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Wildlife Tourism: a strategic destination analysis
Abstract
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... Anthropogenic activities, such as ecotourism, trekking, hunting or nature photography, among others, may also be another cause of increased stress levels in wild populations. The effects range from short-term impacts, such as changes in the physiology and behaviour of individuals, to long-term effects, such as increased mortality or reduced breeding success of entire populations (Burns & Howard, 2003;Higginbottom & Scott, 2004). In ungulates, anthropogenic stress has been shown to cause behavioural changes, such as increasing the number of vigilant individuals, especially in species less tolerant of human presence (Borkowski, 2001;Jayakody et al., 2008;Pelletier, 2006;Wasser et al., 2011). ...
The responsiveness of the hypothalamic–pituitary‐adrenocortical axis to stressors is crucial for wild animals to survive and adapt to environmental changes without compromising individual welfare. We analysed the influence of prior weather conditions, seasonality, the influx of ecotourism, and nutrition on stress levels in a wild population of red deer in a Mediterranean hunting reserve in the Pre‐Pyrenees, Spain. We used faecal cortisol metabolites as a proxy for physiological and psychological stress, and faecal triiodothyronine metabolites as an indicator of nutritional stress. Faecal analyses were chosen because it is a non‐invasive technique that does not alter an individual's behaviour, and it is easy to conduct in a wild population, something which presents added challenges due to the lack of a controlled environment. Our results indicate that prior weather conditions, rather than just seasonality, best explained the variations in these hormones within seasons and among years. On the contrary, the results showed that high levels of the cortisol hormone did not necessarily correspond to low levels of the triiodothyronine hormone. This could be a sign of acute nutritional stress in this population. Finally, we did not find an effect of the ecotourism influx on cortisol levels, suggesting that this deer population tolerates the presence of tourists.
... Os turistas são essenciais para o sucesso financeiro dos lugares visitados e podem contribuir gerando melhores resultados de conservação (HIGGINBOTTOM; SCOTT, 2004). Aumentar a renda e as oportunidades de negócios para as comunidades locais, constitui um incentivo para proteger os recursos ambientais, além de proporcionar educação ambiental aos visitantes, criar mudanças nas atitudes e comportamentos para a conservação (SEKERCIOGLU, 2002), e mudar a realidade do isolamento econômico e social das comunidades das áreas visitadas por avituristas. ...
RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar áreas protegidas no estado do Amazonas, no Brasil, que são visitadas com fim de observação de aves, como também analisar a diversidade da avifauna e os serviços ofertados por populações residentes nas áreas protegidas. O estudo foi realizado com a aplicação de formulários on-line destinados aos 13 gestores destas áreas, como também, pesquisas na internet por roteiros e destinos no Amazonas, ofertados por operadores nacionais e internacionais. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio de estatística descritiva. Como resultados foram identificadas 14 áreas protegidas no Amazonas que são visitadas por avituristas, todas possuem listas de aves no eBird, com alta diversidade. As áreas mais diversas e com listas publicadas são: Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas, Museu da Amazônia (MUSA), Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Reserva do 41, Reserva da ZF-2 e a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá. Comunidades locais disponibilizam serviços de condução nas trilhas, gastronomia, venda de artesanato e passeios de canoa. Mas elas também poderiam ofertar hospedagem, alimentação e outros serviços, gerando renda e sustentabilidade para a atividade turística. ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify protected areas in the State of Amazonas, in Brazil, that are visited for bird watching purposes, as well, as to analyze the diversity of birds and the services offered by populations residing in protected areas. The study was carried out with the application of online forms for the 13 managers of these areas, as well, as internet searches for itineraries and destinations, in Amazonas offered by National and International Operators. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. As a result, 14 protected areas were identified in the Amazonas State that are visited by aviturists, all of which have lists of birds on eBird with high diversity. The most diverse areas and with published lists are: Anavilhanas National Park, Amazon Museum (MUSA), Adolpho Ducke Reserve, 41 Reserve, ZF-2 Reserve and Mamirauá Reserve. Local communities provide guide services, in the forest trails, gastronomy, sale of handicrafts, canoe rides, but they could also offer accommodations, meals, and other services, generating more income for them and sustainability for the tourist activity.
... Os turistas são essenciais para o sucesso financeiro dos lugares visitados e podem contribuir gerando melhores resultados de conservação (HIGGINBOTTOM; SCOTT, 2004). Aumentar a renda e as oportunidades de negócios para as comunidades locais, constitui um incentivo para proteger os recursos ambientais, além de proporcionar educação ambiental aos visitantes, criar mudanças nas atitudes e comportamentos para a conservação (SEKERCIOGLU, 2002), e mudar a realidade do isolamento econômico e social das comunidades das áreas visitadas por avituristas. ...
Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar áreas protegidas no estado do Amazonas, no Brasil, que são visitadas com fim de observação de aves, como também analisar a diversidade da avifauna e os serviços ofertados por populações residentes nas áreas protegidas. O estudo foi realizado com a aplicação de formulários on-line destinados aos 13 gestores destas áreas, como também, pesquisas na internet por roteiros e destinos no Amazonas, ofertados por operadores nacionais e internacionais. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio de estatística descritiva. Como resultados foram identificadas 14 áreas protegidas no Amazonas que são visitadas por avituristas, todas possuem listas de aves no eBird, com alta diversidade. As áreas mais diversas e com listas publicadas são: Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas, Museu da Amazônia (MUSA), Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Reserva do 41, Reserva da ZF-2 e a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá. Comunidades locais disponibilizam serviços de condução nas trilhas, gastronomia, venda de artesanato e passeios de canoa. Mas elas também poderiam ofertar hospedagem, alimentação e outros serviços, gerando renda e sustentabilidade para a atividade turística.
... Ketiga sebagai sarana penelitian dan pengembangan untuk memerluas pemahaman serta apresiasi masyarakat. Terakhir, sebagai sarana konservasi ex-situ untuk pelestarian dan usaha perawatan satwa (Higginbottom & Scott, 2015). ...
The sustainability of a tourist attraction is reflected by the experiential satisfaction of visitors to tourism objects. One of the influencing factors is to create engaging experiential marketing and make an impression on the visitor's mind and the image attached to the company. Experiencing engaging experiential marketing and a good image from the company makes visitors feel experiential satisfaction and revisit intention. This study aims to determine the effect of experiential marketing and zoo image on revisit intention with experiential satisfaction as an intervening variable. This study used 200 samples with a non-probability sampling technique using the purposive sampling method. Data were collected using an online questionnaire. The analytical tool in this research is path analysis using AMOS and IBM SPSS. Based on the study results, experiential marketing positively affects experiential satisfaction and revisit intention directly, unlike the zoo image, which positively affects experiential satisfaction but not revisit intention. As a suggestion, Surabaya Zoo can improve visitors' image, such as improving the services provided and adding engaging experiential marketing to attract visitors' engagement again in the future.
... Wildlife tourism and tiger reserves Wildlife tourism involves viewing or encountering (Newsome et al., 2004) non-domesticated animals in either the "animals' natural environment or in captivity" (Rodger et al., 2007;Higginbottom and Scott, 2004), and involve activities, which are classified as "nonconsumptive," including wildlife viewing, photography, feeding and interacting in various ways, and "consumptive" activities such as killing or capturing wildlife, i.e. hunting and shooting (Lovelock, 2007). However, both sort of activities have positive and negative impacts on natural and local environments and on the consumption and production of tourism. ...
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to review the existing landscape of consumption and production in wildlife tourism and, more precisely, discuss how tiger tourism is packaged and produced as a product or commodity for the consumption of wildlife tourists. In doing so, the study explores the issues and challenges for responsible consumption and production (SCP) of wildlife tourism in the context of progress toward sustainable development goal (SDG12) responsible consumption and production.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper combines an analysis of existing literature and insights from the tiger reserve stakeholders. Qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews and participant observation methods are used to derive insights.
Findings
This paper explores the status of SCP of wildlife tourism, particularly tiger tourism in Indian national parks. The paper then discusses the implications of SCP for various stakeholders in wildlife tourism.
Originality/value
This paper explores the perspective of SCP in wildlife tourism, and it provides innovative approaches that stakeholders should adopt.
... In our results, the two terms were often associated by measuring tolerance to make inferences about acceptance (Lindsey et al. 2013;Treves and Bruskotter 2014) and vice versa (Stein et al. 2010;Hazzah et al. 2013;Kansky et al. 2016). Other papers simply used the terms interchangeably (Enck et al. 2006;Higginbottom and Scott 2019). Bruskotter et al. (2012) argue that tolerance of, and acceptance for, wildlife represents the same construct in the context of wildlife conservation. ...
The terms ‘coexistence’, ‘tolerance,’ and ‘acceptance’ appear frequently in conservation literature, but lack consistent characterization, making them difficult to apply across intervention frameworks. This review aims to describe the common characterizations of these three terms using Africa-based research as a case study. Through systematic lexical searches, we identified 392 papers containing one or more of the three terms. We assessed their usage, definition, and measurement (or lack thereof) in wildlife conservation. Coexistence was used in 46% of papers, but was defined in only 2% and measured in 4%. Tolerance and acceptance were used in 63% and 61% of the papers in which they appeared, respectively, defined in 4% and 2%, and measured in 19% and 5%. These results confirm the lack of clear understanding of these concepts and evidence the need for a precise lexicon. This would allow conservationists to cohesively describe their work and increase replicability of research across contexts.
