Integrated stacked patch antenna array on LTCC material operating at 24 GHz
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This paper presents the concept, design and measurement results of a broadband stacked patch antenna array integrated within an FM-CW radar module, realised in LTCC (low temperature cofired ceramics) technology, for automotive applications operating at 24 GHz. After a general introduction on the benefits of integrated LTCC antennas, the paper describes the antenna requirements and the consequential design concept. Subsequently, simulation and measurement results are presented to verify the feasibility of the concept.
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... Simulated and measured radiation patterns in horizontal plane at 76, 77, 78, 78.5, 79, 80 and 81 GHz. Rebeiz, 2008;Holzwarth et al., 2004) whilst the other two are for bands that are closely comparable with the frequency range of the present study (Lu et al., 2019;Wang & Stelzer, 2013). It is observed that the measured gain of our prototype surpasses those of its counterparts in (Wang & Stelzer, 2013) and (Lu et al., 2019) (exceeding them by orders of 1.5-3.5 dB) and are comparable to those of (Holzwarth et al., 2004) and (Alhalabi & Rebeiz, 2008) despite these latter two topologies being prescribed at much lower frequencies. ...
... Rebeiz, 2008;Holzwarth et al., 2004) whilst the other two are for bands that are closely comparable with the frequency range of the present study (Lu et al., 2019;Wang & Stelzer, 2013). It is observed that the measured gain of our prototype surpasses those of its counterparts in (Wang & Stelzer, 2013) and (Lu et al., 2019) (exceeding them by orders of 1.5-3.5 dB) and are comparable to those of (Holzwarth et al., 2004) and (Alhalabi & Rebeiz, 2008) despite these latter two topologies being prescribed at much lower frequencies. The average beamsquint of our measured radiation patterns in both principal planes that is maintained within 2° over the prescribed band is also a performance that outdoes the herein competition. ...
In this paper, we design a W‐band millimeter‐wave antenna for the band of 76–81 GHz for frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) multiple input multiple output radar systems in automotive applications. It exhibits radiation patterns that possess narrow beamwidths with minimal beam squint in the elevation plane within the band for detection of vehicles and pedestrians in the forward direction instead of objects on the pavement and above the horizon, as well as a wide beamwidth in the horizontal plane, all as required by automotive radar antennas. A four‐port array of comb‐line antennas with diagonally tilted stubs is herein designed, the latter feature for mitigation of interruption from oncoming vehicles traveling along the opposite direction. In order to suppress the mutual interference between multiple antennas in the array, an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure is designed to enhance the isolation between ports. A prototype of the design was manufactured and tested, yielding results that satisfy the design requirements.
... Miniaturized planar antennas, hair and eye of any radar system, for small automotive radars have known a huge progress since 50's. Microstrip antenna arrays are used by the most automobile manufacturers for radars [5]- [7] because of light weight and low cost fabrication for massive production however their main weakness is the loss of energy due to the Joule effect and their narrow bandwidth, this limits the use of patch antennas especially at mm-waves and beyond. However a hard competitor of microstrip antennas and excellent candidate for radar systems [8] has been discovered after the famous experiment of long at 1983 [9], this is dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) where the metallic radiator is replaced by a dielectric material. ...
This paper presents the design of a 1×16-elements RDRA array for anti-collision radar SRR application at 24 GHz. A single RDRA with high dielectric constant of 41, fed by a simple microstrip line feeding technique, is initially designed to operate around 24 GHz. The RDRA element is further used within an array network structure made up of 16 linear antenna elements to cover the same frequency band. The simulated 1×16 RDRA array can reach a high gain, up to18.6 dB, very high radiation efficiency (97%), and ensure enough directional radiation pattern properties for radar applications with a 3-dB angular beam width of 6°. To validate our design, RDRA array' radiation pattern computed results are compared to an equivalent fabricated patch antenna array reported in the literature.
... Most of these cars are based on microstrip patch antenna technology [7][8][9]. However, there is another technology to design antennas which has a very popular antenna technology. ...
