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Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests (Cedrus atlantica Mentti Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

May 2024

May 2024
49(2):2023

Authors:

Ferhat Abbas University of Setif

The aim of this study is to propose the first checklist of Agaricomycetes in the Babors Kabylia (Northern Algeria), thus consisting in a contribution to the national Algerian checklist. Data come from personal mycological researches carried out in the area, especially in cork oak forests. A total of 110 fungal species, belonging into 72 genera, 31 families, 8 orders and 3 groups of Agaricomycetes were identified. Among these, 12 taxa are new to Algeria and some others are considered as rare orrarely seen in the Mediterranean basin. Among the 98 species already known in Algeria, 54 (55%) are members of the hardwood forest ecosystems and 44 (45%) of mixed forests environments. The ecological status of interesting species within the Mediterranean basin is discussed, taking into account the novelties to Algeria, which might change the chorological knowledge of the concerned species.

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ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

Review of ecology and nomenclature

of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under

the Algerian cedar forests (Cedrus atlantica

Mentti Carries) with the occurrence

of new orthographical variants for fungal

repositories

LOUNIS YOUCEF KHODJA*,1, 2

1. Laboratoire de recherche en écologie et en environnement, Faculté des sciences de la nature

et de la vie, Université de Béjaia-06000, Béjaia, Algérie

2. Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Sétif 1, Algéria

* Corresponding author: lounisyoucehodja@yahoo.fr

Received: 4 July; First decision: 30 July; Revised: 13 Sept., 2023; Accepted: 6 Dec., 2023

repositories. Additionally 27 names have ortho-

graphical, typographical and hyphens errors. The

reasons for excluding names and false synonyms

are given. Based on in-depth studies and rules

of International Code of Nomenclature of algae,

fungi and plants (Shenzhen Code), nomenclatural

anomalies are corrected for each species name.

The ecological status of some species is discussed,

which might change the chorological knowledge

of those species.

Introduction

Mycology, the study of fungi, is an important

branch of the life sciences (Carlile et al.

2001). It evolved like other biological sci-

ences with the evolution of chemical, micro-

scopic and molecular investigative methods.

Indeed, the evolution of mycology began

Abstract

This paper aempts to update available data on

basidiomycota, reported from or known to occur

under Algerian cedar forests, obtained from 46

publications issued between 1846-2020. This

review is based on the Shenzhen Code (2017),

several recent molecular studies, and comparative

descriptions of taxa. A total of 43 species names are

reported with anomalies in their nomenclatures.

Four names are excluded from the inventory of

fungal species in Algerian cedar forests, of which

three are invalid. Five names are updated, of which

three have false synonyms. Two names, already

abandoned as species of Algerian cedar forests,

must be retained in the fungal species checklist

for these forests. Five new records are inserted

as valid orthographical variants in the fungal

Keywords: fungus species, Basidiomycota,

Cedrus atlantica, fungal nomenclature, Cedar

forest, Algeria

Lounis Youcef Khodja

6ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

occurring in Algerian cedar forests, based

mainly on the Shenzhen Code (2017), recent

molecular studies and comparative studies.

This can be considered a small portion of a

more comprehensive work needed to update

the mycological ﬂora of Algeria and insert

the correct names into the Algerian fungal

checklist. This work can resolve ambiguities

in certain names and synonyms reported not

only in the Algerian but also international

literature. This review is similar to other

rare studies utilizing the Shenzhen Code to

update mycological inventories in countries

worldwide (Richter et al. 2019; Boekhout et

al. 2022; Liu et al. 2022).

Materials and methods

Data sources

The data used in this study were obtained from

mycological research conducted between

1846 and 2020. We focused on basidiomy-

cetous fungi found in the cedar forests of

Algeria. The Algerian forests, located in

national parks, are represented by speciﬁc

acronyms for each locality (Figure 1). The

georeferenced coordinates (latitude and lon-

gitude) for each locality were obtained from

the relevant publications.

Abbreviations of localities

“PNB”: National Park of Belezma in the

Aurès massif (N 35° 34’ E 6° 01’)

“PNBT”: National Park of Babor-Tababort in

the Babors massif (N 36° 45’ E 5° 4’)

“PNC”: National Park of Chrèa in the Blidéen

Atlas (N 36° 28’ E 2° 49’)

“PND”: National Park of Djurdjura in the

Djurdjura massif (N 36° 45’ E 4° 22’)

“PNTH”: National Park of Thenièt El Had in

the Ouarsenis massif (N 35° 52’ E 2° 0’)

Data processing

The update of species names and their authors

reported in the literature (1846-2020) was

performed using three global fungal name

registration repositories recognized by the

Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF)

and International Mycological Congress

(IMC) (Wang et al. 2022): Fungal names

with the publication of Carl Linnaeus species

plantarum (1st ed. ) in 1753 (May et al. 2019).

Mycology has its own language and classi-

ﬁcation codes from the early 19th century,

inﬂuenced by the work of Persoon (1801)

(Synopsis methodica fungorum) and of Fries

(1821, 1832) (Systema mycologicum). The

incorporation of molecular characters in

mycology has changed the current approach to

fungal classiﬁcation by creating large groups

formed from several independent evolu-

tionary lineages (Selosse & Durieu 2013). As

a legacy of the history of mycology, the fungal

taxonomy is regulated by the International

Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN),

renamed International Code of Nomenclature

of algae, fungi and plants (ICNafp) (Shenzhen

Code) (Turland et al. 2018) after updating the

Melbourne Code (2011) by adding Chapter

F (Fungi) for names of organisms treated as

fungi (May et al. 2019).

Algerian mycota studies began in 19th

century with interest of European naturalists

(Durieu de Maisonneuve 1846; Patouillard

1887, 1897, 1902, 1903, 1905, 1906, 1920;

Maire 1906, 1910a, b, 1913, 1914, 1916,

1917, 1927a, b, 1928; Battandier et al. 1914;

Malençon 1952; Malençon & Bertault 1970,

1975; Dorleans 1972; Lanier 1994). These

early inventories have become foundational

supports for more recent inventories carried

out in various Algerian ecosystems (Nezzar-

Hocine et al. 1996, 1998; Djelloul et al. 2010;

Youcef Khodja 2010, 2021; Djelloul 2014;

Benazza-Bouregba et al. 2016; Benfriha et

al. 2020; Youcef Khodja et al. 2020; Souna

et al. 2023).

However, many of fungal names in these inven-

tories are outdated, containing nomenclatural

anomalies like invalid names (nomen nudum),

confused name (nomen confusum), false syn-

onyms, and orthographical, typographical

and hyphens errors. Additionally, inventories

of Algerian macro-fungal ﬂora of remain

limited, with the main studies conducted in

the national park cedar (Youcef Khodja et al.

2020): National Park of Belezma (Patouillard

1902, 1903; Maire 1914; Bensaci et al. 2015);

National Park of Thenièt El Had (Maire

1914); National Park of Chrèa (Battandier et

al. 1914; Maire 1914, 1927a; Dorleans 1972;

Youcef Khodja 2010); and National Park of

Djurdjura (Maire 1916; Lanier 1994; Nezzar-

Hocine et al. 1996, 1998).

The aim of this work is to revise and update

the names of Basidiomycota fungal species

Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests

(Cedrus atlantica Meni Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

cannot be determined and which therefore is

no longer used.

nom. nov. nomen novum: a new name pub-

lished as an explicit substitute (avowed sub-

stitute) for a legitimate or illegitimate, previ-

ously published name, which is its replaced

synonym and which, when legitimate, does

not provide the ﬁnal epithet, name, or stem of

the replacement name.

nom. nud. nomen nudum: a designation of a

new taxon published without a description or

diagnosis or reference to a description.

nom. rej. (nomen rejiciendum): when a name

it was nomenclaturally superﬂuous when pub-

lished or a later homonym.

nom. superf. (nomen superuum): a name

that, when published, was applied to a taxon

that, as circumscribed by its author, deﬁnitely

included the type of a name that ought to have

been adopted, or of which the epithet ought to

have been adopted.

nom. sanct. (nomen sanctionatum): name of

a fungus treated as if conserved against earlier

homonyms and competing synonyms, through

acceptance in a sanctioning work.

orth. cons. Orthographia conservanda: a

name of taxa, declared legitimate, even though

(FN, https://nmdc.cn/fungalnames/), Index

Fungorum (IF, http://indexfungorum.org/

Index.htm) and MycoBank (MB, https://www.

mycobank.org/). Names that not be found in

database are marked with a . Invalid names

are marked with a . Synonyms of certain

reported species were considered based to

their diagnoses or their princeps diagnosis,

taking into account morphological, micro-

scopic characters and ecological information.

