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The control-value theory of achievement emotions: An integrative approach to emotions in education

Authors:
  • Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich (LMU); Australian Catholic University (ACU)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen (LMU)

Abstract and Figures

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  


 
    
 
 

          
       

 
    
         

     
   
  


 
      
          
       
         
          

First publ. in: Emotion in education / ed. by Paul A. Schutz and Reinhard Pekrun.
Amsterdam : Academic Press, 2007, pp. 13-36
Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS)
URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-99861

      
        
    
  

   
    
   
     

  
         
           
        
        
        
  
          
        
  
       
         
 
     
     
 
    
         
        
        
       
   

          
  
       
           

       
         
         
       
         
         
 
 
   

 

      


  
 
 




 

  

         
         

        
 
        

        
           
          
        
          
        

      
        
         
     
         

        
     
  
 
 
           
   

    




     
 
 




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















 
 

         
        
      
         

        
        
         
 
      
       
         
        
       
   
          
   
        
    
        
       
  
            

              
           
   
 
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 
   
         
        
        
           
   
          
    
      
          
             
   

     
  
 
      
 
         
        
        
        
        

  


         
         
          
        
 
   
           
            
 
            
          
         
         
          
         
          
        
 
   
 
             
       
          
      
     
          
          
           
   
 

    
  


          
 
 
  
 
    
           
         

         
           
   

      
 

          

    


        
     

            
            
 
   
      
         

 
 
 
       
          
         
 

       

 

     







 




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
 
 


 

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



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 
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 
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




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
      
      
          
          
       

           

         
        

        
 
   


 
          

        
       

           
          
   


           
        
         
    
 

         

         
     

     
 

  


 



       
           
  
        
 
   

    
        
 
  

         
              

              
               
  


             
    
              

         
    

  
      
      
   
      
         
     

   
          
          
       

           
   
   
      
           
          

 
  
        
        
           
   
   
   

     
 


            
    
          



         
          
          
      
         

    


         
           
       
   
     
     

          
 
       
     
    
  

     
           
         
 
        

 
         
   
 
          
      
 
        

     
          


         
          
        
 
      
      
     
           
          
     

 
          
        


          
    
    
 
           
  

        
        
  
  
         
  
 

            
         

          
     

          
      

  
 


 

  
    
 
  

     
     
          

          
      
    
    
   

 
     
          
         
         
            

         
         
   
 
 
     
    
        
       

       
         
        
 
  
  
         
        
         
        
            
          

  
          

          
           
         

        
          
    
 
 
   
        

   
 
          
         
      
   
          
     
         
 
             
 
          

        
         
       
         
        
        
          

        
    
       
  
 
          
 

    
 
         
      
 
    

          
         
       
          
          
       
   


        
           
            
       
    
            
   
            
         

  
          
         
           
           
  
          

          
            
         
         
           
  
          
       

  
         
   
         
  
  

    
     
 
        
          
          
         

   

    
  

 
        

  

        
         
        
   



           
         
   
          
         
            
         
     
         
       
     
          
        
        
        

   
   
  
        
    
 
     


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



        
     
      
          
         
 
        

  
 



       
  
      
        
          
 

 

  
 

         

         
 
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
     
 

 
         
          
        
   
 
  
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   

      
        
       
    

   
       

     
           

 
  
     
        
          
   
      
          
        
 
         
           
         
 
      
 
    
      
         

 
        
         

          
        

 
   
      
  

   

        





    



      
     

  
  

   
 

        
           
          
       
        

       

 

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 

   
       
      
      
         
      
 
 
          
      

   
 

      
   
         
         
          
    

   
         


        
      
          
    
  
     
     
        

 
  

          
          
        

   
         
         
     
          

         
          
        

     

  
   
   
        
       
     
  
        
         
        
      
   
  
 





         
 
          

            
   
   

 
    
 
           
         
 
 

 
           
         
           

         
        
 
        
        
   

          
       

  
   


       
      
          
       

      
       
     


   
  
         
 
         
       
 

   
 
             
         

        
          

         
   
  
   
    
   
             
            
 
          
  
        
 
     
 

          

            
   
         
        

  
            

   
     
  
 
  
 


  
      
            
    
         
  
 
 
              

     
 
   
 
          

      
          
    
     
 
    
        
 
           
  
   
    
     
      

        
            
           
 
             
           

           

             
        
    

           
 
               
          


    
            
        
  
      
           
    
           
   
 
       
  
   
      
             

   
 
          
  
              
    
    
        

    

       
  
           

  
    
   
    
    
          
  
       
      

     
           
             

