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Assessing Legacy System Migration Technologies through Controlled Experiments
Abstract
We present the results of two controlled experiments aimed at assessing MELIS (migration environment for legacy information systems), a tool developed within a technology transfer project to support the migration of COBOL legacy information systems to a J2EE web-enabled multi-tier target architecture. The first controlled experiment was conducted within an academic research laboratory with master students in Computer Science at the University of Salerno, while a replicated experiment was conducted in the laboratory of our partner company with both professional programmers and academic researchers. The results revealed that the use of MELIS decrease the time to migrate legacy systems to the web with respect to the use of traditional development tools. Also, less expert software engineers benefit more of the use of MELIS.
... Migrating a legacy desktop IS into a web IS implies a fundamental paradigm shift which involves changes in all parts of the application: presentation (user interface), application logic and persistence (database) [2]. However, existing approaches like [1,3] mainly focus on code and data migration and often disregard problems and costs associated with changes to the user interface and user interaction. The transformation or re-development of a user interface as a combination of HTML, CSS and Javascript source code does not only change the internal structure, but also impacts the visual appearance and user interaction. ...
... The only significant layout dimension was orientation distance, which predictably had a negative coefficient in the equation. Based on the model, we calculated normalized weights for the three dimensions and determined the overall layout distance metric, D layout (3). Compared to the simple average (D basic ), this metric had higher correlation with similarity (q = -0.831) ...
Given the rapid update cycles in modern web information systems and the abundance of legacy software being migrated to the web, controlling similarity between user interfaces (UI) is an actual problem of interaction engineering. The similarity (consistency) aspect is also increasingly considered in computer-aided design, where it is included in the optimized goal function, to minimize re-learning effort for users. In this paper, we explore the impact of the proposed layout distance measure, which is calculated for different levels of hierarchy in web UIs, which we identify as: Region – Block – Group – Element. To support our approach, we conducted an experimental pilot study in the context of an ongoing medical information system (IS) web migration project. The regression analysis suggests that layout distance (particularly, its orientation dimension) does have effect on web UI similarity as perceived by users. The results can be used by web engineers, in particular to smoothen the transition between versions of a UI for users and IS operators.
... The transfer of innovative technologies and tools to practitioners has long been investigated in IT [43]. Technology transfer bene¯ts from empirical studies that show advantages deriving from the application of new technologies [44,45]. For example, the adoption of methods, techniques, and tools could be promoted through experimentations to estimate the e®ort and the cost for migrating a software system to a target environment [46]. ...
It has been estimated that about 2% of global carbon dioxide emissions can be attributed to IT systems. Green (or sustainable) computing refers to supporting business critical computing needs with the least possible amount of power. This phenomenon changes the priorities in the design of new software systems and in the way companies handle existing ones. In this paper, we present the results of a research project aimed to develop a migration strategy to give an existing software system a new and more eco-sustainable lease of life. We applied a strategy for migrating a subject system that performs intensive and massive computation to a target architecture based on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). We validated our solution on a system for path finding robot simulations. An analysis on execution time and energy consumption indicated that: (i) the execution time of the migrated system is less than the execution time of the original system; and (ii) the migrated system reduces energy waste, so suggesting that it is more eco-sustainable than its original version. Our findings improve the body of knowledge on the effect of using the GPU in green computing.
... Controlled experiments allow for better controlling variables , however they are more difficult to be performed. De Lucia et al. [3] presented the results of two controlled experiments aimed at assessing the tool MELIS (Migration Environment for Legacy Information Systems) [4] , which supports the migration of Cobol legacy information systems towards a J2EE, Web-enabled, and multi-tier target architecture . The first controlled experiment was conducted within an academic research laboratory, while the second was conducted in a company with both professional programmers and academic researchers. ...
Software migration is a fundamental and complex task in software maintenance, particularly relevant in recent years given the pervasiveness of Web and of mobile technologies. In the context of an Italian Research Project devoted to the empirical assessment of migration techniques and tools, this paper reports on a survey, performed among 59 Italian Information Technology (IT) companies, with the aim of investigating about their experiences in software migration, their main migration goals, and the pieces of technology adopted. The research project and the survey focused, in particular, on in-house migration projects towards the Web, service oriented architectures and wireless environments. A preliminary analysis of results confirmed that software migration is a very relevant phenomenon. Most migration activities performed in recent years targeted the Web, with a few number of migrations towards mobile and towards service-oriented architectures. Among other things, the survey highlights a limited, and insufficient, usage and availability of tools for supporting migration tasks.