Uncertain information provided by authors is

followed by a question mark (?). All errors,

including spelling, typographical and hyphens

errors were corrected in accordance with the

International Code of Nomenclature of algae,

fungi and plants (Shenzhen Code), ICNafp:

https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php

(Turland et al. 2018). Nomenclatural abbre-

viations used in this paper are taken from

Shenzhen Code.

ad int.: ad interim

Anon. anonymous: indicating that the author

of a publication is unknown

auct. mult. auctorum multorum: indicating

that many subsequent authors used a name in

a different sense to the original author.

nom. confus. nomen confusum: confused

name for which the type and/or application

Figure 1 – General map of North Algeria with the location of the cedar forests.

National Park of: Belezma (PNB); Boabor-Tababort (PNBT); Chrèa (PNC); Djurdjura (PND);

Thenièt El Had (PNTH).

Lounis Youcef Khodja

8ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

in mycological repositories as a synonym of

C. aurasiacus Pat.ss. orig. (iv) According to

the Shenzhen Code, there are ﬁve (11.5%)

valid orthographic variants that have been

reported in the literature and should be added

to prominent fungal repositories. These new

valid orthographic variants are Hygrocybe

acutoconica var. langei (Kühner) Bon,

Inocybe geophila Dufour, I. piriodora (Pers.)

P. Kummer, Geaster berkeleyi Massee, and

G. mbriatus Fr. (v) Lastly, among the total

names, 27 (63%) contain spelling, typo-

graphical and hyphens errors (Figure 2).

Excluded names

Four names of fungal species, as reported

by Dorleans (1972) (Hygrophorus russula

(Sch. Fr.) Quél., Galactinia umbrina,

Inocybe largus), and Nezzar-Hocine et

al. (1996, 1998) (Hygrophorus russula var.

cedretorum), are excluded from the list of

fungal taxa within Algerian cedar forests.

Three of these (G. umbrina, I. largus and

H. russula var. cedretorum) are considered

invalid. The reasons for excluding each

species are outlined below:

Hygrophorus russula (Sch. Fr.) Quél.

(nom. sanct.)

Dorleans (1972) reported this species under

Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière in Northern

Algeria’s PNC. However, it has been reported

under different host species in various loca-

tions. Maire (1933) reported it under Quercus

cerris L. (Q. lanuginosa Lam.) in Spain, while

Malençon & Bertault (1975) found it in mixed

forest systems with Cedrus atlantica and

Quercus ilex L. in Morocco. Additionally, it

has been observed under Pinus-Quercus asso-

ciations in Guatemala (Huang et al. 2021).

This fungus is considered as a mycorrhizal

species and typically grows in the presence

of deciduous trees (Quercus spp.) mainly

Quercus ilex. (Gérault 2005b; Roux 2006;

Eyssartier & Roux 2011; Courtecuisse &

Duhem 2013).

In light of the recent phylogenetic study

conducted by Huang et al. (2021) on the

Hygrophorus russula complex across dif-

ferent continents, it has been conﬁrmed that

H. russula (Sch. Fr.) Quél. is exclusively a

mycorrhizal species associated with Quercus

trees. Therefore, it is suggested that Dorleans

(1972) may have misidentiﬁed the habitat of

this species. It is worth noting that Dorleans

it may have been illegitimate when published,

and taking precedence over other speciﬁed

names even if it lacks priority. Or a name for

which the type, orthography, or gender has

been ﬁxed by the conservation process.

ss.: sensu of description

ss. orig.: original sensu

Finally, the nomenclature of plant species

associated with the fungal ﬂora is given

according, on the case, to the African Plant

Database (version 3.4.0) 2022 (APD):

https://africanplantdatabase.ch/ and with The

Euro+MedPlantBase: http://ww2.bgbm.org/

EuroPlusMed/query.asp.

Results and Discussion

In the examination of fungal species nomen-

clature (Basidiomycota) within Algerian cedar

forests (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière)

across 46 publications spanning 1846-2020,

43 names have been identiﬁed as misreported.

These include: (i) Four (9%) names that have

excluded from the inventory, with three of

them being invalid [Hygrophorus russula

(Sch. Fr.) Quél., Hygrophorus russula

var. cedretorum, Galactinia umbrina,

and Inocybe largus]. (ii) Five (11.5%)

names, three of which have false synonymies

[Oudemansiella badia, Cortinarius amoe-

nolens and Ramaria myceliosa], while two

have been updated based on recent studies

[Hebeloma versipelle (Fr.) Gille and Russula

basifurcata sensu auct. mult.]. (iii) Two

(5%) names, Cortinarius aurasiacus Pat.

ss. orig. and Tricholoma caligatum, previ-

ously abandoned as species within Algerian

cedar forests, should now reinstated in the

fungal species checklist for these forests.

The name Phlegmacium aurasiacus (Pat.)

Maire, a valid combination, can be included

Figure 2 – Repartition of misreported fungal names, as species grows under

Algerian cedar forests, in literature (1846-2020).

Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests

(Cedrus atlantica Meni Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

umbrina anon. nom. nud.) (Art 46.9 Ex.45)

(Turland et al. 2018).

The confusion may have arisen from the tax-

onomic and nomenclatural complexities of

the genus Peziza, particularly the historical

consideration of Galactinia as a subgenus of

Peziza Cooke (Cooke 1879; Boudier 1885).

To try to remove this confusion and identify

Dorleans’ (1972) collection, three hypotheses

can be put forward:

The first hypothesis suggesting that

G. umbrina anon. nom. nud. could be Peziza

umbrina Pers., commonly known as Otidea

cochleata (L.) Fuckel, is not valid. This is

because Dorleans (1972) already noted the

presence of Otidea umbrina anon. in the

same inventory, which indicates a different

species. Additionally, in Algeria, P. umbrina

Pers. is reported as O. umbrina (Pers.)

Bres. speciﬁcally under Quercus suber L.

(Patouillard 1903). Therefore, it is clear that

P. umbrina Pers. cannot be considered as a

valid replacement for G. umbrina.

The second hypothesis suggests that

G. umbrina anon. nom. nud. could be Peziza

umbrina Boud., which is commonly known

as Peziza echinospora P. Karst. However, this

hypothesis is not valid. Peziza echinospora

speciﬁcally fruits on burned soil, as supported

by studies conducted by Güngör et al. (2014)

and Raudabaugh et al. (2020). Since Dorleans

(1972) did not provide information about

the soil type on which the species grows, it

is crucial missing information that renders

this hypothesis invalid. Therefore, the name

G. umbrina Boud. cannot be replaced by

P. echinospora P. Karst.

The third hypothesis proposes that G. umbrina

anon. nom. nud. could be Peziza umbrina

Schumach., also known as Otidea alutacea

(Pers.) Massee. This species forms symbiotic

associations with hardwood trees such as

Quercus and Fagus (Parslow & Spooner 2015;

Naseer et al. 2019) and is reported by Dennis

(1984) under Quercus suber in Algeria. This

hypothesis can be considered valid if we

assume that Dorleans collected the species

in the transition area between Quercus ilex

and Cedrus atlantica in the PNC. In this case,

the name G. umbrina anon. nom. nud. can be

replaced with Otidea alutacea (Pers.) Massee,

and it should be included in the list of fungal

species in Algerian oak forests. Therefore, the

combination Galactinia umbrina should not

be included in the list of fungal species within

Algerian cedar forests.

(1972) mentioned conducting mycological

sampling simultaneously in the transition area

(1200 m) between Q. ilex and C. atlantica in

the PNC region of Northern Algeria. As a

result, it is advisable to remove Hygrophorus

russula (Sch. Fr.) Quél. from the inventory of

fungal species within Algerian cedar forests.

Hygrophorus russula var.

cedretorumnom. nud.

The name of Hygrophorus russula var.

cedretorum Maire was reported solely by

Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1996, 1998) under

Cedrus atlantica of Djurdjura (PND).

However, this nomenclature does not have any

presence or validation in existing literature

or mycological repositories. Furthermore, no

Latin diagnosis, description or illustration has

been provided thus far for the variety “var.

cedretorum” of the H. russula (Sch. Fr.) Quél.

(nom. sanct.).

