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Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design
... Faktor yang mempengaruhi pelepasan panas dari tubuh manusia dapat dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu faktor lingkungan, faktor tubuh dan faktor luar yang mempengaruhi. (Szokolay, 2008). ...
... Kelajuan angin sampai dengan 0,5 m/detik masih dirasakan nyaman, sampai dengan 1 m/detik dirasakan namun siaga, sementara di atas kelajuan tersebut sudah dirasakan tidak nyaman. Namun pada kondisi sangat panas, kelajuan aliran udara sampai dengan 2 m/detik masih dapat diterima (Szokolay, 2008). ...
... Karena temperatur udara seringkali mendekati temperatur Selimut, pelepasan kalor dari tubuh melalui konveksi atau konduksi menjadi sulit juga. Cara utama untuk mendapatkan kenyamanan termal adalah dengan menurunkan kalor melalui pergerakan udara (Szokolay, 2008). ...
Wilayah Indonesia beriklim tropis dan menikmati dua musim yaitu musim hujan dan musim panas. Radiasi matahari berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan termal internal bangunan. Sehingga untuk menghalangi masuknya radiasi matahari tersebut bangunan dapat dilindungi dengan menggunakan selimut façade bangunan. Selimut façade bangunan merupakan penghalang yang memisahkan interior bangunan dari lingkungan luarnya. Selimut façade bangunan mendirikan sistem yang menciptakan ruang yang nyaman dengan secara aktif menanggapi lingkungan eksternal bangunan, dan secara signifikan mengurangi konsumsi energi bangunan (1). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: untuk mengidentifikasi berbagai masalah desain dan kriterianya untuk aplikasi fisik konsep dan untuk menghasilkan model rancangan facade bangunan selimut ganda yang responsif terhadap lingkungan dan hemat energi terutama dalam konteks iklim tropis di kota Pontianak. Urgensi penelitian ini adalah bahwa kota Pontianak dengan julukan sebagai Kota Khatulistiwa yang berada tepat di garis equator yang beriklim tropis, dengan aktivitas komersial dan pertumbuhan bangunan gedung yang berkembang pesat dapat menggunakan beberapa strategi desain hemat energi seperti facade bangunan selimut ganda ini untuk meningkatkan kinerja energi bangunan yang ada. Signifikansi dari penelitian adalah bahwa merancang bangunan yang hemat energi dan berkelanjutan telah menjadi keharusan dan strategi desain untuk mencapai hal yang sama sebagai kebutuhan saat ini. Penelitian ini berharap dapat menganalisis potensi facade bangunan selimut ganda sebagai strategi desain hemat energi yang mungkin dan jika dapat berhasil diterapkan di iklim tropis di kota Pontianak dan akan menghasilkan sumber desain untuk penerapan fisik dari strategi tersebut. Kontribusi signifikan dari penelitian ini adalah: menguji penerapan konsep di iklim tropis di kota Pontianak; mengidentifikasi masalah yang mempengaruhi atau mempengaruhi fungsi façade bangunan dan kemudian mengusulkan pedoman untuk desain yang efektif, serta menghasilkan berbagai jenis alternatif desain yang unik untuk konteks lingkungan kota Pontianak. Dari pelaksanaan penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memperoleh hasil luaran penelitian berupa sebuah produk tipikal model rancangan façade bangunan selimut ganda (double skin façade) yang bisa dipasang sebagai modul dinding facade bangunan.
... Thermal comfort is dependent on the "condition of equilibrium" in a person's thermal balance, according to Szokolay [18] . According to ANSI ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 [19] , thermal comfort is "the state of mind expressed by satisfaction with the thermal environment". ...
... The factors that contribute to thermal comfort are categorized under three categories by Szokolay [18] : the Environmental Factors, the Personal Factors, and the Contributing Factors. A number of pioneers have endorsed these or other similar factors, including Fanger [22] , Humphreys [23] , Nicol [24] , Olgyay [25] , and Koenigsberger et al. [26] . ...
... Steadman [43,44] in the research on thermal comfort and heat index identifies almost twenty factors that affect the perception of sultriness and thermal comfort within a building interior that is free of direct solar exposure, many of which are subjective human-perception influencing factors. In the book on buildings sciences, Szokolay [18] identifies four design variables that affect thermal performance to the greatest extent-shape, fabric, fenestration, and ventilation. Simha [50] in the research on Thermal Comfort in India identifies that the design characteristics that influence indoor comfort are six in number-materials, orientation, fenestration, adjustable shading, cooling systems, and adequate controls. ...
The thermal comfort of building interior is one of the most important components of its thermal performance. The
reliance of a building on artificial conditioning depends primarily on its inner comfort conditions. In recent times,
this higher reliance of buildings on artificial ventilation and air conditioning has led to firstly, the creation of the heat
island effect within cities, and secondly, the continuous warming of urban centers (particularly metropolises) with
respect to the region and the hinterland to which they belong. The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship
between the indoor thermal condition of old and new buildings to the contributing factors and to develop an innovative
predictive numerical model to design buildings ensuring better indoor thermal comfort conditions. To date, no such
composite predictive model has been innovated, although a considerable amount of work has been done on the factors
separately. Considering the global urban warming since 1970 this research has sampled an equal number of residences
from “Old Buildings” built before 1947 CE and “New Buildings” built after 1970 CE. This study is based on a
composite analysis of the thermal performances of sample buildings against the physical factors influencing thermal
performance—initially through examination of correlation and thereafter by developing a set of innovative numerical
predictive models between indoor thermal conditions and their contributing parameters. This new numerical model
shows a 55% curve-fitting on the thermal comfort index used.
... The clothing values, metabolism rates, and different air velocities derived from the literature were integrated with the mean indoor ambient parameters such as relative humidity and temperature values [28] to compute the predicted mean vote (PMV) as well as the predicted percentage of dissatisfied occupants (PPD), by the use of the software application, CBE thermal comfort tool [29]. The air velocity employed was 0.1 to 0.4 m/s, as suggested in the work by Szokolay [28]. ...
... The clothing values, metabolism rates, and different air velocities derived from the literature were integrated with the mean indoor ambient parameters such as relative humidity and temperature values [28] to compute the predicted mean vote (PMV) as well as the predicted percentage of dissatisfied occupants (PPD), by the use of the software application, CBE thermal comfort tool [29]. The air velocity employed was 0.1 to 0.4 m/s, as suggested in the work by Szokolay [28]. ...
... 7. Additionally, modelling the comfort indices during a 9h period for each CWTS, the mean PMV value varies between − 0.25 and 0.14 and the PPD index has values in the range of 5-6%. The PPD and PMV indices indicate that thermal comfort conditions were within the standard's prescribed limitations and hence were acceptable [28]. 8. Also, with an increase in CWTS (from 16 to 18°C CWTS), the room's PPD steadily increased from 12 to 24%. 9. ...
This study experimentally analysed the influence of chilled water temperature setpoints on thermal comfort conditions and energy consumption of an office building. Three chilled water temperature setpoints (10 °C, 12.5 °C, and 14 °C) were studied. The indoor environment variables (temperature and relative humidity) which are considered indicators of thermal comfort were recorded with data loggers for three consecutive days for each chilled water temperature setpoint (CWTS). Similarly, energy consumption was used as a metric to determine the system’s efficiency. The predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) and predicted mean vote (PMV) indicators were computed and analysed using the Thermal Comfort/ASHRAE 55-2020 modelling tool from the centre for the built environment (CBE). Additionally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling and analysis were performed using ANSYS Fluent to study the indoor environment conditions of the office at the different chilled water temperature setpoints. A comparison between the calculated, measured, and predicted satisfaction of occupants was done. The results obtained when varying the chilled water temperature setpoints reveal that increasing the chilled water temperature setpoint (by 12%) reduces energy consumption per hour by 2% without compromising thermal comfort. The study demonstrated that the CWTS could be reset between 14 and 15 °C to reduce energy consumption and maintain thermal comfort. Moreover, the CFD model can be used to compare the indoor environmental characteristics of chiller systems.
... As classified by the national building code of India, the warm-humid climate zone occupies the largest settled land area in the country, and it is the toughest to design climate responsive buildings for [5]. This zone is also called a tropical wet-dry climate by Köppen-Geiger classification [6] due to the distinctive characteristic of clear-cut seasonal summer wet and winter-dry periods with annual rainfall averages between 90 and 180 centimeters, almost all coming during the months of the high-sun season [7]. ...
... When people wear light clothing, the MRT (Mean radiant temperature), which is defined as the uniform temperature of an imaginary enclosure in which the radiant heat transfer from the human body is equal to the radiant heat transfer in the actual non-uniform enclosure, has double the effect of air temperature [5] on adaptive comfort, and keeping down the air temperatures is not enough. ...