... All of the ecotourism research themes and questions raised above are important for establishing truly successful ecotourism industries with a view to providing equitable and sustainable benefits in regional contexts. This is particularly important for ecotourism, given the evidence that ecotourism operations that operate without regard for the welfare of marine life or local residents can lead to outcomes including net negative impacts on ecosystems, poor relations with local communities, and negative perceptions of ecosystems and wild animals by tourists (Archer et al. 2012, Isaacs 2000, Higginbottom and Scott 2016. The first step in designing strategies for sustainable ecotourism establishment is therefore to identify existing conditions and challenges, including available information to inform new policies that are suitable for local environmental and socioeconomic conditions. ...
Achieving equitable and sustainable ecotourism requires a wide range of multidisciplinary and cross-scale information, particularly given the growing scale of ecotourism operations and continuing governance and climate challenges. Ecosystems in Mexico’s Gulf of California and Baja California Peninsula support a thriving ecotourism industry that has quickly expanded over the last few decades, potentially outpacing research into current performance and future sustainable development opportunities. We develop and apply a formal literature review approach to characterize academic marine ecotourism literature, highlight key insights and identify research strengths and gaps, and thus analyse almost 50 publications for the region from 1994 to 2014. There has been a significant increase in the number of various types of publications; most (68%) focus on ecological themes, 25% on economics, and 7% on social aspects of human wellbeing. There are also trends towards research on specific species (e.g. mammals, fish and sharks) and in specific areas. A common theme in publication conclusions is the need for collaboration from all stakeholder groups. We discuss these findings, and address potential limitations of our method, with a view to informing sound policies to ensure that ecotourism can provide equitable benefits to local communities while incentivizing sustainable practices and nature conservation.
... According to Higginbottom and Scott (2004) see tourism planning as distinct from land use or environmental planning and management. Higginbottom and Scott maintain that tourism destination planning processes facilitate the provision of accommodation, food, activities, entertainment and support services such as transport. ...
The inherent potentials of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for the hospitality and
tourism industry cannot be underrated. Since its inception, the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) has become the “topic of interest” in most academic conferences across the world. However, there seem to be inconclusive and non-consensual agreement among researchers as to what the concept of IR 4.0 entails. Additionally, differing opinions exist among researchers on the technological components of this revolution. Although, scholars have rooted for technologies as a major solution for the resilience on the impacts of COVID-19 on the hospitality and tourism industry, few studies have thoroughly explored these technologies for the industry. Using a critical review process, we address these gaps and present a unified typology of IR 4.0 technologies for the hospitality and tourism industry. This review conclusively theorises IR 4.0 technologies and proposes a 6-component typology of IR 4.0 as well as their opportunities for the hospitality and tourism industry. Practical and social implications are also discussed.
Various social science traditions have influenced theory and research on leisure. In this chapter, we describe psychological perspectives, and these perspectives are primarily those of social psychology with some influences from personality and developmental psychology. Advocates of the development of a social psychology of leisure have generally championed post-positivist psychological social psychological approaches, but interpretive or constructionist sociological social psychologies have contributed as well. These influences are discussed along with other factors that have shaped the social psychological tradition in leisure studies. The frequent claim that leisure research, particularly North American research, is predominantly psychological is also examined. Though clearly focused on individual-level phenomena, we question whether it is substantially grounded in psychological epistemology, methodology and theory. The future of psychological approaches to the study of leisure is explored, including the cross-cultural and international diversity of efforts to understand leisure from social psychological perspectives. We find little evidence that indigenous social psychologies of leisure have emerged in other cultural contexts. However, there are promising social psychological efforts emerging to explore and explain cross-cultural differences and similarities in leisure behaviour and experience. Finally, the growth of interest in leisure as a psychological variable outside of leisure studies and implications for the future are discussed.
Conservationists frequently state that one of the benefits to be gained from setting aside wildlife reserves is the income derived from wildlife tourism. Thus it is argued that "conservation' is truly a part of "national development'. The benefits and costs of wildlife tourism are considered under five headings: international investment and foreign exchange, the development of infrastructure, employment, international understanding, and the environment. If a fundamental aim of development is to enhance the lot of the poor, wildlife tourism all too often has little relevance. However, changes could be made to the way the industry is managed to make it less exploitative and more beneficial to Africa and its poorer people. -Author
The variety of visitor attractions is large and there are endless variations in terms of the product concept. However, the latter is inextricably bound up with the assessment of market potential and vice-versa. Thus, while there is a clear demand for entertainment attractions, success is related to the creativity of the design and its appeal, namely the ‘imagescape’. Location is also linked to market assessment and the imagescape; heritage attractions may have little choice as to their location, whereas created entertainments have the possibility of locating where they can maximise visitor potential. The pattern of ownership has a major influence on the market structure and pricing. That said successful attraction development is about the creation of imagescapes that have strong associations for visitors, conform to taste and fashion, and are flexible enough to encourage repeat visits. © 2013 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved.