Observations on the Nesting Site and Biology of the Arizona Damp-Wood Termite Zootermopsis Laticeps (Banks) (Hodotermitidae)

Full text

OBSERVATIONS
ON
THE
NESTING
SITE
AND
BIOLOGY
OF
THE
ARIZONA
DAMP-WO’OD
TERMITE
ZOOTERMOPSIS
LATICEPS
(BANKS)
(HODOTERMITIDAE)
BY
W.
L.
NUTTING
Department
of
Entomo.logy,
University
of
Arizona
The
genus
Zootermopsis
includes
the
largest
termites
to.
be
found
in
the
United
States.
It
contains
but
three
species:
angusticollis,
the
common
damp-wood
(or
light-colored,
rotten-wood)
termite,
ranging
from
southern
British
Columbia
to
northern
Baja
California
and
most
abundant
in
the
more
humid
coastal
areas;
nevadensis,
the.
small
(or
dark-colored)
damp-wo,od
termite,
roughly
coextensive
with
the.
former
but
generally
preferring
cooler,
drier
areas,
and
extending
farther
inland
to
western
Montana;
and
laticeps,
the
Arizona
damp-
wood
termite,
recorded
from
southeastern
Arizona
and
s.outhwestern
New
Mexico
(Castle,
934).
Because
of
its
large
size
and
relatively
easy
availability
in
logs
and
stumps,
anyusticollis
has
become
moderate-
ly
well
known
and
has
proved
a
useful
laboratory
animal
in
a
wide
variety
of
studies
(Snyder,
956,
96).
T.o
a
lesser
extent
this.
is
true
for
nevadensis.
In
contrast,
no
new
biological
information
has
appeared
on
laticeps
since
the
early
contributions
by
Townsend
(893),
Banks
(9o.6)
and
Banks
and
Snyder
(92o).
Although
it
is
by
far
the
largest,
with
soldiers
6
to.
22
ram.
long
and
alates
25
to
30
ram.
over
all,
it
has
remained
the
least
known
of
the
three.
The
following
account
summarizes
the
data
on
27
collections
o.f
the
alates
o.f
this
spectacular
termite
made
by
various
members,
students
and
friends
of
the
Department
of
Entomo.logy
at
the
Uni-
versity
of
Arizona,
mainly
during
the
last
ten
years.
It
also
includes
information
gathered
on
four
colonies
which
were
19cared
by
the
author
after
several
years
of
sporadic
but
diligent
searching.
When
it
is
realized
that
this
termite
stages
its
flights
during
the
night
and
that
it
colonizes
living,
often
very
large,
trees,
its
rarity
becomes
more
understandable.
It
is
thus
not
likely
to
be.
taken
by
the
casual
collector
or
without
considerable
effort.
Distrib,
ution.
The
collections
of
alates,
made
under
lights
and
in
light
traps
(both
white
and
ultra
violet)
have
considerably
broadened
the
range
o
the
species
within
the
state
of
Arizona
Fig.
1Arizona
Agricultural
Experiment
Station
Journal,
Article
No.
967.
Manuscript
received
by
the
editor
February
19,
1965.

Psyche
[March
’
Desert
l::.!;::::.:1
Grosslond
///’/,10ok,
Pin.on-juniper
x,’l
Pine
forest
Figure
1.
Map
o
the
natural
vegetation
of
Arizo.na,
showing
distribution
of
Zootermolsis
laticeps:
open
circles,
previous
records;
solid
circles,
new
records.
).
Nineteen
new
localities
are
represented
between
Safford
and
the
Chiricahua
Mrs.
in
the
east
and
Sedona
and
the
Baboquivari
Mrs.
toward
the
center
of
the
state.
Except
for
Las
Cruces,
N.
Mex.,
all
previously
published
records
fall
within
this
area
(Table
).
Each
collection
has
been
made
in
the
vicinity
of
a
sizeable
watercourse-
in
canyons
such
as
Ramsey
in
the
Huachuca
M
ts.,
along
more
or
less
permanent
streams
as
Sonoita
Creek
near
Patagonia,
in
river
bottoms