... The building envelope in humanscapes habitat consists of four major elements namely, the 24cm thick Poured earth concrete (PEC) wall, the waste Cuddapah Stone wall, concrete columns and the 35 cm thick insulated vault roof. The strongest thermal impacts occur on the roof [5] in this climate, and the surface temperatures elevate due to solar gain input on the roof. Undue increase of surface temperatures in Humanscapes is prevented by using reflective roof surface of white ceramic tiles of reject quality, ensuring appropriate ventilation of space as well as under the roof, use of resistive insulation on the outside of the roof and active use of thermal mass offered by PEC walls, Waste Cuddapah stone walls, Concrete columns and brick vault roof. ...
***************Publisher Link for the Article: https://plea2022.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/PROCEEDING-ONLINE-FINAL-MARZO.pdf#page=450
*************** Citation: Ayer, S., Prasad, R., & Karunanidhi, N. K. (2022). Humanscapes Habitat - Integrated design for sustainable living Design for adaptive comfort for reduced operational energy consumption. PLEA 2022 SANTIAGO. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372648515
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Humanscapes is an applied research housing project in adaptive comfort for the tropical wet-dry climatic zone of coastal India. IPCC predicts a global increase in wet bulb temperature, drastically impacting the tropics, especially cities and towns along coastlines. In India, an energy deficit country, the number of hot days in the coastal zone is 100 – 125 per year and increasing. With a 3-pronged design intervention of -1- Site planning to reduce heat island effect with building orientation and shading -2 Design and placement of windows in proportion to room size and activity and -3- Use of low embodied energy building materials with low thermal conductivity and high time lag. Post occupancy, the buildings were monitored for 13 months, a cycle of 2 summers, and one monsoon season. Sensors were placed in relation to the various strategies adopted like building orientation, natural ventilation, shading, and materials. The data analysis of air and surface temperatures, relative humidity, and operational energy consumption demonstrates that the design interventions mentioned above, along with the use of ceiling fans, lead to adaptive comfort throughout the year without the use of air conditioning and reduced operational energy consumption.
KEYWORDS: Tropical coastal climates, adaptive cooling, reduced operational energy consumption, climate-responsive buildings
... For this reason, in presenting a visual-sensorybased quiet room, it is important to understand the perspective of individuals with autism spectrum disorders in perceiving space visually, including their view on the suitability of lighting. There are four factors of the suitability of lighting: colour, lighting atmosphere and colour, light direction, and glare level (Szokolay, 2004). The following paragraphs will mainly discuss the three keywords in these factors: colour, lighting, and glare. ...
... The following paragraphs will mainly discuss the three keywords in these factors: colour, lighting, and glare. lighting is recommended as it is also more energy efficient (Szokolay, 2004). ...
... Meanwhile, this type of LED lamp is recommended as it is more energyefficient than other types of lamps (Szokolay, 2004). ...
This study investigates strategies for developing visual sensory-based quiet rooms for individuals with autism spectrum disorders to reduce maladaptive behaviours and emotions. Optimizing visual sensory comfort in a quiet room is expected to help a person relieve the maladaptive behaviours and emotions that he/she is experiencing. This laboratory-based case study was conducted through a literature review and case studies in two quiet rooms in a school as the laboratory observation. Both schools provide special education services and an inclusive education school. This study aims to provide a reference for creating spaces for autistic individuals in supporting a more inclusive and sustainable environment. A total of eight respondents (four students from each school), aged between 7-21 years old, were involved in this study. Data for the analysis was obtained by observing the physical conditions of the existing quiet room and assessing the respondents' behaviour and emotions while they were inside the room. The behaviour and emotion assessments were based on 12 active behaviours and emotions on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Irritability (ABC-I) instrument. Meanwhile, lighting simulations were also conducted using the software DIALux evo 8.1 to determine the rooms' lighting situation. The case studies showed that (1) most of the respondents showed response related to the ◼ 70 ◼ quiet room's visual comfort; (2) the respondents in a quiet room with less lighting contrast intensity were more likely to experience a decrease in maladaptive behaviour and emotion; and (3) one of the respondents gave more response in auditory stimulation, which showed that non-visual sensory stimulation should also be put into consideration for a quiet room design. It was concluded that visual stimulation in a quiet room might affect the users' maladaptive behaviour or emotional change. Therefore, a visual-sensory-based intervention for a quiet room potentially increases its effectiveness. Keywords: quiet room, maladaptive behaviour, and emotions, autism spectrum disorders, visual sensory, visual comfort, quiet room needs, quiet room security.
... The main two factors can be described as follows: Visual performance is a function of time required to see an object in unit time; it depends on the contrast sensitivity of the eye, visual acuity or sharpness of vision, and the task illuminance (Szokolay, 2014). The quantity and distribution of light could be measured by using the daylight factor (DF) or lighting level. ...
... Visual comfort depends on certain factors such as flicker, shadow, colour appearance/rendering, directionality of light, veiling reflections and glare, which is the main (Rea & IESNA, 2011;Szokolay, 2014). Glare can be caused by a saturation effect or by excessive contrast. ...
... Glare can be caused by a saturation effect or by excessive contrast. According to the USA standards, there are two methods to measure it: the Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) system and the Discomfort Glare Rating (DGR) method (Szokolay, 2014). ...
... Passive design focuses on architectural features and building orientation to harness natural resources such as sunlight, airflow, and thermal mass for heating, cooling, and lighting. It relies on the building's inherent characteristics [121]. • Active systems involve the use of mechanical and electrical technologies, such as HVAC systems, LED lighting, and energy management systems, to enhance energy efficiency. ...
... • Active systems involve the use of mechanical and electrical technologies, such as HVAC systems, LED lighting, and energy management systems, to enhance energy efficiency. These systems require energy to operate [121]. ...
The built environment is a significant contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Advancements in the adoption of environmentally friendly building technology have become crucial in promoting sustainable development. These advancements play a crucial role in conserving energy. The aim is to achieve an optimal design by balancing various interrelated factors. The emergence of innovative techniques to address energy conservation have been witnessed in the built environment. This review examines existing research articles that explore different metaheuristic optimization techniques (MOTs) for energy conservation in buildings. The focus is on evaluating the simplicity and stochastic nature of these optimization techniques. The findings of the review present theoretical and mathematical models for each algorithm and assess their effectiveness in problem solving. A systematic analysis of selected algorithms using MOT is conducted, considering factors that influence wellbeing, occupant health, and indoor environmental quality. The study examines the variations among swarm intelligence MOTs based on complexity, advantages, and disadvantages. The algorithms’ performances are based on the concept of uncertainty in consistently providing optimal solutions. The paper highlights the application of each technique in achieving energy conservation in buildings.
... Theoretical Framework Szokolay (2014) observes that the prerequisite of thermal comfort is the "condition of equilibrium" in the thermal balance of a human body. ANSI (2013) ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 defines thermal comfort as "the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment". ...
... According to Szokolay (2014), the factors responsible for thermal comfort can be categorized under three sets -"Environmental", "Personal" and "Contributing Factors". Pioneering researchers like Fanger (1970), Humphrey (1978, Nicol (1996), Olgyay (1963), Koenigsberger, et.al. ...
Earth has experienced a global warming of 1.09 degree C over the last two decades when compared to the previous century. This problem has become multifold in the urban areas, thus generating the new phenomenon of "urban warming" as quoted by the IPCC. According to the IPCC data sheet of 2018, the city of Kolkata remains at the top of this urban warming list (2.6 degree C). Majority of this urban warming is contributed by buildings. The residential buildings of Kolkata, which constitutes the lion's share of the total built mass contributes considerably to this warming. As the global warming phenomenon has been mostly observed from 1970 onwards, this research assumes that buildings designed and built after that year has larger contributions to it. Hence, this research examines the thermal performances of samples of old (100 years of age or older) and new (after 1970) residential buildings of Kolkata, and compares them to find out which group performs better than the other. The research focuses on non-air-conditioned housing stocks and collects data on temperature, relative humidity, air velocity from the sample houses as well as does measured drawings of the same. It then uses the composite indexes of heat index, percentage comfort hour and comfort fraction to analyze the collected data and compare the two groups of residences. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that the internal thermal performance of the old residential buildings are better than those of the new residential buildings.