... Within the subjective value appraisals, the theory distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic values. Whereas intrinsic values are tied to the enjoyment of an activity for its own sake, regardless of its outcomes, extrinsic values relate to the instrumental usefulness of activities and outcomes such as good grades for attaining future job (Pekrun et al., 2007). ...
... For instance, positive deactivating emotions like relief and relaxation, can decrease task attention, encourage superficial information processing and negatively impact on the overall achievement. In contrast, negative activating emotions such as anger, anxiety and shame can also challenge learners to invest effort to avoid failure (Pekrun et al., 2007). Taken together, even though on the average, positive emotions produce overall positive effects whereas negative emotions have overall negative effects, the effects are still nuanced (Boekaerts & Pekrun, 2016). ...
... For instance, past success can trigger hope for future success or enjoyment of learning whereas past failure can induce anxiety. Consequently, reciprocal relationships or feedback loops appear to exist between emotions on one hand and learning and/or achievement outcomes on the other hand for individuals over time (e.g., days, weeks, months or weeks; Pekrun et al., 2007). For instance, positive emotions (e.g., enjoyment, pride) positively predicted subsequent math achievement (grades and test scores) and vice versa whereas negative emotions (e.g., anger, anxiety, shame, boredom, hopelessness) negatively predicted achievement and vice versa (Lichtenfeld et al., 2023;Pekrun et al., 2017). ...
Thesis
Full-text available
Academic procrastination involves individuals voluntarily delaying study-related tasks despite anticipating negative consequences (Steel & Klingsieck, 2016). Theoretically, although this behavior can be attributed to various factors, procrastination can be understood as a result of unsuccessful regulation of negative emotions (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013). Accordingly, the role that negative emotions play concerning academic procrastination has received extensive research attention amidst inconsistent findings (Behnagh & Ferrari, 2022). In contrast, research on the role of positive emotions concerning academic procrastination is lacking although they can equally play key role concerning procrastination (Pollack & Herres, 2020; Rahimi et al., 2023). Furthermore, even though emotions are considered as both antecedents and consequences of academic procrastination (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013), empirical studies to explore possible reciprocal relationships between emotions and procrastination are lacking (Behnagh & Ferrari, 2022). Yet, these insights taken together are essential not only to understand the complex mechanisms underlying the procrastination-emotion relationship but also to drive tailored prevention and intervention programs to reduce academic procrastination. The current dissertation, consisting of three empirical studies, aimed to illuminate the procrastination-emotion research by concurrently investigating the relationship between academic procrastination and both negative (anxiety) and positive (hope) achievement emotions from trait and state perspectives. To begin with, Study 1 explored co-occurrence of exam-related anxiety and hope at the intraindividual level in relation to state procrastination using data from N = 93 students who participated in an experience sampling procedure for 10 days prior to a given relevant end-of-semester exam. The results showed that not only do exam-related anxiety and hope co-occur but also, they interact in relation to state procrastination. Further analyses showed no significant relationships between the exam-related emotions and mere observed delay. To deepen understanding of the intraindividual interplay of exam-related anxiety and hope in relation to the differentiated dimensions of trait academic procrastination (i.e., behavioral and emotional; Bobe et al., 2022), Study 2 took a person-centered approach and analyzed two cross-sectional data (Nstudy 2a = 265, Nstudy2b = 468). Latent profile analyses (LPA) identified three profiles stable across both studies—High Anxiety–Low Hope, Low Anxiety–High Hope and Moderate Anxiety–Moderate Hope— and two study-specific profiles —Low Anxiety–Moderate Hope (Study 2a) and High Anxiety–Moderate Hope (Study 2b). Overall, students belonging to the anxiety-dominated profiles reported significantly higher, whereas those belonging to the hope-dominated profiles reported lower scores on both behavioral and emotional dimensions of trait academic procrastination. Finally, Study 3 examined reciprocal associations between trait academic procrastination on one hand and learning-related anxiety and hope on the other hand in a three-wave online longitudinal study over one semester. A latent cross-lagged panel analyses with N = 789 university students showed negative reciprocal relationship between trait academic procrastination and learning-related hope whereas the expected positive reciprocal relationship between trait academic procrastination and learning-related anxiety was not supported. In summary, the findings of this dissertation reveal a dynamic intraindividual interplay between negative and positive achievement emotions in relation to academic procrastination, thereby underscoring the significance of simultaneously examining both negative and positive emotions in understanding procrastination (Eckert et al., 2016). Although negative emotions appear as risk factors for procrastination, their relationship with procrastination remains nuanced and requires further research (cf. Behnagh & Ferrari, 2022). The dissertation stands out for providing first insights into the role of positive emotions as potential protective factors against procrastination (Tice et al., 2004). Moreover, the studies in this dissertation do not only exude major strength from the use of trait- and state-based measurement approaches but also reinforces the critical call to conceptualize