. Yine benzer şekilde sadece birkaç adet problem açıklık kriterlerini taşımaktadır. Modelleme alt yeterlikleri incelendiğinde problemlerin birçoğunun matematiksel çözüm gerektiren problemler olduğu dikkat çekicidir. Problemlerin büyük çoğunluğu basitleştirme, yorumlama ve doğrulama aşamalarını içermemektedir. Yenilenen matematik uygulamaları öğretim programı ile matematiksel modellemeye ilginin arttığı fakat bunun öğretim materyallerine yansımadığı görülmüştür. Dikkate alınan kriterler doğrultusunda öğretim materyallerinin yenilenmesi önerilmektedir.
Objective
To identify factors that have interfered with puerperal care in a border region during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method
qualitative research, using Grounded Theory as a methodological reference. It was developed in primary care in the triple border region of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, with 30 participants, including puerperal women, health professionals, and managers. According to the Straussian perspective, data collection and analysis were collected between August 2021 and May 2022, following the stages of open, axial, and selective coding.
Results
four subcategories were identified: “accessing health units”, “understanding home visits and active search”, “having insufficient information sharing in the care network” and “showing an overloaded health system”.
Conclusion
it was found that most of the factors that interfered with puerperal women’s care already existed and were aggravated by the pandemic. It is recommended that measures be put in place to guarantee the sharing of information and timely counter-referrals.
KEYWORDS:
Border Areas; Primary Health Care; COVID-19; Postpartum Period; Grounded Theory.
Objective
To identify factors that have interfered with puerperal care in a border region during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method
qualitative research, using Grounded Theory as a methodological reference. It was developed in primary care in the triple border region of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, with 30 participants, including puerperal women, health professionals, and managers. According to the Straussian perspective, data collection and analysis were collected between August 2021 and May 2022, following the stages of open, axial, and selective coding.
Results
four subcategories were identified: “accessing health units”, “understanding home visits and active search”, “having insufficient information sharing in the care network” and “showing an overloaded health system”.
Conclusion
it was found that most of the factors that interfered with puerperal women’s care already existed and were aggravated by the pandemic. It is recommended that measures be put in place to guarantee the sharing of information and timely counter-referrals.
KEYWORDS:
Border Areas; Primary Health Care; COVID-19; Postpartum Period; Grounded Theory.
Objective
To identify factors that have interfered with puerperal care in a border region during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method
qualitative research, using Grounded Theory as a methodological reference. It was developed in primary care in the triple border region of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, with 30 participants, including puerperal women, health professionals, and managers. According to the Straussian perspective, data collection and analysis were collected between August 2021 and May 2022, following the stages of open, axial, and selective coding.
Results
four subcategories were identified: “accessing health units”, “understanding home visits and active search”, “having insufficient information sharing in the care network” and “showing an overloaded health system”.
Conclusion
it was found that most of the factors that interfered with puerperal women’s care already existed and were aggravated by the pandemic. It is recommended that measures be put in place to guarantee the sharing of information and timely counter-referrals.
KEYWORDS:
Border Areas; Primary Health Care; COVID-19; Postpartum Period; Grounded Theory.
Climate solutions related to mitigation and adaptation vary across the United States and India, given their unique current socio-political–technological abilities and their histories. Here, we discuss results from online face-to-face interviews undertaken with 33 U.S.-based climate experts and 30 India-based climate experts. Using qualitative grounded theory, we explore open-ended responses to questions related to mitigation and adaptation and find the following: (1) there is broad agreement among experts in both countries on the main mitigation solutions focused on the decarbonization of energy systems, but (2) there are a diversity of views between experts on what to prioritize and how to achieve it. Similarly, there is substantial agreement that adaptation solutions are needed to address agriculture, water management, and infrastructure, but there is a wide variety of perspectives on other priorities and how best to proceed. Experts across both countries generally perceived mitigation as needing national policies to succeed, while adaptation is perceived as more local and challenging given the larger number of stakeholders involved in planning and implementation. Our findings indicate that experts agree on the goals of decarbonization, but there was no consensus on how best to accomplish implementation.