... Em se tratando de um edifício localizado na cidade de Maceió-AL, que possui clima tropical, quente e úmido, é de suma importância observar o desempenho térmico de suas fachadas, por conta da incidência solar presente durante o ano todo. Sabe-se que a primeira tarefa para proporcionar o controle da insolação em um edifício consiste em definir quando ela é bem-vinda e quando deve ser excluída (SZOKOLAY, 2004). Como Maceió está localizada na zona bioclimática 8, o uso de aberturas grandes para ventilação e sombreadas são as principais diretrizes projetuais recomendadas pela NBR 15220-3 (ABNT, 2005). ...
... Segundo Szokolay (2004), os ganhos solares podem ser permitidos enquanto a temperatura externa é menor ou igual a temperatura de neutralidade térmica. Considerando-se que em mais de 80% das horas do ano as temperaturas do ar em Maceió mantêm-se fora da zona de conforto térmico, conforme análises realizadas com o auxílio do programa Analysis-Bio (LAMBERTS; DUTRA; PEREIRA, 2014, p. 319), sombrear as aberturas se impõe como premissa para projetos que almejam a adequação ao clima local. ...
... Based on the adaptive model [25] and the mean outdoor temperature To (19.7 • C) in February, the neutral temperature (Tn) (Equation (2)) is 23.3 • C and the summer comfort zone is from 21.9 • C (the lower comfort limit: Tn − 2 • C) to 25.9 • C (the upper comfort limit: Tn + 2 • C). Based on another study (using the adaptive model) [55] and the average outdoor temperature (To.av), the summer comfort zone has been set at 2.5 • C above and below the neutral temperature (Tn) (Equation (3)) for 90% acceptability. The neutral temperature (Tn) during the hottest summer month (February) in Auckland is 21.7 • C, and the summer comfort zone for local people is from 21.2 • C (the lower comfort limit: Tn − 2.5 • C) to 26.2 • C (the upper comfort limit: Tn + 2.5 • C). ...
... This study tried to identify the difference in indoor thermal environment between classrooms with different moderate thermal mass in their building elements. According to previous studies and thermal standards [25,52,[55][56][57][58][59], 25 • C or 26 • C are more commonly used as the upper summer comfort limit. This study used percentages of time related to different ranges of indoor air temperature, especially when the temperatures were higher or lower than 25 • C or 26 • C (the upper limit of the summer comfort zone), to compare and evaluate the summer indoor thermal environment related to potential summer thermal comfort of the sample classrooms. ...
Previous studies show that moderate thermal mass in school building elements can positively impact the winter indoor thermal environment in a temperate climate with mild, humid winters. Based on a field study, this research contributes new physical data of the summer indoor thermal environment of Auckland school buildings with different designs of moderate thermal mass in their building elements to add to the previous winter field-study data and demonstrates that a school building with moderate thermal mass is adequate in a temperate climate with mild, humid winters and warm, dry summers. This field study compared and evaluated the summer indoor thermal environment of classrooms with different moderate thermal mass in their building elements during the summer school term and the summer school holidays. This study found that a classroom with thermal mass in its building elements has 19% to 21% more time in summer than a classroom without any thermal mass in its building elements when indoor air temperatures are within the thermal comfort zone, which was solely impacted by the building’s thermal performance. This study established a suitable research method to analyse the field-study data and identify the differences in the indoor thermal environments of the school buildings with different designs of moderate thermal mass in their building elements.
... Consequently, bioclimatic data may be "evolved" from vernacular buildings. Research publications summarized and improved upon these methods to boost their efficacy [40][41][42][43][44]. Sustainable design in modern buildings is increasingly seen as dependent on bioclimatic [45]. Passive and low-energy architecture (with an emphasis on energy efficiency) and green architecture are two distinct offshoots of BAA (focused on reducing building impact on the environment). ...
... • Generally, this leads to a misuse of local material. [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] [ [133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142] Passive and Low Energy Architecture ...
Architecture developed when humans decided to settle, beginning with vernacular architecture that influenced many subsequent concepts. In sub-Saharan nations, the notion of bioclimatic architecture has garnered a growing amount of interest from numerous stakeholders at various levels. Adopting bioclimatic design, which is the most appropriate for these developing countries, may facilitate the shift to more sustainable building practices. However, bioclimatic architecture has several obstacles to its successful acceptance and spread in the built environment of sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this article aims to systematically evaluate existing literature to determine the implications, issues, contributions, and challenges of bioclimatic design in the sub-Saharan construction industry. This study examines the bioclimatic approach to architecture, its impact on contemporary design, and its limitations in the sub-Saharan African building sector. It also suggests a new pathway towards an adaptive bioclimatic architecture approach based on a circular economy and multi-scale approach. An adaptive bioclimatic architecture framework for buildings is presented. The main problems for bioclimatic architecture adoption determine future research direction, frameworks, and approaches to develop toward adaptive biocli-matic design. This review will assist the relevant stakeholders and decision-makers implement more sustainable and locally adapted buildings in sub-Saharan countries.
... Para el cálculo de la temperatura neutral de invierno-primavera, se tomó el promedio de la temperatura exterior de los días monitoreados. Para definir los rangos superior e inferior de la zona de confort, se determinó utilizar la amplitud de +/-2,5 °C, como sugiere Szokolay (2004). La temperatura neutral fue de 23,54 °C para la temporada invierno-primavera, con un límite superior de 26,04 °C y un límite inferior de 21,04 °C. ...
... Para definir los rangos superior e inferior de la zona de confort, se determinó utilizar la amplitud de +/-2,5 °C, como sugiere Szokolay (2004). ...
El sillar (ignimbrita) es un material común dentro de las edificaciones del centro histórico de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú. Una de ellas es el centenario hospital Goyeneche, considerado Patrimonio Cultural, y uno de los centros de referencia que brindan atención de mediana complejidad. El inmueble está deteriorándose, y se observa la necesidad de calcular su comportamiento térmico, lo cual tiene como objetivo evaluar el coeficiente de estabilidad térmica, el amortiguamiento y el desfase de la onda térmica en una sala de hospitalización con muros de sillar de 80 cm de espesor. La metodología, con enfoque cualitativo, consistió en monitorear la temperatura exterior e interior en época de invierno, hasta finales de primavera (junio-noviembre de 2018). Se determinó que el coeficiente de estabilidad térmica, en promedio, fue de 0,30, y se obtuvo un amortiguamiento del 70 % de las fluctuaciones de temperatura exteriores en un clima seco-desértico-frío, con fluctuaciones que llegan hasta los 26 °C, con amortiguamiento de la onda térmica promedio de 6,07 °C y un desfase de la onda térmica promedio de 3h.20min, debido a la masa térmica del edificio. Se concluye que, al ser la sala de un material autóctono muy antiguo, en un clima con grandes diferencias de temperatura entre el día y la noche, esta presentó un adecuado comportamiento térmico, por su alta masa térmica respecto a su estabilidad térmica.
... The result showed that 11.5 0 azimuth is the most appropriate orientation for better operative temperature and relative humidity. When values of daylight metrics and thermal comfort indicators were ranked together as indicated in Table 4.4, 11.5 0 was found to be the most appropriate for PITVC due to the direction of air circulation at 45 0 as observed by Bhatia, (nd) and Szokolay (2008). One-way MANOVA was used to test if the effect of azimuth angle differs from one another significantly in one or more of the PITVC variables and a statistically significant difference was obtained, F (25, 210) = 3.640, p < .00001; ...
Many researchers have differed on the optimum values of Passive Indoor Thermal and Visual Comfort (PITVC) determinants for double-banked office buildings in tropical climates. The study is aimed at developing a mathematical model for enhancing PITVC in double-banked midrise office buildings, during the activity period (8 am to 5 pm), in the temperate dry climate of Nigeria. It was achieved by evaluating the effects of Orientation, WWR, R-values, and shading devices on PITVC. A quantitative research design using an explorative design approach was employed in the study as well as an experimental research strategy through simulation method to enhance PITVC. The study used Bank of Industry building as a prototype of a double-banked office building. The Google Sketch-Up 2022 and OpenStudio simulation tools were used to evaluate the prototype building from January to December 2023. The data generated was analyzed using relevant statistical tools (MANOVA, ANOVA, column charts, graphs, and tables). The findings revealed that the best WWR for visual and thermal comfort are 45% and 15% respectively while the compromise value was 45%. the best values of projection factors for visual and thermal comfort are 0.35 and 0.6 respectively while the compromise value was 0.5. It was also noted that the R-value of external wall insulation material does not affect the visual comfort of an office building but affects operative temperature as well as relative humidity as the optimum value was found to be 3.61 m2·K/W. The mathematical model was developed as = −. +. − +. … …. Where A is orientation, WWR window-to-wall ratio, PF projection factor, and R is the R-value of the external wall materials.