and assess academic procrastination as a multifaceted construct to achieve a holistic understanding (Wieland et al., 2018). Theoretically, the findings of this dissertation generate a novel perspective of viewing the emotional causes and consequences of procrastination through a dynamic intraindividual interplay of both negative and positive emotions. Practically, the results imply that prevention and interventions to reduce academic procrastination should address opportunities for adaptive regulation of emotions. Efforts should not only go into adaptive ways of coping with negative emotions but also simultaneously boosting positive emotions to reduce academic procrastination. Overall, the research articles in this dissertation complement and extend previous research as differentiated insights into the mechanisms by which academic procrastination and both negative and positive achievement emotions are related could be gained.
... Another major factor that influences students' learning is their general affective experience as they learn. For instance, experiences of confidence, boredom, and confusion are major aspects influencing students' academic success and predictors of achievement (Pekrun et al. 2007(Pekrun et al. , 2010. Certain affective experiences can hinder learning by increasing unproductive behaviors (e.g., Baker et al. 2004). ...
... We conjecture that emotions arise throughout all phases of the metacognitive process. Pekrun introduced the control-value theory of achievement emotions (Pekrun 2006;Pekrun et al. 2007), in which emotions are classified as prospective (future expectancy of performance outcomes); retrospective (regarding past performance evaluations) and activity-based emotion (experienced during performance/ studying). Combining theories from Pekrun (2006) and Zimmerman and Moylan (2009), we propose that prospective emotions are more likely to occur in the forethought phase, activity emotions in the performance phase, and retrospective emotions in the self-evaluation phase -this is still an issue that deserves further investigation. ...
... Students who are praised for their effort are more likely to view intelligence as being malleable, and their self-esteem will remain stable regardless of how hard they have to work to succeed. Student emotions within a traditional classroom have been described as control or value-oriented (Pekrun 2006;Pekrun et al. 2007Pekrun et al. , 2010. This control-value theory is based on the premise that student appraisals of control and value of a task are central to the arousal of achievement emotions, including activity-related emotions such as enjoyment, frustration, and boredom experienced while learning, as well as outcomerelated emotions such as joy, hope, pride, anxiety, hopelessness, shame, and anger. ...
Article
This article describes research results based on multiple years of experimentation and real-world experience with an adaptive tutoring system named Wayang Outpost. The system represents a novel adaptive learning technology that has shown successful outcomes with thousands of students, and provided teachers with valuable information about students’ mathematics performance. We define progress in three areas: improved student cognition, engagement, and affect, and we attribute this improvement to specific components and interventions that are inherently affective, cognitive, and metacognitive in nature. For instance, improved student cognitive outcomes have been measured with pre-post tests and state standardized tests, and achieved due to personalization of content and math fluency training. Improved student engagement was achieved by supporting students’ metacognition and motivation via affective learning companions and progress reports, measured via records of student gaming of the system. Student affect within the tutor was measured through sensors and student self-reports, and supported through affective learning companions and progress reports. Collectively, these studies elucidate a suite of effective strategies to support advanced personalized learning via an intelligent adaptive tutor that can be tailored to the individual needs, emotions, cognitive states, and metacognitive skills of learners.
... Momentary emotions result to a large extent from the similarity between previous tasks, and interpretations of negative situations, which may reduce ability 28 . or positive emotions that increase the ability to anticipate the completion of future tasks 33 . ...
... And after predicting cognitive performance was 12 items (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Finally, the behavioral performance consisted of 13 items (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38). The overall items were positive. ...
... While if those tasks are difficult to perform, the individual's motivation to complete the task may be those positive feelings formed to finish it, and this agree with Pekrun et al. 33 . Personal learning may lead to an increase in academic emotions that work on the learner's constant plan of the scientific material and reach the perceived pleasure of cognitive learning, and this is confirmed by Pekrun and Perry 41 . ...
Article
Full-text available
L'étude visait à étudier les attentes de performance dans les tâches futures basées sur la gestion de l'apprentissage personnel pendant l'épidémie de Corona. Un échantillon aléatoire de 871 étudiants de l'Université de Hail a été sélectionné. Les échantillons de l’étude provenaient de facultés de sciences humaines, d’ingénierie et de médecine. L’étude était basée sur une conception d’étude transversale. L'étude a préparé une mesure des attentes futures en matière de performance pour les tâches. L'échelle est de 28 items. L'analyse factorielle a été utilisée pour vérifier la validité de l'échelle, et celle-ci a atteint des indicateurs acceptables de bon ajustement. L'échelle a atteint une stabilité acceptable en utilisant le coefficient alpha de Cronbach pour le facteur émotionnel de 0,57, le facteur cognitif de 0,94 et le facteur comportemental de 0,90. Les résultats ont révélé qu’il existe des différences dans les attentes futures en matière de performance en raison du sexe et du type d’université. Les résultats ont révélé qu’il existe des corrélations positives entre les attentes futures en matière de performances cognitives et émotionnelles, ainsi qu’une relation positive entre les performances émotionnelles et comportementales. Il existe également une relation négative entre les performances comportementales et cognitives