1965]
Nu,tting
Zootermopsis
15
as
at
Hereford
or
in
heavily
irrigated
areas
as
in
the
Gila
Valley
at
Safford.
Although
the
altitudinal
distribution
ranges
from
15oo
feet
in
the
creosote
bush-
salt
brush
desert
around
Hor.ence
to
5500
eet
in
oak-
pine
woodland
along
Workman
Creek,
all
o.f
these’
situations
support
at
least
thin
stands
of
one.
or
more
large
trees
such
as
cotton-
woo.d,
sycamore,
ash,
walnut
and
alder.
Considering
the.
intensity
light-trapping
which
has
been
d.one
in
A,
rizona,
it
does
not
seem
likely
that
the
range
of
laticels
will
be
extended
much
farther
into
the
higher
plateaus
and
mountains
to
the
north
.or
into
the
lesser
ranges
and
desert
to
the
west.
However,
it
is.
highly
probable
that
it
might
be
found
in
the
northwestern
reaches
o.f
the
Rio
Grande,
at
least
above
and
below
Las
Cruces,
and
south
on
b.oth
slopes,
of
the
Sierra
Madre
Occidental
well
into
Sonora
and
Chihuahua.
Colonizing
Flights.
Lack
.of
complete
seasonal
series,
o.f
collections
lCrom
any
of
the
localities
in
Table
prevents
a
detailed
character-
ization
of
the
flight
schedule
,of
Z.
laticeIs.
Alates
appeared
in
a
laboratory
colony,
maintained
between
60
and
7oF,
during
the
first
three
weeks
of
June.
Obviously
it
may
be
expected
to,
fly
from
late
June
into
early
August
over
most
of
its
range
in
Arizona,
apparently
with
little
regard
for
small
differences
in
altitude.
The
records
from
Safford
and
Madera
Canyon
indicate
that
the
seaso.nal
flight
pattern
involves,small
groups
of
alates
taking
part
in
frequent,
perhaps
almost
daily,
flights
over
a
period
of
six
weeks
or
more.
Since,
the
highest
monthly
maximum
temperature
over
most
o.f
this
region
is
usually
reached
in
late
June
or
early
July,
and
prior
to
any
significant
amount
of
rain
(Sellers,
96o),
it
is
suggested
that
high
temperature,
may
provide
the
major
stimulus
for
initiating
the
flight
period
rather
than
the
advent
of
the
summer
rains.
Both
Werner
and
Burger
reported
that
no
rain
o.f
any
significance
had
fallen
prior
to
the
collections
they
had
made
in
Madera
Canyon
and
at
Workman
Creek
(Table
).
Light
and
Weesner
(948,
p.
55)
took
small
numbers
of
alates
between
and
4
A.M.
and
between
P.M.
and
2:45
A.M.
on
two.
successive
evenings
in
the
Huachuca
Mrs.
The.
complete,
absence
of
observations
on
any
of
the
27
flights
recorded
here,
plus
the
fact
that
most
collections
were
taken
in
light
traps,
further
testifies
to
the
fact
that
this
termite
does
indeed
fly
during
the
night.
The
night
at
Pefia
Blanca
(Table
might
be
cited
as
typical
of
most
of
the
light-
trapping
ventures.
The
trap
was
run
from
shortly
after
sunset
until
sunrise
and
rather
closely
tended
by
four
persons
till
midnight.
No
alates
of
any
species
of
termite
were
seen;
however,
one
alate
of
laticels
was
taken
from
the
trap
the
next
morning.
The
only
other
data
closely
associated
with
any
of
the
flights
are
the
temperature
and

