Content uploaded by Elvis Arden Heinrichs
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Elvis Arden Heinrichs on Jun 18, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Genetic Evaluation for Insect Resistance in Rice
Figures
Figures - uploaded by Elvis Arden Heinrichs
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Elvis Arden Heinrichs
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Before 1980s, leaffolder was considered an insignificant and sporadic pest, so not much attentions were paid to the screening and identifying resistant cultivars. Later, Heinrichs et al. (1985) emphasized the importance of developing resistant cultivars through their identification and breeding to control this pest problem in Asia. Initially, only field screening with natural pest The Roman numbers I, II, III indicate the major clusters and IA, IB1, IB2, IIA, IIB1,IIB2, IIIA, IIIB1, IIIB2 indicate different sub-clusters populations was conducted to identify sources of resistance [Velusamy and Chellaiah (1985); Heinrichs et al. 1985]. ...
... Later, Heinrichs et al. (1985) emphasized the importance of developing resistant cultivars through their identification and breeding to control this pest problem in Asia. Initially, only field screening with natural pest The Roman numbers I, II, III indicate the major clusters and IA, IB1, IB2, IIA, IIB1,IIB2, IIIA, IIIB1, IIIB2 indicate different sub-clusters populations was conducted to identify sources of resistance [Velusamy and Chellaiah (1985); Heinrichs et al. 1985]. Unfortunately, field screening had limited reliability due to inconsistent pest pressure and unpredictable field populations. ...
... Unfortunately, field screening had limited reliability due to inconsistent pest pressure and unpredictable field populations. To overcome these limitations, a greenhouse screening method was developed (Waldbauer and Marciano 1979;Heinrichs et al. 1985). In the present study, both field and net house screening were used to ensure proper screening under both natural and controlled conditions. ...
Rice production faces a significant threat from the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. To address this challenge, growing resistant varieties stands out as a sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategy. This necessitates identifying resistant sources and understanding their inheritance patterns through employing DNA markers for marker-assisted resistance breeding. Our study involves screening for resistant cultivars following the SES of IRRI, assessing genetic diversity among landraces using molecular markers, and identifying genomic regions associated with resistance. Screening indicated that 33.33%, 27.08%, 19.79%, and 19.80% of genotypes were resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible, and admixture, respectively. Landraces were categorized into three clusters, with clusters I and II predominantly containing moderately resistant and resistant cultivars, and cluster III mainly susceptible types. Molecular variance analysis revealed 12% variation among populations and 88% within the population. Simple linear regression identified significant marker-trait associations, with markers RM 162 and RM 284 on chromosomes 6 and 8, respectively, found highly associated with leaffolder resistance. Phenotypic variation in leaffolder damage correlated highly with the allelic effects of these markers. Further confirmation of marker linkage with resistance loci was established through independent assays on highly resistant and susceptible genotypes. The information derived from genetic diversity and marker-trait associations will be useful for future marker-assisted resistance breeding programs, enhancing the sustainability of rice production.
... Research work on the development of resistant varieties against planthoppers was started at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Philippines in 1970 and many varieties were screened and developed against planthoppers. Many methods to determine tolerance levels among different rice genotypes were developed at IRRI (Heinrichs, 1985;Misra and Misra, 1991;Li et al., 2011;Khan and Saxena, 1986;Eickhoff et al., 2008). However, in Pakistan no detailed experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of existing rice germplasm for resistance against WBPH. ...
... Old plants from the rearing cages with eggs of WBPH females were used to maintain culture in hopper rearing cages. These cages were placed in a greenhouse maintained at 28-30°C temperature and 55-60% RH (Heinrichs et al., 1985). ...
... After 15 to 20 days of sowing, ten 2 nd and 3 rd instar nymphs were released per seedling in the seed boxes from hopper rearing cages and the boxes were covered with wire mesh cover. The entries in each seed box were graded when the seedlings of susceptible check in that box are about 90% dead (Heinrichs et al., 1985;Horgan, 2009;Han et al., 2018). The plant damage was graded using the Standard Evaluation System (SES) scale for rice fifth edition (IRRI, 2013) (Table I). ...
... Each resistant variety has different resistance genes, so testing must be done through screening to identify the resistance level of each resistant variety. The condition of plant varieties that enter resistance to specific insect species is essential for breeding techniques to increase resistance (Heinrich et al. 1985). The results of the screening tests also need to be subjected to genomic analysis to obtain more accurate results. ...
... The brown planthopper biotype 3 is the result of a change in the brown planthopper from biotype two, which occurred due to the brown planthopper population explosion in Indonesia. The brown planthopper biotype 3 in this study is the most widely used brown planthopper in screening programs (Heinrich et al. 1985). The use of an instar threenymph brown planthopper was determined based on the IRRI Genetic Evaluation for Insect Resistance in Rice method (Heinrich et al. 1985). ...