... 4.4. 11.5 0 was found to be the most appropriate for DPITC due to the direction of air circulation at 45 0 as observed by Szokolay (2008). ...
Many researchers have differed on the optimum values of Daylighting and Passive Indoor Thermal Comfort (DPITC) determinants in tropical climates. The study is aimed at
developing a framework for optimising DPITC in singled-banked office buildings, during
the activity period (8 a.m. to 5 p.m.), in the temperate dry climate of Nigeria. It was
achieved by evaluating the effects of orientation, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), Rvalues of external wall insulation material, and shading devices on DPITC. A quantitative research design using an explorative design approach was employed in the study as
well as an experimental research strategy through simulation method to optimise
DPITC. The study used the Federal Secretariat building of Nigeria as a prototype of a
single-banked office building. The Google SketchUp Pro 2022 and OpenStudio 3.3.0
simulation tools were used to evaluate the prototype building from January to December 2023. The data generated was analysed using relevant statistical tools (MANOVA,
ANOVA, column charts, graphs, and tables). The findings revealed that the best WWR
for daylighting and passive indoor thermal comfort are 20% and 15% respectively,
while the compromise value was 20%. It was also noted that the R-value of the external
wall insulation material does not affect the daylighting of an office building but affects
the passive indoor thermal comfort, where the optimum R-value was of 3.26 m2·K/W.
The mathematical model was developed as 𝐴 = 224.58 − 1254.84𝑊𝑊𝑅 + 102.87𝑃𝐹 −
4.11𝑅 … … .1 where A is orientation, WWR window-to-wall ratio, PF projection factor,
and R is the R-value of the external wall materials
... It is at the middle point of the comfort zone for any given climate. The temperature neutral is expressed by the following equation (Szokolay, 1987(Szokolay, , 2014: ...
Affordable housing subsidised by the government in Indonesia often poses many problems, including an uncomfortable internal environment that leads to the massive use of mechanical ventilation. Designing an affordable house undoubtedly faces challenges due to the very small building lots, while it should provide many spatial needs and functions for the occupants' daily activities. Because of limited funding provided by the government, affordable house design is often based only on basic needs, thus scarcely considering thermal comfort for the occupants. This study evaluates the thermal performance of affordable houses built for the 2018 great earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction victims in Palu's coastal area. Field measurements were conducted in an affordable housing complex, and a sample house was selected, representing a raised floor house design prototype. External and internal climate conditions were recorded for nine days to establish the hourly thermal trend. Hobo Onset H21 microclimate stations were used to record external climate conditions, whereas Onset Hobo U12-012 T-RH-Light was employed to record internal thermal conditions. The result showed that the thermal condition in the sample house was intolerably hot. The main cause of these conditions is the design of the roof and building envelope. The selected materials with a high U-value also worsen the thermal conditions in the sample house.
... Tools and methods for passive design analysis The understanding and appropriate interpretation of climate limitations and potentials is a crucial step in the design of the energy retrofit process. The most widely used approach to analysing climate data with respect to the passive design of buildings is to assess the indoor environmental conditions that should be achieved to obtain occupants' comfort (Givoni, 1969;Olgyay, 1963;Szokolay, 2014). The analytical method for climate analysis was introduced in the early 60s by the pioneers of the field, Olgyay (1963) and Givoni (1969). ...
... • Analizar la importancia de la arquitectura bioclimática y la eficiencia energética en el diseño arquitectónico: Se pretende explorar la relevancia de estas dos disciplinas en el ámbito de la construcción sostenible. Esto implica comprender cómo la arquitectura bioclimática puede aprovechar las condiciones climáticas y ambientales para optimizar el uso de la energía en los edificios, y cómo la eficiencia energética puede contribuir a reducir el consumo de energía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (Szokolay, 2013). • Presentar casos de estudio y proyectos que demuestren soluciones en arquitectura bioclimática y eficiencia energética: Se realizará un análisis exhaustivo de diversos casos de estudio y proyectos arquitectónicos que hayan implementado estrategias sostenibles. ...
1. INTRODUCCIÓN La arquitectura bioclimática y la eficiencia energética son conceptos que han surgido como respuesta a la necesidad de construir de manera sostenible, teniendo en cuenta el impacto ambiental y la eficiencia ener-gética de los edificios. Estos enfoques han evolucionado a lo largo de la historia a medida que se han desarrollado nuevas técnicas y tecnolo-gías. Históricamente, muchas culturas antiguas han utilizado principios bio-climáticos en sus construcciones para adaptarse al entorno natural y aprovechar los recursos disponibles. Por ejemplo, los antiguos romanos empleaban materiales de construcción que tenían propiedades aislantes y diseñaban sus edificios para aprovechar la luz solar y la ventilación natural (Mazria, 2014; Zuo y Zhao, 2014). Además, las antiguas ciuda-des mayas utilizaban técnicas de diseño que permitían la circulación de aire y el aprovechamiento de sombras para mantener temperaturas con-fortables en climas cálidos. En la era moderna, el interés por la arquitectura bioclimática y la efi-ciencia energética se intensificó a medida que aumentaba la conciencia sobre los problemas ambientales y la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles (García-Ruiz, 2020). Durante la década de 1970, la crisis del pe-tróleo generó un renovado interés en la eficiencia energética en la cons
... Passive solar heating utilizes solar energy through windows and thermal mass, significantly reducing heating energy requirements (Szokolay (Szokolay, 2008), Olgyay (Olgyay, 2015), Liu (Liu et al., 2022, June), Albayyaa (Albayyaa et al., 2019)). Passive cooling techniques effectively reduce energy consumption by harnessing natural airflow and radiation controls, lessening reliance on artificial cooling (Bhamare et al (Bhamare et al., 2019)., Firfiris et al (Firfiris et al., 2019)., Chan et al (Chan et al., 2022).). ...
This study investigates the thermal and energetic dynamics of primary school classrooms in a Mediterranean climate in Khoualed Abdel Hakeem, Ain Temouchent County, Algeria. The research highlights significant optimizations by focusing on passive strategies such as external shading devices, Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), glazing types, and building envelope adjustments. Our simulations, validated rigorously, showcase a remarkable congruence with actual electricity consumption, affirming the reliability and efficacy of our simulation model as a valuable predictive tool. A Vertical Shading Angle (VSA) of 60◦ proves optimal, resulting in an impressive 11% reduction in Annual Energy Consumption (AEC). A recommended WWR of 30% demonstrates an 11% decrease in AEC and improves thermal and energy efficiency. Double Low Emissivity (Double-Low E) glazing is found to be superior, resulting in a significant 14% decrease in AEC. Achieving a WWR of 50% in shaded areas helps maintain a well-balanced thermal environment, resulting in a 12% reduction in heating and cooling requirements. The integration of passive strategies in the optimized model showcases a remarkable 44% overall reduction in energy consumption. The results highlight the efficacy of passive strategies, promoting energy conscious and ecologically responsible practices, advocating for their incorporation in educational facilities, and offering valuable insights for sustainable school building design.
... Menurut Szokolay (2004), temperatur efektif adalah temperatur udara jenuh dalam keadaan diam (v </= 0,1 m/s) yang pada kondisi tanpa radiasi akan menghasilkan persepsi kenyamanan termal yang sama dengan keadaan udara yang dimaksud. Nilai temperatur efektif bergantung pada nilai DBT (dry bulb temperature), WBT (wet bulb temperature), dan v (aliran udara ...
Umah Kantur merupakan salah satu arsitektur vernakular yang terdapat di Dataran Tinggi Gayo. Menghadirkan kenyamanan termal yang baik pada objek penelitian ini merupakan salah satu tantangan tersendiri, dikarenakan kayu merupakan material utama yang digunakan pada lokasi objek penelitian yang terletak di dataran tinggi dan memiliki temperatur rata-rata 20,10oC ini. Material kayu merupakan material ringan (lightweight) yang tidak dapat menyimpan panas dalam waktu yang lama sehingga dapat dilepaskan dengan mudah, sedangkan rumah ini terletak di daerah dingin yang memerlukan energi panas di dalam rumah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kenyamanan termal pada rumah vernakular yaitu Umah Kantur yang akan dibandingkan dengan kenyamanan termal yang terjadi pada rumah kontemporer yaitu rumah tinggal yang terdapat di samping Umah Kantur. Metode yang digunakan di dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode kuantitatif dengan menganalisis data hasil pengukuran menggunakan standar temperature efektif. Dari temuan yang didapat, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat kenyamanan termal pada rumah vernakular memiliki kondisi yang lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan rumah kontemporer. Nilai temperatur efektif pada rumah vernakular berkisar antara 21,5-26oC dan seluruh waktu perhitungan sudah memenuhi standar kenyamanan termal temperatur efektif SNI 03-6572-2001, sedangkan pada rumah kontemporer berkisar antara 20,1-24,7oC dan terdapat beberapa waktu yang menunjukkan nilai temperatur tidak sesuai dengan standar.
