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3R regeneration for all-optical networks
Abstract
Optical signal regeneration is a key function needed for scalable
all-optical networks. In this paper functional building blocks and
schemes for all-optical 3R regeneration (Re-amplification, Re-shaping,
Re-timing) are presented. Bit-rate flexible operation and ultra-fast
locking to asynchronous IP data packets are important issues for future
networks. System experiments demonstrate the present status of
all-optical 3R regeneration
... 3R regeneration is essential for successful logic operations because of the ultra-fast data signal distortions. 3R regeneration requires an optical clock and a suitable architecture of the regenerator in order to perform a clocked decision function Sartorius (2001). In such a case, the shape of the regenerated pulses is defined by the shape of the clock pulses Sartorius (2001). ...
... 3R regeneration requires an optical clock and a suitable architecture of the regenerator in order to perform a clocked decision function Sartorius (2001). In such a case, the shape of the regenerated pulses is defined by the shape of the clock pulses Sartorius (2001). The proposed QD SOA-MZI ultra-fast all-optical processor can successfully solve three problems of 3R regeneration. ...
... Indeed, the efficient pattern-effect free optical signal re-amplification may be carried out in each arm by QD-SOAs. WC based on an all-optical logic gate provides the re-shaping since noise cannot close the gate, and only the data signals have enough power to close the gate Sartorius (2001). The re-timing in QD-SOA-MZI based processor is provided by the optical clock which is also essential for the re-shaping Sartorius (2001). ...
... The major problems of the improving transmission optical systems emerge from the signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) degradation, chromatic dispersion, and other impairment mechanisms Zhu (2007). For this reason, the optical signal reamplification, reshaping, and retiming (3R), or the so-called 3R regeneration, is necessary in order to avoid the accumulation of noise, crosstalk and nonlinear distortions and to provide a good signal quality for transmission over any path in all-optical networks Sartorius (2001), Zhu (2007), Leem (2006), Kanellos (2007). Optical regeneration technology can work with lower power, much more compact size, and can provide transparency in the needed region of spectrum Zhu (2007). ...
... 3R regeneration is essential for the successful logic operations because of the ultra-fast data signal distortions. 3R regeneration requires an optical clock and a suitable architecture of the regenerator in order to perform a clocked decision function Sartorius (2001). In such a case, the shape of the regenerated pulses is defined by the shape of the clock pulses Sartorius (2001). ...
... 3R regeneration requires an optical clock and a suitable architecture of the regenerator in order to perform a clocked decision function Sartorius (2001). In such a case, the shape of the regenerated pulses is defined by the shape of the clock pulses Sartorius (2001). The proposed QD SOA-MZI ultra-fast all-optical processor can successfully solve three problems of 3R regeneration. ...
... A LL-OPTICAL signal regeneration, 2R regeneration (reamplification and reshaping) and 3R regeneration (reamplification, reshaping, and retiming), are expected to play a major role in future all-optical networks to avoid accumulation of noise and waveform distortion during signal transmission [1]. Recently, all-optical waveform reshaping techniques based on injection locking in laser diodes have drawn attention [2], [3]. ...
... If the power of external signal is below the injection-locking threshold, the injected signal will experience loss. The threshold power is given by (1) where is the detune, is the photon lifetime, is the output power of one of the longitudinal modes of the FP-LD at free running condition, and is the linewidth enhancement factor [5]. The proposed all-optical waveform reshaping method is based on the threshold nature of injection locking. ...
All-optical waveform reshaping of a distorted 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) signal using two-mode injection locking in Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) was demonstrated. Simultaneous waveform reshaping of two 10-Gb/s distorted NRZ PRBS signals using a single FP-LD was also demonstrated.
... There are three kinds of compact devices such as mode-locked laser diodes (MLLD) [1], dual-mode laser with two different DFB-sections (TS-DFB) [2] and amplified feedback DFB lasers (AFL) [3,4,5,6] reported as all-optical clock recovery devices. The oscillating frequency of MLLDs is almost fixed by the lengths of their cavity, so the limitation of the fabrication accuracy makes it difficult to achieving precise frequency control. ...
We report all optical clock recovery based on a monolithic integrated four-section amplified feedback semiconductor laser (AFL), with the different sections integrated based on the quantum well intermixing (QWI) technique. The beat frequency of an AFL is continuously tunable in the range of 19.8-26.3 GHz with an extinction ratio above 8 dB, and the 3-dB linewidth is close to 3 MHz. All- optical clock recovery for 20 Gb/s was demonstrated experimentally using the AFL, with a time jitter of 123.9 fs. Degraded signal clock recovery was also successfully demonstrated using both the dispersion and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) degraded signals separately.
... U LTRAFAST all-optical regeneration techniques are expected to play a major role in future all-optical networks to avoid accumulation of noise, crosstalk, and nonlinear distortions and to ensure good signal quality for transmission [1]. Although at the SDH level, 3R regeneration (Reamplifying, Reshaping, Retiming) could be performed electronically, electronics impose severe technology and economic constrains at data rates near and above 40 Gb/s while all-optical techniques could advantageously remove the electronics bottleneck. ...
2R regeneration based on dispersion-imbalanced loop mirror is investigated including the characteristics of transfer function, output extinction ratio, initial chirp, predispersion, and WDM signals transfer functions. Theoretical results show that the input peak power is a critical parameter for the dispersion-imbalanced loop mirror (DILM) and furthermore, to guarantee the multiwavelength operation of the DILM, limitations due to accumulated dispersion and dispersion slope have to be considered. Our experiment demonstrates that 6×10 Gb/s WDM signals can be successfully regenerated by a novel 2R regenerator based on a DILM consisting of a single mode fiber (SMF) and a highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) after WDM transmission over 40 km SMF of the WDM signals.
Current optical transport networks are based on non-transparent
SONET/SDH technology. Wavelength multiplexed systems (WDM) modulate
optical signals with SONET/SDH digital formats at 2.5 and 10Gb/s rates.
Transparent Optical Networks have been actively researched as a way to
make optical transport independent from the electronic signals
transmitted. In this article, we review recent developments in optical
components that facilitate a flexible spectrum usage of DWDM systems. In
addition, we discuss emerging optical transport services and how they
can be best served by a state-of-the-art transport network.
For high-speed communication, it is essential to multiplex, demultiplex, and switch individual data bits at very rapid rates. Similarly, in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems the ability to change wavelengths dramatically increases the potential connectivity of such transmission systems. This dissertation presents work on a unique optically controlled optical gate that is capable of both high speed optical gating and wavelength conversion. The optically controlled optical gates (OCOG) described herein alter the reflection of a surface-normal pulse of light in response to the presence or absence of a control light pulse. Low-power operation is achieved by creating large changes in the electric field due to separation of photogenerated electrons and holes combined with the strong voltage sensitivity of the absorption of multiple quantum well structures in a p-i-n diode due to the quantum confined Stark effect. The recovery mechanism used in these devices is based on diffusive conduction, a novel optoelectronic behavior that enables fast gating. In essence, the localized voltage change that builds up in the vicinity of the incident light pulse relaxes in an analogous manner to a voltage pulse in a two-dimensional dissipative transmission line. This recovery is a local effect and can, therefore, be made fast---on the order of picoseconds; it is not constrained by the overall RC time constant of the device. With proper design, multiple insulating and conducting layers within a device may be used to modify the voltage relaxation process, further enhancing OCOG switching speed. Three generations of optically controlled quantum well optical gates were investigated. For each generation, both the theory of operation and experimental results are presented. Our multi-layered dual-diode device exhibits a 7 ps FWHM switching time that requires a switching energy of only 40 fJ/mum2. This device has also demonstrated burst-logic operation at 50 GHz. These optically controlled optical gates are not only low power, but they are scalable in 2D arrays and integrable with silicon circuitry, offering intriguing possibilities for applications.
We have developed a theoretical model of an ultra- fast all-optical signal processor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers in both its arms. It is shown that such a processor under different conditions may realize wavelength conversion, XOR logic operation, and optical 3R regeneration.
The paper considers optical packet switching networks with slotted operation. A general model of network nodes is introduced, based upon a nonblocking switching fabric, and re-circulating fiber delay lines to solve contentions. Given the current large bandwidth availability in optical networks, and the projected limitations of electronic switches, a new approach to network design is proposed, aiming at balancing wavelength and buffer allocation taking the number of switch ports as a constraint. Given the problem complexity, a heuristic solution is proposed, using simple queuing theory to model network links. The effectiveness of the new network dimensioning approach is demonstrated by running a simulation program on manually dimensioned topologies, and on topologies dimensioned using the proposed approach.
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