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Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in A Changing World
Abstract
Increasingly, cracks are appearing in the capacity of communities, ecosystems, and landscapes to provide the goods and services that sustain our planet's well-being. The response from most quarters has been for "more of the same" that created the situation in the first place: more control, more intensification, and greater efficiency. "Resilience thinking" offers a different way of understanding the world and a new approach to managing resources. It embraces human and natural systems as complex entities continually adapting through cycles of change, and seeks to understand the qualities of a system that must be maintained or enhanced in order to achieve sustainability. It explains why greater efficiency by itself cannot solve resource problems and offers a constructive alternative that opens up options rather than closing them down. In Resilience Thinking, scientist Brian Walker and science writer David Salt present an accessible introduction to the emerging paradigm of resilience. The book arose out of appeals from colleagues in science and industry for a plainly written account of what resilience is all about and how a resilience approach differs from current practices. Rather than complicated theory, the book offers a conceptual overview along with five case studies of resilience thinking in the real world. It is an engaging and important work for anyone interested in managing risk in a complex world.
... Ainda dentro deste tópico, há a apresentação da relação da pesquisadora com os beiradeiros de Montanha e Mangabal e das oportunidades e limitações deste trabalho.apresentam-se as considerações finais voltadas às conclusões gerais da pesquisa, partindo da reflexão dos principais resultados encontrados para formulação de recomendações a partir da contribuição que este estudo oferece à temática da transformação da atividade garimpeira e sua relação com as alterações dos modos de vida de populações beiradeiras, sobre a "lente" do sistema socioecológico do alto Tapajós.SSEs são caracterizados por fortes conexões e feedback dentro e entre os sistemas sociais e ecológicos, os quais produzem comportamentos e características que determinam a dinâmica de funcionamento não linear dos sistemas complexos (WALKER;SALT, 2006;BIGGS;SCHLÜTER;SCHOON, 2015). A não linearidade dos SSEs está associada a graus de Cabe ressaltar que dentre os princípios enumerados acima, o quinto descreve o quanto a abordagem de modos de vida (tratada adiante) pode ser compreendida e inserida dentro de um contexto de sistemas socioecológicos, uma vez que as estratégias e adaptações que os SSEs podem desenvolver quando expostos à situação de escassez de recursos naturais, choques e ecológico etc.) e de variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas a ele associado (e.g., quantidade de pessoas, lavouras cultivadas, uso de recursos, relações de confiança, mercados locais etc.), que estão conectados e que assumem determinada função em um momento específico, interagindo de várias formas e influenciando um ou outro (processos de feedback). ...
... Segue-se assim para a fase de reorganização (α), a menos conhecida na trajetória de mudança do SSE, pois é o início de um processo de reorganização do sistema com muitas oportunidades e potencial disponível de opções futuras(HOLLING, 2001;GUNDERSON;.A trajetória da fase Ω para a fase α é um período de rápida reorganização, sendo inerentemente imprevisível e incerta. Nestas duas últimas fases, todo o capital acumulado anteriormente, bem como mutações e invenções, pode ser reordenado e, novas combinações entre os componentes do sistema, podem resultar em uma nova fase, porém similar a fase de crescimento anterior, ou ainda, as combinações inesperadas podem resultar na mudança total da estrutura do sistema(HOLLING, 2001;WALKER et al., 2004;WALKER et al., 2006). Em síntese, as fases r e K do ciclo adaptativo maximizam a produção e acumulação de capitais no sistema socioecológico, e as fases Ω e α maximizam a invenção e a reorganização desse sistema.Contudo, a representação da dinâmica de funcionamento dos SSEs como ciclo adaptativo não implica em um ciclo com essas fases regularmente fixadas, pois as mudanças podem ocorrer da fase de conservação para a de crescimento ou ainda "pular" para outras(WALKER et al., 2004). ...
... Neste, a capacidade adaptativa ao novo sistema socioecológico poderia indicar perda de elementos de modos de vida, os quais não seriam mais possíveis de serem reproduzidos no novo contexto.Contudo, há limitação na ideia de panarquia de SSEs quando não se explora as conexões horizontais dentro de um mesmo nível analisado, bem como o capital social, que envolve as normas sociais e as relações de confiança e de reciprocidade dentro de um grupo. Considerar apenas as relações hierárquicas entre as escalas pode omitir a complexidade que caracteriza os SSEs.A estrutura teórica de sistemas socioecológicos auxilia, neste trabalho, a compreender modos de vida a partir de um ambiente que se comporta como um sistema adaptativo complexo, formado por componentes sociais e ecológicos e seus processos, que interagem entre si por meio de prática de gestão, de adaptações e do uso de recursos naturais, além da interação em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais(LIU et al., 2007;SALT, 2006; VIRAPONGSE et al., 2016). Ainda, a escolha da abordagem de sistemas socioecológicos neste trabalho serve para utilizar suas propriedades emergentes, a exemplo da resiliência e adaptabilidade, para ampliar a interpretação das relações de modos de vida no contexto estudado. ...
... Building bonds and bridges is often tempered by organizational rigidity. Rigidity may enable an organization's long-term survival (Välikangas, 2007), but may also inhibit resource flow and correspondingly limit adaptive response to a disruption or opportunity (Walker & Salt, 2006;Yang & Maxwell, 2011). Rigid organizations may also harbor dense social networks inhibiting movement (Newman & Dale, 2005). ...
... 418) that contain substantive yet contextually-applied standards. This balancing of scaffolding and innovation is core to resilience (Walker & Salt, 2006). ...
... The centrality of parks to internal relationships, and the supports given to building their bonds, is important to the NPS's identity. Resilience often concerns a system's core character or essential qualities (Walker & Salt, 2006). Undoubtedly, the essential quality of the National Park Service, like other protected area agencies, is its cultural and natural resource base. ...
Agencies focused on protected areas’ conservation and recreation require internal capacity-building to enhance their organizational resilience (the ability to adapt and persist). Yet, internal capacity-building is often underemphasized as agencies attend to external relationships. This omission can lessen an agency’s ability to adapt to emergent stressors and opportunities. Specifically, relationships within an agency’s groups (i.e., divisions)—the intra-organizational mesoscale between individuals and whole organizations—can increase an agency’s ability to efficiently build resilience-enhancing adaptive capacity. The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) adopted this mesoscale in their Urban Agenda goal of One NPS, or building resilience-enhancing, agency-wide internal relationships. We investigated intra-organizational relationships in this context, examining relationships within (i.e., bonds) and across (i.e., bridges) three NPS groups: parks (physical spaces), programs (community outreach), and offices (administrative functions). Pairing qualitative interviews with quantitative social network analysis in Detroit, Tucson, and Boston, we examined internal relationship prevalence, supports, and opportunities. The NPS has program and office presence in each of these three urban areas but different proximities to national park units, which are the typical face of the NPS. Across these urban areas, we found that the parks group exhibits more bonds (park-to-park relationships), the programs group exhibits more bridges (program-to-park or program-to-office), and the offices group exhibits a mixture of bonds and bridges. To further One NPS and organizational resilience, cultivating bridges among the three groups is key. This investigation may inform a more strategic focusing of an agency’s limited resources. We highlight five directions for protected area managers’ consideration toward this aim: build bridges locally among groups; consider group composition when identifying divisions (i.e., programs appear more heterogeneous or dissimilar from each other than do the park and office groups); reflect on parks’ centrality to NPS identity and relationships; seek organizational structures supportive of relationship development; and focus on the organizational mesoscale for resilience-enhancing adaptive capacity. These directions for strategic focusing of organizational resources are based in the longstanding work of the NPS but ultimately transcend this single agency, providing targeted guidance for protected area agencies in building internal capacity toward external, public-oriented goals.
... Social-ecological resilience (SER) has emerged as a systemic approach to understanding and addressing these interconnected objectives in the context of global change and uncertainty (Folke et al., 2010;Walker and Salt, 2006). Falling under the domain of sustainability sciences, this conceptualisation of resilience regards humans and nature as intertwined social-ecological systems (SES) which operate at, and across, multiple scales (Berkes and Folke, 1998;Walker and Salt, 2006). ...