... In the first phase, we are doing training on the job by selecting other pilot projects where the most experienced practitioners of the partner company will be involved. We are also performing controlled experiments with practitioners with different levels of experience to evaluate the advantages of using the migration tool with respect to traditional software development tools (see [47] for details). In addition to the pilot projects, these experiments have the goal of introducing the migration technology in the partner company and getting feedback that might help to improve the migration process and tool. ...
This paper presents the research results of an ongoing technology transfer project carried out in cooperation between the University of Salerno and a small software company. The project is aimed at developing and transferring migration technology to the industrial partner. The partner should be enabled to migrate monolithic multi-user COBOL legacy systems to a multi-tier Web-based architecture. The assessment of the legacy systems of the partner company revealed that these systems had a very low level of decomposability with spaghetti-like code and embedded control flow and database accesses within the user interface descriptions. For this reason, it was decided to adopt an incremental migration strategy based on the reengineering of the user interface using Web technology, on the transformation of interactive legacy programs into batch programs, and the wrapping of the legacy programs. A middleware framework links the new Web-based user interface with the Wrapped Legacy System. An Eclipse plug-in, named MELIS (migration environment for legacy information systems), was also developed to support the migration process. Both the migration strategy and the tool have been applied to two essential subsystems of the most business critical legacy system of the partner company. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In this chapter, the author examines the migration process of a legacy system, as a software-as-a-service model, to the Web, and he looks at some of the reasons that drive this legacy system migration. As migration is often a multi-step process, depending on the legacy system being migrated, the author outlines several techniques and transformations for each step of the migration process in order to enable legacy systems, of different types, to be migrated to the cloud. Of particular interest are the different methods to handle data-intensive legacy systems to enable them to function in a cloud computing environment with reduced bandwidth. Unlike the migration of an unstructured legacy system to a locally-distributed desktop system, system migration to a cloud computing environment poses some unique challenges such as restricted bandwidth, scalability, and security. Part of this migration process is adapting the transformed legacy system to be able to function in such an environment. At the end of the chapter, several small case studies of legacy systems, each of a different nature successfully migrated to the cloud, will be given.
We propose an approach to program decomposition as a preliminary
step for the migration of legacy systems. A program slicing algorithm is
defined to identify the statements implementing the user interface
component. An interactive re-engineering tool is also presented that
supports the software engineer in the comprehension of the source code
during the decomposition of a program. The focus of this paper is on the
partition of a legacy system, while issues related to the
re-engineering, encapsulation, and wrapping of the legacy components and
to the definition of the middleware layer through which they communicate
are not tackled
A large number of organizations depend on the business-critical information systems for their daily activities that have been developed over the last two decades or more. These systems are called Legacy Information Systems (LISs). They mostly run on old software and hardware technology tools and environments. They are hard to modify, expensive to maintain and difficult to integrate with new technology tools and programs. They need to be evolved into modern environments. The LIS modernization is a long outstanding problem of the IT community. This paper presents a classification of current approaches to this problem and suggests guidelines and a methodology for an optimal solution based on many years of professional experiences of the authors in this area. Parts of this methodology have been implemented and tested in many migration projects and they have proven to be effective. This approach optimizes the time, the human resources and the global costs and reduces the risk factors and side effects of renovation projects by developing migration tools once per platform.
Legacy systems constitute valuable assets to the organizations that own them, and today, there is an increased demand to make them accessible through the World Wide Web to support e-commerce activities. As a result, the problem of legacy-interface migration is becoming very important. In the context of the CELLEST project, we have developed a new process for migrating legacy user interfaces to web-accessible platforms. Instead of analyzing the application code to extract a model of its structure, the CELLEST process analyzes traces of the system-user interaction to model the behavior of the application's user interface. The produced state-transition model specifies the unique legacy-interface screens (as states) and the possible commands leading from one screen to another (as transitions between the states). The interface screens are identified as clusters of similar-in-appearance snapshots in the recorded trace. Next, the syntax of each transition command is extracted as the pattern shared by all the transition instances found in the trace. This user-interface model is used as the basis for constructing models of the tasks performed by the legacy-application users; these task models are subsequently used to develop new web-accessible interface front ends for executing these tasks. In this paper, we discuss the CELLEST method for reverse engineering a state-transition model of the legacy interface, we illustrate it with examples, we discuss the results of our experimentation with it, and we discuss how this model can be used to support the development of new interface front ends.