... One critical issue they encounter is sleep deprivation, stemming from changed living conditions and social interactions and numerous unfamiliar issues in a new environment such as outside the family environment, unknown peers, location, new study materials, etc. (12)(13) . In the first year of university, many students at residential universities in Bangladesh may be living for the very first time far from home and facing a deficiency in social and emotional support, significant academic pressure, and trouble adjusting to something new causing negative physical and emotional repercussions such as lack of sleep, poor mental health, anxiety, sadness, and so on (14) . Moreover, low self-esteem also makes students feel unworthy, depressed, and unsure of themselves, making them more dependent which is responsible for doing worse in grad school (2,(15)(16)(17) . ...
Preprint
Adequate sleep is essential for physical development, mental health, behavior, and cognitive function and significantly impacts academic motivation and performance. Various studies examined sleep deprivation and anxiety to evaluate their effects on students. However, there is a lack of evidence on self-esteem that is counted in sleep deprivation research. This study aimed to look at the effects of sleep deprivation on self-esteem and anxiety among university students in Bangladesh. From June 14 to August 30, 2022, a cross-sectional survey involved the participation of 200 Bangladeshi university students recruited using a convenient sampling procedure. The Bangla version of the Anxiety Scale and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnaire (RSQ) were applied to assess the variables in the study. The findings revealed that sleep-deprived students displayed substantially higher anxiety levels than their non-deprived counterparts. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation was found between the amount of sleep individuals received and their level of anxiety. These findings highlight the alarming prevalence of insufficient sleep, low self-esteem, and high anxiety among university students in Bangladesh. The study also highlights the significance of fostering sound slumber patterns and self-esteem in university students. Extending support to sleep-deprived students, such as flexible deadlines, helps them manage their study without sacrificing sleep; establishing peer support groups and making counseling services readily available for addressing sleep-related issues, anxiety, and self-esteem concerns is vital.
... La educación matemática, a lo largo del tiempo, ha buscado comprender la naturaleza del aprendizaje y razonamiento matemático en los estudiantes. Sin embargo, debido a la complejidad que implica la construcción del pensamiento matemático y los factores que intervienen, por mencionar un factor las emociones, se ha optado por estudiarlos de manera independiente (BELL & JAVIER, 1981;CASTILLO-GARSOW, 2012;FRANK;THOMPSON, 2021;MAINHARD et al., 2018;MOORE;CARLSON, 2012;MUIS et al., 2018;PEKRUN et al., 2017). ...
Article
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RESUMEN Este artículo se centra en una articulación de teorías para profundizar en el análisis de la actividad matemática desde una perspectiva emocional y cognitiva. Específicamente, se aplica el networking de teorías para observar un punto en común entre la teoría de control valor y el razonamiento covariacional. Este enfoque resalta la diversidad y autonomía de cada teoría mientras facilita la comprensión de cómo el razonamiento covariacional de los estudiantes influyen en sus emociones de logro. El networking de teorías permite formular ventanas teóricas para observar fenómenos empíricos donde no existe un marco teórico específico, sin necesidad de generar una nueva teoría. Los datos se recopilan a través de actividades matemáticas y entrevistas, coordinando elementos de ambas teorías para crear un instrumento de recolección. Finalmente, el análisis de los datos se orienta por una combinación, y así establecer una relación entre las emociones de logro y los niveles de razonamiento covariacional. Palabras clave: Networking de teorías, Razonamiento covariacional, Emociones de logro. ABSTRACT This article focuses on a joint exploration of theories to delve deeper into the analysis of mathematical activity from both emotional and cognitive perspectives. Specifically, it employs the networking of theories to identify a meeting point between the value control theory and covariational reasoning. This approach highlights the diversity and autonomy of each theory while facilitating an understanding of how students' covariational reasoning influences their achievement emotions. The networking of theories allows for the formulation of theoretical windows to observe empirical phenomena where no specific theoretical framework exists, without the need to generate a new theory. Data is collected through mathematical activities and interviews, coordinating elements from both theories to create a data collection instrument. Finally, the data analysis is guided by a combination, thereby establishing a relationship between achievement emotions and levels of covariational reasoning.
... In general education, enjoyment is understood as feeling satisfied with one's participation in an activity (Ainley & Hidi, 2014) and scholars have linked it to confidence and strong coping abilities in the face of challenges (Izard, 1977). In recent SLA studies, FLE has been found to increase learners' willingness to communicate (Khajavy et al., 2018), enhance learner motivation (e.g., Pekrun et al., 2007), and positively affect performance (Dewaele & Alfawzan, 2018). ...
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