... Social-ecological resilience (SER) has emerged as a systemic approach to understanding and addressing these interconnected objectives in the context of global change and uncertainty (Folke et al., 2010;Walker and Salt, 2006). Falling under the domain of sustainability sciences, this conceptualisation of resilience regards humans and nature as intertwined social-ecological systems (SES) which operate at, and across, multiple scales (Berkes and Folke, 1998;Walker and Salt, 2006). The resilience approach recognises SES as complex adaptive systems, that is, systems that are subject to nonlinear and emergent outcomes (Preiser et al., 2018), and undergo continuous self-organisation due to learning and adaptive mechanisms (Schoon and Van Der Leeuw, 2015). ...
... The criteria we used to identify and classify resilience capacities builds on the farming resilience framework developed by Meuwissen et al. (2019) and incorporates the three primary capacities used in social-ecological resilience conceptualisations, namely that of absorptive, adaptive and transformative capacities (Folke et al., 2010;Walker and Salt, 2006). These capacities form the mainstay of the criteria we propose due to its intuitive compatibility with the different types of interactions which occur based on the capital effects between changes and responses (Table 3). ...
... To develop, manage or design such resilient systems, appropriate competencies as well as a different way of thinking ('Resilience Thinking') are required (Folke, 2006;Walker & Salt, 2006). Resilience thinking enables a different perspective about dealing with uncertainty and complexity (Fazey, 2010;Folke et al., 2010;Walker & Salt, 2006), thereby opening opportunities for 'reevaluating the current situation, trigger social mobilization, recombine sources of experience and knowledge for learning, and spark novelty and innovation' (Folke et al., 2010). ...
... To develop, manage or design such resilient systems, appropriate competencies as well as a different way of thinking ('Resilience Thinking') are required (Folke, 2006;Walker & Salt, 2006). Resilience thinking enables a different perspective about dealing with uncertainty and complexity (Fazey, 2010;Folke et al., 2010;Walker & Salt, 2006), thereby opening opportunities for 'reevaluating the current situation, trigger social mobilization, recombine sources of experience and knowledge for learning, and spark novelty and innovation' (Folke et al., 2010). Resilience is always concerned with the occurrence of disturbances whose probability is unknown or hard to assess. ...
A rapidly changing world with a high degree of uncertainty in the context of climate change requires sustainable and resilient infrastructures, for which engineers are jointly responsible. For this purpose, engineering students need to acquire competencies such as dealing with complexity and uncertainty, systems thinking and anticipatory thinking, which are linked to resilience. However, research has shown that engineering education falls short of providing future professionals with these competencies. This case study aims to give a holistic view of a teaching approach to address these shortcomings in the context of problem- and case-based learning. Based on a pre-post survey and reflective diaries, students’ perception of their competency development and their learning progress are analyzed and discussed, following a mixed-methods approach. Findings indicate that both perception of competencies related to systems resilience, such as analyzing scenarios and evaluating crisis approaches, and interpersonal competencies, such as communication and resolving conflicts have significantly improved during the course. At the same time, the former were less pronounced before the course and developed the most during the course. The results underline the need for fostering engineering students’ ability to dealing with resilience issues in order to design resilient infrastructure.
... No entanto, os impactos das pastagens na qualidade da água dependem da intensidade dessa atividade, localização, tipo de manejo e tipo de gado. Técnicas inadequadas de gestão levam a diminuição de recursos naturais (Walker;SALT, 2006). A criação de gado dentro da capacidade de carga de uma bacia hidrográfica normalmente não altera o transporte de sedimentos para o leito do rio, com duas exceções: (1) quando a criação de gado é feita de forma intensiva em áreas declivosas, aumentando os processos erosivos ou (2) Além disso, a conversão de áreas naturais para pastagem afeta outros serviços ecossistêmicos como armazenamento de carbono e serviços dependentes da biodiversidade (Strassburg et al., 2014). ...
... No entanto, os impactos das pastagens na qualidade da água dependem da intensidade dessa atividade, localização, tipo de manejo e tipo de gado. Técnicas inadequadas de gestão levam a diminuição de recursos naturais (Walker;SALT, 2006). A criação de gado dentro da capacidade de carga de uma bacia hidrográfica normalmente não altera o transporte de sedimentos para o leito do rio, com duas exceções: (1) quando a criação de gado é feita de forma intensiva em áreas declivosas, aumentando os processos erosivos ou (2) Além disso, a conversão de áreas naturais para pastagem afeta outros serviços ecossistêmicos como armazenamento de carbono e serviços dependentes da biodiversidade (Strassburg et al., 2014). ...
In this chapter we explore advances in payment for environmental services (PSA) policies at national and state level, the role of these public policies in the environmental and territorial management of water resources, and in the search for the conservation and restoration of environmental services. We used a case study of the “Preserving the Future” program in Piracicaba, São Paulo, which is focused on protecting water resources, with the aim of understanding the implementation process from the demand that originated the program, operation, results in terms of restoration and legal advances in the municipality. From this, we highlight the challenge of seeking community perception as a way to bring improvements in terms of adherence and territorial governance for the program and the municipality, and to encourage the implementation of new programs with efficient results.
... By drawing from 'ecology', a biological term used to inspect the complexity of the interrelationship between organisms and their environment 6 , they argue we stand a better chance of addressing important issues relating to sustainability, widening participation and lifelong learning, whilst equipping students for fast changing future needs and challenges 7 . Furthermore, there is an increasingly widespread recognition in UK higher education that traditional transmission lecturing is less effective than more student-centred active learning, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) elds 8, 9 . ...
... With 'misunderstanding' being attributed as one of three drivers of unsustainable development 7 , there is a need to discard less appropriate models of how complex, dynamic systems like universities really work. This is especially important as pedagogies and spaces diversify with the emergence of hybrid, apprenticeship-based and lifelong learning, and the evolution of spaces which blur boundaries such as makerspaces 13 . ...
The move away from transmission-based lecturing towards a more student-centred active learning approach is well evidenced in STEM higher education. However, the examination of active learning has remained generally confined to formal timetabled contexts, with assumptions made that students independently manage the transition between timetabled and non-timetabled learning. This paper introduces research findings from a mixed method study which used an ecological approach when investigating student transitions between a formal lecture theatre and adjacent informal breakout space in a UK STEM university. Using quantitative occupancy monitoring data to analyse usage patterns of both spaces, in combination with qualitative ethnographic observations and field interviews, permitted a purposeful exploration of student engagement with transitions within and between the two learning spaces. The ecological approach aided the discovery of spatial, pedagogic and agentic transitions and tensions, which subsequently informed strategic modification of space across the institution to facilitate adoption of active learning pedagogy.
... In the realm of transforming theory into practice, theoretical constructs undergo a metamorphosis, evolving into actionable blueprints that foster a harmonious relationship between economic growth and ecological equilibrium (Dietz & Neumayer, 2007;Olsson et al., 2004;Raworth, 2017). These theoretical insights emerge as guiding beacons, steering us toward a future where policies transcend abstract concepts, crystallizing into tangible forms grounded in the principles of equilibrium and progress (Meadows et al., 1972;Stiglitz, 2000;Walker & Salt, 2006). Within this transformative process, the theories we conceive transcend the ivory tower of academia and enter the arena of policy shaping. ...
... By translating these theoretical constructs into practical blueprints, policymakers are endowed with tools that foster a harmonious marriage between economic advancement and environmental stewardship. The works of Sachs (2015), Meadows et al. (1972), and Walker and Salt (2006) underline the potential of theory to become the cornerstone of real-world transformation. This metamorphosis, from abstraction to application, underscores the power of theoretical insights to guide our journey toward a future where policies not only encapsulate visionary ideas but also embody the principles of equilibrium and progress. ...
... For example, and related to the use of the resilience principles, we are aware that resilience thinking (c.f. Walker and Salt 2006) and resilience practice (c.f. Walker and Salt 2012) is underway worldwide, much of which is not published. ...
... Applied to the suggested topic, resilience theory emphasizes the need to build resilience within Nigeria's agricultural systems to withstand and adapt to the impacts of climate change. This involves enhancing the adaptive capacity of farmers, promoting diversification of crops and income sources, and improving the resilience of agricultural infrastructure to climate-related risks (Walker & Salt, 2020). ...
Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of climate change on crop yield in Nigeria. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Climate change in Nigeria has caused declining crop yields due to rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods. This trend adversely affects staple crops like maize and rice, despite adaptation efforts through resilient crop varieties and better agricultural practices. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Environmental determinism, vulnerability theory & resilience theory may be used to anchor future studies on effect of climate change on crop yield in Nigeria. Encourage the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices, such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and integrated crop-livestock systems, that enhance resilience to climate change while improving productivity and sustainability. Develop policies that support the adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices, incentivize the use of climate-smart technologies, and facilitate access to climate information and advisory services for farmers.