II6
(C)
(C)
Psyche
[March

Nuttin
Zootermopsis
d
0 0
0
d

Psyche
[March
A
A’
A
foot
B
C
C
54’
to
groun
FIGURE

1965]
N,
utting
Zootermosis
19
relative
humidity
taken
that
evening
at
Pefia
Blanca
920
and
33
at
6:30
P.M.,
and
78F
and
44%
at
midnight,
following
a
typical
warm
day
with
showers
in
the
vicinity
during
late.
afternoon.
This
pattern
o.f
flight
behavior
is
considerably
more
restricted
than
the
evening
flights
of
Z.
angusticollis
which
have.
been
reported
during
every
month
of
the
year
(Castle,
19’34.)-
The
more
even
temperatures
in
the
coastal
regions
may
be
mo,
re
conducive
to.
a
longer
flight
pe.riod
than
the
seasonal
extremes
common
to.
the
desert
Southwest.
Nesting
site.
Colonies
have
previously
been
repo.rted
in
Fremont
cottonwood
(Populus
Fremontii
Wats.)
(Townsend,
1893
Emerson,
196o,
in
litt.),
alder
(probably
Alnus
oblongifolia
To,
rr.)
and
willow
(Salix
sp.)
(Banks
and
Snyder,
192o).
Cazier
(1962)
has.
mentioned
exposing
portions
.of
colonies
in
burls
on
living
sycamores
(Platanus
14zrightii
Wats.)
in
Cave
Creek
Canyon
between
Portal
and
the
Southwestern
Research
’Station.
Three
colonies
described
in
this
report
were
found
in
willo.w
(pro,bably
Salix
Gooddingii
Ball).
Velvet
ash
(Fraxin,
us
v,e’lutina
Torr.),
Arizona
walnut
[Juglans
major
(Torr.)
Heller]
and
perhaps
netleaf
hackberry
(Celtis
reticulata
Torr.)
would
also
appear
to
provide
suitable
nesting
sites
for
this
termite.
In
each
case
colonies
have
been
found
in
unhealthy
tree.s
or
in
those
which
have
contained
at
least
some
dead
portions.
The
impregnability
o.f
the
nesting
site.
is
dramatically
illustrated
by
the
first
colony
which
was
taken
in
a
large
Fremont
cottonwood,
on
the
flood
plain
IOO
yards
from
Sonoita
Creek
and
about
two.
miles
southwest
of
Patagonia.
Fortunately
the
tree
had
been
blown
down,
probably
within
six
months
or
so,
since
it
still
bore
many
dried
leaves.
It
measured
at
least
90
feet
high
and
6
feet
in
diameter
at
chest
height.
_A
few
large
nymphs
o,f
Z.
laticeps
were
first
discovered
in
a
burl
formed
around
the
base
of
a
broken
branch
on
o.ne
of
the
main
limbs.
This
limb,
at
the
trunk,
was
18
inches
in
diameter
4o
feet
above
the
ground
and had
been
broken
o.ff
at
23.5
feet,
apparently
some
years
before.
The
wet,
fibrous
bark
was
easily
stripped
off
and
the
limb
was
then
sawed
into
two-foot
lengths
starting
from
the
broken
tip.
It
was
later
sawed
into
shorter
lengths,
tracings
were
made
of
the
cross-sectional
cuts
(Fig.
2),
and
finally
each
section
was
carefully
split
and
the
entire
colony
removed.
The
colony
was
thus
Figure
2.
Longitudinal
section
shows
a
reconstruction
of
the
galleries
of
Zootermopsis
laticeps
in
a
cottonwood
limb
from
Patagonia,
Ariz.
The
actual
numbers
of
nymphs
(N)
and
soldiers
(S)
are
indicated
in
each
segment.
Cross
sections
represent
tracings
of
the
galleries
in
the
seven
cuts
AA
to
GG.

