No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Responses of early, mid and late season apple cultivars to postharvest application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) under air and controlled atmosphere storage conditions
Abstract
The potential for commercial application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to maintain quality of 'McIntosh', 'Empire', 'Delicious' and 'Law Rome' apples under air and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions was investigated. These cultivars represent early, mid and late season apples with ripening rates ranging from fast to slow. 1-MCP gas concentrations used were 0.5, 1 and 2 μl l-1, generated from measured amounts of Ethylbloc powder. Fruit of each cultivar were removed from storage at 6 week intervals during 30 weeks in air, or at 8 week intervals during 32 weeks in CA, and evaluated after 1 and 7 days at 20°C. Effects of 1-MCP were greater in CA than air storage. A dose response of internal ethylene concentrations and flesh firmness to 1-MCP was found in 'McIntosh' and 'Law Rome', but 'Delicious' and 'Empire' ripening was generally prevented by all 1-MCP concentrations. 1-MCP reduced superficial scald incidence, and accumulations of α-farnesene and conjugated trienols during air storage. The results indicate that the efficacy of 1-MCP is affected by cultivar and storage conditions, and that successful commercial utilization of the chemical will require understanding of these relationships.
... Postharvest treatment of apples with 1-MCP is well documented to improve retention of quality characteristics, including reduced ethylene production and respiration, as well as improved firmness and acidity retention (DeEll et al., 2005(DeEll et al., , 2007Watkins, 2007). The efficacy of 1-MCP on apples can be affected by various factors, including cultivar (Watkins et al., 2000;Bai et al., 2005), fruit maturity at harvest (Toivonen and Lu, 2005;DeEll et al., 2008), duration and temperature of exposure (DeEll et al., 2002), timing of application (DeEll et al., 2008(DeEll et al., , 2012bWatkins and Nock, 2012), concentration and number of applications (Nock and Watkins, 2013;DeEll et al., 2016b), and delays in application after harvest DeEll et al., 2008). Studies have demonstrated postharvest 1-MCP treatment can alleviate certain physiological disorders in apples after several months of storage (Watkins et al., 2000;DeEll et al., 2002DeEll et al., , 2008. ...
... The efficacy of 1-MCP on apples can be affected by various factors, including cultivar (Watkins et al., 2000;Bai et al., 2005), fruit maturity at harvest (Toivonen and Lu, 2005;DeEll et al., 2008), duration and temperature of exposure (DeEll et al., 2002), timing of application (DeEll et al., 2008(DeEll et al., , 2012bWatkins and Nock, 2012), concentration and number of applications (Nock and Watkins, 2013;DeEll et al., 2016b), and delays in application after harvest DeEll et al., 2008). Studies have demonstrated postharvest 1-MCP treatment can alleviate certain physiological disorders in apples after several months of storage (Watkins et al., 2000;DeEll et al., 2002DeEll et al., , 2008. However, 1-MCP can also exacerbate the development of disorders, such as internal browning (Jung and Watkins, 2011) and CO 2 injury (DeEll et al., 2003;Fawbush et al., 2008) in apples. ...
... The first sign of internal browning in 'Gala' usually involves radial flesh browning near the stem-end (shoulder), which can progress toward the calyx end of the fruit (Lee et al., 2013(Lee et al., , 2016. Apples with advanced maturity at harvest or prolonged period in storage and increased duration at room temperature after storage tend to have higher incidence of internal browning and susceptibility to storage-related disorders (Watkins et al., 2000;DeEll et al., 2016c). Many factors can influence the onset of internal browning in apples, including the orchard system, orchard management practices, growing seasons, fruit maturity at harvest, postharvest treatments, storage conditions and storage duration (Ehsani-Moghaddam and DeEll, 2009;Jung and Watkins, 2011;DeEll and Ehsani-Moghaddam, 2012b;DeEll et al., 2016b,c). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the timing of ethylene inhibition with preharvest and postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments on internal browning and quality of ‘Gala’ apples in long-term low O2 storage. ‘Gala’ apples were obtained from the same commercial orchard during their harvesting period for 2 years of study. Preharvest 1-MCP orchard spray (3.8% a.i) was applied at the label rate of 60 g 1-MCP per acre in the first year. Postharvest 1-MCP (1 μl L⁻¹) treatments were made for 24 h at 0.5°C either at harvest time (1 day after harvest) or after storage in controlled atmosphere (CA) in both years. Apples were stored in 1.5 kPa O2 + 0.5 kPa CO2 or 0.6 kPa O2 + <0.5 kPa CO2 for 9 months in the first year and 1.5, 1.0, or 0.5 kPa O2 + 0.5 kPa CO2 for 8 months in the second year. Storage regimes with O2 concentrations less than 1 kPa were based on fruit respiration using SafePod™ technology. After removal from storage, all apples were then evaluated for internal browning and other quality attributes after 1, 7, and 14 days at room temperature (RT, 21–22°C). Internal browning developed in ‘Gala’ apples during both years of study, with up to 16% incidence across treatments in the first year and up to 84% in the second year. Apples stored in 0.5–0.6 kPa O2 had significantly less internal browning during both years of study, compared to apples stored in higher O2. The effect of 1-MCP on internal browning was negligible in 0.5–0.6 kPa O2 storage. ‘Gala’ stored in 1.5 kPa O2 and treated with postharvest 1-MCP after storage had significantly less internal browning with preharvest 1-MCP than those without preharvest treatment. Apples treated with postharvest 1-MCP at harvest time, instead of after storage, did not exhibit this same effect. Preharvest 1-MCP-treated fruit maintained greater firmness retention than those without preharvest 1-MCP, and this effect was further enhanced when 1-MCP was applied after storage. Postharvest 1-MCP had no effect on firmness retention in fruit without preharvest 1-MCP, but lower O2 maintained greater firmness in those apples. Preharvest 1-MCP had no significant effect on internal ethylene concentration, whereas it was reduced by postharvest 1-MCP at harvest time in the first year of study, regardless of storage regimes. However, internal ethylene was only affected by storage regime in the second year, with lower concentration in fruit from 0.5 kPa O2 than in those from higher O2. Greasiness developed only in the second year and postharvest 1-MCP consistently reduced it, regardless of treatment timing and storage regime. There was no greasiness in apples treated with postharvest 1-MCP at harvest and then held in 0.5 kPa O2 for 8 months plus 14 days at room temperature. Soluble solids concentration and malic acid content were slightly higher in ‘Gala’ apples with preharvest 1-MCP compared to those without, whereas there was little and inconsistent effect of postharvest 1-MCP on these attributes. Overall, storage regimes with less than 1 kPa O2 provided the least amount of internal browning and best quality attributes. Ethylene inhibition provided further benefits, but this was dependent on the timing of 1-MCP treatment.
... In climacteric fruits, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been widely used to inhibit ethylene production and maintain fruit quality attributes during storage [17][18][19]. However, the positive effect of 1-MCP on ethylene reduction and fruit quality maintenance still varies depending on the genotype [20][21][22]. ...
... Then, the fruits from each cultivar were divided into two groups (90 fruits per group), and the remaining 15 fruits were used for fruit quality analysis of 0 month (harvest). One group was treated with 1 μL·L −1 1-MCP (SmartFresh TM , AgroFresh, Yakima, WA, USA) for 18 h at 20 °C in an enclosed container [17]. According to Zhang et al. [25], a 1-MCP concentration of 1 μL·L −1 affected most ripening physiological indicators of climacteric fruits. ...
... Flesh firmness is an indicator of fruit maturity or softening. For long-term storage, combined storage in air or controlled atmosphere with 1-MCP can effectively maintain flesh firmness, and cold storage with 1-MCP can delay the loss of firmness in apple cultivars [17,31], as similarly observed in this study. Additionally, TA is important for taste, and the stability of the TA content in apples is associated with the fruit respiration rate and ethylene production [19,32,33]. ...
The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on improving the storability of four apple cultivars (‘Hwangok’, ‘Picnic’, ‘Gamhong’, and ‘Fuji’) was investigated by analyzing the physiological and biochemical factors associated with their postharvest quality attributes. The flesh firmness, titratable acidity, and soluble solids content of the cultivars were higher in treated fruits than untreated fruits, while the opposite results were observed for ethylene production. In the treated fruits, the traits affected by 1-MCP varied depending on the cultivars used. Higher firmness and lower ethylene production were observed in the ‘Hwangok’ and ‘Picnic’ than ‘Gamhong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars. However, 1-MCP only affected weight loss in the ‘Gamhong’ cultivar, while the sugar content was affected in all of the cultivars except ‘Hwangok’. When analyzing cell wall hydrolase activities, 1-MCP differently affected the activities (β-galactosidase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, α-mannosidase, β-xylosidase, and β-arabinosidase), with greater effects in the ‘Fuji’ and ‘Picnic’ cultivars and moderate effects in the ‘Gamhong’ and ‘Hwangok’ cultivars. In this study, the suppression of ethylene production by 1-MCP was positively associated with a transcriptional decrease in the ethylene biosynthesis genes MdACS1 and MdACO1. Overall, this study suggests that 1-MCP distinctly enhanced the storability of all apple cultivars, with a greater effect on ‘Hwangok’.
... The ethylene-action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been increasingly used to inhibit ethylene production in climacteric fruit and delay the ripening of the crops. Several studies have reported that 1-MCP significantly affects the internal ethylene concentration in apples and delays the loss of firmness during postharvest storage; however, the effect of 1-MCP varies among different cultivars and storage conditions (Watkins et al., 2000;Blankenship and Dole, 2003;Watkins, 2006Watkins, , 2008. Wei et al. (2010) and Win et al. (2019) reported that 1-MCP delayed firmness loss in apples by preventing softening-related cell wall degradation during storage. ...
... Ninety fruit were exposed to 1 μL⋅L − 1 1-MCP (SmartFresh™ Agro-Fresh Co., Yakima, WA, USA) in an enclosed 135-L container at 20 • C for 18 h according to Watkins et al. (2000). Ninety untreated fruit served as the control. ...
... In this study, 1-MCP treatments significantly reduced ethylene production in both "Hwangok" and "Picnic" apples compared to the control treatments. The reduction in IEC in 1-MCP-treated apples was positively associated with delayed firmness loss and fruit softening during storage, as observed in many other apple cultivars (Watkins et al., 2000;Bai et al., 2005;Jung and Watkins, 2014;Win et al., 2019). Generally, firmness is reduced as storage time increases, but cold storage combined with 1-MCP treatment provides an effective approach for retaining apple firmness. ...
Despite an increase in the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to delay fruit softening, the role of 1-MCP in the modification of cell wall pectin to maintain apple fruit firmness during storage is poorly understood. Hence, in this study, we investigated whether 1-MCP treatment delayed fruit softening through pectin modification, in “Hwangok” and “Picnic” apple cultivars, stored up to six months at 0 ◦C. In both cultivars, 1-MCP-treated apples maintained firmness and exhibited lower internal ethylene concentrations compared with untreated fruit. The depolymerization of pectin in all pectin fractions was attenuated in 1-MCP-treated fruit compared with untreated fruit. In addition, a peak location shift was observed in the molecular mass profile of untreated fruit. Neutral sugar contents (arabinose and galactose), which typically change as fruit ripen, were effectively maintained in 1-MCP-treated fruit. The activity of four important enzymes involved in pectin modification (exo-poly�galacturonase, pectin methylesterase, β-galactosidase, and α-L-arabinofuranosidase) was reduced in treated fruit compared to the control. Furthermore, 1-MCP treatment reduced the expression of pectin-degrading candidate
genes (MdPG1, MdPME1, Mdβ-GAL1, Mdβ-GAL2, and Mdα-ARF2). This study suggests that 1-MCP maintains cell wall pectin and delays the softening of the two apple cultivars by reducing the solubilization of polyuronides and neutral sugars, and limiting the activities of cell wall hydrolysis.
... In addition to its ability to control physiological disorders, 1-MCP treatment also preserves fruit quality attributes, such as flesh firmness (Bai et al., 2005;DeEll et al., 2002;Watkins et al., 2000), titratable acidity (TA) (Bai et al., 2005), soluble solids content (SSC) (DeEll et al., 2007), and peel color (Argenta et al., 2007) in cold-stored apples by suppressing ethylene production (DeLong et al., 2004;Watkins et al., 2000) and respiration (Argenta et al., 2007;Pre-Aymard et al., 2003). In European pears, 1-MCP treatment delays ethylene production, loss of flesh firmness, and fruit color alteration in 'Bartlett' pears during shelf life (Trinchero et al., 2004) and cold-stored 'Abate Fetel' pears (Folchi et al., 2015). ...
... In addition to its ability to control physiological disorders, 1-MCP treatment also preserves fruit quality attributes, such as flesh firmness (Bai et al., 2005;DeEll et al., 2002;Watkins et al., 2000), titratable acidity (TA) (Bai et al., 2005), soluble solids content (SSC) (DeEll et al., 2007), and peel color (Argenta et al., 2007) in cold-stored apples by suppressing ethylene production (DeLong et al., 2004;Watkins et al., 2000) and respiration (Argenta et al., 2007;Pre-Aymard et al., 2003). In European pears, 1-MCP treatment delays ethylene production, loss of flesh firmness, and fruit color alteration in 'Bartlett' pears during shelf life (Trinchero et al., 2004) and cold-stored 'Abate Fetel' pears (Folchi et al., 2015). ...
The green-skinned interspecific 'Greensis' pear cultivar is a promising pear cultivar due to its crispness, juiciness, and strong resistance to scab disease. Postharvest storability and metabolic activity can be maintained by treating cold-stored pears with 1 μL L − 1 of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 16 hr at 22 • C. After 1-MCP treatment, the 'Greensis' pears were stored at 0.5 • C for up to 6 months, after which they were transferred at 22 • C for 7 days of shelf life. 1-MCP treatment had no visible effects on physiological responses, such as fruit weight loss, firmness, titratable acidity, and soluble solids content. However, metabolic profile analyses indicated that the 1-MCP-treated fruit had lower levels of amino acids and soluble carbohydrates (except for sucrose) than the control fruit. The incidence of cortex browning and cavities was much higher in 1-MCP-treated fruit than in untreated fruit. Similarly, the chroma values of the peel and cortex tissues were higher in 1-MCP-treated fruit than in untreated fruit. Moreover, the total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contents were more preserved in 1-MCP-treated fruit than in untreated pears. Overall, 1-MCP treatment increased sucrose, chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll contents, thus delaying chlorophyll degradation during storage. These results suggested that 1-MCP treatment delayed the skin color degradation of interspecific 'Greensis' pears during storage and prevented changes in the profiles of major metabolites. Nevertheless, the incidence and severity of cortex browning and cavities were highly increased in 1-MCP-treated fruit during storage.