Within the literature, two varieties have been

identiﬁed for Hygrophorus russula var. erube-

scens (Fr.) Bat. described by Bataille (1910),

and H. var. purpurascens (Alb. & Schw.) Quél.

described by Quélet (1886). Currently, these

varieties are considered as separate species,

namely Hygrophorus erubescens (Fr.) Fr.

(with nom. sanct.) and H. purpurascens (Alb.

& Schw.) Fr. (nom. sanct.) respectively. Based

on the provided information and in accordance

with Article 39.1 and Recommendation 50B

of ICNafp (Turland et al. 2018), it can be con-

cluded that H. russula var. cedretorum is a

nomen nudum [H. russula var. cedretorum

nom. nud.]. Consequently, it is an illegitimate

name that should be deﬁnitively excluded

from the list of Algerian fungal species.

Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1996, 1998) appear

to have encountered confusion between the

species H. russula (Sch. Fr.) Quél. and the

H. purpurascens var. cedretorum Maire. This

confusion may have arisen due to similarities

or overlapping characteristics between the

two species. Gérault (2005a) suggests that

there is a possibility of confusing H. russula

with H. purpurascens.

Galactinia umbrinaanon. nom. nud.

The name Galactinia umbrina reported by

Dorleans (1972). The name lacks the author’s

name and a proper description, diagnosis, or

illustration, making it an invalid and unrec-

ognized name in mycological databases (G.

Lounis Youcef Khodja

10 ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

(Quercus afares Pomel, Q. faginea Lam., and

Q. suber) (Maire & Werner 1937; Malençon

& Bertault 1970).

Review of the synonymy of fungal

species of Algerian cedar forests

Oudemansiella badia (Quél.) Moser:

Malençon & Bertault (1975) reported this

species in cedar forests in Morocco and

Algeria (PNBT and PNC). They provided

several synonyms, including Collybia longipes

(Bull. ex St. Amans) Kummer ss. Bresadola

and C. longipes var. badia Quél., as well as

Marasmius longipes Konrad et Maublanc.

Inocybe largusanon. nom. nud.

Dorleans (1972) reported Inocybe largus Fr.,

but it suffers from two anomalies: a misat-

tribution of authorship (I. largus anon.) (Art

46.9 Ex.45) (Turland et al. 2018) and a lack of

description, diagnosis, or illustration (nomen

nudum) (Rec. 50B) of ICNafp. Consequently,

the name Inocybe largus anon. nom. nud. is

not validly published (Art 38.1; Rec. 50B)

(Turland et al. 2018) and should not be

retained in the list of fungal species within

cedar forests in Algeria. The only plausible

hypothesis is that Dorleans (1972) intended

to refer to Cortinarius largus Fr., a species

already reported in Algeria under oak forests

Figure 3 – Taxonomic evolution of Oudemansiellabadia into Xerulapudens (Pers.) Singer in the

“Oudemansiella/Xerula” complex.

Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests

(Cedrus atlantica Meni Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

roasted goose meat burning at C. anserinus

(Velenovský 1920; Henry 1986, 1996).

Spores: limoniform, (9) 10-13 x 6-7 μm

(Orton 1960) at Cortinarius amoenolens

(Henry 1951; Orton 1960) and amygdaliform,

10-12μm at C. anserinus (Velenovský 1920;

Henry 1986).

Tast: bitter at C. amoenolens (Moser 1952;

Henry 1996), sweet at C. anserinus (Henry

1986).

Chemical reaction of the esh to potassium

hydroxide (KOH 5%): negative reaction

(Henry 1951; Moser 1952) or positive reaction

(brownish ocher color) (Bidaud et al. 2005)

in C. amoenolens, positive reaction (grayish

color) in C. anserinus (Henry 1986).

Ecology : Cortinarius amoenolens was found

under conifers (Nezzar-Hocine et al. 1998;

Hagerman et al. 1999) and under broadleaf

woods (Orton 1960; Laganà et al. 1999, 2002;

Bidaud et al. 2005; Denchev & Assyov 2010),

while C. anserinus is exclusively associated

with broadleaved trees, particular Fagus (F.

sylvatica L.) (Garnica et al. 2003; Dimou et

al. 2008).

Therefore, Cortinarius anserinus (Velen.)

Rob. Henry is not a synonym of C. amoenolens

Rob. The retained name, in the list of fungal

species in Algerian cedar forests, is C. amoe-

nolens currently known as Phlegmacium

amoenolens (Rob. Henry ex P.D. Orton)

Niskanen &Liimat. (Liimatainen et al. 2022).

Ramaria myceliosa (Peck) Corner: Initially,

Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1998) reported this

species as synonym to Clavaria corrugata P.

Karst. While Gérault (2005a) supported this

synonymy, subsequent research by Giachini

(2004) and Giachini & Castellano (2011)

identiﬁed them as distinct species. Notably,

there are no mycological repositories con-

firming the synonymy between Ramaria

myceliosa (Peck) Corner. and C. corrugata

P. Karst. These species have been named

Phaeoclavulina myceliosa (Peck) Franchi &

Marchetti (2018) and P. corrugata (P. Karst.)

Læssøe & Petersen (2018) respectively.

A detailed comparison of the two species’

descriptions unequivocally distinguishes

them:

P. myceliosa (Peck) Franchi & Marchetti

is recognized by ﬁve character: (1) open

branched basidiocarp, (2) honey yellow col-

oration, (3) presence of gloeoplerous hyphae

in rhizomorphs, (4) spiny spores with short

spines (Exeter et al. 2006), (5) and by small

The classiﬁcation of the Oudemansiella/

Xerula complex has been debated exten-

sively by mycologists from 1880 to 2021

(Spegazzini & Sobré 1880; Spegazzini 1881;

Patouillard 1887; Boursier 1924; Maire

1933; Singer 1951; Moser 1955; Malençon

& Bertault 1975; Clémençon 1979; Pegler &

Young 1986; Antonin 2009; Yang et al. 2009;

Petersen & Hughes 2010) (Figure 3). After a

phylogenetic study, Niego et al. (2021) agreed

with Petersen & Hughes (2010) and replaced

the name Oudemansiella badia (Quél.) Moser

with Xerula pudens (Pers.) Singer.

Cortinarius amoenolens Rob. Henry ex P.D.

Orton: Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1998) considered

this species as a synonym of C. anserinus

(Velen.) Rob. Henry. However, there has been

signiﬁcant debate regarding the synonymy of

the two taxa. . Some authors believed that

C. anserinus and C. amoenolens are synon-

ymous (Gérault 2005a, 2005b; Courtecuisse

& Duhem 1994; Vila et al. 2008; Tortelli &

Kibby 2020), while others treated them as

distinct species. After the criticisms of Henry

(1996), Courtecuisse & Duhem (2013) doubt

to this synonymy. In a revision of the family

Cortinariaceae classiﬁcation based on phy-

logenetic study, Liimatainen et al. (2022) did

not support this synonymy. A comparison of

the descriptions of C. (Phlegmacium) amoe-

nolens (Henry 1951; Orton 1960) and C.

anserinus (P. anserinum Velen.) (Velenovský

1920; Henry 1986), releaved differences in

cap, cuticle, ﬂesh, margin, gills, stipe, and

spore characteristics. These differences can

lead to confusion, especially during the devel-

opment of carpophores, making it challenging

to distinguish between these two species: cap,

cuticle, ﬂesh, margin, gills, stipe, and spore

characteristics and the reaction of the ﬂesh

to potassium hydroxide (KOH 5%) (brownish

ocher/grayish color).

Cap: ochre yellow olivaceous at C. amoe-

nolens (Henry 1951), ochraceous yellow with

olive hues or olivacious fawn at C. anserinus

(Henry 1986).

Bulb: attenuated at Cortinarius amoe-

nolens (Moser 1952), distinct margin «bul-

bodistinctee marginato» at C. anserinus

(Velenovský 1920).

Odor: weak, pleasant fruity, sometimes

very distinct mirabelle plum (Orton 1960;

Henry 1996) or odor of Inocybe bongardii

(Weinm.) Quél. (Henry 1951; Moser 1952)

at C. amoenolens, while a powerful odor of

Lounis Youcef Khodja

12 ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

Bon. Grilli (2009) initially reported the col-

lection from Morocco by Malençon & Bertault

(1970) as H. subcaespitosum Bon, which is

now considered a synonym of H. dunense R.

Heim (Grilli 2017).