I2o
Psyche
[March
]?ound
to
occupy
the
terminal
six
eet
o.f
the
limb,
ending
approximate-
ly
54
feet
above
the
ground.
Figure
2
shows
the
extent
and
character
of
what
must
have
been
several
years’
work
by
this
well-established
and
vigo,rous
colony.
The
configuration
of
the
galleries
indicates
that
the
colony
had
originally
extended
farther
up
the
limb
and
probably
weakened
it
sufficiently
to
result
in
the
break
during
a
windstorm.
The
very
large
and
extensive
central
galleries
in
the
upper
half
of
the
colony
were
almost
completely
filled
with
hardened
masses
o,f
fecal
pellets,
while
the
same
situations
were
filled
approximately
5o
percent
to
within
8
inches
of
the
lower
end.
It
is
apparent
that
this
species
often
takes
advantage
of
the
softer
spring
wood
in
driving
new
galleries
(note
cross
sections
in
Fig.
2),
but
through
continued
working
these
concentrically
arranged
chambers
may
be
developed
into
cavities
three
or
fo.ur
inches,
in
diameter
and
much
more
in
length.
The
surface,
o,f
the
galleries
has
a
coarse,
velvety
finish,
characteristic
of
the
other
species,
of
Zooter-
mopsis.
Cottonwood
is
fairly
soft
and
light
but
very
fibrous
and
tough.
At
the
time
the
limb
was
cut,
it
was
so
wet
from
recent
winter
rains
that
water
was
squeezed
out
by
the.
wedges
used
in
splitting
the
sections.
Although
no
other
insects
had
penetrated
the
wood,
the
termites
had
followed
shrinkage,
cracks
in
several
places,
particularly
in
the
burls.
The
extremely
tough
and
contorted
grain
of
the
burls
seemed
to
be
especially
attractive.
Four
burls
in
the
limb
were
extensively
worked
and
.each
contained
tunnels,
to.
the
outside
which
were
plugged
with
fecal
material.
One
other
tunnel,
just
below
section
C-C
(Fig.
2)
was
driven
directly
to
the
outside..
These
openings
measured
about
3
X
5
to
6
mm.
and
were
presumably
used
as
exits
for
the
alates
and
perhaps
also
for
dumping
fecal
pellets.
It
is
interesting
to
note
that
the
galleries
of
Z.
anyusticollis
are.
pre-
dominantly
peripheral
in
logs
and
stumps
and
that
long,
slit-like
openings
are.
made
for
the
escape
o.f
the
alates
(Castle,
934).
Three
other
colonies
were
found
in
willo.ws
along
the.
bank
of
the
San
Pedro
River
at
Hereford.
The.
second
complete
col.ony
was
taken
from
a
living
tree
approximately
3o
feet
high
and
2
inches
in
diameter
at
the
base.
Individuals
o.f
this
colony
were
discovered
in
damp,
fermenting
wood
at
the
base
of
a
broken
branch
six
inches
in
diameter
and
four
feet
above
the
ground.
The
tree
was
felled
and
handled
in
the
same
way
as
the
limb
from
Patagonia.
As
shown
in
figure
3,
the
galleries
extended
about
two
feet
below
the
.crotch
of
the
snag
in
a
pattern
similar
to
that
in
the
cottonwood
limb.
Some
large
cerambycid
larvae
had
attacked
this
region
prior
to
the.
termites,
for
the
latter
had
driven
galleries
through
the
damp
and
firmly
packed