... The brown planthopper biotype 3 in this study is the most widely used brown planthopper in screening programs (Heinrich et al. 1985). The use of an instar threenymph brown planthopper was determined based on the IRRI Genetic Evaluation for Insect Resistance in Rice method (Heinrich et al. 1985). ...
Puspito AN, Tigara MRN, Putra SID, Rozzita N, Ubaidillah M. 2023. Molecular screening of local Indonesian rice to identified resistant varieties against brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) attacks. Biodiversitas 24: 5503-5512. Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) is a significant pest in rice (Oryza sativa L.), resulting in a yield loss of around 20-80%. Environmentally friendly control involves looking for potential resistance in local Indonesian rice, because it’s naturally resistant to pests and diseases and has several tolerant mechanisms for dealing with stress. However, the resistance potential of local rice has not been widely studied, so it is necessary to carry out screening to identify the resistance possessed by local Indonesian rice and continue with molecular analysis to validate the presence of brown planthopper resistance genes. This study aimed to determine the possible resistance level of 24 Indonesian local rice varieties to brown planthopper pests. The research was conducted at the Agrotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember. In June-November 2022. This research included screening using the third instar nymph brown planthopper, preference testing to analyze the preference level for each local rice variety and molecular analysis using six BPH markers (RM 247, RM 6869, RM 19291, g12140-2, RM 3331, and RM 5479) with the MAS technique. The results showed that in the preference test, Lahoten, Fatuk Masin, and Sukamandi had a higher preference value than other local Indonesian rice. In the screening, the average local rice with very resistant criteria is Leukat Medan, while those with moderately vulnerable criteria are Sukamandi. In the molecular analysis of local Indonesian rice, the Aek Sibundong variety had the most resistance, while the Kapuas and Sukamandi varieties had the least resistance.
... For screening of the BC 2 F 2 population, 239 seeds of each line along with parents were sown in well-puddled soil containing plastic trays (45 cm × 35 cm × 10 cm) using the standard seed box screening technique (SSST) proposed by Heinrichs et al. (1985). An insect-proof greenhouse maintained at 30 ± 2 °C, 80 ± 5% relative humidity, was used to raise the progenies. ...
... Based on SES, the mean score of each family with 0-4, 4.1-7, and 7.1-9.0 were regarded as resistant, segregating, and susceptible, respectively (Heinrichs et al. 1985). The experiments were conducted with at least three biologically independent replicates. ...
Rice production is severely threatened by frequent outbreaks of Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stảl.) biotypes globally. On this account, host-plant resistance serves as an important strategy to reduce the damage caused by BPH. The wild species of rice Oryza nivara accession IRGC 93198 showed consistent resistance reaction against BPH biotype 4 for 5 consecutive years of screening under the greenhouse conditions. The mapping of the BPH resistance gene from Oryza nivara accession IRGC 93198 was conducted using BC2F2 and BC2F3 progenies. Out of 239 BC2F2 plants, 65 plants were resistant (1-3 score), and 174 plants (5, 7, and 9 score) were susceptible, thus fitting the segregation ratio of 3:1 (Susceptible: Resistant). The BC2F3 progenies segregated in 1:2:1 confirming that the resistance from O. nivara is governed by a single recessive gene. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) identified genomic region on the short arm of chromosome 4 to be associated with BPH resistance. Molecular mapping performed on BC2F2 population identified a QTL on chromosome 4 within the marker interval RM16285 and RM6314 explaining phenotypic variance of 27% at LOD 22.34. The linked marker RM6659 was found efficient in demarcating the susceptible from resistant lines when applied on the panel of rice cultivars, hence can be used for marker assisted selection in crop breeding. The previously identified BPH-resistant genes located on chromosome 4 were found susceptible to the BPH biotype 4 screening test. This specifies bph46 to be a novel gene that can be deployed as a valuable donor in BPH resistance breeding programs.
... The deployment of resistant or tolerant rice cultivars to counter the attack by pests is one of the most highly recommended practices in pest management. Resistance or tolerance among different cultivars to different species of stem borers has been reported (Heinrichs et al. 1985;Horgan et al. 2021). It was observed that the resistance of these varieties was primarily due to antibiosis, that is, an antagonistic reaction of rice toward stem borer which is detrimental to the latter (Pathak 1977;Horgan et al. 2021). ...
Key message
By deploying a multi-omics approach, we unraveled the mechanisms that might help rice to combat Yellow Stem Borer infestation, thus providing insights and scope for developing YSB resistant rice varieties.