Legacy programs, i. e. programs which have been developed with an outdated technology make-up for the vast majority of programs in many user application environments. It is these programs which actually run the information systems of the business world. Moving to a new technology such as service oriented architecture is impossible without taking these programs along. This contribution presents a tool supported method for achieving that goal. Legacy code is wrapped behind an XML shell which allows individual functions within the programs, to be offered as Web services to any external user. By means of this wrapping technology, a significant part of the company software assets can be preserved within the framework of a service oriented architecture
The adoption of the Internet technologies favors the diffusion of Web-based applications. However, the development of new applications exploiting the modern interfaces and distribution channels have to face the problems connected with the integration of existing software systems. This aspect often requires the migration of legacy systems toward the Web technologies. They encapsulate a great deal of knowledge and expertise about the application domain and cannot be simply discarded. Many of the migration strategies proposed in the literature assume that the underlying software system is (semi)decomposable where the interface component is separated from the business logic and the data model components. In this case, the interface component can be re-implemented, while the other ones are encapsulated into software wrappers. Unfortunately, legacy systems are very often non-decomposable and alternative solutions are needed. This paper proposes an approach for migrating a non-decomposable software system. The approach consists of redirecting the request of input/output operations to the legacy system by using screen and database proxies. The approach has been applied successfully to Cobol software systems with a character-based user interface.
Integrating legacy Cobol systems into a Web-based architecture is a complex and challenging task. Cobol is not a distributed and object-oriented language, however its integration with other languages or distributed systems is a prerequisite for achieving migration towards Web technologies. Moreover, the user interface and user interaction modalities need to be changed. Numerous strategies have been proposed for wrapping the business logic and re-implementing the user interface, but there is still a great need for experimental research. This paper presents a migration strategy whose target system is a Web-enabled architecture based on the model-view-controller (MVC) design pattern. By extracting all the needed information from the Cobol source code, the realized toolkit can automatically generate wrappers for the business logic and the data model and the Web user interface as Java server pages. The strategy and the toolkit presented have been defined within the project M&S SW, a research project aimed at defining new technological solutions to be transferred to small and medium enterprises operating in information and communication technologies.
This paper describes the tools and techniques for encapsulating host COBOL programs with an XML interface. The legacy programs are divided into three classes - online programs, batch programs and subprograms. For each program type, a different wrapping technique and a different tool is employed. Online programs are transformed into data-driven subprograms which process an XML document. Batch programs are adapted to read and write XML documents. Subprograms are left unchanged, but their parameters are set from an XML document. By using XML to implement corporate portals, it has proven possible to reuse existing host programs within new intranet/Internet systems, thus reducing system development costs and development time by more than 60%
A key to successfully moving to the Internet while salvaging past investments in centralised, mainframe-oriented software development is migrating core legacy applications towards Web-enabled client-server architectures. This paper presents the main results and lessons learned from a migration project aimed at integrating an existing COBOL system into a Web-enabled infrastructure. The original system has been decomposed into its user interface and server (application logic and database) components. The user interface has been migrated into a Web browser shell using Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP) and VBScript. The server component has been wrapped with dynamic load libraries written in Microfocus Object COBOL, loaded into Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), and accessed by the ASP pages
A critical problem in many businesses today is in reengineering
legacy information systems to operate on the Internet. Migrating a
sequentially structured program to the Internet requires restructuring
it to be event-driven to accommodate a new Web-based user interface. The
Model Oriented Reengineering Process for Human-Computer Interface
(MORPH) technique and toolset were developed to automatically reengineer
legacy character-oriented applications to graphical user interfaces.
This paper explores the restructuring issues inherent in migrating
legacy applications to the Internet, and how the MORPH technique assists
in automating this process
Risk analysis has become a standard requirement for projects in
many organizations. To meet this requirement the risks must be known.