... In the alternative, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has variously reported to have effective results in retarding ripening, prolonging shelf life and reducing postharvest loses in a broad variety of climacteric fruits including papaya, avocado, pear, plum, apple and sapodilla (Sauri-Duch et al., 2010;Luo et al., 2009;Kashimura et al., 2010). The impact of 1-MCP has also been reported to be more effective when applied in combination with modified atmosphere packaging-MAP (Ketsa et al., 2013;Watkins et al., 2000). The evidence above signifies that the use of 1-MCP could similarly be a promising technology to extend the postharvest life of fresh banana fruits. ...
... This could also be due to the reduced rate of starch hydrolysis into simple sugars and delayed ripening. Lower amounts of TSS in fruits treated with 1-MCP were also verified in other studies , Watkins et al., 2000. Titratable Acidity (TA %) Although the percentage values were recorded in a narrow range, a progressive increase up until the 22 nd day and then a gradual decline as of the 29 th day of the storage period was observed with titratable acidity (TA) in all treatments (Table 8). ...
The effect of four concentration levels of 1-methylcyclopropene-1-MCP (17.5µl/L), 10.5µl/L, 3.5 µl/L and 0 µl/L or untreated control) in combination with three levels of export standard banana packaging materials with modified atmosphere (MA) storage effect was investigated under ambient conditions (22+1 °C and 80 + 5% RH) on shelf life and physicochemical quality attributes of Cavendish banana (Musa AAA Group, Cavendish Subgroup, cultivar 'Poyo', syn: 'Robusta'). 1-MCP treatment with increased levels of concentration and increased levels of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) generally extended shelf life and maintained better quality of fresh banana fruits when applied separately and in combination. The longest shelf life (36 days) with the lowest changes in physicochemical properties was obtained when fruits were kept in corrugated cardboard boxes with inner sealed or non-perforated polyethylene bags (PEP) after treatment with the highest concentration of 1-MCP 17.5µl/L. This could be credited to the higher inhibitory effect of 1-MCP on both the synthesis and action of ethylene when applied at the stated level of concentration and the stronger modified atmosphere (MA) condition created by the inner non-perforated PEP kept within the corrugated cardboard boxes. Thus, this technique could be considered as a less sophisticated and less costly postharvest handling alternative (storage and transportation) under ambient conditions to the temperature controlled (14 o C) reefer container-based system currently employed in Ethiopia and elsewhere for fresh banana exports.
... A single postharvest application of 1-MCP could prevent ripening for a period of more than 30 days at ambient temperature(24°C) in comparison to nontreated fruits (Mir and Beaudy 2001). 1-MCP also dramatically inhibits aroma production in apple (Rupasinghe et al. 2000) and can bring down the incidence of superficial scald (Watkins et al. 2000). A brief tabulated summary for the use and response of 1-MCP on apple fruit is given in Table 1. ...
... Treated fruits were firmer (by 10 Newton) than the not treated fruits (Jung and Choi 2020). • 1-MCP application inhibited the development of superficial scald disorder, senescent breakdown, chilling injury and core flush (Watkins et al. 2000, Rupasinghe et al. 2000, Golding et al. 2004, Calvo and Candan 2005, Watkins 2009). ...
Apple is one of the most important and popular cash crops. Apple fruit shows typical climacteric type of ripening wherein ethylene is the key determinant. Ethylene is a gaseous natural plant hormone involved in number of physiological processes including ripening and ripening-related changes particular for climacteric fruits such as apple, banana, papaya, mango, kiwifruit etc. Among all, it is the 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) that inhibits the ethylene action in the most effective way. It is therefore that 1-MCP has gained much importance and attention in the last few years as the suitable option available for overall improvement of postharvest management of apple. This article is written to cover some basic and physiological aspects of apple fruit ripening with focus to provide till date information on 1-MCP technology, its present scenario and future perspectives. This article presents updates on 1) Response of 1-MCP treatment on apple and factors influencing the same, 2) Availability of 1-MCP in different forms and formulations, 3) Significant outcome of the 1-MCP related research work carried out on apple during the last two decades and 4) Safety and health related concerns and issues linked to the use of 1-MCP. Further, present status of 1-MCP in India is also covered. Finally, this article provides conclusive remarks with future perspectives in terms of the relevance and scope of 1-MCP technology for postharvest management of apple.
Conclusions: With the technological progress, today 1-MCP based products or formulations are available in different forms including power, tablet, sachet, volatile, aqueous sprayable, controlled release packaging on paper products, microcapsule oil dispersion, gel formulation and as microbubbles. At the same time, there are certain safety concerns and issues as well. Today, the areas that need more information and better clarity with respect to 1-MCP are i) Mammalian toxicology, ii) Determination of metabolites after oral administration (for mammalian toxicology) iii) Environmental fate, iv) Ecotoxicology, v) Residues and vi) Risk to soil microorganisms. It is therefore that now it is the high time that all the concerned authorities and the policies need to be clear regarding all the safety issues and health-related concerns that are being raised or pointed out from time to time in the published literature. All this needs to be made apparent not only at small-scale and on short-term basis but at largescale and on long-term basis as well. To achieve this, more and conclusive research need to be undertaken. Outcome of all these will assist in achieving the best out of 1-MCP technology as its potential is already demonstrated and well documented. At this juncture, in the time-line of 1-MCP, addressing the possible and potential concerns not only to humans but also to animals, environment and ecosystem are very important and essential before its widespread use and large-scale commercialization. This aspect is critical as it will decide the future and an overall acceptability of 1-MCP for its use in the edible commodities by its direct and indirect users.
... The 1-MCP inhibits ethylene biosynthesis through competitive binding to the ethylene receptors [12][13][14][15], slowing fruit senescence. The potential application of 1-MCP has attracted large interest in horticulture, but nowadays, its most successful commercial use is on the apple [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Nonetheless, considerable variation in postharvest practices exists among cultivars, although information is available only on contemporary varieties [19,22]. ...
... The potential application of 1-MCP has attracted large interest in horticulture, but nowadays, its most successful commercial use is on the apple [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Nonetheless, considerable variation in postharvest practices exists among cultivars, although information is available only on contemporary varieties [19,22]. These studies also imply that the successful deployment of 1-MCP in the apple industry requires understanding of these genotype-specific responses. ...
The Annurca type is an historical Italian apple fruit probably native to the Campania region. These fruits are harvested before a full maturity stage and go through an open-field reddening process. Products based on 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) are widely used in postharvest to improve apple quality and avoid disorders in controlled atmosphere. In this work, we tested the impact of 1-MCP in the traditional reddening system of Annurca type by analyzing three postharvest strategies, namely, fruits exposed for ten days to the traditional reddening and then cold-stored (RDG treatment); fruits treated in postharvest with 1-MCP and then cold-stored (MCP treatment); fruits treated in postharvest with 1-MCP, exposed for ten days to the open-field reddening and then cold-stored (MCP + RDG treatment). Using a full factorial design, we measured main physical and compositional traits and described the properties of the products by consumer testing at two storage times. The MCP + RDG treatment provided the most valuable results, by positively affecting fruit flesh firmness and several sensorial attributes (e.g., hardness, crunchiness, juiciness, sweetness), including a reduction of the mealiness. At the end of the cold-storage, MCP + RDG apples scored a higher consumer’s overall liking. The work demonstrated that the 1-MCP technology can be integrated into a traditional open-field postharvest process to improve fruit quality and, potentially, to extend the shelf life of Annurca apples.
... For example, 1-methyl-cyclo-propene (1-MCP) treatment has been used frequently in apple. 1-MCP preferentially attaches to the ethylene receptor, thereby inhibiting ethylene-induced ripening (Fan et al., 1999;Watkins et al., 2000;Greene, 2009). However, 1-MCP treatment and/or controlled atmosphere (CA) storage can cause storage injury like flesh browning (Burmeister & Dilley, 1995;Watkins et al., 2005;Fawbush et al., 2008), and the facilities and costs required for 1-MCP treatment and CA storage itself are significant (McCormick et al., 2012). ...
... In addition to being non-destructive, the measurements are fast, and the device can be used in the field, meaning that a larger number of apples can be tested and the ripening process of individual apples can be followed, which cannot be done when destructive maturity indices are used (DeLong et al., 2014). Both low and high I AD values have been linked to an increased risk of physiological disorders and storage rots (Watkins et al., 2000). Unfortunately, optimal I AD values at harvest for apples aimed for longer storage vary with cultivar and production area. ...
Only around 30% of the apples consumed in Sweden are produced within the country, even though many customers prefer locally produced fruit. One way to increase the availability of Swedish fruit is to reduce post-harvest losses to pathogens and disorders, which increase if fruit is not harvested at optimal maturity. This thesis examined ways of improving the storability of Swedish apples by reducing losses due to fungal decay and to the physiological disorder soft scald, and by using different measures for establishing optimal harvesting time for mid- and late-season cultivars. Weather conditions were found to have an effect on the incidence of soft scald, with humidity and rain increasing the incidence in some cases. Rainy weather also increased fungal decay. Absorbance difference index (IAD) was shown to be correlated with harvest time, apple firmness and Streif index before harvest. The strength of correlations showed high between-cultivar and between-year variations. IAD was found to be a possible complement to existing maturity indices, but causes of variation in the accuracy of IAD as a predictor of maturity need to be identified. Controlled storage atmosphere was found to be the most effective measure to control soft scald, while delayed cooling had little effect. Fruit maturity had a significant effect on soft scald incidence in some cases, but not every year. A strong effect of year was seen in most measurements, e.g. for strength of correlations, soft scald incidence and fungal decay.
... 복숭아의 과실은 다른 과종에 비해 수확 후부터 과실의 연화가 급격하게 진행되어 보구력이 약한 특징을 지니고 있다. 외국 은 물론 국내에서는 복숭아의 보구력을 개선하기 위한 저장 방법 개발 및 처리기술 개발 (Oh et al., 1996;Bonghi et al., 1999;Park, 1999;Kim et al., 2003;Chung et al., 2006;Choi and Bae, 2007;Yoo et al., 2018) (Rupasinghe et al., 2000;Watkins et al., 2000Watkins et al., , 2005Lim et al., 2007;Park et al., 2009;Park et al., 2012). 수확 후에 1-MCP를 처리하면 복숭아 과실로부터의 에틸렌 발생이 억제되고 복숭아의 저장 기간이 연장된다고 보고되어 있다 (Kluge and Jacomino, 2002;Choi, 2005). ...
... Furthermore, storage disorders such as superficial scald are reduced while senescence is delayed [13]. However, long-term storage under air or controlled atmosphere may lead to fruit disorders and is described not only to be a function of the storage conditions but also the cultivar and the maturity of the fruits [14,15]. Another technique used to delay fruit senescence is the use of ethylene-receptor inhibitors such as 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) [16]. ...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various storage conditions (i.e., storage under regular air with temperature control, controlled atmosphere storage and storage after the application of the ethylene blocker (1-MCP)) on the flavor characteristics of Crimson Crisp apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), a scab-resistant cultivar suitable for organic agriculture. Highly ripe organically-grown apples (starch degradation 9.7) were stored under different conditions and evaluated for physicochemical attributes such as fruit weight, firmness, juiciness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH value and aroma profile. The analysis of primary and secondary aroma compounds was conducted utilizing HS-SPME-GCMS and the results were integrated with sensory evaluation. Crimson Crisp apples stored under controlled atmosphere with (MCP) or without (CA) application of 1-MCP, had a higher overall quality than those stored in air (RA) after a storage period of six months. The results from sensory analysis indicated that storage with temperature control alone was not suitable for preserving the distinct properties such as crispness or juiciness of Crimson Crisp apples. However, a significant increase particularly in secondary aroma compounds in RA-stored apples was found accompanied by structural disorders of the apple tissue. While a significant decline in the volatile fraction of CA and MCP-stored apples was observed, PCA showed close correlation between the CA stored and the fresh apple samples. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that the applied measures which are taken to prolong the storage time of Crimson Crisp apples, significantly impact the biochemical reactions in the fruits which are responsible for formation of flavor. These findings underscore the significance of comprehensive aroma analysis for new agricultural products and emphasize the potential for improved the quality of organic apples through carefully considered harvest and storage regimes.
... The ethyleneassociated mode of action of AFS1 was further underpinned by the exogenous application of ethylene inhibitors or competitors, such as aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) or 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) (Ju and Curry, 2000;Lurie et al., 2005;Gapper et al., 2006;Busatto et al., 2014), which both down-regulated the mRNA accumulation of this gene. The control of ethylene biosynthesis or signaling, and thus afarnesene biosynthesis, was also found to be highly effective in preventing the development of superficial scald and is now used as a regular postharvest strategy to control this disorder (Watkins et al., 2000;Shaham et al., 2003;Apollo Arquiza et al., 2005;Busatto et al., 2014). In this regard, also a controlled atmosphere conditions characterized by a low O 2 and a high CO 2 concentration prevented the development of scald through a direct control over the production of the hormone ethylene and consequently on the biosynthesis of afarnesene and the accumulation of CTols, with a parallel increase in the concentration of ethanol in the stored fruits (Lurie and Watkins, 2012). ...
The low temperature normally applied to prevent fruit decay during the storage of apples, can also triggers the onset of a chilling injury disorder known as superficial scald. In this work, the etiology of this disorder and the mechanism of action of two preventing strategies, such as the application of 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) and storage at low oxygen concentration in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Ladina’ apple cultivars were investigated. The metabolite assessment highlighted a reorganization of specific metabolites, in particular flavan-3-ols and unsaturated fatty acids, while the genome-wide transcriptomic analysis grouped the DEGs into four functional clusters. The KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis, together with the gene-metabolite interactome, showed that the treatment with 1-MCP prevented the development of superficial scald by actively promoting the production of unsaturated fatty acids, especially in ‘Granny Smith’. ‘Ladina’, more susceptible to superficial scald and less responsive to the preventing strategies, was instead characterized by a higher accumulation of very long chain fatty acids. Storage at low oxygen concentration stimulated a higher accumulation of ethanol and acetaldehyde together with the expression of genes involved in anaerobic respiration, such as malate, alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase in both cultivars. Low oxygen concentration, likewise 1-MCP, through a direct control on ethylene prevented the onset of superficial scald repressing the expression of PPO, a gene encoding for the polyphenol oxidase enzyme responsible of the oxidation of chlorogenic acid. Moreover, in ‘Granny Smith’ apple, the expression of three members of the VII subgroups of ERF genes, encoding for elements coordinating the acclimation process to hypoxia in plants was observed. The global RNA-Seq pattern also elucidated a specific transcriptomic signature between the two cultivars, disclosing the effect of the different genetic background in the control of this disorder.
