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History of some plant communities of the Sils zone (La Selva, Catalonia, Spain)
... However, our study is the first one undertaken from a marine organic deposit of Posidonia oceanica. It is completely comparable to other regional terrestrial pollen records (Mallarach et al., 1985; Pérez-Obiol et al., 1991; Riera-Mora and Esteban-Amat, 1994; Burjachs et al., 2005), and even to most of the existing records on the western Mediterranean area (de Beaulieu et al., 2005), demonstrating the great palaeoecological potential of such sediments, in spite of its apparently complex taphonomy (Mateo et al., 1997). The pollen sequence at Portlligat, an area affected by the Mediterranean climate, suggests the presence of a relatively forested landscape through the last 1600 years, characterized by oak formations (oaks, cork oaks and holm oaks) in the valleys and the areas next to the coast, and pine woods, fir woods and beech woods at the Pyrenees foothills. ...
A high-resolution sedimentary sequence sampled from the Portlligat Bay (NE Iberian Peninsula) has been studied in order to assess its palaeoecological potential. This sedimentary sequence is considered a very particular one, as it is a peat-like deposit derived from the accumulation of the belowground dead parts of the marine phanerogam Posidonia oceanica through the last 1600 years. This study represents the first attempt to explore the palaeoecological potential of such deposits from a palynological point of view, and has allowed the reconstruction of the vegetation dynamics and changes, human impact and the palaeoclimatic characteristics, demonstrating the value of these sedimentary records in palaeopalynological studies.
The tempo and mode of colonization of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) by Cannabis sativa, its further internal spreading and the potential cultural and environmental factors involved remain unknown. The available continental-wide European meta-analyses using pollen and archaeological evidence account for only a few IP sites, insufficient for a sound assessment. This paper presents a nearly comprehensive database of almost 60 IP sites with palynological evidence of Cannabis and analyzes the corresponding spatiotemporal patterns. The first scattered records of this pollen type date from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic (150 to 12 ky BP) and would have entered the IP by maritime Mediterranean or terrestrial continental pathways, or both. A first burst of introductions, probably in a cultivated form, would have occurred during the Neolithic (7-5 ky BP) using similar paths. Human participation in these Neolithic introductions remains unclear but cannot be dismissed. A period of reduced Cannabis arrivals (mostly via Mediterraean pathway) occurred between the Chalcolithic and the Roman Epoch (4.5-2 ky BP), when the innermost parts of the IP were colonized (Late Bronze). A second, likely anthropogenic, introduction acceleration took place in the Middle Ages (1.5 ky BP onward) using the Mediterranean and the continental pathways. Maximum cultivation and hemp retting activity was recorded during the Modern Ages (16th-19th centuries), coinciding with the increased demand of hemp fiber to supply the Spanish royal navy for imperial expansion and commerce. A potential link between Cannabis colonization/introduction bursts and climatic warmings has been observed that should be tested with future studies. Regional moisture variations seem to be less influential. Further efforts to enhance and improve the database used in this study are encouraged. The results of this paper should be compared with archaeological and historical evidence to clarify the role of human migrations and cultural changes in the historical biogeography of Cannabis in the IP.
The tempo and mode of colonization of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) by Cannabis sativa , its further internal spreading and the potential cultural and environmental factors involved remain unknown. The available continental-wide European meta-analyses using pollen and archaeological evidence account for only a few IP sites, insufficient for a sound assessment. This paper presents a nearly comprehensive database of almost 60 IP sites with palynological evidence of Cannabis and analyzes the corresponding spatiotemporal patterns. The first scattered records of this pollen type, likely corresponding to wild Cannabis , date from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic (150 to 12 ky BP) and would have entered the IP by maritime Mediterranean or terrestrial continental pathways, or both. A first burst of introductions, probably in a cultivated form, would have occurred during the Neolithic (7-5 ky BP) using similar paths. Human participation in this Neolithic acceleration remains unclear but cannot be dismissed. A period of reduced Cannabis arrivals (mostly via MP) occurred between the Chalcolithic and the Roman Epoch (4.5-2 ky BP), when the innermost parts of the IP were colonized (Late Bronze). A second, likely anthropogenic, introduction acceleration took place in the Middle Ages (1.5 ky BP onward) using the MP and CP. Maximum cultivation and hemp retting activity was recorded during the Modern Ages (16 th -19 th centuries), coinciding with the increased demand of hemp fiber to supply the Spanish royal navy for imperial expansion and commerce. A potential link between Cannabis colonization/introduction bursts and climatic warmings has been observed that should be tested with future studies. Regional moisture variations seem to be less influential. Further efforts to enhance and improve the database used in this study are encouraged. The results of this paper should be compared with archaeological and historical evidence to clarify the role of human migrations and cultural changes in the historical biogeography of Cannabis in the IP.
El análisis palinológico de un registro fósil obtenido en la Bahía de Port Lligat (Girona) ha permitido reconstruir la historia de la vegetación litoral del noreste de la Península Ibérica y del Pirineo oriental catalán durante los últimos 1600 años, en directa relación con la antropización de los ecosistemas forestales y los cambios climáticos acontecidos.
Pollen analysis of a fossil record obtained in the Bay of Port Lligat (Girona) allow us to reconstruct the history of vegetation in the northeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the eastern Catalan Pyrenees during the past 1600 years, in direct relation to the man forest management and climate changes that have taken place.
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