... While these ideas of sustainability and resilience vary in their underlying concepts, various scholars have explored their relationships [6][7][8][9][10]. Nevertheless, the questions of whether resilience and sustainability are essentially synonymous, if resilience plays the primary role in determining sustainability [11][12][13], or if sustainability represents a broad societal objective while resilience focuses on its practical implementation [10,14] remain open. Derissen et al. [15] characterise their distinction as sustainability maintaining resource levels above normative secure thresholds. ...
Sustainability and resilience in addressing construction’s environmental, social, and economic challenges rely on interoperability. A model-centred approach using standardised information structures like industry foundation classes (IFC) is essential for data sharing in architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management. Achieving complete interoperability across domains requires further research. This review paper focuses on IFC schema, highlighting upcoming developments like IFC 5 and “IFC x”, with a core emphasis on modularisation to enhance domain interoperability, improved links between building information modelling (BIM) and geographic information systems (GIS), along with IoT integration into BIM, cloud-based collaboration, and support for other advanced technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), and digital twins. Through a critical examination of the IFC and an outlook towards its future enhancements, the research has the potential to offer valuable insights into shaping the trajectory of future advancements within the AEC and facility management sectors. The study’s discoveries could aid in establishing standardised data exchange protocols in these industries, promoting uniformity across projects, facilitating smoother communication, and mitigating errors and inefficiencies. Anticipating enhancements in the IFC could catalyse innovation, fostering the adoption of emerging technologies and methodologies. Consequently, this could drive the creation of more sophisticated tools and procedures, ultimately enhancing project outcomes and operational effectiveness.
... Specifically, the spring in CD exhibits higher suitability, with hydrological conditions similar to those in winter ( Figure 4B), which may contribute to higher growth rates . In the future, marine aquaculture in open sea areas with increased suitability could help mitigate the impacts of climate change on bivalve aquaculture systems (Walker et al., 2006;Froehlich et al., 2018). One of the challenges open sea areas faces is their susceptibility to meteorological conditions, which can impact marine aquaculture infrastructure. ...
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a marine aquaculture species with rapid production growth in recent years. China accounts for nearly 90% of global production by 2021, especially in Shandong province. Evaluating suitability is crucial for ensuring the sustainable growth of Pacific oyster marine aquaculture and achieving a blue transition. This study developed a suitability evaluation model for Pacific oyster marine aquaculture using a Geographic Information System (GIS), Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model, remote sensing, and reanalysis data. A literature review and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to establish an evaluation model encompassing water quality, hydrology, climate and meteorology, and socioeconomic factors. The results showed that within a 20 km range of the Shandong coast, 49% of the area was highly suitable, 51% was moderately suitable, and the overall annual high score proportion (HSP) fluctuated around 50%, with higher suitability observed in the spring and autumn. The inner bays of the coastal areas (Laizhou, Rongcheng, Jimo) exhibited high suitability (HSP over 80%); in contrast, the offshore areas (Changdao, Rushan) farther from the coast had lower suitability and showed significant monthly variations. The result was consistent with the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Shandong’s existing Pacific oyster marine aquaculture areas. The study also found that El Niño significantly impacts Rongcheng, Rushan, and Jimo during summer. We predicted an overall increase of suitability in the Shandong offshore areas under future climate change scenarios, with a more significant increase of suitability in the north. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influenced the concentration of parameters such as chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and total suspended sediment (TSS) in the coastal waters through its impact on precipitation (Pr), resulting in suitability fluctuations.
... Resilience is the capacity to live, evolve and thrive with changing circumstances or abrupt transformation. It includes the capacity to transform to a sustainable future by preparing for and making use of the windows of opportunity that change provides (Walker and Salt, 2006;Folke et al. 2021). ...
UNDRR proposed a concept note for the The Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and several experts from all over the world were called to contribute. The international Science Council (ISC) convened the meeting for UN Scientific and Technological Community Major Group. The report was lead by Roger Pulwarty and Rathana Peou Norbert-Munns who acted as co-chairs of the group
... His work emphasized resilience as the ability of an ecosystem to keep existing despite disturbances, distinguishing it from the ability to return to a predefined equilibrium state, which he identified as stability. The notion of resilience as 'keeping on existing' was later refined to specifically cover systems functionality: first by Klein et al. (2003), who write of preserving "actual and potential functions" under constantly changing circumstances, and later by Walker & Salt (2005), who describe resilience as the capacity of a system to "absorb disturbance and still retain its basic function and structure". Since then, the concept of resilience has since been applied to communities (e.g. in Berkes & Ross, 2013), nations (e.g. in Omand, 2005), and even the entire planet (e.g. in Priyadarshini & Bundela, 2023), embracing an increasing number of definitions, disciplines, scales, and types of interconnected systems. ...
This contribution builds on the Design Framework for System-of-Systems Resilience to investigate the potential of a new systems resilience measuring approach inspired by the Frailty Index. To explore this research direction, we provide a brief overview of the evolution of the notion of resilience, offer a characterisation of systems resilience as an opposite of systems frailty, and perform a rapid review to identify and inspect existing multi-domain indices of community resilience. Finally, we suggest piloting the proposed system-of-systems resilience index in the Fens in the United Kingdom.
... al. [15], Moore and Woodcock [16], Mucci [17], Yang, Zhou et al. [18], Cohen, Eshel et al. [19], Bain and Lunde [20], Fang, Lu et al. [21], Geçdi and Tanriverdi [22], Richardson [23], Pashak, Tunstull et al. [24], APA [25][26][27], and Center on the Developing Child [28]. 5 See May [29], MacArthur and Wilson [30], Gunderson and Holling [31], Walker, et al. [32], Holling [33], and Walker and Salt [34]. 6 See Lee, Calvin et al. [35] and [36]. ...
Analyzing two key figures in Elif Shafak’s novel The Island of Missing Trees—a schoolgirl’s scream and a narrating fig tree—this essay analyzes the intersection between susceptibility and resilience, particularly as these terms are developed in psychology, trauma studies, and ecology. I argue that the novel’s resonant scream critiques the discourse of psychological resilience on multiple counts: its inadequacy as a response to complex trauma, its focus on autonomous individuals, its assumption that responsibility for resilience rests on victims rather than perpetrators of harm, its construction of a “resistance imperative” and its disavowal of the inequalities in access to resilience-building resources. By contrast, the novel’s fig tree, I contend, exemplifies an ecological model of resilience rooted in a recognition of the interdependence of the multiple and diverse organisms that comprise an ecosystem, and of susceptibility as an advantageous suite of capacities that are crucial to resilience. These contrasting conceptions of resilience lead me to advocate for a politics of susceptibility, an eco-psychosocial politics based on the recognition that individuals cannot become resilient on their own, through their own volition, intention, or “self-efficacy”, and that focuses instead on building systemic and sustainable forms of resilience inclusive of the diverse subjects that comprise a community, society or ecosystem; that, rather than fetishizing independence, liberty and rights, fortifies interdependence and reinforces mutual responsibilities; and that rather than exploiting susceptibility as a weakness, nurtures it as the soul of resilience itself.
... Parallèlement, les structures résilientes présentent certaines caractéristiques communes : 1. La capacité de résister à des événements perturbateurs et de maintenir une structure qui fonctionne généralement (resistability/résistance), 2. la capacité d'adaptation aux circonstances changeantes et l'apprentissage à partir des expériences passées (adaptability/capacité d'adaptation), 3. la capacité de subir des transformations à long terme et d'évoluer (transformability/capacité de transformation) (cf. introduction Andersen & Prokkola, 2022 ;Brown, 2016 ;Opiłowska, 2022 ;Walker & Salt, 2006 ;Wilson & Wilson, 2019). Il convient de souligner que ces facteurs ne doivent pas être considérés comme trois phases successives, mais comme des processus qui peuvent se chevaucher et se dérouler simultanément. ...
... It is, however, essential to remember that we cannot discuss well-being in separation from the question of human-nature interaction. Cities are essentially socio-ecological systems, and any decision-making aimed at sustainable and resilient urban development should always consider an urban system's different components and scales (Walker & Salt, 2012). Many important questions emerging in this context, that could be addressed through the lenses of urban agriculture, belong to the quickly developing domain of food geography. ...
