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Molecular taxonomy of bambusicolous fungi: Tetraplosphaeriaceae, a new pleosporalean family with Tetraploa-like anamorphs

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A new pleosporalean family Tetraplosphaeriaceae is established to accommodate five new genera; 1) Tetraplosphaeria with small ascomata and anamorphs belonging to Tetraploa s. str., 2) Triplosphaeria characterised by hemispherical ascomata with rim-like side walls and anamorphs similar to Tetraploa but with three conidial setose appendages, 3) Polyplosphaeria with large ascomata surrounded by brown hyphae and anamorphs producing globose conidia with several setose appendages, 4) Pseudotetraploa, an anamorphic genus, having obpyriform conidia with pseudosepta and four to eight setose appendages, and 5) Quadricrura, an anamorphic genus, having globose conidia with one or two long setose appendages at the apex and four to five short setose appendages at the base. Fifteen new taxa in these genera mostly collected from bamboo are described and illustrated. They are linked by their Tetraploa s. l. anamorphs. To infer phylogenetic placement in the Pleosporales, analyses based on a combined dataset of small- and large-subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU+LSU nrDNA) was carried out. Tetraplosphaeriaceae, however, is basal to the main pleosporalean clade and therefore its relationship with other existing families was not completely resolved. To evaluate the validity of each taxon and to clarify the phylogenetic relationships within this family, further analyses using sequences from ITS-5.8S nrDNA (ITS), transcription elongation factor 1-α (TEF), and β-tubulin (BT), were also conducted. Monophyly of the family and that of each genus were strongly supported by analyses based on a combined dataset of the three regions (ITS+TEF+BT). Our results also suggest that Tetraplosphaeria (anamorph: Tetraploa s. str.) is an ancestral lineage within this family. Taxonomic placement of the bambusicolous fungi in Astrosphaeriella, Kalmusia, Katumotoa, Massarina, Ophiosphaerella, Phaeosphaeria, Roussoella, Roussoellopsis, and Versicolorisporium, are also discussed based on the SSU+LSU phylogeny.
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... Tetraplosphaeriaceae was introduced by Tanaka et al. [1] to accommodate five tetraploa-like genera, viz., Polyplosphaeri, Pseudotetraploa, Quadricrura, Tetraplosphaeria (type), and Triplosphaeria. In a reassessment conducted by Hyde et al. [2], Tetraplosphaeria was treated as a synonym of Tetraploa, which had previously been applied to the asexual state. ...
... Recently, Zhang et al. [10] introduced one additional new genus, Pseudopolyplosphaeria, which was collected from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province on dead bamboo culms. Hyde et al. [2] and Dong et al. [4] have provided a taxonomic key for several genera within Tetraplosphaeriaceae. Tetraplosphaeriaceae is characterized by massarina-like sexual morphs with almost hyaline, 1(-3)-septate ascospores and/or tetraploa-like asexual morphs with several setose appendages [1]. The majority of species within the family have been recorded as saprobic, primarily associated with bamboo [1,11,12]. ...
... Hyde et al. [2] and Dong et al. [4] have provided a taxonomic key for several genera within Tetraplosphaeriaceae. Tetraplosphaeriaceae is characterized by massarina-like sexual morphs with almost hyaline, 1(-3)-septate ascospores and/or tetraploa-like asexual morphs with several setose appendages [1]. The majority of species within the family have been recorded as saprobic, primarily associated with bamboo [1,11,12]. Additionally, some species have also been found to inhabit aquatic environments [4,5,7,8,13]. ...