The paper narrows the research gaps on women's performances enacted to ascertain their voice and influence in perplexing environments and how these attempts evolve in the particular social, political fields of local government. It shows how women use negotiation to build resilience, cope with persistent gender inequalities and exert influence in strategic management forums of local governments. The findings are based on content analysis of semistructured interviews with 20 Arab and Jewish women members of municipal councils. Three main themes emerged from the analysis of the interview data: “noisy silences”—subtle counter‐moves , disrupting the field and planting new trees and the mysteries of success . These themes encapsulate marks of micro‐emancipation, illustrating women council members' acts of resistance—transforming the imperfections attributed to them by their male counterparts, into opportunities—, allowing to sound their voices and exert influence at the unhospitable and chilly political field of local governments. Women are capable of adapting their negotiation repertoire to the emerging circumstances. The task of changing the playing field of municipal councils is markedly more arduous for women in Arab towns, nonetheless some of them engage it.
Context
Much remains unanswered regarding how clinical reasoning is learned in the clinical environment. This study attempts to unravel how novice medical students learn to reason, by examining how they make sense of the clinical patient encounter.
Method
The current study was part of a greater research project employing constructivist grounded theory (CGT) to develop a learning model of clinical reasoning. Introducing the sensemaking perspective, as a sensitising concept, we conducted a second level analytic phase with CGT, to further advance our previously developed model. This involved re‐examining collected data from semi‐structured interviews, participant observations and field interviews of novice students during their early clinical clerkships.
Results
A learning model of how medical students make sense of the patient encounter emerged from the analysis. At its core lie three interdependent processes that co‐constitute the students' clinical sensemaking activity. Framing the situation is the process whereby students discern salient situational elements, place them into a meaningful relationship and integrate them into a clinical problem. Inquiring into the situation is the process whereby students gain further insight into the situation by determining which questions need to be asked. Lastly, taking meaningful action is the process whereby students carve out a pathway of action, appropriate for the circumstances. Tensions experienced during these processes impair clinical sensemaking.
Conclusions
The study provides an empirically informed learning model of clinical reasoning, during the early curricular stages. The model attempts to capture the complexity of medical practice, as students learn to recognise and respond to what constitutes the essence of a clinical situation. In this way, it contributes to a conceptual shift in how we think and talk about clinical reasoning. It introduces the concept of clinical sensemaking , as the act of carving a tangible clinical problem out of an often undetermined clinical situation and pursuing justified action.
الأهداف: هدفت الدراسة إلى الإجابة عن السؤال الآتي: ما أفضل الأُطُر لبناء إستراتيجية لتوجيه التغير في المجتمع الخليجي؟ المنهج: تبنت الدراسة منهجية النظرية المجذّرة لتحقيق هدف الدراسة، وهو الوصول إلى إطار مفاهيمي يسهل عملية بناء إستراتيجية لتوجيه التغير الاجتماعي داخل عينة الدراسة التي اشتملت على أربع من دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي. النتائج: توصلت الدراسة إلى صياغة نموذج المربع الإستراتيجي ليعبر عن الإطار المفاهيمي، وهو يحوي بعدين، هما: البعد الفردي، والبعد المؤسسي، ويعبران عن المستويين (المايكرو، والماكرو) داخل البناء الاجتماعي، ويرتكز التغير داخل المستويين في أربعة محاور، وهي: الأنظمة والإجراءات، التدريب والتطوير، التقنية الرقمية، الوعي والأولويات. الخاتمة: قدّمت الدراسة عدة توصياتٍ، من أبرزها: إنشاء مركز مختص لتتبع وقياس التغيرات والمستجدات وتقديم حلول استباقية لتجنب الآثار السلبية لذلك التغير على المجتمع.