... 1-MCP competes with ethylene for binding sites with a 10 times higher affinity than ethylene [185,186], consequently reducing ethylene biosynthesis [187]. It aids in extending the post-harvest life of apple fruit by reducing ethylene production, lowering the respiration rate, and delaying the ripening process [180,[188][189][190]. Post-harvest treatment with 1-MCP formulations, such as Smart Fresh TM (AgroFresh Solutions, Philadelphia, PA, USA), is common in the apple industry [191]. ...
This review article is focused on internal flesh browning (IFB)-related physiological disorders affecting apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit. The expression of different physiological and metabolic IFB-related disorders during post-harvest storage are investigated along with the pre-harvest factors contributing to development. The effectiveness of commercially available pre-harvest technologies for preventing IFB-related disorders are also examined. Internal flesh browning-related disorders are erratic and devastating disorders that result in post-harvest deterioration of fruit quality in apples. Internal flesh browning-related disorders can result in severe economic losses to the apple industry through reduced consumer trust and market acceptability of susceptible cultivars. There are several IFB-related disorders and incidence can range from 0 to 100% of a crop, with severity ranging from no brown flesh to browning of the entire fruit flesh. While IFB-related disorders are found in several apple cultivars, some cultivars are more prone than others. The development of IFB-related disorders involve complex mechanisms depending upon the different types and causes, or factors involved in loss of structural integrity and functional stability of the cell membranes and cell components. Membrane disruption followed by enzymatic oxidation of fruit phenolic compounds by polyphenol oxidases and the production of brown polymers is considered to be the general underlying mechanism causing the browning of flesh tissue. It can be observed in different patterns based on the injured portion of the fruit flesh and the cause of membrane disruption. Three broad categories of IFB-related disorders, including chilling injury, internal CO2 injury, and senescent-related browning disorders, are discussed along with their sub-types. The development of IFB-related disorders can be influenced by both pre-harvest factors and post-harvest conditions and their interactions. Although commonly associated with storage, IFB can also be found immediately after harvest and sometimes in unharvested fruit prior to full maturity. As pre-harvest conditions are a strong contributor to IFB-related disorders, the influence of several pre-harvest orchard conditions, including fruit size, crop load, maturity at harvest, cultivar, climatic conditions, seasonal temperatures, growing degree days, and major mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) are reported. Although there are contradictory findings in the studies reported, in general, factors such as larger fruit size, light crop load and delayed harvesting, along with cool temperatures after bloom and warmer temperatures before harvest, increase the risk of IFB-related disorders. In relation to fruit mineral concentrations, high N and low Ca have been associated with increasing IFB, while there is conflicting evidence in relation to the impact of both P and K. This review also examines the effectiveness of commercial pre-harvest technologies such as 1-methylcyclopropene, aminoethoxyvinylglycine and diphenylamine in the prevention of IFB-related disorders, but none of these technologies were found promising due to varied and contradictory results.
... The results showed that 1-MCP can prevent husk scald in pomegranates stored in air storage. The partial control or delay of scald symptoms by 1-MCP shows that the biochemical mechanism(s) causing scald are activated, but not entirely by ethylene [101,102]. Furthermore, 1-MCP and DPA do not effectively prevent superficial scald in pomegranates as they do in apples [41,103]. ...
The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), which contains high levels of health-promoting compounds, has received much attention in recent decades. Fruit storage potential ranges from 3 to 4 months in air and from 4 to 6 months in Controlled Atmospheres (CA) with 3–5% oxygen and 10–15% carbon dioxide. Storage life is limited by decay, chilling injury, weight loss (WL), and husk scald. In particular, husk scald (HS) limits pomegranate long-term storage at favorable temperatures. HS appears as skin browning which expands from stem end towards the blossom end during handling or long-term storage (10–12 weeks) at 6–10 ◦C. Even though HS symptoms are limited to external appearance, it may still significantly reduce pomegranate fruit marketability. A number of postharvest treatments have been proposed to prevent husk scald, including atmospheric modifications, intermittent warming, coatings, and exposure to 1-MCP. Long-term storage may induce phenolic compounds accumulation, affect organelles membranes, and activate browning enzymes such as polyphenol oxidases (PPO) and peroxidases (POD). Due to oxidation of tannins and phenolics, scalding becomes visible. There is no complete understanding of the etiology and biochemistry of HS. This review discusses the hypothesized mechanism of HS based on recent research, its association to postharvest treatments, and their possible targets.
Keywords: pomegranate; browning; oxidative stress; long term storage; husk scald; polyphenol oxidase; postharvest treatments
... Week one fruit samples were too small to peel and were immersed in liquid nitrogen before being stored at −80 °C. All other samples were peeled, and cortex tissue separated from the core and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen before being stored at −80 °C [29]. Week one and cortex tissue samples were then placed in a VirTis Freezemobile 6 (Gardiner, NY, USA) until fully lyophilized. ...
The environmental factors that influence cider apple fruit quality, particularly bitter and astringent polyphenols, are not well understood. Five experiments were conducted to investigate how sunlight affects fruit and juice quality. In three studies, shade cloth was placed over entire trees or individual branches at different phenological stages, durations, and opacities. Influence of canopy microclimate was investigated by harvesting fruit from different sections of the tree canopy. In a final study, opaque paper bags were placed over fruit three weeks after full bloom (WAFB) until harvest. Polyphenol concentrations increased rapidly during the first five WAFB and were diluted as fruit grew larger. At harvest, fruit from unshaded trees had 32% greater total polyphenol concentrations and were 11% larger than trees shaded 1-5 WAFB. Shading branches later in the growing season reduced yield but had a modest and inconsistent reduction on polyphenol concentrations. Juice from fruit harvested from the top of the tree canopy had 33% greater polyphenol concentrations and 14% greater soluble solid concentrations than juice from the interior of the canopy. Bagging fruit had inconsistent impacts on polyphenol concentrations. We hypothesize that there is a source sink relationship between carbohydrate availability and polyphenol synthesis in apple fruit during the early stages of fruit development when most polyphenols are produced. Additionally, greater carbohydrate availability in canopies with greater sunlight exposure resulted in larger fruit and improved juice quality from a cider making perspective.
... For this purpose, 20 fruits from each replicate were examined. The incidence of disorder was expressed as percentage [19] and the index [20] was used to determine the severity of superficial scald. In the first year, Analysis of variance was performed on all fruit data as a split plot design and in the second year, a factorial design was used to analyze the data. ...
Calcium (Ca) plays major roles on the storage life and quality apples. In this study, the influence of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and two organic calcium compounds including Calcicat and Folical at four different times of application on the quality and shelf life of ‘Granny Smith’ apples during two growing seasons. Quantitative and qualitative attributes were evaluated at harvest and after three- and six-months cold storage. In the first year, Folical all-season and mid-season sprays resulted in a significant increase in Ca concentration. In the second year, early-season spray resulted in significant Ca increase compared to control. In the first year, the early-season spray program of Folical had the highest yield and fruit weight. The use of calcium compounds in all timing programs reduced fruits soluble solids concentration (SSC) at harvest compared to control
treatments. In both years, at harvest, no significant difference was observed among treatments regarding the ‘Granny smith’ apple firmness. In the first year, the chlorophyll content of ‘Granny Smith’ apple peels were affected by spray timing and the type of calcium compound. In both years, Fruits treated with Ca had lower ethylene concentration and brightness index (L*) than controls. In the second year, Folical spray decreased the percentage of superficial scald incidence for three months storage. During the first year, all-season Calcicat spray and in the second year earlyseason Folical spray showed the lowest percentage of scald disorder after six months storage. In the first year, the all-season spray program and in the second year Folical spray decreased the severity of scald after three months of storage.
... However, new research has suggested that DPA is carcinogenic to humans and hazardous to aquatic life. [8,9]. ...
Controlled-atmosphere storage (CAS) is one of the most important breakthroughs in post-harvest technology, as the composition of the gas in the storage has an impact on the shelf life of the stored product. The Control atmosphere storage is used to prevent harvested fruits and vegetables from perishing during storage, transport, and distribution. This article presents a brief overview of the current CAS technology and also reviews at how new post-harvest methods are being utilised and indicates areas where more research is needed. The article identifies Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA) storage and Synthetic Plant Growth Regulator (SPGR) integration as two most promising field in the domain of CAS. The article moves on with the overview, advantages, and limitations of said technologies. DCA is shown to prevent various physiological disorder as well as maintain physio-chemical properties such as firmness of the product. The high chances of low O2 and CO2 injuries continue to be concerning and warrant further research. As for the integration of SPGR, the biggest hurdle is the market perception of chemical-based preservation method which is proven beneficial, but in today's organic centric market its use is not widely accepted. Improvement in the currently used SPGR, 1-methylcyclopropene as well as development of alternatives such as silver thiosulfate can improve market perception.
... A concentração de 1-MCP necessária para apresentar efeito no bloqueio da ação do etileno varia conforme os seguintes fatores: espécie, cultivar, estádio de maturação, temperatura, concentração e tempo de exposição ao produto e rapidez com que novos receptores de etileno são formados (Rupasinghe et al., 2000;Watkins et al., 2000). ...
The Postharvest Physiology and Technology chapter gathers information about the main physiological and technological processes involved in papaya postharvest.
... However, while the ability of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to delay ripening in mature-green Cavendish bananas has been evaluated extensively over the years (Joyce, et al., 1999), no study has been conducted on its pre-harvest application for Cavendish varieties even though it has been done for other fruits such as apples and pears (Fan, Argenta, and Mattheis, 1999;Watkins, Nock, and Whitaker, 2000). Different results influence the effectiveness of 1-MCP, which is governed by various factors, such as crop variety, fruit maturity, concentration levels, time of exposure, and pre-harvest treatments, as well as postharvest handling, storage conditions (temperature and humidity), and length of storage. ...
Several researches have been conducted to investigate the effect of 1-MCP in bananas, but inconsistencies in the results have been reported. Additionally, the effectiveness of 1-MCP is governed by various factors, such as cultivar, fruit maturity, concentration, time of exposure, and method of application. In this study, the effect of pre-harvest methods " Stalk End Immersion (SEI), bunch spraying (BS), Combination (SEIBS), and Control” of 1-MCP application was determined by observing the postharvest quality of Cavendish bananas, such as peel yellowing, sensory firmness, visual quality, weight loss, degree of shriveling, fruit finger drop, organoleptic attributes, chemical properties, and disease incidence. Results revealed that pre-harvest 1-MCP (aqueous solution dosage of 400 nL/L) application through SEI and SEI-BS methods significantly retarded the peel color change up to 7 days of storage and prolonged the banana's shelf life for up to 19 days under ambient storage conditions. SEI-BS delayed fruit softening (for 15 days) and maintained visual quality (for 19 days) compared to SEI. Fruits treated with 1-MCP through SEI-BS had lesser accumulated weight loss, lower degree of shriveling, and reduced finger drop incidence compared to BS and SEI methods conducted separately. In terms of cost efficiency, BS had lower cost compared to SEI and SEI-BS methods, while the chemical properties, organoleptic attributes, and disease incidence (crown discoloration, crown rot/mold, and banana anthracnose) failed to show any significant difference among pre-harvest methods.
... Fumigation with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is employed in commercial apple production to control ripening and to regulate fruit quality traits, such as flesh firmness Watkins and Nock, 2012;Watkins et al., 2000;Win et al., 2019;Yoo et al., 2020). Treatment with 1-MCP has also been found to be highly effective in maintaining firmness of European pears (Hendges et al., 2018;Mattheis, 2017;Neuwald et al., 2015;Rizzolo et al., 2015;Vanoli et al., 2016). ...
The ‘Chuhwangbae’ Asian pear, a late-season cultivar that has become popular in Korea, is susceptible to physiological disorders during cold storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on fruit quality, physiological disorders, and targeted metabolites of ‘Chuhwangbae’ Asian pear fruit during cold storage and at the post-storage ripening stage. ‘Chuhwangbae’ Asian pear fruit were treated with 1-MCP immediately following harvest, stored at 1 °C for up to 3 months, and subsequently stored at 25 °C for 14 d to ripen. Indicators of fruit quality, namely the incidence of browning disorder and the degree of water loss or “shriveling,” as well as levels of key metabolites, were repeatedly analyzed during the simulated cold chain. Fruit treated with 1-MCP lost more weight but slightly maintained firmness than did untreated fruit during the entire cold chain. Treatment with 1-MCP reduced the severity of flesh browning but enhanced the incidence and severity of shriveling during post-storage ripening after 3 months of cold storage. GABA, histidine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine levels were higher in the flesh of the 1-MCP-treated fruit than in untreated fruit. The results indicate that the overall changes in metabolite levels following 1-MCP treatment were less during cold storage than those during post-storage ripening. Therefore, postharvest 1-MCP treatment could be at least partially effective in retaining flesh firmness and reducing the severity of internal browning of ‘Chuhwangbae’ Asian pears during the entire cold chain.
... CA storage considerably reduced the ripening speed expressed by TSS, regardless of whether 1-MCP was applied or not. 1-MCP application may have an inconsistent effect, both in CA and NA storage [48]. In this study, TSS in the CA-stored pears gradually grew and rose to the maximum value after the entire storage period. ...
Late pear cultivars, such as ‘Conference’, can be stored for a long period if kept in good storage conditions. A three-year study (2011–2013) compared the impact of six-month storage using four technologies—normal atmosphere, normal atmosphere + 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), controlled atmosphere, and controlled atmosphere + 1-MCP—on the quality parameters of ‘Conference’ pears, such as mass loss, firmness, total soluble solids, acidity, antioxidant capacity, and the incidence of diseases and disorders. Additionally, the study analysed different storage conditions in terms of profitability, based on the market prices for pears in the seasons during which the pears were stored. The storage conditions had a very strong influence on the fruit quality parameters, and were found to affect most visibly the mass loss and the incidence of postharvest diseases and disorders. The storage of ‘Conference’ pears for 180 days in normal atmosphere is not economically viable, even if the fruit is subjected to 1-MCP treatment; at the same time, it is profitable to store ‘Conference’ pears in controlled atmosphere for the same period, no matter whether 1-MCP was applied or not.