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Species within Tetraplosphaeriaceae have been frequently documented in recent years with the extensive investigations of microfungi along a latitudinal gradient from north to south in the Asian/Australian region. Both bamboo substrates and freshwater habitats serve as extensive reservoirs, hosting a rich diversity of fungi that exhibit broad geographical distributions. The most common fungi in these two environments are generally distributed in distinct families. However, our statistics have revealed an intriguingly distinct preference of Tetraplosphaeriaceae species for inhabiting both bamboo substrates and freshwater habitats. The genera Pseudotetraploa (100%) and Triplosphaeria (100%) exhibit a strong preference, followed by Shrungabeeja (71%) and Quadricrura (67%). Our taxonomic and phylogenetic study of microfungi in southern China have identified four additional novel species, viz., Aquatisphaeria bambusae sp. nov., Pseudotetraploa phyllostachydis sp. nov., Pseudotetraploa yangjiangensis sp. nov., and Tetraploa submersa sp. nov. from bamboo substrates and freshwater habitats. In addition, Aquatisphaeria thailandica has previously been documented from freshwater habitats in Thailand; however, we have once again isolated this species from decaying bamboo substrates in Guangdong, China. The new findings substantiate our hypothesis that the preference of Tetraplosphaeriaceae species for colonizing bamboo substrates and freshwater habitats will be more evident through more extensive investigations conducted in such environments.
... Tetraplosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales) was established by Tanaka et al. (2009) to accommodate five genera, viz., Polyplosphaeria, Pseudotetraploa, Quadricrura, Tetraplosphaeria and Triplosphaeria. Tetraplosphaeria is the type genus, although Hyde et al. (2013) treated the genus as a synonym of Tetraploa. ...
... Tetraplosphaeria is the type genus, although Hyde et al. (2013) treated the genus as a synonym of Tetraploa. The massarina-like sexual morphs of Tetraplosphaeriaceae are characterised by immersed to superficial ascomata, cylindrical to clavate, short pedicellate asci, and narrowly fusiform to broadly cylindrical, septate, hyaline to pale brown ascospores, often surrounded with an entire sheath or appendage-like sheath (Tanaka et al. 2009;Hyde et al. 2013). The asexual morphs are tetraploa-like hyphomycetes, characterised by monoblastic conidiogenous cells, shortcylindrical to obpyriform conidia, composed of several columns at the conidial base with several setose appendages at the apex (Tanaka et al. 2009;Hyde et al. 2013). ...
... The massarina-like sexual morphs of Tetraplosphaeriaceae are characterised by immersed to superficial ascomata, cylindrical to clavate, short pedicellate asci, and narrowly fusiform to broadly cylindrical, septate, hyaline to pale brown ascospores, often surrounded with an entire sheath or appendage-like sheath (Tanaka et al. 2009;Hyde et al. 2013). The asexual morphs are tetraploa-like hyphomycetes, characterised by monoblastic conidiogenous cells, shortcylindrical to obpyriform conidia, composed of several columns at the conidial base with several setose appendages at the apex (Tanaka et al. 2009;Hyde et al. 2013). Currently, nine genera are accepted in this family, Aquatisphaeria, Byssolophis, Ernakulamia, Polyplosphaeria, Pseudotetraploa, Quadricrura, Shrungabeeja, Tetraploa (=Tetraplosphaeria), and Triplosphaeria (Ariyawansa et al. 2015;Delgado et al. 2017;Pem et al. 2019;Dong et al. 2020;Li et al. 2021;Wijayawardene et al. 2022). ...
... Tetraplosphaeriaceae was introduced by Tanaka et al. (2009) with the type Tetraplosphaeria to accommodate five new genera, Polyplosphaeria, Pseudotetraploa, Quadricrura, Tetraplosphaeria and Triplosphaeria. Tetraplosphaeria was treated as a synonym of Tetraploa due to nomenclatural priority. ...
... (1850) with T. aristate as the type. Tanaka et al. (2009) introduced the sexual morph genus Tetraplosphaeria with Tetraploa sensu stricto asexual morphs observed from culture. The sexual morph is characterized by fusiform, 1-septate ascospores with mucilaginous appendage-like sheath (Tanaka et al. 2009). ...
... Tanaka et al. (2009) introduced the sexual morph genus Tetraplosphaeria with Tetraploa sensu stricto asexual morphs observed from culture. The sexual morph is characterized by fusiform, 1-septate ascospores with mucilaginous appendage-like sheath (Tanaka et al. 2009). Asexual morph is characterized by monoblastic conidiogenous cells, and short-cylindrical conidia with 4 setose appendages (Ellis 1971, Tanaka et al. 2009). ...