However, the comprehensive revision of

Hebeloma from Europe and North Africa pub-

lished by Beker et al. (2016) suggests that the

Malençon harvest reviewed by Grilli (2009)

corresponds to H. subtortum P. Karst. This

species has been widely distributed in North

Africa’s cedar forests, where it was described

under various names that were synonymized

by Beker et al. (2016): H. pallidum Malençon,

H. malenconii Grilli, and H. sordidum Maire

Therefore, it is likely that most of the obser-

vations previously in the north African

cedar forests (Battandier et al. 1914; Maire

1914; Maire & Werner 1937; Malençon &

Bertault 1970; Nounsi et al. 2014; Kedad &

Bouznad 2018) under names like H. pallidum

Malençon, H. malenconii Grilli, H. sordidum

Maire and H. versipelle (Fr.) Gillet are related

to H. subtortum P. Karst.

Russula basifurcata sensu auct. mult.: The

name Russula basifurcata, presented as

“R. basifurcata sensu auct. mult.” without

specifying the author’s name, was originally

identiﬁed by Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1998) as

a synonym for Russula subterfurcata (non

subterfucata) Romagn. The species R. basi-

furcata was initially described by Peck (1885)

as R. basifurcata ss. stricto Peck in North

America. Subsequently, other specimens were

documented in North America under vari-

ation of the sensu, including R. basifurcata

ss. Saccardo (1887a), R. basifurcata (as

R. basifurca’ta Pk) ss. McIlvaine & Macadam

(1912), R. basifurcata ss. Burlingham

(1915), R. basifurcata ss. Beardslee (1918)

and R. basifurcata ss. Singer (1938), These

descriptions had slight differences, poten-

tionally related to habitat variations (Singer

1938),. Additionally, descriptions in northern

Europe [R. basifurcata ss. (Lange 1938-

1939), R. basifurcata ss. Schäffer (1938),

R. basifurcata ss. Kühner & Romagnesi

(1953) and R. basifurcata ss. Blum (1962)].

Comparing the original description by Peck

(1885) with descriptions of American har-

vests, it becomes evident that the American

descriptions closely align with Peck’s (1885)

description, except for R. basifurcata ss.

Singer, which featured a longer stipe (Singer

1938). In contrast, European descriptions do

not match the American descriptions (Table 1).

spore length (more cylindrical) (Exeter et al.

2006; De Angeli 2020). This species can be

confused with P. curta (Fr.) Giachini, but it is

distinguishable by its shorter spores (≈ 4.4μm

long, broadly ellipsoid to short-cylindrical)

(Exeter et al. 2006), and with P. ochracea

(Bres.) Giachini (Ramaria ochracea (Bres.)

Corner) by its ellipsoidal spores (De Angeli

2020). It is typically found under coniferous

wood (Cedrus, Picea and Pinus) (Gérault

2005a; Nezzar-Hocine et al. 1998; Exeter

et al. 2006; Senn-Irlet et al. 2009; Shiryaev

2009b).

P. corrugata (P. Karst.) Læssøe & Petersen is

characterized by branches ranging from light

ocher to yellow ocher, but also ocher yellow to

banana yellow, with age ± usually becoming

darker, yellow ocher, ocher to brownish ocher

below, sometimes with a tint of orange-ochre

or olive- ochre (Karsten 1868; Schild 1975).

Spores olive yellow, only immature spores

sometimes have a drop. Slightly irregular in

shape, partly ± almond-shaped and mostly

somewhat elongated and tapering at the

sides [(5.1)6-9.7(10.4) x (3)3.2-4.8(5.1) μm],

spines 0.3-1 (1.4) μm long, strongly cyano-

philic. Apiculus 0.3-0.8 (1.1) μm long, its wall

very thin and not or only slightly cyanophilic

(Schild 1975). This species primarily grows

under Pinus (P. sylvestris L.) (Karsten 1868)

and in the tundra (Shiryaev 2009a).

Given these distinctions, the name

Phaeoclavulina myceliosa (Peck) Franchi &

M. Marchetti, formerly known Ramaria myce-

liosa (Peck) Corner, is retained in checklist of

fungal species in the Algerian cedar forests as

species distinct from P. corrugata.

Hebeloma versipelle (Fr.) Gillet:

This species has been reported in the cedar

forest of Algeria (PNC, PND and PNTH)

by various authors (Maire & Werner 1937;

Malençon & Bertault 1970; Nezzar-Hocine

et al. 1996, 1998). Its interpretations has

envolved since its original description (Grilli

2017). The French literature available to these

authors, including Maire & Werner (1937),

Malençon & Bertault (1970), Nezzar-Hocine

et al. (1996, 1998), followed Konrad &

Maublanc (1924) in applying this name to

a Hebeloma section species with persistent

Cortina. Two interpretations emerged: that of

Malençon & Bertault (1970) (H. versipelle

ss. Konrad & Maublanc), applied to North

Africa (Algeria and Morocco) harvests and

that of Romagnesi (1965) (H. versipelle ss.

Romagnesi), renamed H. subcaespitosum

Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests

(Cedrus atlantica Meni Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

to a species already reported by Fries (1874)

(R. galochroa Fr.), now named R. heterophylla

(Fr.) Fr. According to Adamčík et al. (2018),

R. basifurcata (European species) has a color

range and strongly forking lamellae close to

the stipe. Consequently, Romagnesi (1967)

and Schwöbel (1975) argued that the name

R. basifurcata ss. Lange; ss. Schäffer should

not be used for European discoveries, advo

cating for the use of R. subterfurcata instead.

The latter can be confused with R. basifurcata

ss. Lange; ss. Schäffer based an cap color, but

they exhibit clear differences in spores char-

acteristics (Kauffman 2007).

Notably, Singer (1938) resisted adopting the

name R. basifurcata Peck (without red fawn

spots) and preferred the name R. basifurcata

ss. Lange and R. basifurcata ss. Schäffer (with

rufous spots). Lange (1940) highlighted that

R. basifurcata ss. Lange is a distinct from

with a whitish cap tinged with light dirt-gray,

making it unmistakable from other Russula

species.

Kühner & Romagnesi (1953) recommend the

nomenclature Russula basifurcata ss. Kühner-

Romagn. for specimens from North Africa

and Northern Europe, contending that R. basi

furcata ss. Lange; ss. Schäffer corresponds

Table 1– Comparison between the diﬀerent meanings of Russula basifurcata sensu auct. mult.

Caracteres

Species

Color of cap Taste Spores habitat Current

species

American specimens

R. basifurcata Peck dingy-white,

sometimes tinged

with yellow or

reddish-yellow

taste mild, then

bierish

Spores elliptical, pale

yellow

Dry hard ground

in paths and wood

roads

Russula basifurcata Peck

R. basifurcata ss

Saccardo

white, oen yellow to

yellow-red

(albido, saepe ﬂavo

v. ﬂavo-rufo tincto)

sweet and then

bier taste.

redulcideinamarulo)

spores elliptic,

pale yellow

(sporisellipticis,

pallideﬁavis)

in the woods and on

the roads (in silvis et

ad vias)

R. basifurcata

ss. McIlvaine &

Macadam

dingy-white,

sometimes tinged

with yellow or

reddish-yellow

slight bierish taste

disappears in cooking

Spores elliptical, pale

yellow, uninucleate or

shining

Dry hard ground

in paths and wood

roads

R. basifurcata ss.

Burlingham

dingy-white, oen

tinged with yellow or

reddish-yellow

mild then bierish Spores pale-yellow,

elliptic

Dry ground in woods

and bushy places

R. basifurcata ss.

Beardslee

white with tints of

yellow and rose

taste mild, then

slightly bier and

very slightly acrid.

Spores pale yellow,

a lile darker

than Ridgway’s

maize yellow-

round ellipsoid to

subglobose

R. basifurcata ss.

Singer

white, slightly

yellowish with old age

Mild, slightly bier,

not acrid

Spores ocher pallid,

shortly ellipsoidal

Under Pinus

ponderosa Douglas

ex. Lawson.

Euroafrican specimens

R. basifurcata ss.

Lange; Schäﬀer

color whitish-pale to

light dirt-grayish

(tawny reddish spots)

Cap with a tinge of

light dirt-grayish

Taste in young

specimens

slightly pungent

aer prolonged

mastication, soon

almost tasteless

Small spores oval-

spheric, minutely

warty spinulose

in a wood of Fagus

with old Pinus-trees,

on sandy ground.