This paper addresses the pitfalls of software reengineering projects. To
this end it summarizes the results of 13 such projects conducted by the
author in the past 10 years. The purpose of the study is to identify the
major risks involved in reengineering projects and to suggest means of
risk reduction
Most developers would like to avoid redesigning a system around a
new interface. But turning a character-based interface into a graphical
one requires significant time and resources. The authors describe how
this process can be partially automated, giving the results of their own
reverse-engineering effort
The classical method for identifying cause-effect relationships is to conduct controlled experiments. This paper reports upon the present state of how controlled experiments in software engineering are conducted and the extent to which relevant information is reported. Among the 5,453 scientific articles published in 12 leading software engineering journals and conferences in the decade from 1993 to 2002, 103 articles (1.9 percent) reported controlled experiments in which individuals or teams performed one or more software engineering tasks. This survey quantitatively characterizes the topics of the experiments and their subjects (number of subjects, students versus professionals, recruitment, and rewards for participation), tasks (type of task, duration, and type and size of application) and environments (location, development tools). Furthermore, the survey reports on how internal and external validity is addressed and the extent to which experiments are replicated. The gathered data reflects the relevance of software engineering experiments to industrial practice and the scientific maturity of software engineering research.
Empirical software engineering research needs research guidelines to improve the research and reporting processes. We propose a preliminary set of research guidelines aimed at stimulating discussion among software researchers. They are based on a review of research guidelines developed for medical researchers and on our own experience in doing and reviewing software engineering research. The guidelines are intended to assist researchers, reviewers, and meta-analysts in designing, conducting, and evaluating empirical studies. Editorial boards of software engineering journals may wish to use our recommendations as a basis for developing guidelines for reviewers and for framing policies for dealing with the design, data collection, and analysis and reporting of empirical studies.
The Internet is an extremely important new technology that is changing the way in which organizations conduct their business and interact with their partners and customers. To take advantage of the Internet open architecture, most companies are applying business reengineering with the aim of moving from hierarchical centralized structures to networked decentralized business units cooperating with one another. As a consequence, the way in which software information systems are conceived, designed, and built is changing too. Monolithic, mainframe-based systems are being replaced by distributed, Web-centric, component-based systems with an open architecture. Ideally, business process reengineering should entail the adoption of new software systems designed to satisfy the new needs of the redesigned business. However, economic and technical constraints make it impossible in most cases to discard the existing and legacy systems and develop replacement systems from scratch. Therefore, legacy system migration strategies are often preferred to replacement. This entails that a balance must be struck between the constraints imposed by the existing legacy systems and the opportunities offered by the reengineering of the business processes. Purchase this chapter to continue reading all 31 pages >
Shapiro and Wilk's (1965) W statistic arguably provides the best omnibus test of normality, but is currently limited to sample sizes between 3 and 50. W is extended up to n = 2000 and an approximate normalizing transformation suitable for computer implementation is given. A novel application of W in transforming data to normality is suggested, using the three-parameter lognormal as an example.
We present an incremental approach to the migration of non decomposable COBOL applications to a web-enabled multi-tier architecture. The relevant software components of the target architecture, namely the communication middleware and the generator of graphical user interfaces, are developed once for all in order to reduce the migration effort. An Eclipse plugin has also been developed to support the software engineer in the migration of the graphical user interface and in the restructuring and wrapping of the original legacy code. A pilot project on a COBOL legacy system evolved during the last thirty years has been used to experiment the migration strategy and the plug-in.
This paper presents a short report on the invited lecture given by Dr. H.D. Rombach at the EASE-97 conference. In this lecture Dr. Rombach described his view of the importance of experimentation to the introduction of new techniques and methods. He demonstrated how a series of experimental activities were used to take a reading technique (i.e. reading by stepwise abstraction) from initial conception into widespread use. In providing this report, I will use a selection of the information from the slides presented by Dr. Rombach, linked by my own summaries. As such any misrepresentations of Dr. Rombach's views are my mistakes.
Migration of form based legacy systems towards service-oriented computing is a challenging task, requiring the adaptation of the legacy interface to the interaction paradigm of Web services. In this paper, a wrapping methodology is proposed to make interactive functionalities of legacy systems accessible as Web services. The wrapper that is used for interacting with the legacy system acts as an interpreter of a finite state automaton that describes the model of the interaction between user and legacy system. This model is obtained by black box reverse engineering techniques. A migration process and a software architecture that allow a functionality of a legacy system to be exported as a Web service are presented in the paper.
Experimentation in software engineering supports the advancement of the field through an iterative learning process. In this paper, a framework for analyzing most of the experimental work performed in software engineering over the past several years is presented. A variety of experiments in the framework is described and their contribution to the software engineering discipline is discussed. Some useful recommendations for the application of the experimental process in software engineering are included.