Abstract
Yellow Stem Borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a major pest of rice, that can lead to 20–60% loss in rice production. Effective management of YSB infestation is challenged by the non-availability of adequate sources of resistance and poor understanding of resistance mechanisms, thus necessitating studies for generating resources to breed YSB resistant rice and to understand rice-YSB interaction. In this study, by using bulk-segregant analysis in combination with next-generation sequencing, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) intervals in five rice chromosomes were mapped that could be associated with YSB resistance at the vegetative phase in a resistant rice line named SM92. Further, multiple SNP markers that showed significant association with YSB resistance in rice chromosomes 1, 5, 10, and 12 were developed. RNA-sequencing of the susceptible and resistant lines revealed several genes present in the candidate QTL intervals to be differentially regulated upon YSB infestation. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed a putative candidate gene that was predicted to encode an alpha-amylase inhibitor. Analysis of the transcriptome and metabolite profiles further revealed a possible link between phenylpropanoid metabolism and YSB resistance. Taken together, our study provides deeper insights into rice-YSB interaction and enhances the understanding of YSB resistance mechanism. Importantly, a promising breeding line and markers for YSB resistance have been developed that can potentially aid in marker-assisted breeding of YSB resistance among elite rice cultivars.
... Insects rearing was done using sterilized rice (IR-46 variety) as rearing diet and using cold sterilization with a freezer (-15 °C) for a week then transferred to a refrigerator (5 °C) for a week [10]. Acclimatization was carried out at laboratory condition (28±2 °C; 45±5% r.h.) for a week. ...
Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the main pest on maize seed in the storage. In general, postharvest pest control uses synthetic insecticides. However, the use of these synthetic insecticides causes insect resistance and negative impact on human health. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of rice straw and bagasse ashes as inert dust in postharvest pest management of S. zeamais . This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin. This study used two treatments with four different doses i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8 g, and untreated (control). The results showed that complete (100%) of adult mortality at highest dose (8 g/kg seed) of bagasse ash in three days after infestation, while in the higher doses (6 and 8 g/kg seed) of rice straw ash killed 99.15%. The use of inert dust also causes typical symptoms in mortality in the form of wings coming out of the elytra, which is different from adult mortality without treatment.
... Selanjutnya, infestasi imago WBC dilakukan sebanyak 25 individu/pot (5 jantan dan 20 betina). Pengamatan dilakukan pada 31 HSI dan dilakukan seminggu sekali sampai Tabel 1. Skoring ketahanan padi terhadap wereng batang cokelat Heinrichs et al. (1985). ...
Release of new varieties requires qualitative as well as quantitative characters of the lines. For rice varieties, resistance to brown plant hopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens, Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an important character that should be tested. The purpose of this study was to determine the resistance of new rice lines of rice cultivar to BPH. In this study, the tests were carried out on 6 (six) lines of candidate varieties developed by IPB University, namely TCIPB202101, TCIPB202102, TCIPB202103, TCIPB202104, TCIPB202105, and TCIPB202106. Resistance to BPH assays was conducted by screening and population development tests. Inpari 30 and Ciherang varieties were used as controls. The results showed that the TCIPB202106 line is the most resistant to BPH attack, while the TCIPB202103 line is the most susceptible to BPH attack. The average number of nymphs in the TCIPB202106 line was three times lower than those in Inpari 30 and Ciherang. The results of the population growth test were in line with the results of the screening test which indicated that the TCIPB202106 line is classified as moderately resistant to BPH.
The population growth and the regular breakout of Nilaparvata lugens pose a significant risk to rice cultivation. Four different N . lugens biotypes have been identified worldwide, with biotype 4 being the most destructive and prevalent throughout Asia, particularly in India. Therefore, a rice variety with multiple resistance genes/alleles is required for effective management of N . lugens . Hence, 191 rice genotypes collected from various parts of India were evaluated for resistance to N . lugens . Further, SSR markers representing 23 different N . lugens resistant (R) genes were assayed to identify genomic regions associated with resistance. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the average genetic diversity value of all markers was 0.165 and polymorphic information content of 0.145 for all the markers used. The population structure and cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into three distinct groups, with resistant genotypes grouped separately. These findings were confirmed by the principal coordinate analysis, which categorized resistant genotypes, moderately resistant genotypes, and susceptible genotypes into distinct components. Additionally, 90% of the genetic variation was between individuals of populations and 10% between the populations. Marker‐trait association study through mixed linear model and generalized linear model identified six SSR markers such as RM6732 ( Bph15 ), RM314 ( Bph6 ), RM16999 ( Bph6 ), RM7 ( QBph3 ), RM401 ( bph4 ), and RM7102 ( Bph1 ), which were significantly associated with various phenotypic parameters, such as feeding mark, honeydew excretion, percent damage and nymphal survival. The resistant genes identified in these genotypes could help in the marker‐assisted rice variety development with durable resistance against N . lugens .