Autopercepción de Conductores de Uber en Chile: Entre la negación de la precariedad y el orgullo del buen servicio Self-perception of Uber drivers in Chile: Between precariousness and pride in good service Autopercepção dos motoristas de Uber no Chile: Entre a negação da precariedade e o orgulho do bom serviço Resumen: El estatus y condiciones de los trabajadores de la "gig economy" ha sido un tópico de debate alrededor del mundo. En particular, la empresa Uber ha estado en el foco de una serie de disputas respecto a la clasificación de sus conductores. Este texto se enfoca en el caso de los conductores de Uber de Santiago de Chile en el año 2019 y cómo estos perciben sus condiciones de empleo, en tanto el país posee una tradición de trabajo precario y/o informal y durante ese periodo un proyecto de ley que apuntaba a codificar el estado legal de los conductores estaba siendo discutido en el Congreso. Para desarrollar la investigación, se realizaron 7 entrevistas semiestructuradas a conductores, variando en afiliación sindical, contacto con otros conductores y tiempo de actividad. Los resultados muestran cómo, a pesar de descartar la categoría de emprendedor, se toman varios elementos asociados a esta que aparecen mediados por la construcción de las condiciones de empleo como riesgosas y/o precarias y a Uber como una compañía negligente y/o explotadora. Por otro lado, los entrevistados construyen la relación que mantienen con los pasajeros como producto de sus características personales y un elemento identitario que sirve para separarlos de otros conductores de plataforma y/o taxistas. En particular, el concepto de agencia permite posicionar estos resultados dentro del marco general del país y cómo esta se asocia a los relatos sobre el trabajo informal en Chile.
Purpose
Few studies have addressed beliefs about treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) among family members of people with OUD, particularly in rural communities. This study examined the beliefs of rural family members of people with OUD regarding treatment, including medication for OUD (MOUD), and recovery.
Methods
Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with rural Vermont family members of people with OUD. Twenty family members completed interviews, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results
Four primary themes related to beliefs about OUD treatment emerged: (1) MOUD is another form of addiction or dependency and should be used short‐term; (2) essential OUD treatment components include residential and mental health services and a strong support network involving family; (3) readiness as a precursor to OUD treatment initiation; and (4) stigma as an impediment to OUD treatment and other health care services.
Conclusions
Rural family members valued mental health services and residential OUD treatment programs while raising concerns about MOUD and stigma in health care and the community. Several themes (e.g., MOUD as another form of addiction, residential treatment, and treatment readiness) were consistent with prior research. The belief that MOUD use should be short‐term was inconsistent with the belief that OUD is a disease. Findings suggest a need for improved education on the effectiveness of MOUD for family members and on stigma for health care providers and community members.
The concept of public service ecosystem is gaining much interest in discourses concerning value co-destruction in public service delivery. We adopt public service ecosystem as a perspective to view value co-destruction within infrastructure industry through misintegration of resources. To us, value destruction represents a decline in individual, organizational or societal well-being. Our research identifies hybridity, temporality, interconnectedness, and interdependence as pivotal characteristics of the public service ecosystem leading to misintegration of resources. We argue that mitigating value co-destruction requires a focus on institutional arrangements, structures, and incentives to align value creation processes and bridge gaps in the public service ecosystem
In this study, we pilot a novel use of location quotient and proportional comparison methodology paired with mobile device location data. Specifically, we sought to understand visitation patterns in an urban park context based on visitor home locale socio-demographics, using an example from Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, PA, USA. We examined visitors’ home locale demographics (i.e., percent African American and median household income) across a variety of park amenities (e.g., playgrounds, ball fields, splashpads), using location quotients and proportional analyses to compare the home locale demographics of visitors to specific amenities to park visitors as a whole. Findings illustrate amenities with over- or underrepresentation of visitors from certain socio-demographic groups, with bivariate analyses documenting intersectionality between race and income. Results of such analyses can aid park managers in understanding use of particular amenities and service gaps among historically underserved populations, and in turn, support more equitable resource allocation.