1965"]
N,
utting
Zootermolsis
121
TaLE
2.
Composition
of
two
colonies
of
Zootermolsis
laticeps.
NYMPHS
SOLDIERS
Patagonia,
Arizona;
March,
1963
no
wing
pads
pre-alates
small
pads
pigmented
unpigmented
10-13
mm.
10-12
mm.
7-10
mm.
4-7
mm.
ca.
mm.
552
200
162
103 103
22
Heretord,
Arizona;
November,
1963
no
wing
pads
10-13
mm.
7-10
mm.
5-7
mm.
4-5
mm.
ca.
mm.
232
200 431
155
40
26
detritus
in
the
larval
burrows..
The
willow
had
also
been
invaded,
apparently
at
the
base
of
the
broken
branch,
by
a
bracket-ungus
[Fomes
igniarius
(L.
ex.
Ft.)
Kickx.,
kindly
identified
by
Paul
D.
Keener
o.f
the
Dept.
o.f
Plant
Pathology].
The
termites
had
restricted
their
galleries
entirely
to
the
column
of
softer,
fungus-infected
wood
extending
below
into
the
base
of
the
tree.
It
is
probable
that
the
cottonwood
limb
from
Patagonia
had
been
completely
invaded
by
such
a
fungus
but
that
the
lack
o.f
contrast
with
any
uninfected
wood
caused
this
point
to
go
unnoticed.
Unidentified
Basidiomycetes
and
several
other
fungi
have
been
isolated
from
colonies
of
Z.
angusticollis
and
later
experiments
indicated
that
ungi
play
an
essential
ro.le
in
its
natural
diet
(Hendee,
I933,
I935).
Only
one.
obvious
tunnel
to
the
outside
was
found
one
foot
below
the
crotch,
its
opening
(sealed)
in
a
deep
furrow
of
the
bark.
A
third
colony
was
also
located,
but
not
taken,
at
Hereford
in
a
medium-sized,
three-trunked
willow.
Superficial
galleries,
containing
a
few
large
nymphs,
were
exposed
by
chopping
into
the
partly
healed
stub
of
a
branch
three
inches
in
diameter
and
three
feet
above
the
ground.
The
utility
of
a
trail-laying
mechanism
(repo.rted
in
Z.
nevadensis:
Stuart,
96)
may
be
envisioned
in
the
existence
o.f
a
colony
inhabiting
galleries
as
extensive
and
complex
as
those
described
above.
Founding
o[
the
colony.
A
single
incipient
colony
was
ound
in
the
stub
o
a
broken
branch
three
inches
in
diameter
and
six
eet
from
the
ground
on
another
small
willow
at
Hereford.
The
de-alated
king
and
queen
had
carved
out
a
cell
approximately
5;
(
IO
X
25;
ram.
in
the
sap-soaked,
splintered
wood
at
the
base.
of
the
branch.
The
pair
had
probably
flown
between
late
June
and
early
August,
1963,
and
by
this
date
(Oct.
26)
had
produced
a
single
nymph,
three,
ram.
long.
This
colony
was
maintained
in
a
room
varying
between
55
and
7oF
and
six
eggs
were
produced
during
early
March,
1964,
when
obser-
vations
had
to
be
discontinued.