... Beaudry and Watkins [41] showed that the response of apple fruit to 1-MCP depended upon cultivar which they termed 'cultivar sensitivity'. Furthermore, many papers are available about this cultivar sensitivity in apple [34,15,42]. However, Ambuko et al. [35] reported that no varietal differences in response to 1-MCP between 'Tommy Atkins' and 'Apple Mango'. ...
ISSN No: 2306-2150 :Among the different predators, spider play an important role in the natural suppression of destructive
insect pests viz., jassid, aphid, thrips, mites and eggs of many other insect pests infesting vegetable crops.
Spider, an important predator in the sub-Himalayan region of north-east India was found very active on
different insect pests of lady’s fingers Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench throughout the growing period.
The level of population varied from year to year depending on their host and prevailing weather conditions.
The important species of spider dominated in the lady’s fingers field are Argiopeluzona,
Cryptophoracicatrosa, Hipassapantherina, Oxyopesjavanes and Lycosapseudoannulata. Peak spider activity
(3.94 spiders/plant) was recorded in May (20th standard week), when the average temperature, relative
humidity and weekly rainfall were 29.71oC, 80.31 % and 25.35 mm, respectively. However, spider
population was very high during April-May and August-September (standard weeks 12-21 and 31-39,
respectively). Spider incidence showed insignificant positive correlation (p= 0.05) with average temperature
and relative humidity but insignificant negative correlation with weekly total rainfall. This correlation
indicated better activity of spider fauna at higher average temperature associated with relative humidity and
low rainfall. In early stage of crop growth different insect pests on vegetable crops can be controlled with
protective synthetic insecticides but cause harmful effect to the entomophagous insects as well as our
environment. From field evaluation of insecticides on lady’s fingers it was revealed that insecticides of
biological origin were relatively less harmful to spiders than synthetic ones. The botanical extract,
Polygonum hydropiper floral part, the pathogens, Beauveriabassiana (Bals.)Vuillemin and Bacillus
thuringiensis Berliner caused significant lower killing of the predator (less than 30 %) whereas the synthetic
insecticides, profenophos and methomyl caused significantly higher killing (more than 52 %). Botanical and
microbial insecticides are bio-pesticides having less or no hazardous effects on bio-agents, human health and
the environment, and therefore, they can be incorporated in IPM programs and organic farming.
... CA storage considerably reduced the ripening speed expressed by TSS, regardless of whether 1-MCP was applied or not. 1-MCP application may have an inconsistent effect, both in CA and NA storage [48]. In this study, TSS in the CA-stored pears gradually grew and rose to the maximum value after the entire storage period. ...
Late pear cultivars, such as ‘Conference’, can be stored for a long period, with their storability depending on storage conditions. A three-year study (2011-2013) compared the impact of half-year storage using four technologies – normal atmosphere, normal atmosphere + 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), controlled atmosphere, controlled atmosphere + 1-MCP – on the quality parameters of ‘Conference’ pears, such as mass loss, firmness, total soluble solids, acidity, antioxidant capacity, and the incidence of diseases and disorders. Additionally, the study analysed different storage conditions in terms of profitability, based on the market prices for pears in the seasons during which the pears were stored. The storage conditions had a very strong influence on the fruit quality parameters, and was found to affect most visibly the mass loss and the incidence of postharvest diseases and disorders. The storage of ‘Conference’ pears for 180 days in normal atmosphere is not economically viable, even if the fruit is subjected to 1-MCP treatment.
... The first group was used as the untreated control group. The second group was fumigated with 1 µL L −1 1-MCP (SmartFresh, AgroFresh Co., Yakima, WA, USA) for 18 h at 20ºC in an enclosed container, according to Watkins et al. (2000) and Lwin et al. (2021). The third group was dipped in 75 mg L −1 AVG (Retain, Valent BioSciences, Libertyville, IL, USA) for 5 min, and dried for 2 h at 20 °C (Child et al. 1984;Ozturk et al. 2019). ...
After harvest, ‘Sangjudungsi’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit quickly soften and develop physiological disorders during cold storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatments on fruit quality attributes and antioxidant metabolites in ‘Sangjudungsi’ persimmon fruit stored at 0.5 °C and 95% relative humidity over a 3-month period. The treatments caused a reduction in weight loss; in the middle of the cold storage, the soluble solids content was higher with the AVG treatment than with the 1-MCP treatment. Both treatments reduced the incidence and severity of peel blackening and fruit softening, whereas fruit decay was only affected by AVG. The content of total phenolic compounds was lower with AVG than with 1-MCP or in the untreated control during the same period. At the end of cold storage, the AVG treatment resulted in a greater total flavonoid and total antioxidant activity and a higher reduced glutathione level than with 1-MCP or in the untreated control. AVG likely evoked the least physiological and biochemical responses in persimmons, according to the results of a normalized heatmap matrix system. Correlation coefficient networking results showed that 1-MCP and AVG caused differential correlation responses between the fruit quality variables and targeted metabolites during cold storage. Overall, the results indicated that treatment of cold-stored persimmons with 1-MCP and AVG likely reduced the incidence of physiological disorders, although antioxidant metabolites were relatively less affected by both regulators.
... Ефект післязбиральної обробки залежить від помологічного сорту, способу зберігання [9] і дози, зі збільшенням якої вплив 1-МЦП посилюється [10]. Для післязбиральної обробки яблук в Україні зареєстровано дозу 0,068 г/м 3 препарату «СмартФреш VP 3,3%» (1000 ppb), тоді як у Польщі -0,037-0,049 г/м 3 [11], Франції -0,043 [12], Італії -0,043-0,068 [13], Німеччині -0,049 [14] та 0,051-0,067 г/м 3 у США [15]. ...
Bu çalışmada Ülkemiz için yeni bir çeşide ait yeni bir klon olan Fuji Zhen Aztec’de 1-
Methylcyclopropane (1-MCP) uygulamasının yeni formu olan protabs uygulamasının soğuk muhafaza süresince kalite üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Çanakkale’de bulunan Kepez yöresinden hasat edilmiş Fuji Zhen Aztec meyveleri 312,5 ppb, 625 ppb ve 1250 ppb uygulama dozlarına tabi tutularak 0°C ile 1°C arası sıcaklık ve %90-%95 oransal nem koşullarında sırasıyla 60, 120 ve 180 gün süreçte muhafaza edilmişlerdir. Meyveler soğuk muhafaza süreleri sonunda 7 gün süreyle 20-22°C sıcaklık koşullarında raf ömrüne tabi tutulmuşlardır. Hasattan sonra ve raf ömrü sonunda elma meyvelerinde bazı kalite özelliklerinin değişimi incelenmiştir. Bu özellikler meyve eti sertliği, suda çözünür kuru madde oranı, malik asit miktarı, toplam fenolik bileşik değeri ve etilen emisyon değeri olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; depolama süresinin uzaması tüm kalite özellikleri üzerinde olumsuz etkide bulunmuştur. Bunun yanında 625 ppb ve 1250 ppb dozunda 1-MCP protabs, depolama süresince kalite kayıplarının en az görüldüğü uygulamalar olmuşlardır.
///
In this research the effects of 1-Methylcyclopropane (1-MCP) protabs, the new form of the treatment on quality of Fuji Zhen Aztec that is a new variety for our country during storage were investigated. In this context, Fuji Zhen Aztec apple fruits harvested from Kepez district located in Çanakkale were treated with 312.5 ppb, 625 ppb and 1250 ppb doses then stored between 0°C and 1°C temperature and 90%-95% relative humidity conditions for 60, 120 and 180 days respectively. Fruits were kept at 20-22°C temperature conditions for 7 days as shelf life. Some quality changes on apple fruits were evaluated after each storage and shelf life period. These quality parameters were fruit firmness, soluble solids content, malic acid content, total phenolic compounds and ethylene emission. According to the results prolonged storage period effected all quality parameters negatively. Furthermore 1-MCP protabs applications with 625 ppb and 1250 ppb doses were fixed as the most effective as minimizing the quality losses during storage.
Storing apples for up to a year is a well-established practice aimed at providing a continuous , locally produced fruit supply to consumers and adapting to market trends for optimized profits. Temperature control is the cornerstone of postharvest conservation, and apples are typically kept at temperatures ranging from 0 to 3 °C. However, the energy-intensive process of the initial cool-down and subsequent temperature maintenance poses significant financial challenges with adverse effects on the carbon footprint. Higher storage temperatures could reduce cooling-related energy usage but also pose the risk of enhanced ripening and quality loss. This work explores different storage technologies aiming to reduce energy consumption, such as 1-methylcyclopropene, ultra-low oxygen, and a dynamically controlled atmosphere with raised temperatures. The integration of advanced monitoring and control systems, coupled with data analytics and energy management, in apple storage is also discussed. These strategies can be implemented without cost-intensive construction measures in standard storage facilities. Furthermore, beneficial side effects of higher storage temperatures in terms of a reduced occurrence of storage disorder symptoms and higher maintenance of quality attributes are also discussed for this special issue on sustainable horticultural production systems and supply chains.
The complexity and interconnected dynamics of postharvest microbial communities require whole-microbiome characterization to fully understand relationships among pathogens, biocontrol, and fruit quality. This study investigated the effects of the preharvest plant growth regulator aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 0.25 g L−1), which inhibits ethylene production, and low O2 (0.5 % and 2 %) controlled atmosphere (CA) storage compared with air storage, on the surface microbiome of ‘Gala’ apples stored at 0.5 °C. AVG and low O2 concentrations affected bacterial but not fungal communities. Bacterial but not fungal diversity decreased after 9 months of CA storage. Microbial genera with potential biocontrol functions such as Pseudomonas and Aureobasidium were found across all time points and treatments. The microbiomes detected in CA stored fruit were the most different from those in air stored fruit late in storage. At this time, metagenome prediction methods found that low O2 fruit may harbor bacteria with fewer gene pathways using O2 as a reactant compared to fruit in air storage. The results indicate that storage conditions influence the composition, diversity, and function of microbiomes inhabiting fruit surfaces, which provide a greater basis for understanding biocontrol and pathogen population dynamics in a more holistic manner.
Isparta/Eğirdir koşullarında yetiştirilen Scarlet Spur elma çeşidi meyveleri tam çiçeklenmeden 139 ve 150 gün sonra olmak üzere iki farklı olgunluk aşamasında hasat edilmiştir. Hasattan sonra meyveler normal (NA) ve kontrollü (KA) atmosfer koşullarında 0°C sıcaklık ve %90±5 oransal nemde muhafazaya alınmıştır. NA koşullarında muhafaza edilen meyvelerin yarısına 625 ppb dozunda 12 saat süreyle 1-Metilsiklopropen (1-MCP) uygulaması yapılmıştır. KA koşullarında depolama için %1 O2 + %3 CO2 ve %3 O2 + %4 CO2 ve dinamik kontrollü atmosfer (DKA) olmak üzere 3 farklı atmosfer bileşimi kullanılmıştır. DKA ortamında CO2 oranı %1 olarak ayarlanmıştır. Klorofil flüoresans sensörü aracılığıyla stres sinyalinin alındığı minimum O2 seviyesi %0,2 olarak belirlenmiş ve meyveler %0,3 güvenlik payı eklenerek %0,5 O2 seviyesinde depolanmıştır. Raf ömrü çalışmaları için elmalar soğukta muhafazadan sonra 20℃ sıcaklık ve %60±5 oransal nem koşullarında 7 gün bekletilmiştir. Soğukta depolanan ve raf ömrü koşullarında bekletilen meyvelerde belirli aralıklarla yüzeysel kabuk yanıklığı tespiti ve duyusal analizler yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, tam çiçeklenmeden 150 gün sonra hasat edilip 1-MCP uygulandıktan sonra NA koşullarında depolanan elmalarda ve yine aynı dönemde hasat edilip %0,5 O2 + %1 CO2 ve %1 O2 + %3 CO2 atmosfer koşullarında depolanan meyvelerde kabuk yanıklığı gözlenmemiştir. Ayrıca bu meyvelerin duyusal kalite özellikleri bakımından da daha iyi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) concentrations on fruit quality of small-sized RubyS apples during cold storage. After harvesting, the fruits were treated with 1-MCP at 0.5 or 1 μL/L concentrations and, subsequently, stored at 0℃ for 6 months. After 6 months, the flesh firmness of untreated fruits, which was 85.4 N at harvest, had gradually decreased to 46.5 N; however, that of 1-MCP-treated fruits was maintained at 59.1 and 59.5 N. Titratable acidity (TA) of untreated fruits had also decreased from 0.42 to 0.24%, whereas that of 1-MCP-treated fruits was maintained at 0.26 and 0.27%. Soluble solids content (SSC) did not differ in all fruits. However, the 1-MCP-treated fruits had lower levels of SSC/TA ratio than untreated fruits. Moreover, after 6 months, the ethylene production had increased to 47.0 μL/kg/h in the untreated fruits, whereas 1-MCP blocked the ethylene production at 1.4 and 1.7 μL/kg/h. The weight loss and peel color variables remained unaffected by 1-MCP treatments. Thus, these results indicated that, for RubyS apples, the storability was only 2 months at 0℃ without treatment, which can be extended to 6 months with 1-MCP treatments. The application of 1-MCP at 0.5 μL/L concentration is effectively and economically sufficient to maintain the quality of RubyS apples.
Fruit growers are looking for effective solutions to preserve the high quality of apples after storage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of pre- and postharvest use of 1-MCP on the quality of ‘Gala Schniga® SchniCo Red(s)’ apples harvested at the optimal harvest date and at a delayed harvest date and stored for 9 months under conditions similar to DCA (0.6% CO2 and 0.6% O2). Four treatments: control (1-MCP untreated), 1-MCP treated 7 days before harvest (Harvista™), 1-MCP treated 7 days after harvest (Smart-Fresh™), and 1-MCP treated before and after harvest (Harvista™ + SmartFresh™) were used, respectively, for each of the above harvest dates. After 5, 7, and 9 months of storage and after an additional 7-day shelf-life period, the following properties were determined: flesh firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and ethylene production rate. The harvest date and the 1-MCP application date affected ethylene production rate which was reflected in fruit flesh firmness and acidity (p < 0.05). Apples collected at the optimal harvest date from trees sprayed with Harvista™ before harvest retained high firmness (>55 N) after 7 days of shelf-storage at 20 °C, even if previously stored for 9 months. Apples collected later showed firmness similar to the best preferred by consumers only if treated with 1-MCP after harvest.
Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh) is a native fruit of Amazon region, which stands out for its high levels of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds. Such characteristics have increased its demand in the market, with several scientific studies being developed to elucidate its potential. As it is a climacteric fruit, its postharvest life is short. It is due to physiological events such as the growth of microorganisms and physical injuries and, consequently, less quality and poor safety of the product that reaches consumers. Its production system is admittedly fragile as it requires proper handling techniques to preserve both the sensory and nutritional quality of fruits. Thus, this review aimed to present the state-of-the-art of its fruit’s nutritional potential, quality, and post-harvest safety as raw material for the industry and consumers. The decision process outlined in the evidence inclusion protocol of this review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The studies selected for this review followed the flow of identification, selection, and eligibility until their inclusion, allowing the evaluation of the content addressed.
1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene receptor blocker, is mostly applied in gas form to inhibit ethylene action. An alternative immersion application method was used to investigate how pre- or post-1-MCP exposure to ethylene influences banana fruit response to 1-MCP. Mature-green (MG) banana fruit were immersed in 0, 10, 25 or 50 μg L⁻¹ 1-MCP (a.i.) solution at 20 °C to determine the most effective concentration. The bananas were exposed to 0 or 100 μL L⁻¹ ethylene for 24 h prior to (+/−preETH) or continuously following (+/−postETH) 1-MCP treatment to determine its effect on 1-MCP inhibition of ripening. Ripening of 1-MCP-treated fruit was delayed by up to 12 d at 20 °C, but that effect was reduced by circa 60% with ethylene pre-treatment. Recovery from 1-MCP in terms of ripening initiation occurred 4 to 6 d earlier in the presence of continuous post-treatment ethylene compared with air and the time to the fully ripe stage for 1-MCP plus ethylene fruit was 2 d shorter than for fruit without ethylene. Uneven recovery of fruit from 1-MCP was observed at stage 5, when the fruit had softer central pericarp and firmer external pericarp that adhered to the peel, but ‘normal’, uniformly soft pulp developed at stage 7 and later. Since post-treatment ethylene exposure accelerated the recovery of ripening after 1-MCP application in terms of earlier onset and accelerated rate of ripening, it could be suggested that ethylene may promote generation of new ethylene receptors.
This work investigated the effects of lemon and cinnamon oil fumigation on quality parameters and ethylene production of organic apples when kept for 100 and 180 d in a controlled atmosphere condition. Apples were fumigated with 3, 4 or 5 μM of lemon or cinnamon oils in 60 L sealed plastic barrels for 24 h at room temperature (∼20 °C) and untreated apple fruit was considered as a control. Following 180 d storage, both lemon and cinnamon oil fumigations significantly decreased the climacteric ethylene production rates, maintained higher quality parameters and reduced superficial scald disorder in both cultivars in comparison with the control fruit. Also, fumigated apples exhibited an increased in firmness up to 26 %, titratable acidity up to 92 %, total phenol up to 130 %, ascorbic acid up to 92 % and total antioxidants up to 104 % when compared with control. Respiration climacteric peaks were reduced in both cultivars stored for 180 d as well. Therefore, through ethylene inhibition, lemon and cinnamon oils have the potential for use in organic apple production to maintain postharvest apple quality.
Isparta/Eğirdir koşullarında yetiştirilen Scarlet Spur elma çeşidi meyveleri tam çiçeklenmeden 139 ve 150 gün sonra olmak üzere iki farklı olgunluk aşamasında hasat edilmiştir. Hasattan sonra meyvelerin yarısına 625 ppb dozunda 12 saat süreyle 1-MCP uygulaması yapılmıştır. Uygulama yapılan meyveler ve kontrol meyveleri normal atmosfer (NA) koşullarında 0°C sıcaklık ve %90±5 oransal nemde 6 ay süreyle depolanmıştır. Raf ömrü çalışmaları için elmalar soğukta muhafazadan sonra 20°C sıcaklık ve %60±5 oransal nem koşullarında 7 gün bekletilmiştir. Soğukta depolanan ve raf ömrü koşullarında bekletilen meyvelerde belirli aralıklarla çeşitli kimyasal ve fiziksel analizler yapılmıştır. Hasat olgunluğu elmanın hasat sonrası dönemde kalitesini etkilemiştir. Depolama ve raf ömrü sürecinde ilk hasattaki meyvelerde daha fazla ağırlık kaybı meydana gelmiştir. 1-MCP uygulaması her iki olgunluk aşamasında etilen üretimi ve solunum hızını baskılayarak meyve kalitesini kontrole göre daha iyi korumuştur. Tam çiçeklenmeden 150 gün sonra hasat edilerek 1-MCP uygulanan Scarlet Spur elma çeşidi meyvelerinin 6 ay süreyle başarılı bir şekilde depolanabildiği görülmüştür.
This study was carried out in the cold research rooms of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture. The fruits of the ANET 30 peach variety that produced Anadolu Etap Penkon Food and Agriculture Products Industry and Trade. Inc. were used. The fruits that ripened very late and were harvested on 18 October 2019 were brought to the department. After harvest, the fruits were divided into 4 groups and 1-methylcyclopropane (1-MCP) at a dose of 625 ppb was applied to some of the fruits, and half of the treated fruits were used for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) application in Xtend® bags. Half of the untreated fruits were reserved as MAP only and the other half as control. All applications were stored at 0±1°C temperature and 90±5% relative humidity conditions for 60 days, and the change in quality characteristics was determined at 20-day intervals. As a result, ANET 30 peach variety could be stored in normal cold stores for a maximum of 25-30 days. However, 1-MCP application alone has not been successful. Although, positive results were obtained in terms of some properties, with a general evaluation, 1-MCP application could only extend the storage for 5-7 days. On the other hand, only MAP and 1-MCP were applied and fruits stored in MAP gave the best results in this study. In these applications, many quality characteristics such as color change and hardness of fruits were better preserved. Fungal infections were detected at a low rate in these applications. It was concluded that with both applications, ANET 30 peach variety fruits could be stored for 45-50 days with 10-15% weight loss under these conditions by taking measures to reduce fungal decay and using MAP.
It is the question of determining patterns in big data sets that correlate to helpful data. It involves techniques that are at the confluence of machine learning, statistics, and legacy system, and it is also known as data mining. Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that emerged from the areas of object recognition and artificial intelligence. It is concerned with the research and development of methods that can understand from assessment tools. The study shows financial institutions use of financial data performance and ensure precise management of consumer data in order to identify defaulters, to reduce the number of equipment failures associated, to process transactions quickly and efficiently, to reduce the number of incorrect judgments, to categorize potential customers, and to minimize the wastage of the financial organizations.KeywordsData miningMachine learningFraudRiskFinancial management
This study explored the effects of 1‐MCP combined with TPC treatment on bioactive compounds, odor and ultrastructure of cherry tomatoes during postharvest storage. The results showed that the three treatments could all maintain the firmness, soluble solids, and titratable acidity content. It was noteworthy that TPC applied to cherry tomatoes had positive effects on removing off‐flavors and reducing accumulation of malondialdehyde, and it can better retain the lycopene content compared with 1‐MCP in the later storage period. In addition, the combined treatment was more effective than the control check, single 1‐MCP and single TPC, which can inhibit the respiration and ethylene production of cherry tomatoes, maintain the ascorbic acid content, and sustain the integrity of peel and pulp cell structure during postharvest storage. Our conclusion supplied that 1‐MCP+TPC was a feasible technology that can enhance the effect of single 1‐MCP treatment and make up for the limitations of single treatment.
Consumption of fruits and vegetables can be examined at two levels: overall consumption of fruits and vegetables as a category or the specific types of fruit and vegetables (or varieties thereof) that are preferred within the category. Overall consumption is dictated by a complex combination of both external factors (e.g., access, quality) and internal (i.e., psychological) factors. While external factors are an important gatekeeper to fruit and vegetable consumption, internal factors such as motivation and enjoyment are critical for sustained adequate consumption levels that will contribute to maintaining health in the long-term. Enjoyment is intimately linked to fruit and vegetable quality and thus features of fruits and vegetables that contribute to perceived quality, and therefore consumer preferences and purchasing behavior within the produce category, must also be examined. Quality can be divided into two categories including consumption quality cues (appearance, taste, and texture) and purchase quality cues (e.g., organic, local, genetic engineering status, waste reduction features, and packaging). A great deal of research has been completed to elucidate the consumption and purchase qualities that impact consumer preference. However, consumer preferences are not static over time. As market availability and consumer familiarity changes over time, this will lead to changes in consumer habits and preferences. Therefore, consumer perception of quality must be periodically reexamined and postharvest practices must be adapted over time to continue to align with consumer quality expectations and contribute to continued produce enjoyment and consumption.
The effects of resveratrol (RES) and diphenylamine (DPA) on superficial scald of ‘Dangshansuli’ pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) were studied. Pears treated with RES or DPA were stored in cold storage for 210 d and then transferred to shelf life (20 ± 0.5°C) for 5 and 10 d. Compared to the control, RES and DPA maintained the firmness and soluble solid content (SSC) and decreased α-farnesene and its auto-oxidation. RES and DPA decreased membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage but increased auto-oxidant enzyme activities during cold storage. During later storage, RES and DPA significantly regulated energy levels. After cold storage and shelf life, RES and DPA significantly inhibited the scald incidence and scald index. Hence, RES and DPA inhibit scald in slightly different ways. RES can inhibit scald by two pathways, namely, by decreasing α-farnesene and its auto-oxidation products and by decreasing membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage through improvements in energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity. RES has the potential to be a substitute of DPA to effectively control the scald of ‘Dangshansuli’ pears.
The fruits of new apple cultivars bred by the FSBSI “Federal Scientific Center named after IV Michurin”, adapted to the stressful weather conditions of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia, were used. During storage of control and 1-MCP-treated fruits of 5 studied apple cultivars in air (regular atmosphere: CO 2 = 0.03%, O 2 = 21%), modified atmosphere (O 2 = 16-19%, CO 2 = 1.5-5.0%) and controlled atmosphere with ultra-low oxygen content (O 2 = 1.2-1.5%, CO 2 = 1.2-1.5%), the following main diseases were identified: for cv. Uspenskoye – scald, bitter pit, breakdown; for cv. Fregat - bitter pit, breakdown, CO 2 -skin injury. Development of several diseases at the same time is also possible (CO 2 -skin injury + bitter pit, bitter pit + breakdown); for cv. Flagman - scald, bitter pit, breakdown, scald + bitter pit; for cv. Bylina - CO 2 -skin injury, bitter pit, breakdown, soft scald; for cv. Vympel - CO 2 -skin injury. Maximum storage efficiency was shown by fruits cv. Vympel stored under CA + 1-MCP technology. Data on the keeping ability of apple fruits of the studied cultivars allow developing high-precision varietal storage technologies.
Susceptibility of apple fruit to physiological storage disorders is affected by both pre- and postharvest factors that influence their ethylene production. In this study, the inhibitor of ethylene perception, 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP), applied before and after harvest, has been used to investigate the interactions between ethylene and development of physiological disorders in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples during storage. Preharvest 1-MCP (Harvista™) was applied to trees, either 2 weeks (early), 1 week (late), at 1 and 2 weeks (repeated), or at double rate 1 week, before first commercial harvest. Fruit were then untreated or treated with postharvest 1-MCP (SmartFresh®) and stored at 0.5 °C, or conditioned at 10 °C for 7 d and then stored at 3 °C (C + 3 °C), for 20 weeks. Fruit quality and physiological disorders were assessed after 4 d at 20 °C. Fruit from all preharvest 1-MCP treatments had lower internal ethylene concentrations (IECs) and were greener as indicated by higher IAD values compared with untreated controls, while effects on starch pattern indices (SPI) were inconsistent. After storage, preharvest 1-MCP -treated fruit were firmer than untreated fruit, but effects of the different application timings were inconsistent. Effects of postharvest 1-MCP on IEC and IAD values were greater at 0.5 °C than at C + 3 °C. High incidences of core browning and vascular browning developed during storage, especially in the preharvest 1-MCP-treated fruit. Soft scald was reduced by preharvest 1-MCP treatments compared with control. In the C + 3 °C storage treatment, preharvest 1-MCP-treated fruit had a higher bitter pit incidence than in control fruit, but less skin wrinkling and senescent breakdown. Postharvest 1-MCP treatment of preharvest 1-MCP fruit slightly decreased bitter pit incidence while greatly increasing that of core browning and leather blotch, and sometimes flesh browning and carbon dioxide injury. This study shows that pre- and postharvest inhibition of ethylene perception by 1-MCP can have marked effects on storage disorders that are affected by fruit maturity and storage temperatures.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the preharvest application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on postharvest dissipation of stress watercore incidence and severity rating over 30 d at 20 °C. ‘Jonagold’ trees were untreated or sprayed with 1-MCP one week before harvest. Harvest indices and quality factors at 20 °C, were assessed on days 2, 5, 9,15, 20, and 30. Fruit treated with preharvest 1-MCP treatment had lower internal ethylene concentrations and lower starch pattern indices (higher starch concentration) at harvest compared with untreated fruit, but no effects on flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, watercore incidence and severity rating, and soluble sugars were detected. At 20 °C, however, preharvest 1-MCP treated fruit had a faster decrease of stress water core incidence and severity than untreated fruit, and delayed development of senescent breakdown and skin shriveling. Sorbitol concentrations were lower in preharvest 1-MCP treated fruit than untreated fruit, but effects on glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch concentrations were not consistent. More rapid loss of stress-associated water core in preharvest 1-MCP treated fruit was consistent with lower sorbitol concentrations in the cortical tissues.
Paul, V. and Pandey, R. (2010). Technical information for use of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on fruits and vegetables for extending their shelf-life. In: Laboratory Manual: Post-Harvest Physiology of Fruits and Flowers. Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. Pp: 59-64.