Russula

heterophylla

(Fr.) Fr.

R. basifurcata ss.

Kühner-Romagn.

ocher, mixt of

purplish gray, olive,

bluish green

(tawnyreddish spots)

Sub-acrid, sweet a

lile pungent in the

gills

Small, broadly

elliptical spores

with obtuse warts,

spaced apart, slightly

cristulate, slightly

amyloid

Hardwoods

Graminous

(beeches)

Russula

subterfurcata

Romagn.

European (frensh and

Spanish) specimens

R. basifurcata ss.

Blum.

Earth color, less dark

bronze green, then

paling becoming

yellowish, dirty cream.

No purple or pink.

mild and pleasant

tast

Spores less round,

not laiced, adorned

with low spines.

Bare earth under

spruces, in the

mountains

Russula montensis

Bidaud, Moënne-Locc.

& P.-A. Moreau

Lounis Youcef Khodja

14 ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

Names to maintain (already

abandoned)

Malençon & Bertault (1970) and Benazza-

Bouregba et al. (2016) excluded the names

Cortinarius aurasiacus Pat. and Tricholoma

caligatum (Viv.) Ricken respectively from the

fungal speices list of Algerian cedar forests.

These names should be maintained in list

as the authors do not provide adequate jus-

tiﬁcation or they give doubtful information

to support their arguments. The reasons for

retaining these names are discussed below for

each species names.

Cortinarius aurasiacus sensu auct. mult.

Two interpretations of Cortinarius aura-

siacus, presented as C. aurasiacus sensu

auct. mult., are found in the literature. The

ﬁrst interpretation, as described by Patouillard

(1902), is presented as C. aurasiacus Pat ss.

orig. The second interpretation, as described

by Malençon & Bertault (1970), is rendered

as C. aurasiacus Pat. ss. Malen. & Bert. The

species Cortinarius aurasiacus Pat. ss. orig.

has been collected by Patouillard (1902) in

April (spring) under Quercus ilex in Sgag,

currently PNB (Algeria). subsequently, it

was also found by Battandier et al. (1914) in

May (spring) and by Maire 1914, 1927a) in

November (autumn) under Cedrus atlantica

of PNC. In Morocco, it was found by Maire

& Werner (1937) in November under Cedrus

atlantica of Ifrane, while C. aurasiacus ss.

Malen. & Bert. is recorded by Malençon

& Bertault (1970) in March (spring) under

Cedrus in the Middle Atlas.

Malençon & Bertault (1970) suggest that the

description of Cortinarius aurasiacus Pat.

ss. orig. provided by Battandier et al. (1914)

and by Maire (1914, 1927a) is similar to the

description of C. caerulescens (Schaeff.) Fr.

(?) or that of C. sodagnitus Rob. Henry (?),

because they argue that Patouillard (1902)

misidentiﬁed the ecological context of his

harvests (C. aurasiacus Pat. ss. orig.) by over

looking the presence of the cedar trees within

Quercetum (Q. ilex) habitat (?). However,

these suggestions lack sufﬁcient valid argu-

ments or evidence.

Upon comparing the initial description pro-

vided by Patouillard (1902) (C. aurasiacus

Pat. ss. orig.) with description presented by

Malençon & Bertault (1970) (C. aurasiacus

Pat. ss. Malen. & Bert.), it becomes evident

that the primary distinction between these

two species primarily lies in the shape and

Regarding Russula basifurcata ss. Blum,

described by Blum (1962) in France under

spruces trees, attempts have been made to

provide it another name. Sarnari (1992)

believed he had found Blum’s Russula under

Fagus (woodland) in Italy and noted dif-

ferences between R. basifurcata ss. Blum

specimens from northern and southern Italy,

renaming the later as R. faustiana Sarnari

caracterized by it lighter color (Pál-Fám &

Benedek 2022a). A year later, Sarnari (1993)

thought he had rediscovered R. basifurcata ss.

Blum and assigned it the name R. piceicola

Sarnari, but this name was invalid (Art. 39.1)

(Turland et al. 2018) due to a lack of a Latin

description, diagnosis or reference to one.

Finally, Reumaux et al. (1996) found spec-

imens of R. basifurcata ss. Blum in subalpine

France (Savoie) under conifers (Picea) and

gave them the name R. montensis Bidaud,

Moënne-Locc. & P.-A. Moreau.

Hence, the interpretation of Russula basi-

fucata sensu auct. mult., as reported by

Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1998) under the

cedar of PND, aligns with the interpretation

of Kühner& Romagnsei (R. basifurcata

ss. Kühner-Romagn.), which is currently

known as Russala subterfurcata Romagn.

Consequently, the name of R. basifurcata

Peck, mentioned in various works from

North Africa and Europe (Tkalcec & Mesic

2003; El kholfy et al. 2011; Nounsi et al.

2014; Outcoumit et al. 2014; Karadelev et al.

2018), should be replaced either R. montensis

Bidaud, Moenne-Locc. & P.-A. Moreau,

R. heterophylla (Fr.) Fr., or R. subterfurcata

Romagn., all of which closely resemble R.

basifurcata Peck.

Pending molecular studies of specimens of

R. subterfurcata Romagn. from North Africa

and Europe, its ecology and new distribution

are accepted. It has been reported in Northern

Europe under beech forests (Fagus sp.), spruce

forests (Picea sp.), and pine forests (Pinus sp.)

(Derbsch 1992; Courtecuisse & Duhem 2013;

Pál-Fám & Benedek 2022a, b), in Moldova

under oak (Quercus sp.) (Manic 2016) and in

Mediterranean Europe, particularly in Turkey

under oak forests (Quercus sp.) (Kaya & Bag

2010). It is also found under Cedrus trees at

high altitudes in North Africa (Bertault 1978;

Nezzar-Hocine et al. 1998).

Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests

(Cedrus atlantica Meni Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

Gillet by other authors including Battandier

et al. (1914), Maire (1914, 1915, 1927a),

Dorleans (1972), and Lanier (1994). However,

Kytövuori (1988) suggested that the spec-

imens of T. caligatum found under Cedrus

atlantica in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco)

might actually be T. nauseosum (A. Blytt)

Kytöv (?). Based on this suggestion, Benazza-

Bouregba et al. (2016) consider T. caligatum

as a potentially new record from North Africa

(?).

Unfortunately, the arguments presented by

Kytövuori (1988) and Benazza-Bouregba et

al. (2016) are not well-founded. Firstly, the

Kytövuori’s (1988) morphological exami-

nation of Moroccan specimens does not allow

for a clear distinction between T. caligatum

and T. nauseosum. Moreover, Riva (2009) and

El kholfy et al. (2011) maintain the species

name T. caligatum for all specimens found

in Moroccan cedar forests. Secondly, the

discovery of T. caligatum under Quercus

suber and Pinus halepensis Mill. in Oran

(Northwest Algeria) by Benazza-Bouregba et

al. (2016) does not eliminate the possibility of

its existence under C. atlantica.

Consequently, looking forward to molecular

study on the harvests found under North

African cedar forests to clear up these doubts,

the species name Tricholoma caligatum

(Viv.) Ricken should be maintained in the list

of fungal species of Algerian cedar forests.

New orthographic variants

As per Art. 61.2 (Turland et al. 2018), ortho-

graphical variants are the various spelling,

compounding, and inﬂectional forms of a

name or its ﬁnal epithet (including typo-

graphical errors) when only one nomen-

clatural type is involved. Only one ortho-

graphical variant of any one name is treated

as validly published, the form that appears in

the original publication (Art. 61.1). Except for

the errors reported in Art. 60.1, other spellings

are regarded as orthographical variants to be

corrected (Art. F.9.1).

In this study, we have identiﬁed ﬁve new valid

orthographic variants that need to be added

to the mycological repositories, namely

Hygrocybe acutoconica var. langei (Kühner)

Bon, Inocybe geophila (as geophilla) Dufour,

I. piriodora (Pers.) P. Kummer, Geaster

berkeleyi Massee, and G. mbriatus Fr.

size of their spores: ovoid (10-12 x 6 μ) for

C. aurasiacus Pat. ss. orig. and amygdaliform

(15.5-13.5 x 6.8-7.3 μ) for C. aurasiacus Pat.

ss. Malen. & Bert. subsequently, there comes

the taste (ﬂavor) of their ﬂesh: it is mild for

C. aurasiacus Pat. ss. orig., and inspid for C.

aurasiacus Pat. ss. Malen. & Bert. .

To remove this nomenclatural confusion, two

suggestions are valid. The ﬁrst suggestion, is

that presented by Bidaud et al. (2005), recom-

mended replacing the name C. aurasiacus Pat.

ss. Malen. & Bert. with the name C. malen-

conii Bidaud, Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux.

The second suggestion, is that proposed

by (Maire 1927a) synonymizing the name

C. aurasiacus Pat. ss. orig. with the name

Phlegmacium aurasiacus Pat. However, it is

important to note that the name P. aurasiacus

is not documented in the literature and is not

recognized in mycological databases, despite

its validity as synonym. This validity is based

on the fact that the species C. aurasiacus Pat.

belongs to the section Scauri (Patouillard

1902) and the subgenus Phlegmacium (Fries

1821; Gérault 2005b). Furthermore, it is

worth mentioning that Cortinarius species

belonging to the section Scauri and sub-

genus Phlegmacium can be designated as

Phlegmacium sp (Liimatainen et al. 2014,

2017). In accordance with Article 6.11 and

Rec. 32A of Shenzhen Code (Turland et al.,

2018), the name “P. aurasiacus (Pat.) Maire

nom. nov.” is a nomen novum proposed by

Maire for the species previously known as

C. aurasiacus Pat. Therefore, this revised

nomenclature, which recognizes the species

as a nomenclatural synonym of C. aurasiacus

Pat., can be appropriately included in myco-

logical repositories.

As a result, the species name Cortinarius

aurasiacus Pat. [= Phlegmacium aurasiacus

(Pat.) Maire] remains valid for the species

found in Algerian cedar and oak forests, unless

valid evidence is provided to the contrary.

Similarly, the species name C. aurasiacus Pat.

ss. Malen. & Bert., known as C. malenconii

Bidaud, Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux, reported

speciﬁcally in Algerian cedar forests should

also be retained.

Tricholoma caligatum (Viv.) Ricken:

This particular species has been reported

in Algerian cedar forests (PNC, PND and

PNTH) by some authors, such as Malençon

& Bertault (1975) and Nezzar-Hocine et al.

(1996, 1998). Previously, it was reported

under the name Armillaria caligata (Viv.)

Lounis Youcef Khodja

16 ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

P. Kummer is widely used in fungal inven-

tories of Algeria, including Battandier et al.

(1914), Maire (1914), Malençon & Bertault

(1970), and Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1998). It is

also mentioned in various international studies

(Gillet 1874; Saccardo 1887b; Ricken 1915;

Kauffman 1918; Kühner & Romagnesi 1953;

Bollinger & Eugster 1971; Huijsman 1974;

Kuyper 1986; Bizio 2009; Eyssartier & Roux

2011; Flores Arzú et al. 2012; Courtecuisse

& Duhem 2013; Fan et al. 2013; Matheny &

Swenie 2018).

The dual naming (I. geophila/I. geophylla)

was raised by Léon Marie Dufour during a

session of the Mycological Society of France

(May 6, 1920) with the only explanation

provided by Schrcell (Patouillard 1920).

It’s about two descriptions for the color of

the gills of the same Inocybe (Costantin &

Dufour 1904; Ricken 1915); such as pallid

lilac or reddish gills for I. geophila (Costantin

& Dufour 1904) and clay-colored gills

(tonblaß, schl. Grauerdfarbig) for I. geophylla

(ErdblätterigerFaserkopf) (Ricken 1915).

According to the articles Art. 14, 61.1, and

61.2, as well as the recommendation (Rec.

50E) of the Schenhen Code, the name I.

geophila (as geophilla) is considered an ortho

graphic variant of I. geophylla P. Kummer

and should be included in the databases.

Therefore, it is proposed as orthographia

conservanda “I. geophila (Fr. ex Sowerby)

Quél. orth. cons. [I. geophylla P. Kummer]”.

Within the meaning of the articles Art. 14,

61.1 and 61.2 and the recommendation (Rec.

50E) of Schenhen Code, the name I. geophila

(as geophilla) is an orthographic variant of I.

geophylla P. Kummer which must be entered

into the databases. Thus, it can be proposed

as orthographia conservanda “I. geophila (Fr.

ex Sowerby) Quél. orth. cons. [I. geophylla P.

Kummer]”.

Inocybe piriodora



(Pers.) P. Kummer orth.

cons.

Inocybe piriodora (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kummer is

a name that was documented by Dorleans

(1972) as a species discovered in the cedar

forest of PNC (Blida). It is noteworthy that this

name has been referenced in various publica-

tions, including Costantin & Dufour (1904),

Gilbert (1932), Maire & Politis (1940), List

& Freund (1966), Mazza (1998), Dimou et al.

(2008), and Bizio (2009). However, it is cur-

rently not present in mycological repositories.

Hygrocybe acutoconica (as acutoconicus)

var. langei (Kühner) Bon

Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1998) reported this

name as a variety discovered in the cedar forest

of Djurdjura (PND), but it has not been docu-

mented in fungal repositories or in the existing

fungal literature. In the literature, the species

name H. acutoconica (Clem.) Singer is men-

tioned with six different varieties, namely:

H. acutoconica var. acutoconica (Singer

1951), H. acutoconica var. aurantiolutescens

(Migliozzi & Camboni 2001), H. acutoconica

var. cuspidata (Arnolds 1985), H. acutoconica

var. konradii (Boertmann 2010), H. acuto-

conica var. microspora (Cantrell & Lodge

2000) and H. acutoconica var. pallidocarnea

(Becerra & Robles 2012).

Based on the presence of clamps and the gelat-

inized stipitipellis, Singer & Kuthan (1976)

distinguish Hygrocybe persistens (Britzelm.)

Singer from H. acutoconica (Clem.) Singer.

Subsequently, Arnolds (1986) synonymizes

these two species names because clamps are

consistently present in 4-spored forms of

typical H. acutoconica, which exhibit a dry

to slightly greasy stipe, and the stipitipellis is

a cutis. Additionally, H. persistens var. langei

(Kühner) Bon is considered a synonym of H.

acutoconica (Clem.) Singer (Arnolds 1986;

Bon 1988).

Therefore, the name Hygrocybe acuto-

conica var. langei (Kühner) Bon [Basionym:

H. langei Kühner] may be a valid combi-

nation and should be included as a variety of

H. acutoconica (Clem.) Singer in mycological

repositories.

Inocybe geophila var. liliacea (lilacea) (Fr.

ex Sowerby) Quél: This nomenclature men-

tioned by Dorleans (1972) refers to a fungal

variety found in the cedar forest of Blida

(PNC). It should be noted that the spelling of

the variety “var. liliacea,” is a typographical

error according to Art 60.1 (Turland et al.

2018). The correct spelling should be “var.

lilacina”.

However, the name Inocybe geophila (or geo-

philla) is not recognized in the repositories

of mycological databases such as Index

Fungorum and MycoBank. In the literature,

the names Inocybe geophila and I. geophylla

are reported by several authors. The name

I. geophila is rarely cited (Dufour 1881;

Costantin & Dufour 1904; Costantin 1933;

Gassibe et al. 2011; Vergara et al. 2011). On the

other hand, the name I. geophylla (Sowerby)

Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests

(Cedrus atlantica Meni Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

recognized as homonyms of Geastrum

mbriatum Fr. in the Mycobank database

[MB#528049].

According to Article 61.5 and 62.1 of

Shenzhen Code, the name Geaster mbriatus

Fr. should be considered an orthographic

variant of Geastrum mbriatum Fr. As such,

it is necessary to include Geaster mbriatus

in the mycological repositories.

Geaster berkeleyi Massee

Geaster berkeleyi as reported by Battandier et

al. (1914); Maire (1927a), and Lanier (1994),

is a species in the Chréa cedar forest (PNC).

However, this species name is not currently

recognized in mycological repositories.

Geaster berkeleyi was originally described

by Massee (1889) in a monograph of the

British Gastromycetes from Great Britain.

It is less mentioned in the literature, with

Saccardo (1891), Lloyd (1905), Battandier et

al. (1914), Velenovský (1920), Maire (1927b),

Lanier (1994), and Hluza (1999). On the other

hand, the name Geastrum berkeleyi Massee

is recognized in mycological repositories and

widely reported in the literature, including

works Kotlaba & Pouzar (1987), Demoulin

(1989), Kasuya et al. (2009), Hemmes &

Desjardin (2011), Jeppson et al. (2013), and

Poumarat (2017).

In accordance with Art. 61.5 and Art. 62.1 of

Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. (2018), the

name Geaster berkeleyi Massee should be

treated as a orthographic variant of Geastrum

berkeleyi Massee, and it should be included

in the mycological repositories.

Orthographic and typographic errors

In accordance with Art. 60.1 (Turland et

al.2018), the spelling correction of fungal

species (epithets of fungal names) concerns.:

(1) typographical or orthographical errors and

the standardizations; (2) letters and ligatures

foreign to classical Latin; (3) interchange

between u/v, i/j, or eu/ev; (4) diacritical signs

and ligatures; (5) terminations; (6) intentional

latinizations; (7) compounding forms; (8)

hyphens; (10) apostrophes and full stops, and

(11) abbreviations.

Of the 43 taxa misreported in this work, 27

taxa contain anomalies in their spellings (bold

underlined) including 12 orthographic errors,

6 typographical errors, 4 ortho-typographical

errors and 5. hyphen errors (Table 2). Such

errors should be corrected.

Despite its absence from the repositories, Bon

(1997) considers I. piriodora as a conserved

spelling (orthographia conservanda, orth.

cons.). In accordance with the recommen-

dation (Rec. 50E), I. piriodora can be regarded

as a valid name and may be included in the

repositories as an orthographic variant of I.

pyriodora (Pers.) P. Kummer (nom. sanct.),

which represents the original orthography

used by Kummer in 1871. The basionym for

this species is Agaricus pyriodorus Pers., as

described by Persoon in 1801.

Geaster/Geastrum

Two orthographical variants should be

included in the repositories: Geaster m-

briatus and Geaster berkeleyi. These variants

correspond to Geastrum mbriatum Fr. and

Geastrum berkeleyi Massee, respectively.

The genus Geaster Fr. (Fries 1829) and

Geastrum Pers. (Persoon 1794, 1801) are

similar names for the same genus (Demoulin

1984; Turland et al. 2018) and they are treated

as orthographical variants despite the fact that

they are derived from two different nouns with

the same meaning, i.e. star, aster (asteris)

and astrum (astri) (Turland et al. 2018) and

with the same preﬁx geo, meaning earth.

The replacement of the genus Geaster by the

genus Geastrum was made during the ICBN

congress in 1981.

Geaster mbriatus



(Fries 1829)

(nom. sanc.)

Geaster mbriatus (Fries 1829) is a name that

was reported by Dorleans (1972) as a species

found in the cedar forest of PNC. However, it is

not recognized in prominent repositories such

as Index Fungorum and Mycobank. The name

Geaster mbriatus was originally created by

Fries (1821) in the Systema Mycologicum

of which gives it a sanctioned name (G. m-

briatus

Fr.

(nom. Sanc.)) according the Art.

F. 3 of the Shenzhen Code.

While its mainly found in older references

like Milne Edwards (1842), Maire (1902),

and Lloyd (1905), more recent works refer

to the name Geastrum mbriatum Fr., such

as Ellis & Ellis (1990), States (1990), May et

al. (2003), Roody (2003), Eyssartier & Roux

(2011), and O’Reilly 2020).

It’s important to note that Geaster mbriatus

Tul. & C. Tul., Geaster mbriatum Tul. &

C. Tul., and Geastrum mbriatum Tul. &

C. Tul. are considered illegitimate names

according to Art. 53.1 and Art. F.3.3 (Turland

et al., 2018) because they later became

Lounis Youcef Khodja

18 ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

Table 2 – Anomalies of fungal species names found under cedar forests of Algeria

Article (Art.); Recommendation (Rec.).

Wrong nomenclatures reporters Nomenclatures corrected according to Shenzhen

Code (Turland et al. 2018)

Orthographic errors

Coriola versicolor Dorleans (1972) Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quél. (Art 60.1) whose current

name Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd.

Collybia drophila (Bull. ex

Fr.) Quél.

Dorleans (1972) Collybia dryophila (Bull.) P. Kummer (Art. 60.1) whose

current name Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill

Hydrocybe duracinus Maire (1927) Hydrocybe duracina (Fr.) Ricken (Art. 60.1) whose current

name Cortinariu sduracinus Fr.

Entoloma asprelus Dorleans (1972) Entoloma asprellum (Fr.) Fayod (Art. 60.1) not

Entoloma asprellum ss. G. Stev., illegitimate name

(nomensuperﬂuum) (Art. 52.1 et Art. 53.1) (Segedin &

Pennycook 2001)

Entoloma clipeatum (L. ex

Fr.) Quél.

Dorleans (1972) Entoloma clypeatum (L.) P. Kummer (Art 60.1)

Hygrocybe acutoconicus H. acutoconica (Clem.) Singer (Art. 60.1)

Hymenogaster Klotzschii

Tul. & C. Tul.

Dorleans (1972) Hymenogaster klotzschii Tul. & C. Tul. (Art. 60.8),

illegitimate nomenclature (nomensuperﬂuum) (Art. 52.1).

Hymenangium album Klotzsch. (Dietrich et al. 1839) or

Rhizopogon albus ss. Berkeley (Smith & Berkeley 1836)

(Art. 60.1) whose current name Descolea alba (Klotzsch)

Kuhar, Nouhra& ME Sm.

Inocybe castaneus Fr. ex.

Bull.

Dorleans (1972) Inocybe castanea Peck. (Rec 50D) (Art 60.1). The

nomenclature Inocybecastanea Velenovsky is illegitimate

(later homonym) (Art 53.1)

Neournula pouchei Nezzar-Hocine (1998) Neournula pouchetii (Berthet &Riousset) Paden

(Art60.1), (Rec 50D)

Psalliota silvatica Dorleans (1972) ; Lanier (1994) Psalliota sylvatica (Schaeﬀ.) P. Kummer. whose current

name Agaricus sylvaticus Schaeﬀ.

Russula sublaevispora Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1998) Russula sublevispora (Romagn.) Kühner&Romagn.

(Art60.1) (Rec 50D)

Russula subterfucata Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1998) Russula subterfurcata Romagn. (Rec. 50D)

Stropharia aeruginea Dorleans (1972) Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis) Quél. (Art 60.1) (Rec. 50D)

Typographicalerrors

GeasterBerkeleyi Massee (Baandier et al. 1914; Maire 1927a; Lanier 1994) Geaster berkeleyi (Art 60.1)

Hygrophorus Reai Maire (1914) Hygrophorus reae Maire (Art. 60.1) (Rec 60F.1) whose

current name Hygrocybe mucronella (Fr.) P. Karst.

Phellinus Hartigii Patouillard (1903) et par Maire (1914), Phellinus hartigii (Allesch. & Schnabl) Pat. (Art. 60.1)

(Rec60F.1)

Marasmius hudsoni Baandier et al. (1914) Marasmiushudsonii (Art. 60.1) (Rec 60F.1)

Tricholoma Georgii

(Schaeﬀ) K et Romgn.

Dorleans (1972) Tricholoma georgii (L.) Quél. (Art. 60.1) whose current

name Calocybegeorgii (L.) Kühner ex Kalamees

Sepuliaria Sumneriana Baandier et al. (1914), Maire (1914), Lanier

(1994) et Nezzar-Hocine et al. (1996),

Sepuliaria sumneriana (Art. 60.1) (Rec 60F.1) whose

current name Geopora sumneriana (Cooke) M. Torre.

Erreurs ortho-typographiques

Gautiera Trabutii Pat. (Maire & Werner 1937) The generic name Gautiera, contains the orthographic

error, corrected on GautieriaViad. (Art. 60.1). The

names of the epithets (Trabutii et Trabuti), contains the

typographical errors, corrected on trabutii (Rec. 60C.1b et

Rec 60F.1)

The corrected nomenclature is Gautieria trabutii (Chatin)

Pat.

Gautiera Trabuti (Baandier et al. 1914; Maire 1914),

Gautieria Trabuti (Patouillard 1897)

HymenogasterTrabuti

Chat.