I2:Z
Psyche
[March
fungus
A
A
B
borers
E
E
E

1965]
N,
uttiny
Zootermopsis
123
This
example,
t.ogether
with
data
accompanying
the
collectio.ns
other
colonies,
demonstrates
what
is
probably
the
usual
way
in
which
this
termite
initiates
its
attacks
on
living
trees.
Several
ot
the
larger
trees
commonly
suffer
mutilations
by
windstorms,
particularly
cotton-
woo,d
and
willow.
These
open
wounds
may
then
pro.vide
to.cal
points
or
the
colonizing
alates.
This
approach
is
reminiscent
o.
the
method
by
which
Neotermes
tectonae
Damm.
attacks
living
te’ak
trees
via
dead
branches,
snags
and
wounds
(Kalshoven,
959).
It
remains
to,
be
determined,
however,
whether
odo,
rs
ot
reshly
exposed
wood
or
termenting
sap
are
actually
attractive,
and
whether
a
tungous
invasion
is
a
prerequisite
tor
the.
establishment
ot
a
colony.
Colony
size
and
soldier-nymph
ratio.
Table
2
summarizes
the
composition
of
the
two
colonies
which
were
investigated
in
detail.
Since
they
were
both
established
in
laboratory
nests,
the
individuals
were
quickly
sorted
into
rough
size-classes
and
counted;
no
attempt
was
made
to
determine
the
number
o.t
instars
represented.
The
king
and
queen
were
not
tound
in
the
Patag.’onia
colony
and
no,
.eggs
were
to.und
in
either
colony.
Although
supplementary
reproductives
have
been
reported
to
be
common
in
colonies
of
the
other
two
species
(Castle,
I934),
none
were
to,und
here.
In
the
Patagonia
colony,
three
months
beto.re
the
flight
period,
nymphs
with
wing
pads
of
three
different
lengths
were
conspicuous:
2oo
pre-alates
or
nymphs
in
the
penultimate
instar
and
162
with
wing
pads
o.t
short
and
intermediate
lengths.
The
total
number
o.f
alates
eventually
produced
by
this
colony
in
the
laboratory
was
not
determined.
The.
colony
contained
a
t.o,
tal
o.f
22
so.Idlers
(2
small)
and
I20
nymphs,
with
a
soldier-nymph
ratio
of
to
5.
In
the
colony
from
Hereford,
three
months,
after
the
flight
period,
none
of
the
nymphs,
bore
conspicuous
wing
pads.
This
colony
contained
:6
soldiers
and
o58
nymphs.,
making
a
soldier-
nymph
ratio
of
to
41.
These
counts
are
only
one
third
to
one-half
the
maximum
colony
size
reported
for
Z.
anyusticollis,
allhough
the
soldier-nymph
ratio
is
about
the
same
(Castle,
I934).
Insects
associated
with
the
colony.
Among
many
miscellaneous
insects
and
mites
found
within
the
galleries
of
the
two
large
colonies,
two
deserve
mention
because
the
association
may
be
more
than
casual.
At
least
19
small
(a-5
mrn.)
cockroaches
we.re
found
fairly
evenly
distributed
through
the
galleries
in
the
limb
from
Patagonia.
Ashley
Figure
3.
Longitudinal
section
shows
a
reconstruction
of
the
galleries
of
Zootermosis
latice.s
in
the
trunk
o.f
a
living
willow,
Hereford,
Ariz.
The
actual
numbers
of
nymphs
(N)
and
so.ldiers
(S)
are
indicated
in
each
segment.
Cross
sections
represent
tracings
of
the
galleries
in
the
five
cuts
AA
to
EE.