In this chapter the editors reflect on the thematic scope of this publication, situating it in a wider background of urban agriculture research. They claim that to leverage its greatest impact, opportunities to engage in urban cultivation should be widely accessible to all segments of urban population, close to everyone’s home. Worldwide, due to the scarcity of and high costs of land in dense urban inner-city areas, integrating urban agriculture in already existing and planned public spaces seems like the most feasible strategy to achieve this objective. This book wants to support this process by providing theoretical and practical insights on the integration of urban agriculture in public space development – addressing its well-being impacts, design, organization, educational contexts, and urban planning aspects.
... It is however important to remember that this theme cannot be addressed in separation from the question of humannature interaction, and we address it elsewhere in this book (see Chap. 13). Cities are essentially socio-ecological systems, and any decision-making aimed at a sustainable and resilient urban development should always consider different components and scales of an urban system (Walker & Salt, 2012). ...
In this chapter I discuss and attempt to operationalize the concept of human well-being in cities based on the Aristotelian view of human flourishing ( eudaimonia ) and elements of Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach, in the context of public space – viewed through the lenses of the theory of affordances. This operationalization may be used to evaluate the potential of public spaces (both actual and planned) to sustain human flourishing – an alternative to valuation models driven by instrumental rationality, such as cost-benefit analysis.
I use the ten human capabilities identified by Martha Nussbaum to map the central dimensions of eudaimonic well-being and ask: What kind of spatial/functional and social affordances need to be granted by a given urban agriculture project to sustain the well-being dimensions indicated by each of the capabilities? Further, I extend the operationalization with the consideration of virtues (moral and intellectual excellences) – which is largely absent in capability scholarship. I ask: What kind of virtues can be linked to each of the ten central capabilities, and what kind of spatial/functional and social affordances would support the cultivation of these virtues?
By problematizing eudaimonic well-being in cities, this chapter contributes to a growing discussion on the relationship between the qualities of the built environment and human well-being. This research typically focuses on the range of pathways through which the built environment may affect human well-being, not on its operationalization, and adopts a hedonic view of human well-being in an implicit way. I argue that the distinction between eudaimonic and hedonic well-being needs to be pronounced more clearly in urban research and more attention needs to be paid to the eudaimonic well-being construct which is much more concerned with the achievement of full human potential than the hedonic models.
... The threat dimension contains indicators that are more directly related to the territorial context, such as average income, rental price indexes, diversity of productive sectors. Lastly, resilience has been defined as the capacity of social protection systems, in this specific case social services, to reverse the negative effects derived from the situations of vulnerability and threats contemplated in the previous dimensions (Walker & Salt, 2006). The indicators selected have to do with social facilities, the social services budget, expenditure on social benefits, percentage of people over 65 years of age out of the total number of users, among others. ...
The pandemic caused by covid-19 has revealed an enormous vulnerability in health, economic and social terms. We are facing a new unprecedented environmental and socioeconomic reality, which poses a challenge for risk control and management. This forces a methodological effort to be made in all areas in the creation of models for the prevention and prediction of existing impacts, risks, and potential threats. In Social Services’ field, we propose a tool that will allow, on the one hand, to measure the impact of COVID-19 on the Social Services system and, on the other hand, to evaluate the areas with the highest socioeconomic risk in the post-COVID scenario. The modified Delphi technique has been used to reach a consensus on a proposal of 37 indicators with a group of experts, which in the final phase resulted in 34. To our knowledge, this represents the first risk assessment tool in social services designed specifically for use at local level. The proposed tool can help determine the situation of municipal social services in relation to risk, assessing weaknesses and improving the capacity of the system.
... While the call for papers recognizes social justice concerns, it identifies the crisis as primarily geo-chemical. Working with the concept of social-ecological, drawn from Walker and Salt (2006), I maintain there is a single global crisis encompassing social justice and ecology. 5 A few papers are already posted online. ...
The call for papers for this Special Issue Iidentifies contemporary humanity as experiencing a global “biogeochemical … political, economic, technological, ethical, and therefore, biocultural” crisis and asks scholars to consider how “religion may function as an adaptive or maladaptive presence” in response. Unasked is the adaptive capacity of scholarship as a crisis response. When buildings fall in earthquakes, or cities burn in wildfires, or second stories flood, few people just keep on doing what they were doing, “with a change of focus”. This is “studying Rome while it burns”. It’s time to put out the fire if we can and survive it if we cannot. We scholar/teachers can’t go on doing the same things and expecting different results. Unprecedented circumstances call for unprecedented actions in response. What would actual crisis responses on our part look like? What steps do we need to take as human beings in response to this crisis? How will that affect us as professionals? Seeking an ecology, rather than unanimity, of action and thought, and guided by Brian Walker’s resilience theory and a number of Indigenous scholars, I suggest a process of reintegration, analogous to regenerative agriculture, which is at once both socio-cultural and ecological. This process, necessarily rooted in place, progressively situates us experientially in a dynamic, creative, and relational world characterized by connection, collaboration, and relation. As scholars, we will find forms of discovery, discussion, and dissemination that share these qualities. As teachers, we will model this world to our students and embody it in our classrooms and curricula.
... A holistic theoretical-methodological framework aiming to go beyond the dualism nature/society has been used in this comparative research (Stuart, 2016). Without necessarily abandoning categories altogether, nor choosing one paradigm specifically, this study has taken inspiration from both the socio-ecological systems resilient theory (Holling, 1973;Berkes et al., 2003;Walker and Salt, 2006), the Actor-Network Theory -ANT (Callon, 1986(Callon, , 2007Law, 1992;Latour, 1994Latour, , 2001Latour, , 2012 and the Common Pool Resources -CPR framework (Ostrom, 1990), focusing on the role of co-management in the sustainability of social-ecological systems. ...
Initiatives of artisanal fisheries co-management and the construction of differentiated markets for seafood
products have been emerging in different parts of the world, as an institutionalized way of coping with a global
fishery crisis. This paper analyses some institutionalization processes of artisanal mollusc fisheries, considering
the role of co-management in two Brazilian and Italian protected areas (Resex Pirajuba´e and Conero Regional
Park). Within a theoretical framework aiming at moving beyond the dualism between nature and society, the
methodology of multiple-case-study has been used to carry on research about mollusc artisanal fisheries comanagement
networks in their constitution and development. The paper analyses how these networks are
organised in the two contexts and the relations social actors have been developing for a sustainable fishery as a
possible way to influence and increase their capacity to address environmental crisis. In the artisanal mollusc
fishery co-management experiences, fishers’ participation may favour institutional innovations and the comanagement
networks stability may be generated by the institutions legitimacy. Furthermore, the case studies
offer complementary insights to better understand the linkage between artisanal fishery institutionalization
processes, common natural resources co-management and value aggregation for traditional seafood. Artisanal
mollusc fishery co-management experiences should be stimulated and investigated since they can help in
diagnosing early climate and environmental changes in the oceans.
... La capacidad de adaptación al desastre de una comunidad es probablemente la fase más compleja de lograr dentro del ciclo de la resiliencia. Este ciclo indica que luego de la liberación de energía que genera un evento desastroso viene un periodo de emergencia durante el cual la comunidad recurre a los recursos disponibles para subsistir mientras llega la ayuda institucional (Walker & Salt, 2006). Varios estudios indican que estos recursos son esencialmente de origen natural (ej.: Brüning- González et al. 2023); en consecuencia, la dimensión ecológica de la resiliencia juega un papel fundamental para la adaptación post desastre. ...
Chilean coastal cities grow and expand rapidly due to the development of real estate projects that replace natural systems with urbanized land. This change probably decreases post-disaster adaptation, and negatively affects the ecological dimension of resilience. The objective is to characterize the resilience capacity of Chilean cities exposed to tsunami, from the point of view of the ecological dimension. The socio-spatial analysis of land use, urbanization and population of 10 representative cities of the 53 exposed to tsunami, indicated that the urban occupation of the mountain range varies the availability and diversity of landscapes for adaptation in case of tsunami. However, these landscapes vary more noticeably latitudinally. The challenges and possibilities of including these landscapes in city planning are discussed in the context of the new DRR regulatory framework in Chile, broadening its perspective towards adaptation to disasters. Keywords: Coastal cities, tsunami, urban resilience, adaptation, Chile
Ciudades de la costa chilena crecen y se expanden rápidamente debido al desarrollo de proyectos inmobiliarios que reemplazan sistemas naturales por suelo urbanizado. Este cambio probablemente afecta negativamente la dimensión ecológica de la resiliencia, disminuyendo la adaptación post desastre. El objetivo es caracterizar la capacidad de resiliencia ante tsunami de ciudades chilenas del punto de vista de la dimensión ecológica. El análisis socioespacial de usos de suelo, urbanización y población de 10 ciudades representativas de las 53 expuestas a tsunami, indicó que la ocupación urbana del cordón montañoso varía la disponibilidad y diversidad de los paisajes para la adaptación en caso de tsunami. Sin embargo, estos paisajes varían mas notoriamente en forma latitudinal. Los retos y posibilidades de incluir estos paisajes en la planificación de las ciudades se discuten en el contexto del nuevo marco regulatorio en RRD de Chile, ampliando su mirada hacia la adaptación frente al desastre. Palabras clave: Ciudades costeras, tsunami, resiliencia comunitaria, adaptación, Chile.