Multiple areas of innovation are contributing to making urban mobility sustainable, but these transformations are only implemented after an arrangement resulting from the exercise of power between agents and participants within the institutional framework. This paper aims to identify the characteristics that transportation management institutions should pursue to promote social sustainability in urban mobility projects. The methodological design is based on a comparative analysis of the cases of transportation regulatory institutions in the countries of the Northern Central American Triangle (NCAT) during the implementation period of their Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system projects, using a qualitative method of thematic analysis of institutional narratives. This analysis focuses on two competencies related to the social dimension of sustainability, namely citizen participation and integration of transport planning and land use. The main outcomes are threefold: firstly, a methodological proposal for institutional analysis; secondly, three key characteristics that are interrelated in institutional processes to promote projects and policies for socially sustainable mobility; and finally, it provides information about the management of these transportation projects in the first two decades of this century in a region with limited available information.
For many years, ”drawing a mathematics teacher” has been an activity that new student teachers in mathematics have been required to do in their first teaching session within the teacher training program. Having already been students themselves for at least thirteen years, during which most of them had mathematics classes several times a week, they had quite clear preconceptions of how teaching mathematics occurs, what kind of mathematics is taught and by whom. In this chapter I address what these drawings produced by student teachers can tell us: They bear imprints of all three elements, that is, the type of teaching, the nature of mathematics and the behavior or appearance of the mathematics teacher. More than 400 drawings were collected over a six-year period and analyzed, and they revealed that there is a surprising consensus around these presentations.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to bring a multilevel perspective to the discussion of the antecedents of violence against women in higher education settings.
Originality/value
This paper was guided by the need indicated in the literature for research on the multiple levels that constitute the context of violence against women, as this is a public health problem, a designation that indicates the urgency with which this pervasive phenomenon should be addressed. The university context is conducive to this type of research, as it includes situations that favor instances of violence. Additionally, it aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Gender Equality and Quality Educations.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper follows a qualitative and interpretative approach. This choice was due to the need to know the “how” and “why” elements that are part of violence against women in the university context. As the main source of evidence for the study, we conducted 20 in-depth interviews with women (victims) and men (aggressors), all university students involved in situations of violence. The transcription of the interviews generated 346 quotations, including 41 analysis codes.
Findings
After conducting the data coding, we identified that (i) the actions and omissions of the educational institution, (ii) the taste for violence, the perception of self-efficacy and the influence of the aggressors’ group of friends, and (iii) the apparent dichotomy between women’s vulnerability and women’s strength are among the main antecedents of violence against women. The article concludes with possible research questions to combat violence. Among the contribution of the discussions presented in our article, we highlight the importance of adopting a multilevel view so that we can better understand and fight against this violence, the existence of which is not restricted to the university context.
In deciding on CAQDAS use in my research, I deliberate firstly the primacy of grounded theory as a methodology and secondly the primacy of coding as a method. In the first section of this paper, I weigh the extent to which my research draws and departs from the principles and practices of grounded theory (GT). In examining the impact of cultures and religions on women's human rights in Malaysia I have used for example hypothesis-guided criteria for sampling. This is strictly speaking not in the original sense a grounded theory approach. In the paper, I make transparent the extent to which GT has informed my work in enhancing the qualitative research and in highlighting the uses and limits of grounded theory, I pose the question to what extent have I de-mystified its paradigmatic status in CAQDAS and its homogenising effects. In the second section, I discuss the dominance of coding in qualitative data analysis and I argue that the pitfall of reifying coding as analyses can be avoided through a researcher's reflexivity and agency (self-determination) combined with a pragmatic view and the use of codes as a means and not as an end. I discuss whether CAQDAS use essentially facilitates the rigour of methodology and the transparency of method as for example manifested in one's audit trail, and whether this in turn constitute research that is more accountable, innovative and effective.
URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0202107
There has been a rapid growth in the number of articles using Internet data sources to illuminate health behavior. However, little has been written about the ethical considerations of online research, especially studies involving data from Internet discussion boards. Guidelines are needed to ensure ethical conduct. In this article, the authors examine how a youth-focused research program negotiated ethical practices in the creation of its comprehensive health site and online message board. They address three situations in which ethical predicaments arose: (a) enrolling research participants, (b) protecting participants from risk or harm, and (c) linking public and private data. Drawing on the ethical principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, justice, and beneficence, the authors present practical guidelines for resolving ethical dilemmas in research on Internet communities.