124
Psyche
[March
B.
Gurney
(Insect
Identification
and
Parasite
Introduction
Research
Branch,
U.S.D.A.)
has
informed
me
that
the
specimens
appear
to
be
nymphs
o.f
Compsodes
schwarzi
(’Caudell).
Practically
nothing
is
known
of
this
insect
although
Ball
et
al.
(1942)
repo.rted
that
a
winged
male
was
taken
in
an
ant
nest
in
the
Santa
Rita
Mountains.
Fifty-two
syrphid
larvae
(4-I5
ram.
long)
were
taken
ne.ar
the
center
of
the
colony
from
Here’fo.rd.
Of
several
larger
larvae
which
were
set
aside,
one
eventually
pupated
and
developed
into
an
adult.
Willis
W.
Wirth
(Insect
Identification
and
Parasite
Introduction
Research
Branch,
U.S.D.A.)
kindly
identified
the
specimen
as
Tenthredomyia
tridens
(L.oew).
At
least
one
member
of
this
genus
has
been
recorded
"breeding"
in
the
w.ounds
of
large
trees
(Wirth,
1964,
in
litt.).
The
presence
of
so
many
larvae,
closely
applied
to,
the
walls
of
the
galleries
containing,
the
highest
concentrations
of
the
termites,
is
indeed
.puzzling.
A
few
of
the
cockroaches
and
larvae
were
put
into
the
large
laboratory
termite
colonies,
but
it
was
im-
possible
to
observe
anything
beyond
the
fact
that
all
three
insects
appeared
to
be
indifferent
to.
each
other.
Additional
collectio.ns
of
Z.
laticeps
are
planned
so
that
these
associations
can
be
studied
further.
In
co-operation
with
Gordon
B.
Castle
of
Arizona
State
University,
biological
studies
on
laboratory
colonies
o
the
termite
are
also
in
progress..
REFERENCES
CITED
BALL,
E.
D.,
E.
R.
TINKHAM,
ROBERT
FLOCK,
AND
C.
T.
VO.RHIES.
1942.
The
grasshoppers
and
other
Orthoptera
,of
Arizona.
Univ.
Ariz.
Agric.
Expt.
Sta.
Tech.
Bull.
No.
93,
p.
266.
BANKS,
N.
1906.
Two
new
termites.
Ent.
News,
17:336-337.
BANKS,
N.,
AND
T.
E.
SNYDER.
1920.
A
revision
of
the
nearctic
termites
(Banks)
with
notes
on
biology
and
geographic
distribution
(Snyder).
U.
S.
Nat.
Mus.
Bull.
No.
108,
228
pp.
CASTLE,
G.
B.
1934.
The
damp-wood
termites
of
western
United
States,
genus
Zootermopsis.
I.
General
biology
and
eco.logy,
pp.
273-291.
In
Kofoid,
C.
A.,
et
al.
[eds.]
Termites
and
Termite
Control,
2nd
Ed.,
Univ.
Calif.
Press,
Berkeley.
C
AZIER,
1[.
A.
1962.
Personal
communication.
EMERSON,
A.
E.
1933.
A
revisi,on
of
the
genera
of
fossil
and
recent
Termopsinae
(Isoptera),
Univ.
Calif.
Publ.
Ent.,
6:
p.
187.
EMERSON,
A.
E.
1960.
Personal
communication.

1965]
Nutting
Zootermopsis
t25
GRANGER,
B.
H.
1960.
Will
C.
Barnes’
Arizona
Place
Names,
rev.,
Univ.
Ariz.
Press,
Tucson,
p.
38.
HENDEE,
E.
C.
1933.
The
association
of
the
termites,
Kalotermes
minor,
Reticulitermes
hesperus,
and
Zo.otermopsis
angusticollis
with
fungi.
Univ.
Calif.
Publ.
Zool.,
39:111-134.
HENDEE,
E.
C.
1935.
The
role
of
fungi
in
the
diet
of
the
common
dampwood
termite,
Zootermopsis
anTusticollis.
Hilgardia,
9:499-525.
KALSHOVEN,
L.
G.
E.
1959.
Observations
on
the
nests
o.f
initial
colonies
of
Neotermes
tectonae
Datum.
in
teak
trees.
Bull.
Union
Internat.
tude
Insectes
Sociaux,
6:231-242.
LIGHT,
S.
F.,
AND
F.
M.
WEESNER.
1948.
Biology
of
Arizona
termites
with
emphasis
on
swarming.
Pan-
Pacific
Ent.,
24:
p.
55.
SELLERS,
W.
D.,
ED.
1960.
Arizona
Climate.
Univ.
Ariz.
Press,
Tucson,
v
+
60
pp.,
+
climatological
summaries.
SNYDER,
T.
E.
1956.
Annotated,
subject-heading
bibliography
of
termites,
1350
B.C.
to
A.D.
1954.
Smithsonian
Misc.
Coll.,
130"
iii
+
305
pp.
SNYDER,
T.
E.
1960.
Supplement
to
the
annotated,
subject-heading
bibliography
of
termites,
1955
to
1960.
Smithsonian
Misc.
Coll.,
143:
iii
-+-
137
pp.
STUART,
A.
M.
1961.
Mechanism
of
trail-laying
in
two
species
of
termites.
Nature
(London),
189:419.
TOWNSEND,
C.
H.
T.
1893.
Note
on
Termopsis
anlusticollis
Hagen.
Zoe,
4:139-141.
WIRTH,
W.
W.
1964.
Personal
communication.