... The increasing scientific interest in the interaction between ecological and societal processes from a system perspective has led to a focus on new issues. For example, resilience research has highlighted how many separate small changes together can make an entire system sensitive even to an isolated moderate shock (for an overall presentation of the resilience concept, see Walker & Salt 2006;Folke et al. 2010). In the worst case, the shock can cause the whole system to change character and get stuck in a new dynamic, which may not be as favourable to humans. ...
Taking the once seemingly constant yet constantly moving Arctic sea ice as inspiration, this article reflects on how individuals and societies can navigate the ruptures in our expectations about a predictable future caused by climate change. With insights from scientific assessments of adaptation and resilience in the Arctic, it describes various facets of a resource landscape for addressing the challenges brought by the new reality of a warmer and more unpredictable world. In focus is the central role of people, including their learning processes and ability to cooperate. It furthermore emphasizes that futures and values are the outcome of social processes, not predetermined, and thus in the hands of those who engage in shaping them.
... El reto es que la biorregión tienda a la resiliencia como socioecosistema, buscando el equilibrio territorial desde una organización policéntrica y modular; es decir, desde sistemas a partir de módulos o estructuras conectadas, pero no superpuestas. Cada uno de estos módulos se debe concebir como una entidad flexible y capaz de adaptarse a las condiciones externas, sin que las perturbaciones arrastren al conjunto del ecosistema (Walker & Salt, 2006). Las transformaciones a pequeña escala son más manejables, se favorecen de la resiliencia de las múltiples escalas jerárquicas y pueden beneficiarse de la experiencia y conocimiento adquiridos en crisis para avanzar hacia transiciones socioecológicas (Folke et al., 2010). ...
The present Tribune reflects on the effects of the alteration of ecosystems and biodiversity on the increase of related health and environmental problems, as evidenced by the global crisis caused by covid-19. The generalization of densely populated and increasingly expanding urban models has led to environmental pollution and an increased risk of disease and flooding. Similarly, the industrialization of the food chain has favored the appearance of diseases such as diabetes and pathogens that cause infectious diseases. With globalization, the latter has been rapidly transmitted from rural areas to urban populations , allowing rapid expansion. Consequently, there is a call for a redefinition of the countryside-city relationship from a bioregional perspective and from a socio-ecological approach to maintain and restore the ecological support structure. This could strengthen territorial resilience through a modular, flexible, and polycentric configuration.
... The plant and animal species that characterize ecosystems adapt to specific ranges of disturbances, such as fires, floods, landslides, and droughts. Disturbances of uncharacteristic size, intensity, magnitude and frequency can transition ecosystems across thresholds into other states of organization which have a completely different set of biotic and abiotic relationships (Walker and Salt 2006). Changes to ecological system function and components directly impact the cultural practices, relationships, and processes that were formed over millennia and generations, to novel and potentially maladaptive configurations not fully represented in the past. ...
... Put more simply, resilience is the ability to cope with shocks and keep functioning in much the same kind of way ' (2012, p. 3). The key tenets of resilience are, thus, self-organisation, reflexive governance and local knowledge (Walker and Salt 2006). Here, policy solutions emerge serendipitously from the bottom-up, rather than being imposed from the top-down. ...
Over the last decade or so, resilience has allegedly become one of the leading policy paradigms. However, it is astonishing how little reference the UK government made to resilience thinking in its policy response to Covid-19. While resilience discourse has figured prominently in many policy areas in the UK, there is a complete absence of the resilience discourse in the official policy programme during the pandemic. This article shows how UK government policy shifted from a biopolitical resilience approach centred on herd immunity during the early stages of the pandemic to a classic liberal policy framework once the scale of the problem became apparent. It is only once the vaccination programme—a traditional, state-led public health intervention—was successful that personal responsibility and herd immunity resurfaced on the government agenda. This policy shift away from—and then back to—biopolitics betrays a strategic use of resilience. Resilience only really seems to develop policy traction in low-risk situations of little public relevance. When key national issues are at stake, resilience is easily abandoned in favour of traditional public policy approaches. Once these have been successful, resilience discourse re-emerges as a low-cost, biopolitical mode of governing.
... By resilience we mean the ability of a socialecological system to absorb disturbance while retaining function and provision of ecosystem services (Holling, 1973;Folke et al., 2004;Gunderson et al., 2015). It is dependent on characteristics of the ecosystems (Levin and Lubchenco, 2008;Palumbi et al., 2008) as well as the adaptive capacity of the social component, shown in how resource users anticipate, respond to, and recover from change (Adger and Vincent, 2005;Smit and Wandel, 2006;Walker and Salt, 2006;Ostrom, 2009;Cinner et al., 2012). Adaptive capacity describes the ability of human communities to influence their own resilience and the resilience of the ecosystem on which they depend Nelson et al., 2007;Defeo et al., 2016). ...
Coastal ecosystems and human communities are threatened worldwide by climate change, and shocks from social, market and political change. There is an urgent global need to promote resilient food production and livelihoods in the face of these shocks. Small-scale fisheries (SSF) in rural settings can be particularly vulnerable as they frequently lack the resources, rights and infrastructure to respond to shocks originating outside the focal systems. We examined ecological and social outcomes of environmental extremes in a SSF socio-ecological system (SES) by using long-term oceanographic (between 2010-2019) and ecological (2006-2018) data tracking change in a kelp forest ecosystem of Baja California, Mexico, and concurrent documentation of proactive and reactive actions of a fishing community organized in a cooperative. Results indicate a complex landscape of ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ among species and fisheries exposed to unprecedented environmental extremes, including marine heat waves and prolonged hypoxia, and a suite of adaptive actions by the local fishing cooperative, and others in the region, that have helped confront these rapid and drastic changes. Cooperatives have established voluntary marine reserves to promote recovery of affected populations and have invested in diversification of activities enabled by access rights, collective decision-making, and participatory science programs. Results indicate that local actions can support social and ecological resilience in the face of shocks, and that enabling locally-driven adaptation pathways is critical to resilience. This case study highlights the crucial importance of strengthening and supporting rights, governance, capacity, flexibility, learning, and agency for coastal communities to respond to change and sustain their livelihoods and ecosystems in the long run.
... Furthermore, the core of resilience is found in the ability of entities and systems to absorb, adapt to, and transform in response to ongoing changes (Béné et al., 2012;Roberts, 2023). The increased focus on resilience thinking should be seen as a response to the challenges of operating, conducting business, or governance in an increasingly complex world (Walker & Salt, 2012;Roberts, 2023). The drivers of resilience represent the dynamic capabilities that enable entities and systems to deal with change by absorbing, adapting to, and transforming in the face of threats or hazards (Roberts, 2023). ...