Storage of apples (Malus × domestica, Borkh.) in controlled atmosphere (CA) and/or the application of initial low oxygen stress (ILOS) are very effective in controlling postharvest disorders as bitter pit and superficial scald. This work aims to evaluate the effect of CA-storage and ILOS on the stress-related compounds of apple peel and to deepen the knowledge about the possible role of the antioxidant defense system against postharvest disorders. Fermentative metabolites, ascorbate (ASA), glutathione (GSH), total ascorbate (T-ASA) and total glutathione (T-GSH), ethylene, α-farnesene, conjugated trienols (CTols), as well as standard maturity indices, were monitored on the peel of apples (cv Red Chief) subjected or not to ILOS and stored 120 days in air or CA. CA-storage caused a reduction of conjugated trienols and ethylene production in Red Chief fruit compared to storage in air. ILOS induced an increase in the production of fermentative metabolites, especially when coupled with CA-storage, but the observed increase in ethanol concentration did not affect ethylene production. ILOS pretreatment and CA-storage induced higher T-GSH and GSH content in the peel of Red Chief fruit. In particular, ILOS caused a temporary shift of GSH towards its oxidated form, which finally resulted in an induction of GSH biosynthesis. Given the positive effect of ILOS on the GSH and T-GSH content, we hypothesize that the peel antioxidant compounds might play some role in the protection against postharvest disorders.
Optimal storage conditions are essential to preserving the quality of postharvest produce and cut flowers during transportation, especially to overseas destinations. As a result, this research investigated the effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the biochemical properties of cut Dendrobium Sonia orchid flowers. In active MAP, the orchid flowers were wrapped in MAP plastic film filled with 5 % carbon dioxide (CO2) and 2 % oxygen (O2). Meanwhile, in passive MAP the flowers were stored inside MAP plastic film without filling with 5 % CO2 and 2 % O2. The experimental MAP plastic films were polyethylene, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride films. The biochemical parameters included storage life, respiration rate, ethylene production, internal O2 and CO2, anthocyanin content, protein degradation, and electrolyte leakage. The results showed that the average storage life of orchid flowers under passive MAP condition was 9 – 15 days, depending on the plastic film types. The longest storage life of 15.66 days was achieved with polypropylene film. The storage life of orchid flowers in active MAP was 9.33 days on average. Without MAP (control), the storage life was 7 days under normal atmosphere condition (0.03 % CO2 and 21 % O2). The experiments also demonstrated that MAP efficiently reduced respiration rate, ethylene production, anthocyanin degradation, protein degradation, and electrolyte leakage. Unlike existing research on MAP which focused primarily on extending the shelf life of fresh produce or cut flowers, this study comparatively investigated the biochemical properties of cut orchid flowers stored in MAP environment, in addition to the storage life.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage temperature fluctuation (temperature variation cycles about 6h) on the firmness and pectin solubilisation of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ during storage. Results showed that apples in 5±0℃ group showed the lowest firmness decreasing level (15.86% for ‘Fuji’, 24.76% for ‘Golden Delicious’) coupled with the minimum ethylene production, and the slowest inter‐converting of CSP and SSP to WSP compared with that of 5±5℃ and 5±1℃. Moreover, the enzymatic activities (PG, PME, β‐Gal, α‐L‐Af) were at the lowest level in 5±0℃ TF groups both of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. Ultrastructural observations also revealed that constant temperature could restrain the solubilisation of pectin and the dissolution of middle lamella. Besides, the impact of 5±1℃ on ‘Golden Delicious’ was more significant relative to ‘Fuji’. In practical applications, the temperature supervision on ‘Fuji’ could be appropriately relaxed compared with ‘Golden Delicious’ during short‐term storage.
Five cultivars of apples ( Malus domesticus Borkh.) were sampled weekly during the harvest season for 3 consecutive years. The ethylene concentrations in the atmosphere from the apple core cavities were measured using a gas chromatograph. Each cultivar exhibited an individual range of internal ethylene concentration over the harvest season. Depending on the cultivar, the rate of increase in internal ethylene concentration varied from year to year. A single ethylene concentration cannot be used to estimate harvest maturity. Cultivar characteristics of internal ethylene concentrations and their yearly variation are two significant factors in interpreting ethylene measurements used for maturity estimations.
‘McIntosh’ apples ( Malus domestica Bork.) sprayed with 1000 or 2000 mg ⁻¹ liter ⁻¹ daminozide were stored in simulated low-ethylene controlled atmosphere (CA) storage for 7.5 and 9.5 months in 3 consecutive years. The simulated CA was a flow-through system with 2.5–3% O 2 , 3–5% CO 2 , <1 μ1·liter ⁻¹ ethylene, 2.2° to 3.3°C, and 90–95% relative humidity. A maturity index based on the date of the onset of autocatalytic ethylene production (AEP) of apples not sprayed with daminozide was used. ‘McIntosh’ apples, which were harvested within 10 days after the onset of AEP, lost <10% of their original firmness, 27–29% of acidity, and 0% of soluble solids after 7.5 months of storage. The rates of ethylene production of these apples were very low in the first 4 months, gradually increased thereafter, but remained <0.5 μl·kg ⁻¹ ·hr ⁻¹ for at least 7 months. The low-ethylene CA effectively preserved the quality and inhibited the ethylene production of ‘McIntosh’ apples. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
There is considerable confusion in the literature on the terminology of internal storage disorders of apples. For example, “internal breakdown” is a term widely used to cover all such problems. The focus here is on breakdown problems and excludes physiological disorders like bitter pit. The emphasis is on symptomology, factors associated with the disorders, and cultivar susceptibility. There is little or no mention of control measures.
Water flow through isolated 5 cm stem segments of rose ( Rosa hybrida L. cv. Cara Mia) increased for 4-7 hours and then decreased linearly for several hours thereafter. Decreased rate of flow has been termed blockage rate. Flow rates varied inversely with segment length and directly with head pressure but blockage rates were unaffected by either variable. Maximum flow increased and blockage rates decreased as solution pH was decreased over a range from pH 6 to pH 3. Flow rates at 3°C were about half of flow rates at 24° and the addition of sucrose to the solution further reduced flow. Viscosity differences account for the flow rate decrease at lower temperature but did not account for the sucrose effect. Millipore filtration of water from a variety of sources resulted in substantial increase in flow rates.
2,5-NBD, a compound which competes with ethylene for binding sites and inhibits ethylene action in plant tissues, was applied to ‘Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica Borkh.) as a gas in either a closed or flowing system. Apples held in the closed system for 30 days at 25C in either 2000 or 4000 µl 2,5-NBD/liter were as firm as fruit held equally long at 5C; apples held in air at 25C were 19 N softer. Softening appeared to be mediated by ethylene. Soluble solids content and starch loss were similar for fruit held in air or in 2,5-NBD at 25C. The fruit’s internal ethylene concentration showed that 500 or 2500 µl 2,5-NBD/liter suppressed, but did not completely inhibit, autocatalytic ethylene production. The preserving effect of 2,5-NBD diminished after 50 days at 25C. Chemical names used: Bicyclo [2-2-l]-hepta-2,5-diene (2,5-norbornadiene; 2,5-NBD).
To examine the hypothesis that superficial scald of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) is a chilling injury, 'Granny Smith' apples were stored at temperatures ranging from 0 to 20C, temperature-conditioned before storage, and warmed during storage. Fruit stored at 0 or 4C developed supeficial scald. At 10C, surface defects occurred but they were not typical symptoms of scald, and at 15 or 20C no symptoms developed. Accumulation of faroesene and conjugated trienes in fruit peel correlated with increasing ethylene production, which was greater at higher temperatures. However, concentrations of conjugated trienes were highest at 0 and 4C. When fruit were kept at 10C for 5 or 10 days before storage, scald development after storage was not reduced. An interruption of 0C storage with a single warming period at 10 or 20C reduced scald development after 25 weeks of storage, maximum reduction occurring when fruit were warmed for 3 to 5 days at 20C after 1 to 4 weeks at 0C. Amelioration of scald declined as time at 0C before warming increased. Diphenylamine application after conjugated trienes increased during warming, but at the end of storage (when scald was developing) the conjugated triene concentrations in peel were reduced in fruit that had been warmed. Warming slightly increased yellowing, softening, and greasiness of fruit after storage, We conclude that chilling induced superficial scald on 'Granny Smith' apples.
Peroxidases have been implicated in the responses of plants to physiological stress and to pathogens. Wound-induced peroxidase of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) was studied. Total peroxidase activity was increased by wounding in cell wall fractions extracted from roots, stems and leaves of horseradish. On the other hand, wounding decreased the peroxidase activity in the soluble fraction from roots. The enzyme activities of the basic isozymes were induced by wounding in horseradish leaves based on data obtained by fractionation of crude enzyme in isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis followed by activity staining. We have previously isolated genomic clones for four peroxidase genes, namely, prxC1a, prxC1b, prxC2 and prxC3. Northern blot analysis using gene-specific probes showed that mRNA of prxC2, which encodes a basic isozyme, accumulated by wounding, while the mRNAs for other peroxidase genes were not induced. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants were transformed with four chimeric gene constructs, each consisting of a promoter from one of the peroxidase genes and the β-glucuronidase (GUS) structural gene. High level GUS activity induced in response to wounding was observed in tobacco plants containing the prxC2-GUS construct.
Fruit from seedlings selected from a population obtained by crossing superficial scald-resistant 'White Angel' and superficial scald-susceptible 'Rome Beauty' apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) were used to investigate the role of oxidative processes in the development of superficial scald. Selections were identified for study based on fruit coloration and scald susceptibility. Plant material had one of the following three physiognomies: 1) red-skinned fruit resistant to scald; 2) red-skinned fruit susceptible to scald; and 3) yellow-skinned fruit susceptible to scald. The concentrations of α-farnesene, conjugated triene (CT) species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, carbonyl groups, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol-peroxidase, and catalase were measured at harvest and during 0.5 °C storage. Relationships were poor between scald susceptibility and α-farnesene and its oxidation products, CT258, CT281, and the CT258/CT281 ratio. Tissue concentrations of H2O2 were lower in scald-resistant than in scald-susceptible fruit at harvest and after storage, and these lower concentrations were associated with less damage to cellular membranes (lipid peroxidation) and proteins (carbonyl group content). Higher activities of the H2O2-degrading enzymes, guaiacol-peroxidases, and catalases, were related to lower H2O2 content and lower scald susceptibility. Activities of superoxide dismutase, a H2O2-generating enzyme, were not related to scald susceptibility or storage period. We hypothesize that fruit susceptibility to scald is strongly influenced by cellular efficiency in metabolizing active oxygen species such as H2O2.
Pretreatment for 6 h with low concentrations of 1-MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene, formerly designated as SIS-X), a cyclic ethylene analog, inhibits the normal wilting response of cut carnations exposed continuously to 0.4 ll–1 ethylene. The response to 1-MCP was a function of treatment concentration and time. Treatment with 1-MCP was as effective in inhibiting ethylene effects as treatment with the anionic silver thiosulfate complex (STS), the standard commercial treatment. Other ethylene-sensitive cut flowers responded similarly to carnations. In the presence of 1 ll–1 ethylene, the vase life of 1-MCP-treated flowers was up to 4 times that of the controls.
1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), formerly designated as Sis-X, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of ethylene responses in carnation flowers in either the light or the dark. The binding appears to be to the receptor and to be permanent. A 6 h treatment at 2.5 nl l–1 is sufficient to protect against ethylene, and 0.5 nl l–1 is sufficient if exposure is for 24 h. As carnation flowers age, a little higher concentration appears to be needed. Most of the natural increase in ethylene production during senescence is prevented by treatment with 1-MCP. A closely related compound, methylenecyclopropane shows ethylene activity. A tritium labelled 1-MCP (60 mCi mmol–1) has been prepared. A higher specific activity is needed for more critical studies.
A comparison has been made of cyclopropene (CP), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and 3,3-dimethyl-cyclopropene (3,3-DMCP) in their ability to protect plants against ethylene. In bananas, both CP and 1-MCP are effective around 0.5 nL L–1, and 3,3-DMCP was effective at 1 L L–1. Bananas treated with CP and 1-MCP again become sensitive to ethylene at 12 days and those treated with 3,3-DMCP at 7 days. Mature green tomatoes are protected by 5–7 nL L–1 of 1-MPC for 8 days at 25C and tomatoes treated with 3,3-DMCP at 5–10 L L–1 are protected for 5 days. Carnation flowers are protected with CP or 1-MCP after exposure to 0.5 nL L–1 for 24 hours and by 1 L L–1 of 3,3-DMCP. The display life of Campanula flowers is increased from 3.3 to 5.4 days by 10 L L–1 of 3,3-DMCP and to 9 days by 20 nL L–1 of 1-MCP. Ethylene inhibition of pea seedlings is reduced by treatment with 1-MCP at 10 L L–1 of ethylene but as ethylene is increased to 3000 L L–1 growth inhibition increases. 3,3-DMCP treatment causes very little reduction of the ethylene effect even at very low concentrations.
Fruit ripening represents a complex system of genetic and hormonal regulation of eukaryotic development unique to plants. We are using tomato ripening mutants as tools to elucidate genetic components of ripening regulation and have recently demonstrated that the Never-ripe (Nr) mutant is insensitive to the plant growth regulator ethylene (M.B. Lanahan, H.-C. Yen, J.J. Giovannoni, H.J. Klee [1994] Plant Cell 6:521-530). We report here ethylene sensitivity over a range of concentrations in normal and Nr tomato seedlings and show that the Nr mutant retains residual sensitivity to as little as 1 part per million of ethylene. Analysis of ripening-related gene expression in normal and mutant ethylene-treated fruit demonstrates that Nr exerts its influence on development at least in part at the level of ethylene-inducible gene expression. We have additionally used cloned tomato and Arabidopsis sequences known to influence ethylene perception as restriction fragment length polymorphism probes, and have identified a tomato locus linked to Nr that hybridizes to the Arabidopsis ETR1 gene at low stringency, suggesting the possibility that Nr may be homologous to ETR1.
We have isolated a cDNA encoding transaldolase, an enzyme of the pentose-phosphate pathway, from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The 1.5 kb cDNA encodes a protein of 438 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 47.8 kDa. When the potato cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli a 45 kDa protein with transaldolase activity was produced. The first 62 amino acids of the deduced amino acid sequence represent an apparent plastid transit sequence. While the potato transaldolase has considerable similarity to the enzyme from cyanobacteria and Mycobacterium leprae, similarity to the conserved transaldolase enzymes from humans, E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more limited. Northern analysis indicated that the transaldolase mRNA accumulated in tubers in response to wounding. Probing the RNA from various potato tissues indicated that the transaldolase mRNA accumulation to higher levels in the stem of mature potato plants than in either leaves or tubers. These data are consistent with a role for this enzyme in lignin biosynthesis.
Autocatalytic C2H4 biosynthesis in preclimacteric apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. 'Golden Delicious') was prevented by storage in atmospheres of 20% CO2-enriched air (17% O2 + 63% N2) or 0.2S% O2(balance N2). In preclimacteric fruit, both treatments inhibited C2H4 biosynthesis by suppressing expression of ACC synthase (ACC-S) at the mRNA level. ACC oxidase (ACC-O) mRNA abundance and in vitro enzyme activity also were impaired by these treatments. However, the conversion of ACC to C2H4 never became the rate limiting step in C2H4 biosynthesis. C2H4 biosynthesis also was effectively inhibited in climacteric apple fruit kept in air + 20 % CO2 or 0.25 % O2. Climacteric apples also exhibited suppressed expression of ACC-S at the mRNA level, while ACC-O transcript abundance, enzyme activity, and protein abundance were reduced only slightly. ACC-S is the key regulatory enzyme of C2H4 biosynthesis and is the major site at which elevated CO2 and reduced O2 atmospheres inhibit C2H4 biosynthesis, irrespective of fruit physiological maturity. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxcylic acid (ACC).
Apples of high ('Granny Smith'; GS), moderate ('Red Delicious'; RD), and low ('Gala'; GA) susceptibility to superficial scald were stored for up to 6 months at 0°C under high (100%) or low (1.5%) oxygen or in air. Hexane extracts of peel samples were analyzed for α-farnesene and its major oxidation product, a conjugated trienol, using an HPLC method which allows simultaneous detection at 232 and 269 nm, respectively. Identification of the compounds was confirmed by UV spectrometry, HPLC with diode array detection, and GC-MS. In general, α-farnesene and trienol content correlated with scald susceptibility. Levels of both isoprenoids were over 20-fold higher in GS compared with GA, the latter having only trace amounts. Farnesene content peaked in both GS and RD at 2 months, whereas trienol rose sharply from 1 to 4 months. Production of farnesene and trienol increased at higher oxygen levels in all three cultivars. The amount of trienol was more closely correlated with oxygen concentration. GS fruit stored under 100% oxygen were completely "bronzed" after 3 months and had a high level of ethanol. Two lots of RD fruit harvested 1 week apart differed markedly in their rate and amount of farnesene and trienol production. Fruit from the earlier harvest had higher levels of both compounds at all times. These results support the hypothesis that susceptibility to scald in a given cultivar is a function of farnesene production and its subsequent autoxidation to conjugated trienols.
An ethylene action inhibitor, MCP, was applied to preclimacteric and climacteric apple [Malus sylvestris L. (Mill.) var. domestica Borkh. Mansf.] fruit. Experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Washington State utilizing the following cultivars: Fuji, Gala, Ginger Gold, Jonagold, and Delicious. MCP inhibited loss of fruit firmness and titratable acidity when fruit were held in storage at 0 °C up to 6 months and when fruit were held at 20 to 24 °C for up to 60 days. For all cultivars except 'Fuji', differences in firmness between treated and nontreated fruit exceeded 10 N after 6 months storage. These beneficial effects were seen in both preclimacteric and climacteric fruit. Ethylene production and respiration were reduced substantially by MCP treatment. MCP-treated fruit had soluble solids equal to or greater than those in nontreated fruit. Storage and shelf life were extended for all cultivars tested. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP).
Strawberry (Fragaria xananassa Duch.) fruit were fumigated for 2 hours at 20 °C with 1-mcp at concentrations from 5 to 500 nL·L -1, then held at 20 and 5 °C in air containing 0.1 μL·L -1 ethylene. Fumigation with 1-mcp at 5 to 15 nL-L -1 extended the postharvest life by ≃35% at 20 °C and 150% at 5 °C, but at higher 1-mcp concentrations there was an accelerated loss of quality with a 30% to 60% decrease in postharvest life at 500 nL·L -1 at both 20 and 5 °C. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (1-mcp).
Ethephon and diphenylamine (DPA) were used to examine the role of ethylene production in biochemical changes that precede development of superficial scald on `Cortland' apples ( Malus domestica Borkh.) after cold storage. Treatments modified α-farnesene and conjugated triene (CT) accumulations in fruit peel, and their effects on CTs differed depending on whether CTs were measured at 258 nm (CT258) or 281 nm (CT281). Ethephon induced rapid and delayed effects on fruit, the former being stimulation of ethylene production and α-farnesene and CT accumulation in fruit peel, which could increase scald development, and the latter being a disproportionately higher accumulation of CT258 than of CT281 during prolonged cold storage, which was associated with reduced scald development. DPA treatment at harvest also produced rapid and delayed effects. It immediately reduced ethylene synthesis and α-farnesene and CT accumulation. In addition, during fruit storage at 0C, DPA reduced accumulation of CT281 more than that of CT258. The rapid and delayed effects of DPA should contribute to less scald development. These results showed that ethylene probably was involved in effects of ethephon and DPA on scald development and suggest that ethylene has a fundamental role in changes associated with superficial scald development.
The number of bacteria in the basal 5 cm of the stems of cut rose flowers (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Sonia) stored in water for 1 to 4 days was positively correlated with the number of bacteria in the water. Subsequent dry storage of the flowering rose stems resulted in an increase in the number of bacteria in the stems, similar to that occurring in stems that were held in water. Low temperatures during dry storage (SC) reduced the reproduction rate of bacteria in the stems. Use of aluminum sulfate (0.8 g-liter-`) during the rehydration period before dry storage limited the number of bacteria in the stems and prevented their subsequent increase during dry storage.
Nineteen different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners ranging in chlorine content from 2 to 6 chlorine atoms were provided to nonphotosynthetic suspension cultures of rose (Rosa sp. cv. Paul's Scarlet). After a 96 h incubation period, 11 individual congeners had been metabolized by > 10%. Provision of mixed function oxidase inhibitors (10 mM metyrapone or 0.5 mM 7,8-benzoflavone) either stopped or severely reduced the metabolism of individual congeners; whereas (inhibitors of peroxidase) (1 mM benzoate or 1 mM n-propylgallate) had minimal influence on PCB metabolism. The metabolism of PCBs by rose cultures appears to be catalyzed by a cytochrome P-450-and/or P-448-dependent enzyme system.
The enzyme tyramine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (THT) was induced by wounding in potato tuber discs (Solanum tuberosum var. Bintje). THT activity was barely detectable in the intact tuber but increased dramatically during two days in the outermost cell layers of the excised discs. Thereafter the activity declined but the enzyme remained induced for at least one week. The induction of THT, which was detectable 3 to 4 hours after wounding, was completely blocked by cycloheximide. The main products formed in vivo were identified as amides of ferulic acid with tyramine or octopamine. The concentration of these amides increased upon wounding but only about 6 days after preparation of the tuber slices. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of the suberin-enriched cell wall residue purified from healed tuber discs released feruloyltyramine and feruloyloctopamine together with free tyramine and octopamine. Moreover exogenously supplied [14C]-feruloyltyramine was very rapidly integrated into the cell walls of the first layer of cells at the surface of wound healing tuber discs. Taken together our results suggest that the induction of THT and the integration of cinnamoyltyramines into cell walls could be part of the primary response of potato tuber tissues to wounding.
Stems of roses (Rosa hybrida L., cv. Sonia) were cut by methods that precluded air uptake. When the cut surface was exposed to air the volume of aspired air depended on the presence and size of leaves within 6 to l0 cm from the cut surface. When these leaves were removed prior to measurement average uptake (37 ± 8 µL stem-1) coincided with the calculated lumen of the xylem vessels opened by cutting, indicating that the boundary of water/air did not pass the pores in the pit-membranes. Uptake of air was maximal after 20-30 min, even when flowers were held dry for 6 days. Flowers left in air for 3 h and then placed in water showed a high rate of water uptake, which indicated that the presence of air in the vessels did not impair the subsequent uptake of water. However, when flowers were left in air for 24 or 36 h, the rate of water uptake became progressively inhibited.
Hydroperoxide cleaving enzyme, hydroperoxide lyase (HPO lyase), was firstly purified to homogeneity from membranous fraction of tea leaves. The enzyme was separated with hydroxyl apatite gel chromatography into two fractions, HPO lyase I and II having Mr of 55 000 and 53 000, respectively. Almost the same pH-activity profiles were obtained with these two forms of HPO lyases. Antioxidants which are known as potent inhibitors for lipoxygenase such as nor-dihydroguaiaretic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole inhibited the activity of HPO lyase I. Activity for 13-hydroperoxide of α-linolenic acid was ca 10 times higher than that for 13-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid but the positional isomer, 13-hydroperoxide of γ-linolenic acid was a relatively poor substrate.
The potential use of ethylene production as a maturity index for New Zealand-grown apple cultivars was assessed by following the timing of ethylene production from samples of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’, ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, ‘Braeburn’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’ in relation to their commercial harvest periods. Each cultivar showed a distinct pattern of ethylene production, and the relationship between ethylene production and the timing of the current harvesting period varied with cultivar. The suitability of using evacuated vials for collecting ethylene gas samples from enclosed apple fruit and transporting them to a laboratory for analysis was also examined. Gas samples held in the vials maintained a stable ethylene concentration for up to 4 days.
‘Starking Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) were sprayed with daminozide in midsummer in two consecutive seasons (1987–1988 and 1988–1989). In each season, fruit samples were harvested on two different dates and stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at 3% O2 and 4% CO2 at 0–1°C. Two CA rooms were used: a low ethylene-controlled atmosphere (LE-CA) room, fitted with a continuous C2H4 removal system, which functioned from September to May in both periods, so that the store ethylene concentration ranged from 4 to 15 μl l−1; the other a high ethylene-controlled atmosphere (HE-CA) room, where ethylene was not scrubbed and store ethylene concentration was > 100 μl l−1.In both seasons, after 8 months of storage in HE-CA, apples harvested earlier were less ripe and had more scald than apples harvested later, after 8 months of storage in HE-CA. Daminozide-sprayed and earlier-harvested apples which had been stored in LE-CA were firmer and had more acids than unsprayed, later-harvested and HE-CA apples; generally, after a 7-day post-storage holding period at 20°C, the differences between treatments were maintained. Differences in post-storage flesh firmness and acidity were frequently not significant for the other treatments. Furthermore, the soluble solids content of apple samples was similar for all treatments. On the other hand, LE-CA stored samples developed less scald in comparison to the HE-CA stored samples in the 1987–1988 season; however, these results were not reproduced in the 1988–1989 season.
The development of ACC oxidase activity was investigated in three cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), ‘Paulared’, ‘Empire’ and ‘Law Rome’, as typifying early, mid-season and late cultivars, respectively, during maturation and ripening. Fruits were selected at progressive stages of development of the autogenous ethylene climacteric during maturation and ripening on the tree. The level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene was used as a relative measure of the activity of ACC synthase and the ability of fruit tissue to convert ACC to ethylene was used as a measure of the activity of ACC oxidase, the ethylene forming enzyme. ‘Paulared’ fruits accumulated high levels of ACC as the autogenous ethylene climacteric began and this was associated with slow development of ACC oxidase activity. ‘Law Rome’ apples showed ACC oxidase activity early in the development of the ethylene climacteric but this was associated with accumulation of low levels of ACC in fruits. ‘Empire’ fruits were found to be intermediate between the early and late cultivars. ACC oxidase activity of fruits of the three cultivars was found to increase concurrently with or subsequent to the accumulation of ethylene to ca. 0.1 μl 1−1 in the internal atmosphere of the fruit. Thus, the ACC content of the fruit was found to be a function of the development of ACC synthase activity as well as the relative activity of ACC oxidase. The levels of these activities were cultivar dependent. Differential sequestering of ACC into malonyl ACC by malonyl Co A-ACC transferase among the three cultivars may also account for the wide disparity in changes in ACC content with maturation but this was not investigated.
Mature green bananas (Musa sp., AAA group, Cavendish subgroup, cultivar `Williams') were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at a preclimacteric stage and at intervals of 6, 12 and 24 h after propylene treatment (HAPT) to initiate ripening. The fruit were then allowed to ripen in air or propylene. Ethylene production, respiration rates, peel colour and total volatiles production were monitored during ripening. 1-MCP significantly delayed the onset and affected the rate and magnitude of several physiological responses. Application of 1-MCP at a preclimacteric stage or 6 and 12 HAPT delayed onset of the ethylene and respiratory climacterics, peel degreening and total volatiles production. Application of 1-MCP 24 HAPT after autocatalytic ethylene had commenced did not inhibit development of the ethylene and respiratory climacterics, but delayed colour development and total volatiles production. In all cases, when 1-MCP treated fruit did produce ethylene, rates of production were significantly enhanced, whilst rates of respiration were always lower. Onset of total volatiles production was delayed and the rates were lower in all 1-MCP treated fruit. Degreening of the peel was significantly delayed and disrupted by 1-MCP. The results show that these ripening related processes, once engaged with autocatalytic ethylene production, become partially independent of further ethylene action. Some possible reasons for the failure of 1-MCP treated fruit to ripen normally are discussed.
During storage of apples at 1° the concentration of a-farnesene in the ‘coating’ (mainly cuticle) and adjacent cells increased to a maximum and then declined. At the highest maximum farnesene was 15% of the total lipid of the coating. Evidence is presented for a role of a-farnesene in superficial scald. More a-farnesene was found in earlier picked apples and more in the scald-liable Granny Smith than in the scald-resistant Crofton variety. During storage a-farnesene moved from the fruit to the oiled wraps until wraps contained more than twice as much as the fruit. Diphenylamine reduced the production of a-farnesene in later picked apples.
Two methods were used to separate heme and apoenzyme from the holoenzyme of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) isolated from medium of cultured peanut cells. Apoenzyme prepared by either method lacked peroxidase activity but possessed indole acetic acid (IAA) oxidase and poly phenol oxidase (PPO) (EC 1.14.18.1) activity. When the holoenzyme was reconstituted with heme and apoenzyme, peroxidase activity was restored. The studies on the active site revealed that PPO and IAA oxidase share the same active site on the apoenzyme.