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Monocotyledons are one of the important groups of flowering plants that include approximately 60,000 species with economically important crops including coconut (Cocos nuciferanucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus comosus), and rice (Oryza sativa sativa). Studies on these hosts are mainly focused on pathogenic fungi; only a f ew saprobic species have been reported. This study investigated the saprobic ascomycetes associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice in southern China and northern Thailand. Approximately 200 specimens were collected, and 100 fungal strains were isolated and identified to 77 species based on phylogenetic approaches and morphological characteristics. Among the 77 species, 29, 38, and 12 were found on coconut, pineapple, and rice, respectively, distributed in Dothideomycetes (41), Eurotiomycetes (one), and S ordariomycetes (35). Pseudomycoleptodiscus , Pseudosaprodesmium Pseudosetoseptoria, Pseudostriatosphaeria and Pseudoteichospora are introduced as new genera and Anthostomella cocois, Apiospora ananas, Chromolaenicola ananasi, Epicoccum yunnanensis, Exserohi lum ananas, Hypoxylon cocois, Lasiodiplodia ananasi, Muyocopron chiangraiense, Myrmecridium yunnanense, Occultitheca ananasi, Periconia chiangraiensis, Placidiopsis ananasi, Pseudomycoleptodiscus ananas, Pseudosaprodesmium cocois, Pseudosetoseptoria oryzae, Pseudostriatosphaeria chiangraiensis, Pseudoteichospora thailandensis, Savoryella chiangraiensis, Savoryella cocois, and Tetraploa oryzae are introduced as novel species. In addition, 51 species are reported as new hosts or geographical records, and six species are reported as new collections. Pseudopithomyces pandanicola and P. palmicola are synonymized under P. chartarum, P. diversisporus synonymized under P. atro olivaceus based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. Moreover, comprehensive checklists of fungi associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice are also provided.
... All species of these Anthostomella-like genera were collected from bamboo. Most lineages of bambusicolous fungi tend to deviate from existing families found on other host plants, even though they have morphological similarities to other known fungal families (Tanaka et al., 2009). Another example of an Anthostomella-like fungal group on bamboo is Spirodecosporaceae, which has been determined to represent a phylogenetically distinct lineage within Xylariales, Sordariomycetes . ...
... Another example of an Anthostomella-like fungal group on bamboo is Spirodecosporaceae, which has been determined to represent a phylogenetically distinct lineage within Xylariales, Sordariomycetes . Similar examples are known for Dothideomycetes, namely, Tetraplosphaeriaceae (Tanaka et al., 2009), Bambusicolaceae (Hyde et al., 2013), and Occultibambusaceae (Dai et al., 2017). suggested that many novel lineages distantly related to known ascomycetous families and genera will be discovered from bambusicolous fungi. ...
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This study investigates the phylogeny and taxonomy of Anthostomella-like fungi (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) found in association with bamboo in Japan. Four new genera, Amphigermslita (including three new species, i.e., A. deformis, A. fusiformis, and A. pseudofusiformis), monotypic Crassipseudostroma (C. phyllostachydis) and Minuticlypeus (M. discosporus), and Pallidoperidium (two new species, P. exasperatum and P. paraexasperatum), and one known genus, Nigropunctata (one new species, N. complanata) are recognized and described. These five genera were found to constitute a distinct monophyletic lineage based on molecular phylogenetic analyses utilizing sequences of ITS and LSU nrDNA, rpb2, and tef1-α sequences. A new family, Pallidoperidiaceae, is proposed to accommodate these bambusicolous Anthostomella-like fungi. The identification of this lineage contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary relationships and classification of these bambusicolous fungi. It suggests that these five genera share a unique evolutionary history and possess shared morphological and ecological characteristics.
... The sexual morph of Bambusicolaceae is characterized by solitary or gregarious, immersed, semi-immersed to erumpent and conical or globose to subglobose ascomata; cylindrical to clavate asci with short furcate or rounded to obtuse pedicels; hyaline or yellowish to brown, slightly broad-fusiform or clavate to ellipsoidal, 1-to multi-septate ascospores and mostly with a gelatinous sheath (Dai et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Liu et al. 2015, Dong et al. 2020. The asexual morph of coelomycete Bambusicolaceae is characterized by cylindrical conidiogenous cells, and hyaline to brown, cylindrical to ellipsoidal conidia (Tanaka et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2009, Dai et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013. ...
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