In this article I outline the case for methodological awareness as an essential component of the craft skill that qualitative researchers typically bring to their work. This is opposed to the view that good quality research can be produced by opting for the criteria promoted by one variety, ‘paradigm’, ‘moment’ or school, arguing instead that valuable lessons for research practice can be learned from each one. The ‘craft skill’ conception of research suggests that researchers should regard their activities as relatively autonomous from the need to resolve philosophical disputes. Methodological awareness, involving the capacity to anticipate the consequences of methodological decisions while carrying out a research project, can be acquired from exposure to almost any intelligent methodological discussion, as well as from critical reading of existing research studies. In making this case a summary of historical moments in qualitative research, and of key ideas presented by selected qualitative ‘criteriologists’ is provided.
A common misconception about sampling in qualitative research is that numbers are unimportant in ensuring the adequacy of a sampling strategy. Yet, simple sizes may be too small to support claims of having achieved either informational redundancy or theoretical saturation, or too large to permit the deep, case-oriented analysis that is the raison-d'être of qualitative inquiry. Determining adequate sample size in qualitative research is ultimately a matter of judgment and experience in evaluating the quality of the information collected against the uses to which it will be put, the particular research method and purposeful sampling strategy employed, and the research product intended.
Grounded theory methodology is a suitable qualitative research approach for clinical inquiry into nursing practice, leading to theory development in nursing. Given the variations in, and subjectivity attached to, the manner in which qualitative research is carried out, it is important for researchers to explain the process of how a theory about a nursing phenomenon was generated. Similarly, when grounded theory research reports are reviewed for clinical use, nurses need to look for researchers' explanations of their inquiry process.
The focus of this article is to discuss the practical application of grounded theory procedures as they relate to rigour.
Reflecting on examples from a grounded theory research study, we suggest eight methods of research practice to delineate further Beck's schema for ensuring, credibility, auditability and fittingness, which are all components of rigour.
The eight methods of research practice used to enhance rigour in the course of conducting a grounded theory research study were: (1) let participants guide the inquiry process; (2) check the theoretical construction generated against participants' meanings of the phenomenon; (3) use participants' actual words in the theory; (4) articulate the researcher's personal views and insights about the phenomenon explored; (5) specify the criteria built into the researcher's thinking; (6) specify how and why participants in the study were selected; (7) delineate the scope of the research; and (8) describe how the literature relates to each category which emerged in the theory.
The eight methods of research practice should be of use to those in nursing research, management, practice and education in enhancing rigour during the research process and for critiquing published grounded theory research reports.
In this paper, I call into question the widely-held assumption of a single, more or less unified paradigm of 'qualitative research' whose methodologies share certain epistemological and ontological characteristics, and explore the implications of this position for judgements about the quality of research studies.
After a quarter of a century of debate in nursing about how best to judge the quality of qualitative research, we appear to be no closer to a consensus, or even to deciding whether it is appropriate to try to achieve a consensus. The literature on this issue can be broadly divided into three positions: those writers who wish qualitative research to be judged according to the same criteria as quantitative research; those who believe that a different set of criteria is required; and those who question the appropriateness of any predetermined criteria for judging qualitative research. Of the three positions, the second appears to have generated most debate, and a number of different frameworks and guidelines for judging the quality of qualitative research have been devised over recent years.
The second of the above positions is rejected in favour of the third. It argues that, if there is no unified qualitative research paradigm, then it makes little sense to attempt to establish a set of generic criteria for making quality judgements about qualitative research studies. We need either to acknowledge that the commonly perceived quantitative-qualitative dichotomy is in fact a continuum which requires a continuum of quality criteria, or to recognize that each study is individual and unique, and that the task of producing frameworks and predetermined criteria for assessing the quality of research studies is futile.
Some of the implications of this latter position are explored, including the requirement that all published research reports should include a reflexive research diary.