... Further the technology of the structurally size has been applied in the system-onpackage (SOP). This technology is mixed small power consumption of the active device component based on the silicon technology and the multi-layer substrate with the low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) [5]. Therefore, this package technology of laminate is used in order to combine the antenna and the ARS into one. ...
... For most radar applications, antennas should have very directive characteristics. In order to reduce size and increase bandwidth several techniques have been applied in the past such as patch array on LTCC material [10] and special feed network design [11]. Antenna beamwidth is inversely proportional to the aperture of antenna. ...
... But a disadvantage of planar antenna using LTCC is narrow bandwidth because high dielectric constant. Also the efficiency of the antenna is less by surface wave as increases the height of the substrate [7]. ...
In this paper, we designed and analysis the aperture-coupled microstrip array antennas for the short range radar (SRR) system. These antennas can be designed with transmission lines and matching circuits in the same substrate LTCC. We achieved the proper impedance matching throughout the corporate feeding array configurations provides the lossless T-junction. In order to more exactly match in the T-junction, we have added slit in the junction. The return loss of arrays with feed network using T-junction dividers are analyzed using SEMCAD X tool using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to analyze such structures. The radiation patterns of these designed arrays are very simple and high efficiency for the applications in the millimeter-wave. The operating frequency of all our designed antennas is 24 GHz. As a result, this paper is proposed the possibility of prototyping by design of array antennas in the millimeter-wave.
The design and construction of a microstrip array antenna especially intended for vehicle millimeter-wave radar applications in the 77–81 GHz frequency range is presented in this study. This study relies on earlier research on single-patch antennas to provide a full array design that satisfies the demanding performance requirements necessary for sophisticated car radar systems. The study carefully models and analyzes the antenna array using the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) to get an azimuth angle of 90° within a 6 dB beamwidth and a pitch angle of 10° ± 1° within a 3 dB beamwidth. Achieving a gain of more than 13 dBi, keeping sidelobe levels below −15 dB, and guaranteeing isolation of more than 35 dB are all priorities in the design process. Precision and interference avoidance are crucial in high-resolution, short-range radar systems, and these factors are essential to the antenna’s operation. The array’s small form factor, along with factors like easy integration and economical production, make it an excellent choice for contemporary automobile radar applications. The research addresses the wider ramifications of this technology in vehicle safety and navigation in addition to diving into the technical issues of antenna design, such as the optimization of element spacing, array layout, and material selection. By exploring the limits of high-frequency antenna performance, this work advances the fields of autonomous cars and wireless communication technologies. The designed antenna array architecture is very adaptable, as shown by its possible applications ranging from point-to-point transmission and satellite communication to vehicle radar systems. The goal of this effort is to improve the capabilities of vehicle radar systems, which will lead to safer and more effective autonomous navigation solutions.
This paper demonstrates the substrate design considerations of a 3-dimensional (3-D) microwave (MW) multi-chip module (MCM). This module is a dual-band microwave front-end working at Ka-band (Transmit) and K-band (Receive). Three organic substrates are stacked up via ball grid array (BGA), combining a transceiver module with both frequency band antennas integrated. Substrate design needs considerations of multiple aspects. As for active chips, selection and placement of MMICs, bond wire design, Electromagnetic (EM) isolation and thermal management of high power MMICs are of great importance. As for passive components patterned on the substrates, band pass filter, DC-AC block and antennas are main devices need to be simulated and optimized.
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[2]
J.R. James, P.S. Hall, " Handbook of Microstrip Antennas ", Peter Peregrinus Ltd.,
London, UK, 1989, p. 29.
[3]
IMST GmbH, "User and Reference Manual for the 3D EM Time Domain Simulator
Empire", http://www.empire.de/empire.pdf, November 2003
Green Tape Properties", data record sheet
- Dupont
Dupont, "Green Tape Properties", data record sheet, 2001.
User and Reference Manual for the 3D EM Time Domain Simulator Empire
- Imst Gmbh
IMST GmbH, "User and Reference Manual for the 3D EM Time Domain Simulator
Empire", http://www.empire.de/empire.pdf, November 2003