Generative artificial intelligence has created a moment in history where human beings have begin to closely interact with artificial intelligence (AI) tools, putting policymakers in a position to restrict or legislate such tools. One particular example of such a tool is ChatGPT which is the first and world's most popular multipurpose generative AI tool. This study aims to put forward a policy-making framework of generative artificial intelligence based on the risk, reward, and resilience framework. A systematic search was conducted, by using carefully chosen keywords, excluding non-English content, conference articles, book chapters, and editorials. Published research were filtered based on their relevance to ChatGPT ethics, yielding a total of 41 articles. Key elements surrounding ChatGPT concerns and motivations were systematically deduced and classified under the risk, reward, and resilience categories to serve as ingredients for the proposed decision-making framework. The decision-making process and rules were developed as a primer to help policymakers navigate decision-making conundrums. Then, the framework was practically tailored towards some of the concerns surrounding ChatGPT in the context of higher education. In the case of the interconnection between risk and reward, the findings show that providing students with access to ChatGPT presents an opportunity for increased efficiency in tasks such as text summarization and workload reduction. However, this exposes them to risks such as plagiarism and cheating. Similarly, pursuing certain opportunities such as accessing vast amounts of information, can lead to rewards, but it also introduces risks like misinformation and copyright issues. Likewise, focusing on specific capabilities of ChatGPT, such as developing tools to detect plagiarism and misinformation, may enhance resilience in some areas ( e.g ., academic integrity). However, it may also create vulnerabilities in other domains, such as the digital divide, educational equity, and job losses. Furthermore, the finding indicates second-order effects of legislation regarding ChatGPT which have implications both positively and negatively. One potential effect is a decrease in rewards due to the limitations imposed by the legislation, which may hinder individuals from fully capitalizing on the opportunities provided by ChatGPT. Hence, the risk, reward, and resilience framework provides a comprehensive and flexible decision-making model that allows policymakers and in this use case, higher education institutions to navigate the complexities and trade-offs associated with ChatGPT, which have theoretical and practical implications for the future.
... Resilience is thus the ability to adapt or acclimatise with the situation or environment, and the ability to recover and come back strongly from any mishaps or difficult situations. In economic perspective, it is refers to an economy that has the ability to face, withstand, endure, survive, and recover from economic turbulences or shocks (Walker, Salt & Reid, 2012), for example turbulences due to financial crises, natural disasters, or the like of COVID-19 pandemic situation that the world faced recently. ...
Malaysia's National Defence Policy is promulgated with the main objectives of protecting and defending national interest, which is to safeguard the sovereignty, territorial integrity and economic prosperity of the nation. The fundamentals of Malaysia's defence revolve in self-reliance, regional cooperation and foreign aid. In relation to this, harnessing National Defence Industry (NDI) is an important agenda of the nation. The defence industry that served the defence sector creates spill-over effects to the economy through various channels, that potentially can benefit the society. For instance, defence industry helps in boosting job creations that brought more people to the place to work that eventually create new business opportunities to Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs). A well-developed NDI is an enabler to economic prosperity and a sustainable economic development of a nation. The aim of the study is to determine the position of Malaysia's Defence Industry compared to other developing nation, discuss on the vital roles of NDI and finally to suggest policy recommendations in harnessing NDI towards resilience and sustainable economy. Comparatively, Malaysia's defence industry advancement and development is far behind the ASEAN members. Furthermore, it is observed that the level of Malaysia preparedness towards NDI self-reliance is still infant. Presently, Malaysia's technological expertise in this field is still scarce and limited. Therefore, to build a sustainable and resilience NDI, Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) needs to take a strong stance in enhancing NDI, and it is very important for the government to take up in the decision making. This is vital for the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) to reduce dependency to those imported armaments and technology, which are costly, and are severely expose to inflation and volatile currency exchange. To develop and uplift Malaysia's NDI, the development of a new ecosystem is essential. The utilization of local resources and capabilities may boost the industry potential to be more competitive and sustainable. Malaysia's NDI still at early stage of development that required a strong government's assistance. Policy recommendations proposed in this study are financial supports for the infant industry, good governance in monitoring NDI, focused education for the creation of NDI work force, and finally strategic collaborative efforts with credible stakeholders nationally or internationally. A new dynamic proposed NDI ecosystem is expected to uplift Malaysia's defence industry towards a resilience and a sustainable growth.
... These changes reflect general problems in modern landscape management: that the pursuit of efficiency and stability limits the response to changes, and excludes redundancies and multiple uses [46]. Thus, we see that reliance on engineering measures replaces traditional local adaptive experiences, and simplified land uses of recreation and ecological restoration do not provide for the inclusion of local communities and agricultural activities. ...
As interest has increased in green infrastructure and nature-based solutions, traditional approaches to managing landscapes have emerged as providing useful models for sustainable water and land management. From local gazetteers, archives, oral histories, maps, and satellite images, we documented the historical landscapes of ponds and wetlands back to the 17th century in the historic city of Huaiyang on the lower Yellow River floodplain. Like neighboring cities, Huaiyang was protected by a ring levee. As the floodplain rapidly aggraded, cities within the levee became topographically lower than the surrounding landscape. In this context, ponds and wetlands were essential for flood and storm water retention in the low-lying city. These seasonal waterbodies alternated between drying and wetting, providing a dynamic and diverse background for native habitats and human uses. CORONA satellite images ca. 1960s show ponds and wetlands shrinking in the dry season to 35.6% of their wet season extent, while the farmed area expanded 5.3 times. The multiple uses of wetlands included dry-season farming, harvesting wetland plants, and fishing, each use adapted to the localized topographic and hydrologic conditions of the wetlands. The late 20th century saw massive transformations for modern agriculture and urbanization. Understanding the historical evolution of this landscape can provide inspiration for developing green infrastructure and resilient designs that preserve cultural diversity and sustainably manage water in an urbanizing landscape.
... From a representative perspective, resilience generally pertains to the ability to "deal with change" by adapting to shocks and stresses [14]. The concept of resilience originated in the scientific realm during the mid-nineteenth century, as described by Alexander in 2013 [15], referring to the capacity of a material to withstand forces without incurring permanent deformation. ...
For the past 70 years, the number of people living in cities around the world has massively grown, almost six times, from 751 million in 1950 to 4.2 billion in 2018. This growth will continue, with predictions saying that by 2050, about 6.7 billion people will be living in cities. To handle this growth well, there is a need for effective city management that can find a balance between what different people want and need. Understanding how to make our cities resilient, or able to bounce back from challenges, is a big part of this. The idea of resilience is about making sure cities can keep working well and that everyone living there, especially people who are often left out or at risk, can thrive. This is where the Urban Resilience framework plays a crucial role. It looks at the problems and challenges a city faces, how different parts of the city system interact, and how we can learn from what’s happening and then plan for the same. Resilience planning plays a crucial role in identifying and implementing effective processes and solutions. This study aims to provide an overview of various urban resilience frameworks and their practical applications in addressing urban vulnerability and promoting sustainability. By examining these frameworks, an attempt has been made to seek insights into effective strategies for building resilient cities and fostering inclusive, socially just, and sustainable urban environments.
... Accelerated climate change challenges species to adapt to extreme environmental conditions and dynamic landscape structures and ecosystems to increase their resilience [61]. Strongly connected areas and habitats are more resilient to climate change because important ecological processes for ecosystem stability are more likely to occur there [142]. The bay's southern zone has the highest connectivity potential and requires management and protection. ...
In the seascape, species migrate between ecosystems to complete their life cycles, and such ontogenetic migrationscreate functional connections between ecosystems. Nevertheless, the scarcity of information on patch distribution,species life history and ecology limits its application in Marine Protected Areas (MPA) management. We use a potentialconnectivity network approach to analyze how Haemulon flavolineatum might move through a complex and diverseseascape by simulating part of its life cycle migrations among three ecosystems (reef, mangrove, and seagrass)in the MPA of Bahía Portete‑Kaurrele (BPK), Colombia. We used available ecosystem cover maps to conduct habitatfragmentation analyses and evaluate structural connectivity in BPK using eight indices that describe ecosystempatches and how they are related. With published information on the H. flavolineatum home range and its ontoge‑netic migration distances, we estimated the potential functional connectivity (CONNECT and migration distances)between ecosystems by building bipartite graphs. The benthic habitat configuration of the BPK could allow Hae-mulon flavolineatum to complete at least two stages of its life cycle (stage 5 mangroves to reefs being more likelythan stage 4 seagrass to mangroves). Ontogenetic migrations is possible since, patches of different ecosystems werehighly intermixed (76%) rather than grouped (58%); reefs showed higher values of structural indices (patch area,largest patch, shape complexity, functional links) than mangrove (shortest distance to the nearest neighbor) and sea‑grass (representativeness); and juveniles migrate from mangroves to reef patches along the bay, but they could beisolated by distance when moving from particular seagrass to mangrove patches. Our methodological approach,which integrates ecological information (evidence‑based ranges of species migration distances between habitatpatches) and the seascape (spatial configuration of habitat patches and fragmentation) is novel for a marine fish spe‑cies with ontogenetic migration to search for the likelihood of completing its life cycle stages. We discuss the needfor ecological information on French grunts and the need to validate future models and scenarios.