... In addition, the relatively low air velocity value of 0.00 and 0.001m/s was not sufficient to aid air circulation and passive cooling in these orientations. In Figure 5, during the dry season, at 15:00 SLT; S-N, W-E, N-S and E-W building orientations had 7 9 , 0 16 , 3 13 and 0 16 no of comfort and discomfort hours respectively. Discomfort hours at 15:00SLT are shown in superscripts. ...
Providing comfort for building inhabitants is difficult and essential in this era of climate change and global warming. This is a result of growing challenges facing designers to provide buildings that will be fit and comfortable for users in the 21st century. Thus, the
purpose of this study was to examine indoor thermal comfort in commercial buildings in a warm-humid climate of Uyo Urban, Nigeria. The study revealed that the S-N and N-S orientations were considered optimum for thermal comfort in commercial buildings in Uyo Urban. It was found that higher values of MV corresponded to lower values of temperatures and the lower values of MV corresponded to higher values of temperatures. It was therefore inferred that thermal feelings increased in the direction of coolness with a reduction in temperature and increased in the direction of warmth with an increase in temperature. Therefore, building orientations strongly relate buildings to their natural environment, proper utilization of thermal inertia, sun, wind, prevailing weather patterns and topography
which further create optimum thermal comfort for users. Hence, Planners and Designers should consider the S-N orientation and ensure that buildings are not closely clustered to ensure cross ventilation during overheating.
... The effective R-Value of this antique product is R si value-.5 per 2.5 cm (R imp value -2.8 per in.) [11]. It is verifiable that this is indeed the insulation used between the first floor and one room of the full height basement spaces as the basement is without ceiling finish so the material is plainly visible. ...
This paper presents a method and initial studies to evaluate the energy performance of the Gropius House, a Modernist icon. The objective is to quantify energy intensity of the house by creating and optimizing a parametric computer energy model. The procedure described in this paper provides a detailed outline of the energy modeling process with accompanying results. The goal is to advance the understanding of the performance of Modernist icons, offering insight into sustainable building strategies in use before the advent of contemporary technologies. The present study is part of a larger project to create a knowledge base of the environmental performance of iconic homes. In addition to adding knowledge to the two disciplines, Building Science and Architecture, analytical studies using the digital model are intended to aid property administrators in evaluating the economic realities of retrofitting and upgrading opportunities as well as provide information about energy saving characteristics and shading technique designs. Furthermore, by outlining a protocol and methodology, improvements in the building industry's energy performance analysis methods may be developed.
... Também segundo Szokolay, as cartas solares utilizando a projeção equidistante foram desenvolvidas em 1948 (Szokolay, 2008). Esta data é bastante recente e não deve ser tomada como definitiva, pois a geometria envolvida na projeção equidistante, embora sofisticada para os leigos, é relativamente simples para aqueles familiarizados com a trigonometria. ...
Conhecer ferramentas para estimar os percursos do Sol na abóbada celeste é de grande utilidade para projetistas de edificações. Atualmente, vários programas oferecem soluções contemplando a geometria solar. No entanto, parte desses programas exige licenças caras, enquanto algumas das soluções gratuitas apresentam fragilidades, como: gráficos com baixa resolução; apenas uma opção de sistema de projeção; código fechado; dificuldades para realizar adição de funções e para fazer frente às atualizações dos sistemas operacionais. Em relação a esses problemas, ferramentas em planilhas eletrônicas apresentam vantagens: muitos profissionais são familiarizados com as planilhas; os editores permitem salvar arquivos antigos em formatos recentes; o acréscimo de módulos ou funções é facilitado. Diante do exposto, a pesquisa aqui relatada teve o objetivo de desenvolver em planilha eletrônica uma ferramenta para traçar cartas solares e dimensionar dispositivos para sombreamento. Foi utilizado um método híbrido para o desenvolvimento da ferramenta, com características do método cascata (por haver uma ideia prévia da ferramenta e das etapas para a sua produção) e do método prototipagem (por envolver testes de protótipos). O desenvolvimento envolveu etapas como: identificação dos elementos a serem representados; escolha dos sistemas projetivos; cálculo das posições aparentes do sol e das respectivas coordenadas; representação das seções horizontal e vertical de uma abertura; e implementação dos controladores dos elementos gráficos. Os resultados mostraram que, em um arquivo leve e com uma interface amigável é possível plotar a carta solar, alternar rapidamente entre diferentes métodos de projeção e adicionar módulos para o dimensionamento de dispositivos para sombreamento.
... Throughout history, there have been periods of intense interest in designing buildings with consideration for the climate, interspersed with periods of indifference. The historical significance and evolution of bioclimatic design can be seen in various examples of vernacular architecture [41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Traditional architecture has evolved over centuries to adapt to specific climate conditions, and contemporary bioclimatic buildings should consider the vernacular architecture of the location. ...
... In addition, the relatively low air velocity value of 0.00 and 0.001m/s was not sufficient to aid air circulation and passive cooling in these orientations. In Figure 5, during the dry season, at 15:00 SLT; S-N, W-E, N-S and E-W building orientations had 7 9 , 0 16 , 3 13 and 0 16 no of comfort and discomfort hours respectively. Discomfort hours at 15:00SLT are shown in superscripts. ...
Providing comfort for building inhabitants is difficult and essential in this era of climate change and global warming. This is a result of growing challenges facing designers to provide buildings that will be fit and comfortable for users in the 21st century. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine indoor thermal comfort in commercial buildings in a warm-humid climate of Uyo Urban, Nigeria. The study revealed that the S-N and N-S orientations were considered optimum for thermal comfort in commercial buildings in Uyo Urban. It was found that higher values of MV corresponded to lower values of temperatures and the lower values of MV corresponded to higher values of temperatures. It was therefore inferred that thermal feelings increased in the direction of coolness with a reduction in temperature and increased in the direction of warmth with an increase in temperature. Therefore, building orientations strongly relate buildings to their natural environment, proper utilization of thermal inertia, sun, wind, prevailing weather patterns and topography which further create optimum thermal comfort for users. Hence, Planners and Designers should consider the S-N orientation and ensure that buildings are not closely clustered to ensure cross ventilation during overheating.
... One of the educational facilities that has problems regarding the thermal comfort of its users is the MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) Kota Cimahi. Efforts towards energy efficiency in buildings can be made through the maximization of natural lighting, shading, ventilation, thermal mass, solar air preheating, windows, air filtration, and passive solar heating [3]. ...
... Dalam langkah awal desain sisi bangunan yang lebih panjang mempunyai orientasi Utara-Selatan lebih disukai dalam meminimalkan perolehan sinar matahari secara keseluruhan melalui shading bangunan. Posisi matahari terhadap bangunan membentuk suatu sudut baik secara vertical maupun horisontal (Szokolay, 2004). ...
Indonesia has a humid tropical climate, building design must pay attention to climate conditions when planning and implementing it. This condition has a very big influence on an architectural design, one of which is to provide building shading in order to adapt to climatic conditions. In the world of architecture, a building façade shading is very important for the buioding itself, and has an influence on the users of the room. Shading on the facade of the building as a protector of the building from direct sunlight, shading also has an aesthetic to a building (Purnama, 2020). There are different types of facades that will become a reference for research in a building to find out which type is effective on the climate. The method used in this study uses descriptive quantitative methods, where research make direct observations and make measurements of the object under study and then analyzed to archieve the objective of the study on the different types of building facades.Abstrak: Indonesia memiliki iklim tropis lembab, desain bangunan harus memperhatikan kondisi iklim saat dalam perencanaan dan pelaksanaannya. Kondisi ini sangat mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar pada sebuah desain arsitektur, yang salah satunya adalah memberikan shading bangunan guna untuk menyesuaikan terhadap kondisi iklim. Pada dunia arsitektur sebuah shading fasad bangunan sangatlah penting bagi bangunan itu sendiri, dan memiliki pengaruh terhadap pengguna ruangan. Shading pada fasad bangunan sebagai pelindung bangunan dari sinar matahari secara langsung, shading juga memiliki estetika terhadap sebuah bangunan (Purnama, 2020). Terdapat perbedaan tipe fasad yang akan menjadi acuan penelitian dalam sebuah bangunan untuk mengetahui jenis manakah yang efektif terhadap iklim. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif deskriptif, dimana peneliti melakukan observasi langsung dan melakukan pengukurang ke obyek yang diteliti kemudian dianalisa untuk mencapai tujuan dari penelitian terhadap berbedaan 3 jenis fasad bangunan.
... Las estrategias identificadas en cada una de las publicaciones seleccionadas se presentan y clasifican en el Cuadro I. CUADRO Para la segunda etapa, se eligió como caso de estudio una escuela ubicada en un asentamiento rural en la región noroeste de Costa Rica, en las cercanías de la ciudad de Cañas. En el inmueble se identificaron 16 soluciones arquitectónicas que buscan adaptar el edificio a las condiciones térmicas del entorno, abarcando las principales estrategias climáticas para regiones cálidashúmedas recomendadas por la literatura [1], [6], [7], lo que indica cierta adaptación del edificio a las condiciones térmicas del lugar. El Cuadro 2 muestra las soluciones arquitectónicas encontradas clasificadas según la lista de pautas de diseño para los trópicos elaborada por [ De las técnicas de enfriamiento presentadas en el Cuadro 1 las más utilizadas han sido el control solar, la ventilación (v.g., cruzada y nocturna) y la ausencia de masa térmica. ...
Los climas cálidos y húmedos se ubican aproximadamente 15° norte y 15° sur del Ecuador y se caracterizan por una combinación de altas temperaturas, alta humedad y abundantes lluvias. La mayoría de los países ubicados en esta región tienen economías de bajos ingresos que no les permiten proporcionar a las escuelas públicas sistemas de enfriamiento mecánico, por lo que estudiantes y docentes dependen de técnicas de enfriamiento pasivo o de bajo consumo de energía para lograr condiciones térmicas internas óptimas para el aprendizaje. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar en la literatura académica estrategias de enfriamiento pasivo, que de manera individual o conjunta, pudieran mejorar las condiciones térmicas interiores de las aulas escolares en los climas cálido-húmedos, así como determinar cuáles de ellas se utilizan actualmente en las aulas públicas de Costa Rica.
... Among several factors affecting the indoor thermal environment, Teli, Jentsch [4] indicated that the building-related characteristics could significantly impact on occupants' perceptions through determining the indoor thermal conditions. Szokolay [5] stated that the thermal performance of a building is greatly influenced by several building design variables such as shape, fabric, fenestration, and ventilation. Figure 1 summarises the building elements, based on the four categories of the building-related factors, which had influences on the indoor thermal conditions from previous work [1][2][3]. ...
Overheating of premises is a typical thermal discomfort issue in naturally ventilated primary schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Several design parameters were shown to affect the indoor thermal environment. A parametric study was conducted and based on several building performance simulations to investigate the influences of the individual design parameters on indoor air temperatures and the prevalence of overheating in primary schools. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the material of building envelopes, the openings, and the solar controls, in descending order, affected overheating occurrence. The findings could assist the architect in choosing which parameters should be prioritised in the design stage, which is particularly useful in renovation and retrofit projects.
... Little or slow air movement up to 0.15 m/s makes a little difference in temperature in the terms of comfort. The mean comfort temperature for this range is 28.9°C and for higher velocities of 0.3mps to 0.45 m/s; the upper & lower limits of comfort temperature increases only within 2°C to 3°C and mean comfort temperature increases up to 31.2°C (Szokolay, 2010). Summer comfort value for Bangladesh is going to be derived from the above findings, which should incorporate the climatic features like air temperature, relative humidity & air movement of a given circumstance. ...
The study is aimed to analyze the thermo climate analysis in different mud houses of village Mawna at Gazipur district near the capital city of Dhaka. For case studies, four different mud houses were selected while thermal comfort has constituted the results of the paper. A micro-climatic survey technique was used to simulate the temperature comfort level for inhabitants while human interaction with surface-atmosphere in the rural environment was considered meticulously. By using the thermal comfort indexes like PMV (predicted mean vote) and MRT (mean radiant temperature) of previous theoretical assumptions, it has revealed that the thermal comfort of mud house displays the PMV values are close to a comfortable level; surely better than any dwelling units in the city. This analysis of thermal comfort and the wind flow also showed how influential was the local environment to incorporate the climatic responsiveness of such architectural feature. To realize the core idea for thermal controlling through the approach of traditional technique, the whole construction process and the spatial quality of mud architecture was revaluated to find out which decisions had driven the local wisdom for the material selection and space organization in this particular way. For this, an elaborate literature review has been done to learn and figure out the possible role of architects or other building professionals on the further development of indigenous techniques and also include these outcomes in academic curriculum.
... Among these approaches, the widely used adaptive model by Nicol and Humphreys [42] integrates the theory of adaptive comfort and considers the impact of outdoor temperature and humidity on indoor comfort. Another frequently used model is the adaptive Szokolay model [43], which predicts acceptable indoor temperatures in hot and humid climates. Although both models provide valuable information on adaptive thermal comfort, the Nicol and Humphreys models offer a more comprehensive approach, accounting for a wider range of factors that influence thermal comfort. ...
Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) actuators are smart materials that adapt and switch shape in response to environmental conditions, allowing controlled and dynamic building systems. The integrated SMP strip enabled the adaptive facade shading system to operate independently and with flexibility under certain thermoresponsive conditions to regulate building performance. This study aims to improve adaptive façade performance in a hot-humid climate by determining optimal thermal activation factors for the shape memory polymer. This was achieved by comprehensively examining and analysing the impact of various SMP activation parameters on energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and visual comfort. In addition, dynamic IES-VE building energy simulation was used to evaluate the thermal performance of the adaptable facade. The results were validated using a multicriteria approach to compare with the existing glass façade of a high-rise apartment. The results showed that the coactivation technique, which combines solar radiation and air temperature triggers, proved to be the most efficient strategy to improve the performance of the adaptive façade. This strategy minimised heat gain, lowered indoor temperatures, reduced glare, and enhanced daylight comfort, resulting in notable energy savings through reduced cooling consumption. The study concluded that the utilisation of SMP actuators with fine-tuning activation parameters significantly optimised adaptive façade performance, promoting functionality, efficiency, and sustainability in buildings.
... The city of Chetumal, Quintana Roo, has an annual average temperature of 27°C. Considering that the comfort zone on its superior limit is 28.4°C and inferior limit is 23.4°C, with a neutral temperature of 25.9°C, according to a Szokolay [6]. ...
... The city of Chetumal, Quintana Roo, has an annual average temperature of 27°C. Considering that the comfort zone on its superior limit is 28.4°C and inferior limit is 23.4°C, with a neutral temperature of 25.9°C, according to a Szokolay [6]. ...
— The consequences of global warming can clearly be
seen in room temperature shifts, which has induced the
incorporation of elements that will allow decreasing the thermal
earnings in the interior of the edifications nowadays. Dwelling is
a fundamental space in people´s life and one of the most
important components in the sustainable development of a city.
Social dwelling is the least protected due most of the cases they
don´t have the adequate climate design and construction systems
where located, as a consequence lacks thermal comfort, major
energy consumption and impacts economically to its residents.
... The design of stadiums is currently achieving a major development with the growing need for sustainable buildings (Sheard, 2004) , as the stadium building is influenced by the existing architectural trends , there is a recent trend to build sustainable stadiums, and to develop architectural design ideas to build more sustainable stadiums, while increasing the architects awareness of sustainability trends, so the design of stadiums that meet the sustainability requirements is considered as an important issue (Szokolay, 2008) . There're many sustainable stadiums will be established in this period in many areas like Qatar State which is preparing for the World Cup in 2022 (as shown as in fig. ...
... It was not until the 19th century that the psychological concept of comfort was first associated with physical environments [8]. Earlier, environmental comfort research mostly focused on the light, temperature, sound and air quality of indoor settings [9], which are indicated by physical attributes, such as temperature, humidity and speed of airflow [10,11]. ...
Environmental perception studies have long been constrained by research scales due to the difficulties in obtaining users’ perceptive data and constructing their relation to environmental attributes. With the help of big data from street view images, this study compares the visual comfort of streets across four Chinese megacities with evidently distinct geographical characteristics. A multi-method approach involving traditional comfort measurements, image analysis based on deep learning algorithms and spatial mapping using geographic information systems was used to investigate the visual components of urban streets at the city scale and their influential mechanisms. In general, the four cities ranked by visual comfort were Beijing first, then Shenzhen, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The results also suggested that the spatial distribution of the four cities’ street visual comfort is obviously different. In Shanghai and Beijing, streets with a higher comfort level are mostly concentrated within the central city, while the highly comfort streets are mostly distributed along the coast and rivers in Shenzhen and Guangzhou. Thus, it is reasonable to speculate that the streets’ visual comfort relates significantly to their urban planning and construction process. Moreover, seven indicators have been identified as influential to street comfort, among which ‘vegetation’, ‘terrain’ and ‘rider’ are positive indicators, while ‘architecture’, ‘pedestrians’, ‘motorcycles’ and ‘bicycles’ have negative influences. Comparing street comfort indicators of the four case study cities, it was observed that ‘vegetation’ and ‘terrain’ have the most consistent positive influences across cities, while the high visibility of ‘building’ on streets is most likely to lead to a low level of perceived comfort. The research outcomes provide applicable cues for large-scale street evaluation research and illustrate an efficient street design approach that can both respond to local characteristics and human perceptive needs.