Like other sciences and engineering disciplines, software engineering requires a cycle of model building, experimentation, and learning. Experiments are valuable tools for all software engineers who are involved in evaluating and choosing between different methods, techniques, languages and tools. The purpose of Experimentation in Software Engineering is to introduce students, teachers, researchers, and practitioners to empirical studies in software engineering, using controlled experiments. The introduction to experimentation is provided through a process perspective, and the focus is on the steps that we have to go through to perform an experiment. The book is divided into three parts. The first part provides a background of theories and methods used in experimentation. Part II then devotes one chapter to each of the five experiment steps: scoping, planning, execution, analysis, and result presentation. Part III completes the presentation with two examples. Assignments and statistical material are provided in appendixes. Overall the book provides indispensable information regarding empirical studies in particular for experiments, but also for case studies, systematic literature reviews, and surveys. It is a revision of the authors' book, which was published in 2000. In addition, substantial new material, e.g. concerning systematic literature reviews and case study research, is introduced. The book is self-contained and it is suitable as a course book in undergraduate or graduate studies where the need for empirical studies in software engineering is stressed. Exercises and assignments are included to combine the more theoretical material with practical aspects. Researchers will also benefit from the book, learning more about how to conduct empirical studies, and likewise practitioners may use it as a "cookbook" when evaluating new methods or techniques before implementing them in their organization. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012. All rights are reserved.
In the Internet era, a challenging issue consists of defining viable solutions for integrating existing enterprise systems and making them accessible from heterogeneous client devices by exploiting the common infrastructure offered by the Web. This paper presents an integration approach that exploits black-box techniques for capturing the dynamic and static models of a legacy system user interface, and reproducing them on client devices with the support of a software wrapper. The wrapper is designed to satisfy service stability, data integration, and application integration requirements, and exploits State Chart Diagrams and open standard technologies, such as XML and XSL. In the paper, a methodology for designing the wrapper is proposed, and a toolkit that supports the application of the methodology is presented. An example of using the methodology for wrapping an existing system and exporting it to a Web browser and a WAP mobile phone is, finally, discussed.
Reengineering existing (large-scale) applications to the Web is a complex and highly challenging task. This is due to a variety of demanding requirements for interactive Web applications. High performance is usually required, old interfaces still have to be supported, high availability requirements are usual, information has to be provided to multiple channels and in different formats, pages should contain individual layouts across different channels, styles should be imposed over presentation, etc. To achieve these goals a variety of different technologies and concepts have to be well understood, including HTTP protocol handling, persistent stores/databases, various XML standards, authentication, session management, dynamic content creation, presentational abstractions, and flexible legacy system wrapping. In a concrete project, all these components have to be integrated properly and appropriate technologies have to be chosen. On basis of practical and theoretical experience in the problem domain, in this paper, we try to identify the recurring components in reengineering projects to the Web, lay out critical issues and choices, and conceptually integrate the components into a reference architecture
Software engineering needs to follow the model of other physical sciences and develop an experimental paradigm for the field. This paper proposes the approach towards developing an experimental component of such a paradigm. The approach is based upon a quality improvement paradigm that addresses the role of experimentation and process improvement in the content of industrial development. The paper outlines a classification scheme for characterizing such experiments
We can learn much from the business community about effective
technology transfer. In particular, understanding the interests of
different types of adopters can suggest to us the different kinds of
evidence needed to convince someone to try an innovative technology. At
the same time, the legal community offers us advice about what kinds of
evidence are needed to build convincing cases that an innovation is an
improvement over current practice. The article examines why and how we
make technology selection decisions and also considers how evidence
supporting these decisions helps or hinders the adoption of new
technology
Reengineering existing (large-scale) applications to the web is a complex and highly challenging task. This is due to a variety of mostly demanding requirements for interactive web applications. Usually high performance is required, old interfaces still have to be supported, high availability requirements are usual, information has to be provided to multiple channels and in different formats, pages should contain individual layout across different channels, styles should be imposed over presentation, etc. To achieve these goals a variety of different technologies and concepts have to be well understood, including HTTP protocol handling, persistent stores/databases, various XML standards, authentication, session management, dynamic content creation, presentational abstractions, and flexible legacy system wrapping. In a concrete project, all these components have to be integrated properly and appropriate technologies have to be chosen. On basis of practical and theoretical experience in the problem domain, in this paper, we try to identify the recurring components in reegineering projects to the web, lay out critical issues and choices, and conceptually integrate the components into a reference architecture.
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