... the ecological resilience theory (angeler, 2021;holling, 1973;Walker & Salt, 2012) and the food insecurity coping strategy framework (Maxwell, 1996;Maxwell et al., 2008) undergird this study. While the ecological resilience theory helps explain farmers' ability to protect the fragile ecology on which their food security depends, the coping strategy framework serves as a foundation for understanding how farmers have often adjusted to food insecurity in the study area. ...
This paper investigates the effects of locally enacted bylaws governing Autonomous Resilient Practices (ARP) on the food security of a sample of 700 smallholder farmers in Ghana’s Upper West Region. The research is grounded in the context of the Green Revolution’s inability to address food insecurity for large populations in Africa. The sequential mixed methods design employed in the study first identified eight prevalent coping strategies for food insecurity among farmers. A pairwise matrix ranking method was used for this task. Subsequently, Poisson regression models were employed to assess how often farmers resorted to these coping strategies when bylaws aimed at protecting the local ecology were enforced. The results reveal highly significant and inverse relationships between increased frequency of implementing local bylaws on ARP and farmers’ frequency of resorting to the eight identified coping strategies for food security. The results underscore the significance of grassroots-level solutions to the shortcomings of the current food system, which produces surplus food but fails to adequately nourish a substantial proportion of the global population
Hamburg will only achieve the transformation to blue–green urban water management if all urban development processes consequently address the changing requirements of urban water management right from the very beginning. In order to achieve this, water management, open space, urban development, transport planning and other relevant fields must collaborate from the start.1 The exchange of urban stakeholders must be supported by good public communication and public participation. In Hamburg, integrated storm water management is seen as a collaborative local task for these groups. In this respect, HAMBURG WASSER and the Authority for the Environment, Climate, Energy and Agriculture (BUKEA) are implementing the RISA Structure Plan 20302 concepts and solutions for a sustainable management of storm water in Hamburg within the framework of the RainwaterInfraStrutureAdaptation (RISA) since 2015. The goal is to bundle resources across institutions, to develop unconventional approaches to new challenges in stormwater management, and to implement and realise them.
The following examples show components for urban water management of the future. They are based on lessons learned from projects that have been realised so far, as well as on the need to increase the resilience of urban water management. That means, on the one hand, preserving and precautionary strategies are needed to ensure the robustness of urban water management by qualifying the existing central drainage and purification systems.
On the other hand, buffering strategies are also necessary that allow urban water management to become more flexible by integrating modular, redundant and decentralised elements. Furthermore, rapid transformation in the sense of resilience is only possible if creative solutions can be accomplished with a high level of innovation and cooperation.
The present study aims to empirically explore the resilience of the Cretan wine tourism system to climate change, i.e., the system’s ability to respond, together and effectively (Walker & Salt, 2006) and also develop the industry in a sustainable manner (Holladay & Powel, 2013). Building on previous qualitative work (Alebaki & Ioannides, 2017; Germanier & Moricciani, 2023), this paper examines the perceptions of various wine tourism stakeholders regarding: (1) the current state of wine tourism development on the island; (2) the main challenges of climate change to the Cretan wine tourism sector; and (3) the effectiveness of the existing resilience strategies. In order to address these objectives, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with participants chosen with the use of snowball sampling method. Between December 2023 and May 2024, a semi-structured guide was used to gather data from representatives of the wine and tourism industry; scientific experts; and members of the regional governance. Thematic Analysis was employed to identify key themes in interviewees’ responses and desk-based research combined with participatory observation assisted in sketching the profile of the Cretan wine tourism industry.
The city represents a complex adaptive system consisting of a set of interconnected subsystems within self-organization and flexible structures that give it the ability to adapt to continue operating over time. This research discusses the adaptive flexibility of the complex urban system by measuring the degree of complexity and adaptation of secondary systems within the general system depending on its kinetic and visual system, making it self-organized and within a coherent and harmonious unit. Thus, the research problem arises from “the lack of knowledge on how to determine the appropriate degree of complexity and adaptation for urban systems, providing them with adaptive flexibility that allows them to maintain their energy and ensure their survival and continuity over time”. This research aims to determine the adaptive flexibility of the complex urban system, which keeps it self-organized and able to survive depending on its kinetic and visual system that links the secondary systems of the general system based on the degree of complexity and adaptation ideal. The research adopted quantitative analysis, which includes calculating the adaptive dimensions of the complex system based on the kinetic and visual system, as well as the nodes connecting the parts of the secondary system, in addition to determining both the area and the perimeter of the study area. The historic Karkh area in Baghdad was selected for implementation because it includes a model of the complex system that originated and developed within different time stages. The system’s adaptive flexibility was calculated to determine its ability to survive and continue. This research found that it is possible to determine the strength of the urban format and its ability to survive or not, as well as the possibility of developing it, by understanding the ideal degree of adaptive flexibility for the format. This ideal degree is 1, achieved through visual and kinetic coherence among the nodes that make up the parts of the format. The farther the format is from this degree, the less adaptive flexibility it has, which affects its ability to survive and continue. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the strength of the interconnections between the parts of the kinetic and visual system and between the parts of the complex format, which directly affects its ability to self-regulate and survive.
Expectations are high for digital technologies to address sustainability related challenges. While research into such applications and the twin transformation is growing rapidly, insights in the actual daily practices of digital sustainability within organizations is lacking. This is problematic as the contributions of digital tools to sustainability goals gain shape in organizational practices. To bridge this gap, we develop a theoretical perspective on digital sustainability practices based on practice theory, with an emphasis on the concept of sociomateriality. We argue that connecting meanings related to sustainability with digital technologies is essential to establish beneficial practices. Next, we contend that the meaning of sustainability is context-specific, which calls for a local meaning making process. Based on our theoretical exploration we develop an empirical research agenda.
This special thematic issue focusses on Community Resilience in Ancient Egypt. Although the subject of resilience has only re-entered the disciplines of the archaeology and history of Northeastern Africa and Western Asia in recent years, its aspects have been explored for several decades via the concept of collapse. This dossier pushes past collapse to consider the changing continuities of communities across different periods of Egypt’s history. Bringing together diverse perspectives from climate change to communities of practice, it aims to spur further discussions and research into the various strategies of adaptation and resilience initiated and experienced by communities of Egypt’s past.
Las ciudades costeras enfrentan desafíos cada vez mayores debido al cambio climático, que incluye el aumento del nivel del mar, la mayor frecuencia de huracanes y lluvias torrenciales, así como presiones de migración mundial que conducen a un aumento en la densidad poblacional. Estos factores han aumentado la vulnerabilidad de las comunidades que residen en áreas bajas de las ciudades a los desastres naturales, especialmente las inundaciones.Este proyecto de investigación busca desarrollar costas más adaptables y flexibles a estos desafíos, transformando el concepto de 'resiliencia' en una herramienta aplicable en el diseño urbano. A través de una revisión de literatura, se elaboró un marco analítico aplicado a estudios de casos que permitieron reconocer un conjunto de herramientas o principios que definen la noción de resiliencia. Estas herramientas fueron probadas en un sitio de exploración (Thamesmead de Londres) para desarrollar una propuesta de diseño resiliente a través de cinco intervenciones clave. Los hallazgos de esta investigación proporcionan una perspectiva sobre la aplicabilidad del concepto de 'resiliencia' en el diseño urbano, destacando la importancia de desarrollar estrategias adaptables y flexibles para abordar los desafíos futuros.
Applying livelihood resilience thinking in the research of rural tourism destinations is a new perspective on sustainable tourism. Despite conducting studies in the field, a comprehensive review and analysis of this entire field is limited and a comprehensive knowledge map has not been done. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the knowledge map of livelihood resilience of rural tourism destinations, based on the review of 886 documents including books, articles, etc.; also, map analysis in this area is a topic in Iran-related research based on the review of 15 article-type documents taken from the Scopus database. By searching the keyword "livelihood resilience of rural tourism destinations" from 2003 to July 2023 and then by adding the word Iran, this search was carried out from 2016 to July 2023 for research related to Iran, to analyze the science. Analysis of co-citation of previous studies, coauthorship, and co-occurrence of keywords in VOSviewer software. The findings showed that authors such as Yiling, Ying and Jay have published the highest scientific documents in the world and Azadi and Savari in connection with Iran. The co-occurrence analysis of the words, at the global level and also in relation to Iran, for each of them revealed four research clusters in the livelihood resilience studies of rural tourism destinations, whose core keywords include tourism, resilience, livelihood, tourism destination, sustainability, tourism development, ecotourism and sustainable development. This comprehensive and systematic study is a valuable reference for future research.