... Since the resistance of the varying constituents are additive [7], the determined resistance in each graph is equal to the sum of the resistance of the new material represented by this graph and the accumulative resistance determined from the previous graph(s) and it is calculated using the following formula. ...
... Shading devices should be integrated to a building's facade at an early design stage to ensure effective energy savings. This can be achieved by traditional design tools like solar path diagrams and shading masks or purposed design computer programs (Noble and Kensek, 1998) that automatically "generate" the optimum shading device geometry as a function of a set of input parameters (Szokolay, 2014). One of the most practical self-shading alternatives is the use of deeply recessed window facades (RWF). ...
The built environment is a major source of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions potentially exacerbating the threats of climate change. With global rising temperatures, the energy requirements for cooling and ventilating buildings in tropical nations like Malaysia will soar geometrically. Scientists around the globe are exploring several technologies to address the challenges posed by building emissions and energy consumption. One of the main methods is the application of passive design strategies such as external façade shading or self-shading. Studies indicate one of the most practical self-shading technique is recessed window facades (RWF) which can easily integrate without reducing natural light and obscuring views. However, studies on the RWF are limited in literature particularly in Malaysia. This research aimed at carrying out an exploratory survey of recessed window façade (RWF) shading in selected buildings in Johor Bahru Malaysia. The RWF buildings characteristics namely; Window-Wall Ratio (WWR), Recessed Depth (RCD), Shading Ability (SHA), Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and Shading Coefficient (SC) will be examined. The results indicated that the values for solar heat gain and shading coefficient are within acceptable limits. Furthermore, the high shading ability of the buildings indicated that RWF might be responsible. Further studies are required to ascertain empirical correlations between the examined characteristics. This further study will potentially improve the design of more energy efficient, low emission and thermally comfortable buildings for the future.
La “Totora” es una fibra natural disponible en el lago Titicaca, al sur del Perú, y de uso tradicional entre las comunidades circundantes. Actualmente existe un importante excedente, por lo que anualmente se quema una gran cantidad de totorales. Este estudio plantea el uso y la estandarización de la totora como material aislante térmico y de baja energía incorporada, para extender su uso a edificaciones en la fría región altoandina. Se realizó la exploración en campo de esta fibra natural y de cómo la trabajan las comunidades del lago, a través del intercambio tecnológico con pobladores locales. A partir de esta experiencia, y a través de pruebas básicas en gabinete, se desarrolló el panel doble cruzado y modular de totora. La transmisión térmica del panel se comprobó con pruebas de laboratorio. Se construyó un prototipo de vivienda con cerramiento de paneles de totora y estructura de madera, monitoreando su desempeño constructivo y térmico por tres meses. El resultado térmico fue mejor que el de una cabaña tradicional alto-andina. El panel de totora propuesto mantuvo su forma, rigidez y características aislantes, demostrando su potencial como material constructivo natural y de bajo impacto ambiental en su procesamiento.
Identifying thermal bridges on building façades has been a great challenge for architects, especially during the conceptual design stage. This is not only due to the complexity of parameters when calculating thermal bridges, but also lack of feature integration between building energy simulation (BES) tools and the actual building conditions. For example, existing BES tools predominantly calculate thermal bridges only in steady state without considering the temperature dynamic behaviour of building outdoors. Consequently, relevant features such as thermal delay, decrement factor, and operative temperature are often neglected, and this can lead to miscalculation of energy consumption. This study then proposes an integrated method to calculate dynamic thermal bridges under transient conditions by incorporating field observations and computational simulations of thermal bridges. More specifically, the proposed method employs several measurement tools such as HOBO data logger to record the actual conditions of indoor and outdoor room temperature and thermal cameras to identify the surface temperature of selected building junctions. The actual datasets are then integrated with the simulation workflow developed in BES tools. This study ultimately enables architects not only to identify potential thermal bridges on existing building façades but also to support material and geometric exploration in early design phase. (M.F. Alkadri). Peer review under responsibility of Southeast University. + MODEL Please cite this article as: M.F. Alkadri, M.R. Cahyadi Agung and F. De Luca, An integrated computational method for calculating dynamic thermal bridges of building facades in tropical countries, Frontiers of Architectural Research, https://doi.
Thermal comfort plays an important part when considering the performance of the building façade. One strategy to achieve thermal comfort is to reduce the thermal loss in the building envelope, which is often referred to as thermal bridges. Although the issue of thermal bridges has been extensively considered in the building design and construction, its contexts are predominantly addressed in the four-season countries due to the need for insulating materials during winter. In fact, this issue also has great relevance in tropical countries such as Indonesia, especially related to high energy consumption due to the cooling loads system. Thus, this study aims to analyze thermal bridges on curtain walls of high-rise buildings in Indonesia. To do so, a computational simulation workflow is developed by using THERM and Ladybug in Grasshopper. In parallel with that, on-site measurements are also conducted to gather the room and materials temperature by using HOBO temperature logger and FLIR thermal camera. As result, this study reveals that linear thermal bridges are found in the building element junction and they can significantly affect the building performance both interior and exterior. This study recommends addressing the issue of thermal bridges in Indonesian building codes.
La disciplina que articula los temas de este libro es la Bioclimática, cuyo propósito es la aplicación de conocimientos de Bioclimatología y Termodinámica a la arquitectura, a través de estrategias de ahorro energético en la climatización de edificios. Así, es posible apoyar los esfuerzos para enfrentar el cambio climático desde el
ámbito del entorno construido y atenuar las condiciones térmicascada vez más extremas producidas por ese fenómeno global.
Una aportación original y práctica de este libro es bioclimarq2023, una herramienta digital descargable, que ayuda a los arquitectos a incorporar, desde la etapa de prediseño, los requisitos de confort térmico, así como las demandas futuras provocadas por el cambio climático.
In general, swimming pools are divided into recreation and training, while Gorontalo does not yet have a swimming pool specifically for national standard athlete swimmers. Gorontalo does not have a swimming pool specifically for swimming athletes, so the division between recreational pools and special athlete pools is still mixed into one. It is necessary to distribute special swimming pools for aquatic sports for Gorontalo swimming athletes to maximize quality and quantity to reach the national level. Based on the explanation above, a place for sports facilities is required that is support by a recreation area, both light, and heavy swimming, or physical exercise for physical and spiritual fitness. As described, the need for swimming sports facilities gave the author an idea to construct an Aquatic Center with full facilities so that Gorontalo swimming competitions. Utilizing a Sustainable Architecture Strategy,which maximizes the built environtment’s quality while at the same time minimizing or eliminating its detrimental effects on the environment.This study applied the descriptive method by collecting primary and secondary data, which are then elaborated and analyzed in accordance with architectural principles to draw conclusions, limitations, and assumptions that are used as the basis for planning and designing the Gorontalo Aquatic Centre such as study literature, field observations, and interviews.The facility of swimming sports facility in the form of an Aquatic Centerbuilding in Gorontalo City is hoped as a means of training, competitions, and nurturing athletes and prospective swimming athletes in an effort to improve swimming sports achievements in Indonesia.ABSTRAK.Pada umumnya kolam renang memiliki pembagian kolam yaitu untuk rekreasi dan juga pelatihan yang dimana gorontalo sendiri belum memiliki kolam renang yang secara khusus bagi atlet perenang yang berstandar nasional. Gorontalo tidak memiliki kolam renang yang khusus untuk para atlet renang sehingga pembagian antara kolam rekreasi dan kolam khusus atlet masih bercampur jadi satu tempat. Diperlukan pembagian kolam khusus olahraga aquatic para atlet renang Gorontalo dapat memaksimalkan kualitas dan kuantitas sampai ke kancah nasional.Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, dibutuhkan tempat sarana olahraga yang ditunjang dengan tempat rekreasi, baik olahraga renang ringan maupun berat, atau latihan fisik untuk kebugaran jasmani dan rohani. Kebutuhan sarana olahraga renang seperti yang telah dijelaskan tersebut memberi ide bagi penulis untuk membuat sebuah rancangan Aquatic Center yang lengkap dengan segala fasilitasnya, agar nantinya dapat membuat calon-calon atlet renang gorontalo mampu bersaing di kompetisi renang nasional maupun internasional. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan Sustainable facilities Architecture untuk rancangan yang menghasilkan kualitas lingkungan buatan secara maksimal, pada saat bersamaan miminimalkan atau mengeliminasi dampak negatifnya terhadap lingkungan alam. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penyusunan laporan ini adalah metode deskriptif, yaitu dengan mengadakan pengumpulan data-data primer maupun sekunder yang kemudian dijabarkan dan dianalisa sesuai dengan kaidah arsitektur untuk menghasilkan kesimpulan, batasan dan anggapan yang digunakan sebagai dasar perencanaan dan perancangan Gorontalo Aquatic Centre seperti studi literatur, observasi lapangan dan wawancara. Adanya fasilitas olahraga renang berupa gedung Aquatic Centre di Kota Gorontalo yang berguna sebagai sarana pelatihan, pertandingan, dan pembibitan atlet dan calon atlet renang dalam upaya meningkatkan prestasi olahraga renang di Indonesia.