Rice is grown in diverse ecologies, and the crop is attacked by large number of insect pests of which planthoppers, stem borers, leaf folders and gall midge cause considerable yield losses, which may vary from 10% to 90%. This chapter reports the current status of research in host plant resistance (HPR) to major rice pests, as HPR is considered as the most economical and eco-friendly component of insect pest management. The journey from various phenotyping techniques to identification of resistant sources from diverse gene pools, through precise studies on mechanisms and genetics of resistance to genes, etc., is discussed at length. For pests like yellow stem borer, where very few sources of tolerance are available, novel strategies that have been developed for tackling this insect pest, like exploitation of host plant susceptibility, induced resistance, Bt transgenic and use of RNAi tools for pest suppression are discussed. In pests like gall midge and brown planthopper, HPR has an influence on the evolution of biotypes and on the symbionts that are harboured. To address the problem of multiple biotic stresses, marker-assisted backcross breeding is considered a potent tool, which helps in introgression of known resistance genes in the desired varietal background. With the availability of genomics resources for both rice host and insect pests like brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, gall midge, leaf folder, yellow and striped stem borer, novel techniques like genomic selection, gene editing to address the issue of pest resistance in some of the incalcitrant traits are also discussed. Though development and deployment of a durable resistant variety with phenotypically acceptable traits are the need of the hour, the dire need for precision phenotyping keeping in view the pest behaviour and the target traits to address the location-specific needs is emphasized. Further, the need for a designer rice, addressing the location-specific needs, which involves both development of a resistant variety on one hand followed by strategic deployment of resistance genes as per the pest population prevalent in a location, consumer preference and market demands are emphasized in this chapter.
A total of 126 rice landraces along with resistant (PTB 33) and susceptible (TN 1) check were screened using the protray method. Out of which 13 genotypes having a score of 3.0 - 7.0 were shortlisted and re-evaluated under the modified seed-box screening method. Results of the two experiments showed variation in resistance level with damage score of 3.0 to 9.0. Only one landrace Mysore Malli and PTB 33 were found to be resistant with damage score of 3.0 and four landraces viz., Chetty Samba, Panamara Samba, Vellai Gundu Samba and Vellai Kombi Samba were found to be moderately resistant in both the screening method. In protray screening, 8 landraces were found to be moderately susceptible, 66 landraces were found as susceptible and 48 landraces were highly susceptible. In modified seed-box screening, 5 landraces were found as moderately susceptible, 3 landraces were susceptible and TN 1 in both the methods was found as highly susceptible with a score of 9.0. Cluster analysis performed for 126 landraces based on damage score, nymphal settlement, chlorophyll and Nitrogen content grouped them into six clusters. Among the six clusters, resistant and moderately resistant landraces are grouped in cluster 4 which had low damage score and nymphal settlement and moderate chlorophyll and Nitrogen content.
This bibliography contains 330 published and unpublished references for the period 1881-1981. References are arranged alphabetically by author and are also classified by country and by subjects (mass rearing, screening, evaluation and utilization of resistant varieties, breeding for and inheritance of resistance, and biotype variation). Tables list resistant varieties identified, varietal sources used in breeding programs, varieties which have been released for cultivation by farmers and biotype classification.
Attempts were made to develop suitable techniques for continuous mass rearing of gall midges and screening of varieties under artificial infestation in greenhouse conditions. Studies on the biology showed that majority of the gall midge males and females emerged before and after mid-night, respectively. There was a distinct perference to leaf sheath and leaf blade than the auricle for ovi-position. The total period taken from egg to adult emergence was 23 to 25 days, except during the cooler months. Infestation of 120 seedlings at 12 to 15 days age with 10 females and 5 males of gall midge was found adequate and rapid for mass screening of the varieties. Resistance of some of the rice cultures/varieties to gall midge was confirmed under green-house conditions.
This chapter reviews the progress made in developing rice that is resistant to diseases and insects. Among cereal crops, rice is the host of the largest number of diseases and insect pests. These cause serious yield loss annually. The magnitude of loss caused by diseases and insects, increases as the level of rice production per unit area increases. The chapter discusses the nature of the disease or insect, its distribution, genetic variability of the pathogen, host resistance, genetics of resistance, and breeding for resistance. Fungal diseases attack the plant foliage, stems, roots, leaf sheath, or inflorescence, and grains. Four fungal diseases: blast, sheath blight, brown spot, and narrow brown leaf spot; two bacterial diseases: bacterial blight and bacterial streak; and five virus diseases: tungro, grassy stunt, stripe, dwarf, and hoja blanca have been discussed in the chapter. To minimize yield loss from disease and insect attacks, varieties with multiple resistances to most major diseases and insects are required. Also, a systematic international survey of races or biotypes of major diseases and insects should be carried out with the use of differential varieties.