Nüfusun, ekonomi ve altyapı faaliyetlerinin kentlerde yoğunlaşması, kentsel kaynakların aşırı tüketimi, düzensiz planlama, yetersiz altyapı, verimsiz hizmetler ile artan kentleşme giderek kentleri bir dizi şok ve stres karşısında daha savunmasız hale getiriyor. Bu nedenle, kent yönetimleri, kent halkının ve kentsel sistemlerin gelecekteki savunmasızlığını azaltma, bir dizi şok ve stresi hafifletme, bunlara hazırlıklı olma ve uygun kaynaklar ile kapasite geliştirme amaçlı faaliyetler ve politikalar geliştirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, kentlerde yaşayan nüfusun artışı ile birlikte kentlerin riskler karşısında dirençliliğini anlatan bir kavram olarak “kentsel dirençlilik” son dönem literatürde ve uluslararası alanda sıkça kullanılmaya başlandı Ancak, “kentsel dirençlilik” kavramının anlamı üzerinde net bir uzlaşı söz konusu değildir. Kentlerin karmaşık sistemler olarak kabulü, dirençlilik kavramının kent ile birlikte kullanımında farklı boyutları ele almayı zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kentsel dirençliliğe açıklık getirmek ve kavramın içeriğini anlamayı mümkün kılacak şekilde kentsel dirençliliğin farklı boyutlarını tespit etmektir. Çalışmada, literatür ve uluslararası politika alanları incelenerek kentsel dirençlilik için 7 alt boyut tespit edilmiş ve söz konusu boyutlar kentsel dirençlilikle ilişkili olarak anlamlandırılmıştır.
The process of urban development has intensified in recent decades, and adaptation of the built
environment and critical infrastructures are needed to increase their resilience. Some of the most
important of these elements are transportation infrastructures, which is particularly important to
address the resilience of these infrastructures as a strategic approach. Therefore, in this research, the
resilience of the transportation infrastructures of two (region 9), four (6) and five (region 1)
neighborhoods of Tehran metropolis were explained. For this purpose, 6 indicators of population
density, texture of localities, design pattern of localities, Placement on the fault, enclosure, width of
passage using network analysis method (ANP) in order to evaluate the resilience of transportation
infrastructure the locations were weighted and classified. The results of this research showed that the
resilience of transportation infrastructure in Kashank neighborhood got the highest score (4.89) and
South Mehrabad neighborhood got the lowest score (2.92) in the total of indicators, which indicates
better desirability and resilience. The transportation infrastructure of Kashank neighborhood is better
compared to other neighborhoods, and in contrast, it is necessary to pay more attention to the
transportation infrastructure of South Mehrabad neighborhood and empower them.
افزایش دانش و مهارت در برابر مخاطرات توسط سازمان های مدیریت بحران و ارتقای توانایی در راستای توسعه راهبردهای کاهش آن ویژگی مهم یک شهر تابآور است که لازمه آن آمادگی و آموزش همهجانبه است. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر واسنجی جایگاه سازمان های مدیریت بحران در افزایش تابآوری شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر زابل) است. این پژوهش بر اساس روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی و بر حسب هدف کاربردی است و همچنین روش جمع آوری داده ها و اطلاعات با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه ای و میدانی است. در این پژوهش ابتدا با توجه به جایگاه سازمان های مدیریت بحران همچنین بررسی مطالعات و تحقیقات پیشین 5 بعد (اقتصادی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی، کالبدی- ساختاری، مدیریتی و زیستمحیطی) بهعنوان ابعاد تابآوری شهری در مقابل مخاطرات تعریف شد و سپس متناظر با هر یک از ابعاد شاخص هایی در نظر گرفته شده و سپس با استفاده از نرمافزارهای SPSS، Expert Choice و مدل Fuzzy VIKOR به تحلیل آن ها پرداخته شده است. نتایج ضریب همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد که بین تمامی گویههای تابآوری و سازمانهای مدیریت بحران شهر زابل رابطه مثبت و معنیداری در سطح اطمینان ۹۹ درصد وجود دارد. یافتههای حاصل از تعیین وزن ابعاد با استفاده نرمافزار (Expert Choice) نشان داد، بعد اجتماعی و فرهنگی با وزن بهدست آمده ۳۴۵/۰ بالاترین رتبه را به خود اختصاص داده است. در نهایت نتایج مدل وایکور فازی نشان داد، شهرداری بیشترین تأثیر را در افزایش تابآوری شهر زابل در بین سازمانهای مدیریت بحران به خود اختصاص داده است.
روند توسعه شهری در طی دهههای اخیر بسیار شدت یافته و انطباق محیط ساختهشده و زیرساختهای حیاتی برای افزایش تابآوری آنها موردنیاز است. یکی از مهمترین این عناصر، زیرساختهای حملونقل هستند که پرداختن به تابآوری این زیرساختها بهعنوان رویکردی راهبردی از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است. ازاینرو، در این پژوهش به تبیین تابآوری زیرساختهای حملونقل محلات نواحی دو (منطقه 9)، چهار (منطقه 6) و پنج (منطقه 1) کلانشهر تهران پرداخته شد. به این منظور 6 شاخص تراکم جمعیتی، بافت محلات، الگو طراحی محلات، قرارگیری بر گسل، محصوریت، عرض معبر با استفاده از روش تحلیل شبکهای (ANP) به جهت ارزیابی تابآوری زیرساختهای حملونقل محلات، وزن دهی و طبقهبندی شدند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که تابآوری زیرساختهای حملونقل محله کاشانک بیشترین امتیاز (89/4) و محله مهرآباد جنوبی کمترین امتیاز (92/2) را درمجموع بررسی شاخصها کسب کردند که این موضوع نشانگر مطلوبیت بهتر و تابآورتر بودن زیرساختهای حملونقل محله کاشانک نسبت به بقیه محلات و در مقابل لزوم توجه بیشتر بر زیرساختهای حملونقل محله مهرآباد جنوبی و توانمندسازی آنها است.
Pune is the second-largest city in the state of Maharashtra after Mumbai, and is an important city in terms of its economic and industrial growth. Over the years Pune Municipal Corporation area has grown in concentric rings. Future growth of PMC will be mainly governed by existing transport corridors, existing and future industrial developments in and around PMC and the expansion of central business district (CBD). The aim of the research is to analyze role of FSI in city sprawl supported with a case study of Pune City. The objectives of the research are- to assess existing and proposed policies/projects undertaken in Pune City for last two decades, to understand population growth trend and its distribution within and around the city, to analyze factors contributing to intensification and spatial distribution of population density, to examine the effects of increased population density on the existing infrastructure facilities in the urban settlements and lastly to propose strategies or proposals for the selected study area. The methodology adopted for the study initiates with assessing the data collected from secondary sources. The increase in population and built-up area attributed to various factors are studied using satellite images and GIS techniques. Population and built-up density can be linked up together to understand how the former growth affects the latter. The distribution and pattern of population density helps to provide useful information in provision of necessary service infrastructure. Finally, different approaches of accommodating the future population are studied and proposed in the study. Keywords Urban sprawl; Density; Spatial Distribution; Accessibility; Urban Growth
The global marine aquarium trade has created new local markets across the planet, including in Indonesia, now the second-largest exporting country of marine aquarium fish in the world. Participating in the global aquarium trade has been touted as a potentially sustainable addition to fisher livelihoods, but scant data exist showing the numbers of fish coming off the reef and how those fish contribute to income. To determine how participants in the trade incorporate aquarium species in their livelihoods, we examine source-level aquarium fish collecting and trading data in the Banggai Archipelago, a region in Central Sulawesi that has become a significant source for popular aquarium, also known as ornamental, fish species. Using a sustainable livelihoods lens, we examine this data to understand how participants in the aquarium trade both contribute to as well as benefit from the trade and consider how their participation relates to emerging Blue Justice principles. From one year of buying and selling data at the fisher, intermediary buyer, and regional trader levels, we show that catching and selling fish for the aquarium trade represents an average of nearly 20% of their gross annual income and provides added diversity and flexibility to fisher and trader livelihoods in the region, especially during seasons of rough weather. We suggest that managers of an impending marine protected area in the region would do well to consider how to sustain these livelihood benefits.
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