Protein aggregation in thylakoids incurred in situ during light-induced heat shock damage can be simulated in vitro by illuminating isolated thylakoids at normal temperatures. Aggregation is detectable in the in vitro model system by fluorography of [35-S]-methionine-labelled thylakoids fractionated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and also by Coomassie staining after SDS-PAGE of unlabelled thylakoids. As in the case of light-induced heat shock damage, protein aggregation in the in vitro system is completely light dependent, and the D-1 protein of PS][is present in the protein aggregate. The model system has also provided evidence for the involvement of activated oxygen in aggregation of thylakoid proteins. Histidine, which scavenges singlet oxygen, and n-propylgallate; a non-specific scavenger of activated oxygen, both provided complete protection against light induced protein aggregation in isolated thylakoids. These compounds also strongly reduced the levels of activated oxygen by illuminated thylakoids as measured by electron spin resonance. The involvement of activated oxygen is further supported by the finding that protein aggregation in the model system proved to be oxygen dependent. The herbicide dichlorophenyldimethyl urea, which binds to the QB site of the D-1 protein of PSII and provides protection against photoinhibition and light dependent degradation of the D-1 protein, also provided partial protection against protein aggregation in the in vitro system. Protein continues to aggregate after PSII activity has reached undetectable levels suggesting that aggregation is a consequence rather than a cause of photoinhibition. The observations collectively indicate that aggregation of thylakoid proteins is attributable to activated oxygen.
Conjugated triene oxidation products of the sesquiterpene R-farnesene are thought to induce development of the storage disorder superficial scald. A C 18 -HPLC method was devised which allows simultaneous quantification of R-farnesene and its major oxidation product, a conjugated trienol, in hexane extracts of apple peel using UV detection at 232 and 269 nm. Identification of the compounds was confirmed by UV spectrometry, HPLC with diode array detection, and GC-MS. Apples of high (Granny Smith, GS), moderate (Red Delicious, RD), and low (Gala) susceptibility to scald were stored for up to 6 months at 0 °C under 1.5, 3, or 100% oxygen or in air. Peel samples were analyzed for R-farnesene and conjugated trienol content, which correlated well with scald susceptibility and occurrence. Levels of both sesquiterpenoids were g20-fold higher in GS than in Gala. Storage under low (1.5 or 3%) oxygen decreased farnesene and trienol levels in each cultivar. Two lots of RD fruit harvested 1 week apart differed markedly in farnesene and trienol production; fruit from the earlier harvest had higher levels of both and developed scald, whereas fruit from the later harvest did not scald. These results support the proposal that scald susceptibility of apple cultivars is a function of farnesene production and its oxidation to conjugated trienols.
Sixteen varieties of apples were examined for their cuticular content of antioxidants. Eleven antioxidants were detected by t.l.c., α, γ and δ-tocopherol being the only ones identified. α-Tocopherol and four of the unidentified antioxidants were of general occurrence in fresh apples, whilst the presence of the others depended not only on variety but also on maturity and origin of the sample. Superficial scald did not occur during storage if the antioxidant content remained adequate to prevent or sufficiently limit the extent of α-farnesene autoxidation. The amount required depends largely on the quantity of α-farnesene produced by the apple during storage.
In this work, diazocyclopentadiene (DACP), an ethylene action inhibitor was used to test if ethylene is involved in the development of superficial scald of apple. Apples (Malus domestica Borkh., c.v. Granny Smith) were pre-stored at 0C for a month before DACP treatment. After treatment, fruit were stored at 0C for a further 17 weeks before being transferred to room temperature for a week. The incidence of superficial scald, contents of -farnesene and conjugated triene in fruit skin were analysed. Ethylene production, respiration rate, flesh firmness and soluble solids content of fruit were determined. Results indicated that superficial scald is related to chilling injury. DACP delayed ripening, and dramatically inhibited the development of superficial scald in Granny Smith apple by lowering -farnesene and conjugated triene contents. Ethylene might promote -farnesene synthesis presumably by binding to the ethylene receptor(s).
‘Cortland’, ‘Delicious’ and ‘Law Rome’ apples were intermittently warmed to 20°C for 24 h every 1, 2, or 4 weeks during cold storage for 16 weeks, not warmed, or treated with diphenylamine (DPA) at harvest. The effects of these treatments on fruit ripening and on the accumulation of α-farnesene and its oxidation products in hexane extracts of the peel, were assessed throughout storage. Incidence and severity of superficial scald were assessed after 22 weeks. Warming treatments, especially the weekly regime, advanced fruit ripening. Without warming, scald incidence in ‘Cortland’, ‘Delicious’ and ‘Law Rome’ was 70, 14 and 85%, respectively. Intermittent warming treatments reduced scald but the magnitude of effects varied among cultivars. In ‘Cortland’, scald was reduced only by the weekly warming treatment, which was less effective than DPA treatment. In ‘Delicious’, all warming treatments were equally effective but less so than DPA. In ‘Law Rome’, weekly warming controlled scald better than DPA, but less frequent warming was proportionately less effective in controlling the disorder. Concentrations of conjugated trienes measured at 281 nm were not related consistently to scald incidence after storage, but ratios of measurements at 258 and 281 nm in crude hexane extracts were. The results are discussed in relation to the α-farnesene hypothesis of scald development and chilling injury.
The aim of this study was to characterise further the ripening behaviour of climacteric (`Gulfruby' and `Beauty') and suppressed-climacteric (`Shiro' and `Rubyred') plums by treating preclimacteric fruit with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) followed by continuous treatment with propylene. Analyses showed that the development of skin colour was an ethylene-independent phenomenon, whilst aroma production was either ethylene-dependent or ethylene-independent, depending on the cultivar. Typical climacteric patterns of ripening were shown by `Gulfruby' and `Beauty' fruit, as the application of propylene alone advanced the onset of the respiratory and ethylene climacterics whilst 1-MCP delayed these events. `Shiro' and `Rubyred' fruit exhibited suppressed-climacteric patterns or ripening associated with 15–500-fold less ethylene production than the climacteric cultivars. Since 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations were similar in all four cultivars, it is suggested that the suppressed-climacteric phenotype is the result of an impaired ability of the fruit to convert ACC to ethylene. Fruit of these cultivars treated with 1-MCP did not develop an ethylene or respiratory climacteric unless exogenous propylene was applied. We suggest that the inability of 1-MCP treated, suppressed-climacteric fruit to develop a climacteric results from an impaired ability of the fruit to perceive ethylene and to produce new receptors.
Citrus fruits are nonclimacteric and produce only low amounts of ethylene. However, exogenous applied, and possibly endogenous ethylene, may be involved in the regulation of fruit maturation and senescence. We examined the effects of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene action inhibitor, on the postharvest qualities of ‘Shamouti’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) oranges. Neither ethylene nor 1-MCP had any effects on the loss of fruit weight and firmness. However, ethylene had disadvantageous effects on most other postharvest parameters. It increased the appearance of chilling injury (CI) symptoms, stem-end rot decay, and the content of volatile off-flavours in the juice head space and fruit internal atmosphere. The only protective effect of ethylene during postharvest storage was in reducing the amount of decay caused by mold rots. 1-MCP treatment effectively inhibited the ethylene effects on ‘Shamouti’ oranges, as indicated by blocking of the degreening process, but was ineffective in restoring the negative effects of ethylene during storage; it even weakened the tissue and increased CI symptoms, decay development, and the accumulation of volatile off-flavours. It is concluded that while high concentrations of exogenous applied ethylene are undesirable during storage, and enhance fruit deterioration, the small amounts of endogenous ethylene produced by the fruits may be required to maintain their natural resistance against various environmental and pathological stresses. In future, we suggest that 1-MCP may be applied as a postharvest treatment to inhibit the degreening process in citrus fruits which are preferably marketed green, but special care must be taken to avoid CI and decay development.
Indication of starch hydrolysis by iodine staining is widely used in determining when to harvest apples, yet few quantitative changes in apple starch have been reported and no reports relate these to changes in iodine staining. Starch accumulation and degradation during fruit development was examined in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Royal Gala’ apples. Both cultivars displayed similar patterns in starch accumulation and degradation. Starch concentrations decreased until 30 days after anthesis, then increased, peaking at 100 days after anthesis. Starch concentrations differed between the tissue zones, being highest in the outer cortex and lowest in the core. Net starch degradation started at the same time in all tissues, well before iodine stain clearing was detected in the core, and before there was any change in background colour or increase in ethylene production. Iodine stain clearing occurred once starch concentrations fell below 2–3 mg g/fwt. The rate of degradation was slower in the core than in the outer cortex and other tissues in both cultivars, and in ‘Fuji’ fruit the rate of degradation in the vascular bundles was also slower than in the outer cortex. The rate of starch degradation differed also between the two cultivars, leading to an apparent difference in timing of starch degradation according to starch pattern indices. Application of these results to fruit maturing under different conditions may lead to better interpretations of inherent fruit quality at harvest.
Diazocyclopentadiene (DACP) is a light-activated compound that is thought to inhibit ethylene binding in plants. DACP was applied as a gas in the light for 24 hours to ‘Red Delicious’ apples harvested at a mature, preclimacteric stage. Treated apples held in air at 21°C for 30 days had lower internal ethylene concentrations than untreated fruits. Higher concentrations of DACP were more effective over longer periods of time. Untreated apples had a flesh firmness of 46 newtons after 30 days, while DACP treated apples were about 73 newtons. Starch conversion initially was slowed by DACP, but by 30 days all starch was lost. Retreatment of fruit with DACP during the 30 days did somewhat renew the effect on suppression of ethylene, but did not further effect flesh firmness or starch conversion. Apples treated once with DACP at harvest, then held in 0°C cold storage, contained much lower levels of internal ethylene and were approximately 10 newtons firmer after 18 weeks than untreated fruit.
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) packaged in perforated or sealed 31.75 μm (1.25 mil) low density polyethylene (LDPE) bags were found to have less severe chilling injury than nonwrapped fruit in storage at 5 °C and 90–95% relative humidity. The onset of chilling injury was also delayed by the LDPE packaging compared to the nonpackaged control. The concentrations of CO2 increased to 3% while O2 levels decreased to 16% in the sealed bags. Fruit in the sealed bags had the least decay. The O2 and CO2 concentrations inside the perforated bags changed very little from the ambient atmosphere. However, there was a marked difference in the weight loss between nonwrapped cucumbers and fruit from perforated or sealed bags. The weight loss of nonwrapped fruit reached 9% in 18 days while perforated and sealed samples lost less than 1% during the same period. Chilling stress induced increases in putrescine levels in all treatments but the sealed fruit had the highest levels of putrescine. Sealed fruit and perforated fruit also had higher content of spermidine than non-wrapped fruit. These high levels of polyamines may have contributed to the increase of chilling tolerance in fruit from perforated and sealed packages.
We demonstrate that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is encoded by a small family of at least four genes. The levels of mRNA from three identified PAL genes increase considerably upon treatment of cultured parsley cells with UV light or fungal elicitor and upon wounding of parsley leaves or roots. In cultured cells these changes were shown to involve transcriptional activation. We present the first primary structure of a plant PAL gene (parsley PAL-1) and the deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme. Inducible in vivo footprints in the PAL-1 promoter define two nucleotide sequences, within the motifs CTCCAACAAACCCCTTC and ATTCTCACCTACCA, involved in the responses to both UV irradiation and elicitor application. These motifs are conserved at similar positions in several elicitor or light-responsive genes from different species. In two cases they are found within short regions known to confer elicitor or UV-light inducibility. The conserved motifs in the parsley 4-coumarate:CoA ligase gene, which is coordinately regulated with PAL, also display UV-light inducible in vivo footprints. Taken together, our findings suggest a general role of these putative cis-acting elements in the responses of plants to such stresses.
Highly purified soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plasma membranes exhibit a lipoxygenase activity with a pH optimum in the acidic (5.5-6.0) range and with a Km value of 200 microM for both linolenic and linoleic acids. This activity is inhibited by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and propyl gallate, stimulated by CaCl2 up to 0.25 mM, H2O2 (5 to 10 nM range) and by some nucleotide triphosphates (125 to 1000 nM range) in the following order ATP > GTP = UTP > CTP. The enzyme is not released by treatment of the membranes with 0.05% Brij 58 and its activity is approx. 65% inhibited by the impermeant p-chloromercuryphenyl-sulfonate only in 0.01% Triton X-100-treated membrane vesicles. These results indicate that soybean cells have an acid lipoxygenase, associated to the plasmalemma, with the catalytic site on the cytoplasmic surface. It may be distinguished from the soluble counterpart, because the latter is not stimulated by nucleotide triphosphates. The plasma membrane vesicles also show a lipoxygenase, active in the alkaline (9.0-9.5) range, inhibited by NDGA, SHAM and propyl gallate, stimulated by H2O2, but with a lower Km value (60 microM) and less sensitive to calcium stimulation than the acidic one. The possible involvement of acid lipoxygenase in senescence and in the response of plant cells to wounding and pathogen infection is discussed.
Treatment of 5- to 6-day-old etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced within 15 min an increase in the transcript levels of two genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase, Ps-ACS1 and Ps-ACS2. Simultaneous treatment with ethylene inhibited this increase and also caused a decrease in ACC synthase enzyme activity as compared to that of seedlings treated with IAA alone. These results indicate that ethylene inhibits its own biosynthesis by decreasing ACC synthase transcript levels via a negative feedback loop. Wounding of pea stems had no effect on the expression of Ps-ACS1, but led within 10 min to an increase in the mRNA levels of Ps-ACS2. This increase was also inhibited by ethylene. The wound signal was transmitted over a distance of at least 4 cm through the stem with no delay in induction or response intensity. The rapid transmission of the wound response is consistent with the possibility that a hydraulic or electric signal is responsible for the spread of the wound response.
1-Methylcyclopropene (MCP) was used to evaluate the role of ethylene in development of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) physiological disorders during storage. Granny Smith, Red Chief Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit were treated with MCP at a concentration of 1 microL L(-)(1) for 12 h at 20 degrees C. For all varieties stored at 0 degrees C, ethylene production and respiration rates were reduced for several months following MCP treatment, and firmness and titratable acidity of treated fruit were higher compared to controls. Apples treated with MCP did not develop superficial scald or peel greasiness through 6 months storage plus ripening at 20 degrees C for 7 days. Core flush was not observed in MCP-treated fruit until 6 months after treatment when the incidence was still lower compared to control fruit. MCP delayed the rise in production of alpha-farnesene and reduced accumulation of its oxidation products.