Adverse thermal conditions alter the indoor habitability and consequently, the occupants' health, performance, mood and comfort. Although there are local regulations that provide thermal indicators for the indoor architectural design, this are usually unrelated to the climate, type of construction project and psychophysiological adaptation of people. In this way, this chapter shows the thermal comfort ranges estimated from the thermal environment’s physical variables, using the adaptive approach, for Ensenada City, Mexico (dry-temperate bioclimate). Surveys were applied to collect the subjective perception simultaneously of the measurement of black globe temperature, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. Study sample was made up from students of a public university whose activity level is sedentary (1.2 met) and clothing is light (0.7 clo). The survey was designed based on the ISO 10551 and ANSI/ASHRAE 55 standards, while the physical measurement instruments were selected based on ISO 7726, managing to generate a class I database. The study was correlational and statistically analyzed with 3,750 surveys from Average by Thermal Sensation Intervals method. 16 comfort ranges were quantitatively and graphically estimated from the four physical variables analyzed in each of the four representative thermal periods of the city. These indicators offer objective knowledge for proper decision-making during the architectural design process and, therefore, for the thermal-energy efficiency of buildings.
Cuando se habla de arquitectura, generalmente, la primera idea que viene a la mente es la de casas y edificios, muros y cubiertas o fachadas atractivas; y ciertamente la forma externa y los materiales constructivos, son en sí la manifestación arquitectónica. Estamos acostumbrados únicamente a ver la arquitectura desde el punto de vista formal, y pocas veces nos percatamos de todo lo que una edificación implica. Es en este contexto que trabaja la arquitectura bioclimática, cuyo principal objetivo es el de armonizar los espacios y crear óptimas condiciones de confort y bienestar para sus ocupantes. Crear espacios “habitables” que cumplan con una finalidad funcional y expresiva y que sean física y psicológicamente adecuados para propiciar el desarrollo integral de las personas y de sus actividades. Los “Apuntes de Arquitectura Bioclimática” que aquí se presentan tienen por objetivo mostrar los conceptos básicos de los temas que se abordan en cada uno de sus capítulos. Los temas que se abordan y dan título a cada uno de ellos son: Metodología del diseño, Climatología, Geometría solar, Confort, Estrategias de diseño, Ventilación natural y Control térmico. Es un documento que trata de introducir al alumnado y personas interesadas en este importante campo de la arquitectura bioclimática y sustentable.
The Balz House is one of a group of reinforced concrete shells constructed at Stetten auf den Fildern, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, near Stuttgart. Its design follows from the explorations by Michael Balz into new forms of living, as described earlier in Chap. 2. Although it is just one of his built shells, a separate chapter is devoted to this organic architectural form as it represents an exemplar of a fully integrated family living environment, which also used construction that was highly innovative for the time (1979/80). The house also contains Michael Balz’s architectural studio. In 2017, the Balz House shell was classified as a cultural monument in the Federal State Baden-Württemberg, as it is believed to be unique in the region and is considered an exemplar of constructive optimization and an organically secure environment providing a blueprint for modern living.
Koran bekas dapat didaur ulang menjadi sebuah material baru sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan furniture bergaya industrial. Furniture sangat dekat dengan manusia karena langsung berhubungan dan menjadi sebuah gaya hidup baru. Seiring perkembangan zaman, furniture juga mengalami perubahan dalam segi bentuk dan gaya sehingga menjadi sebuah industri yang besar. Furniture memiliki material yang beragam, salah satunya adalah kayu. Namun, seiring berjalannya waktu material kayu akan habis karena banyaknya penggunaan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, muncul furniture dengan menggunakan material barang bekas. Salah satu barang bekas yang didaur ulang menjadi furniture adalah koran bekas. Koran bekas merupakan sampah kertas yang menjadi keresahan masyarakat. Sampah kertas menempati peringkat kedua terbanyak setelah sampah plastik. Koran bekas telah didaur ulang menjadi barang yang lebih bernilai seperti hiasan dinding, keranjang, tas, sandal, serta furniture. Daur ulang koran bekas yang diwujudkan menjadi barang baru termasuk dalam gerakan sustainable design. Namun dalam beberapa penciptaan furniture, koran bekas hanya dijadikan sebagai komponen pendukung. Beberapa penciptaaan sebenarnya telah menempatkan koran bekas sebagai material utama, namun koran bekas kurang diekspos dan kurang memiliki kekuatan yang memadahi serta kurang memiliki masa pakai yang lama. Pada penciptaan material koran bekas kali ini, koran bekas diciptakan dengan melakukan eksperimen. Eksperimen tersebut dilakukan dengan metode design thinking. Eksperimen dilakukan untuk menemukan formula yang tepat agar material koran sesuai dengan kriteria material furniture. Penggunaan barang bekas sebagai material furniture dapat diekspos sehingga menciptakan karakter tersendiri dan mendukung gaya industrial.
Urban ventilation significantly alleviates heat accumulation, removes air pollution, and provides outdoor thermal comfort for pedestrians in cities. Due to urbanization, a high density of building clusters can block wind flows and decrease wind velocity in the city's inner areas, which leads to uncomfortable conditions and poor air quality. Several urban morphology designs, including increasing open space and reducing the building height and degree of enclosure, could promote natural ventilation for pedestrians in urban areas. However, with the high demand for land and property prices in high-density and compact cities, such design features might not be suitable. Building permeability via sky terraces has been implemented in Hong Kong and Singapore to promote urban ventilation in high-density areas. However, there is little research on how the sky terrace locations and their application in multiple buildings could affect pedestrian wind comfort and air quality. This study investigated the effect of sky terraces of three different heights on improving air ventilation and air pollution dispersion in the central business area of Bangkok, Thailand. The wind environment and age of air were investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The results showed that the sky terraces significantly improved the air quality at the pedestrian level, and more areas had higher wind speeds and achieved wind comfort conditions. Lower-level sky terraces impacted the pedestrian wind environment more than upper-level ones. Accelerated wind passage through the bottom-level sky terraces could change local wind patterns, reducing pedestrian wind speed and comfort in some areas. The current study introduces the potential benefits and limited applications of sky terraces in a cluster of high-rise buildings to improve urban ventilation performance in a high-density area.
This study aims to explore 'Regionalism and mixed-use development' (Architectural theory; bioclimatic; bioclimatology; environment; environmental design; green building; Kamba People; Kenya Vision 2030; mixed-use development; New Administrative Capital, Cairo; New Regionalism; Regionalism; Savanna; society; technology; tropical climate building design: The Ecodom Standard; tropical climate design: sun study, form, orientation; Tropical Savanna Climate) with the objective of establishing the influence of these independent variables (theories) on the dependent variable 'Savannah Architecture' (Biomimetic Architecture; Bionic Architecture; Konza Technopolis; Makindu (Altitude: 1000m): Climate data; Sustainable Architecture). Methods include the application of methodology, scientific method, secondary research, secondary data, case study, on the 'Savannah Architecture'. Discussion revolves around the interpretation of the impact of 'Regionalism and mixed-use development', concluding that Savannah Architecture in this part of the world has failed to respond to regionalism and mixed-use development issues by use of generalized (tertiary and third-party data and instead use secondary data or preferably primary data); and that if Savannah Architecture is to meet relevant guidelines set by various inter-disciplinary regulatory bodies, both locally and internationally, lessons learned to be implemented in the space, place and time of Savannah Architecture. Further, architects and other building professionals should seek ways of optimizing resource use and scientific methods. Appropriate linkage should be created by practitioners, researchers and the trainers of architects.
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