(Chatin 1891)

Hyphens

Ramaria ochraceo-virens Maire & Werner (1937), Ramaria ochraceovirens (Art. 60.11) whose current name

Phaeoclavulina abietina (Pers.) Giachini

Panus violaceo-fulvus Baandier et al. (1914) et Maire (1914) Panellus violaceofulvus (Fr.) Singer (Art. 60.11)

Mycena ﬂavo-alba Malençon & Beltaut (1975), Maire (1927) et Maire

(1914)

Mycena ﬂavoalba whose current name Atheniella

ﬂavoalba (Fr.) Redhead (Art. 60.11)

Mycena luteo-alba Maire (1914), Mycena luteoalba whose current name Mycena

luteoalba (Bolton) Gray

Tricholoma albo-

brunneum

Dorleans (1972) Tricholoma albobrunneum (Pers.) P. Kummer

Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests

(Cedrus atlantica Meni Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 49 (2) – 2023

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Acknowledgements

I express my thanks, recognitions and grat-

itude to Pr. Pierre Roux, pharmacist-mycol-

ogist, at Sainte Sigolène, and Dr. Pierre-

Arthur Moreau, at Laboratoire des sciences

végétales et fongiques, faculté des sciences

pharmaceutiques, Université de Lille, France,

for sharing their scientiﬁc knowledge with me

and for providing me with bibliographic ref-

erences, as well as for their advice during the

writing. I would like to express my gratitude

to Dr. Noureddine Laadel, at Laboratory of

Improvement and development of plant and

animal production, and Dr. Hicham Meziti,

at Faculty of Nature and Life Science, Ferhat

Abbas University Sétif-1 for their valuable

assistance in making linguistic corrections

to this manuscript. I thank two anonymous

reviewers for their helpful comments and

feedback on an earlier version of the man-

uscript. Their contributions have greatly

improved the quality of the document.

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Genetics & Biodiversity Journal ‫ مجلة‬‫ الوراثة‬ والتنوع‬‫ ‫البيولوج‬ي‬ The first check-list of macro-fungi in Tlemcen Wilaya (North-West of Algeria) reveals the discovery of 5 new records for Algeria

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FUNGAL DIVERS

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Full-text available

Dec 2021

Rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF) constitute an ecological group associated with terrestrial rocks. This association is generally restricted to the persistent colonisation of rocks and peculiar morphological features based on melanisation and slow growth, which endow RIF with significance in eukaryotic biology, special status in ecology, and exotic potential in biotechnology. There is a need to achieve a better understanding of the hidden biodiversity, antistress biology, origin and convergent evolution of RIF, which will facilitate cultural relic preservation, exploitation of the biogeochemical cycle of rock elements and biotechnology applications. This review focuses on summarising the current knowledge of rock-inhabiting fungi, with particular reference to terminology, biodiversity and geographic distribution, origin and evolution, and stress adaptation mechanisms. We especially teased out the definition through summing up the terms related to rock-inhabting fungi, and also provided a checklist of rock-inhabiting fungal taxa recorded following updated classification schemes.

Trends in yeast diversity discovery

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Yeasts, usually defined as unicellular fungi, occur in various fungal lineages. Hence, they are not a taxonomic unit, but rather represent a fungal lifestyle shared by several unrelated lineages. Although the discovery of new yeast species occurs at an increasing speed, at the current rate it will likely take hundreds of years, if ever, before they will all be documented. Many parts of the earth, including many threatened habitats, remain unsampled for yeasts and many others are only superficially studied. Cold habitats, such as glaciers, are home to a specific community of cold-adapted yeasts, and, hence, there is some urgency to study such environments at locations where they might disappear soon due to anthropogenic climate change. The same is true for yeast communities in various natural forests that are impacted by deforestation and forest conversion. Many countries of the so-called Global South have not been sampled for yeasts, despite their economic promise. However, extensive research activity in Asia, especially China, has yielded many taxonomic novelties. Comparative genomics studies have demonstrated the presence of yeast species with a hybrid origin, many of them isolated from clinical or industrial environments. DNA-metabarcoding studies have demonstrated the prevalence, and in some cases dominance, of yeast species in soils and marine waters worldwide, including some surprising distributions, such as the unexpected and likely common presence of Malassezia yeasts in marine habitats.

FIRST RECORD, PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS, AND KEY TO LACTARIUS MEDITERRANEENSIS (RUSSULALES, BASIDIOMYCOTA) AND ITS RELATED SPECIES IN TLEMCEN'S NATIONAL PARK ( ALGERIA) PREMIER RECORE, ANALYSE PHYLOGÉNÉTIQUE ET CLÉ DE LACTARIUS MEDITERRANEENSIS (RUSSULALES, BASIDIOMYCOTA) ET DE SES ESPÈCES APPARENTÉES DANS LE PARC NATIONAL DE TLEMCEN (ALGÉRIE)

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020

Description of the subject: The Lactarius genus has always attracted the interest of mycological researchers and has therefore occupied an important position in the world of mycology, from which comes the importance of exploring our little-known macrofungal diversity. This study was done in Tlemcen’s National Park. The goal of the study is to explore the national park of Tlemcen in order to discover the biodiversity of Lactarius genus, particularly those of socioeconomic and scientific interests. Methods: Samples collected during the rainy season were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, then the results were confirmed by a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the ITS region. Results: The use of molecular identification in this study allowed us to identify three species of Lactarius, which form ectomycorrhizal associations with pine trees (Pinus halepensis) or Quercus (Q. ilex and Q. fagenia). Among these, L. sanguifluus has already been reported previously in the central part of the country, but L. mairie and L. mediterraneensis are a new record. Conclusion: This current study carried out in Tlemcen’s National Park (HOT SPOT of Biodiversity), reports the presence of three species; of which two of them are rare. The rare species includes: L. mairei and L. mediterraneensis recorded for the first time; and L. sanguifluus, a common excellent edible mushroom, and widely appreciated for its high market value in Europe especially in Spain. Keywords: Lactarius, Tlemcen’s National Park, Algeria, molecular phylogenetic analysis, ITS.

Clavarioid fungi of the tundra and forest-tundra zones of Kola Peninsula (Murmansk Region)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009

Anton Shiryaev

Fifty six species of clavarioid fungi from 14 genera are noted in the high-latitude areas of Kola Peninsula, among them 55 species being noted in forest-tundra and 30 in southern tundra. Two species (Mucronella flava and Ramaria testaceoflava) are recorded in the Russian forest-tundra zone for the first time. Like in all high-altitude areas of Eurasia, the greatest species richness is distinguished for the genus Typhula (19 species), and 3 largest genera Typhula, Ramaria and Clavaria make in total 53.6% of all revealed taxa. The species/genus ratio in forest-tundra is 4.0, and in southern tundra 3.7. The levels of species richness, diversity (Shannon's index) and domination (Simpson's index) are similar to those for other European high-latitude areas, however somewhat differ from similar parameters for Polar Urals and Yamal Peninsula. Saprotrophic species on grass litter Typhula variabilis, T. lutescens and T. sclerotioides are the most abundant. In comparison with other high-latitude complexes, the role of soil-inhabiting saprotrophs (Clavulina cinerea, Clavaria argillacea, C. falcata) is significant on Kola Peninsula. Wood-decaying species are noted only in forest-tundra.

Phylogenetic relationships of European Phlegmacium species ( Cortinarius , Agaricales)

Article

Nov 2003

Phylogenetic relationships of 54 European Phlegmacium species, including members of most of the sections of classical systematics, were studied, integrating macro-, micromorphological and chemical characters of the basidiomes, as well as molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear rDNA sequences. Microscopical structures of the basidiomes were studied by light microscopy. Basidiospore morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Internal-transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and 2, including the 5.8S) and the D1/D2 (LSU) regions of nuclear rDNA were sequenced and analyzed with a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Many subgroups detected by the molecular analysis are related to groups known from classical systematical concepts. Among others, these subgroups were significantly supported: i) a group containing most of the members of section Fulvi ss. Brandrud and the species Cortinarius arcuatorum, C. dibaphus and C. multiformis; ii) a group comprising taxa of section Calochroi ss. Brandrud and the species C. fulvocitrinus and C. osmophorus; iii) a group containing species of section Glaucopodes ss. Brandrud and C. caerulescens; iv) a group including members of section Phlegmacioides ss. Brandrud; v) a group that includes the species C. cephalixus, C. nanceiensis and C. mussivus. Stipe shape, color of flesh, pigment contents, KOH reaction on pileipellis and gelatinous layer, degree of development of a gelatinous layer on the pileipellis, and pileipellis structure were useful characters in delimiting subgroups in Phlegmacium, while basidiospore morphology was significant at species level. With the exception of C. glaucopus, C. infractus and C. scaurus, ITS and D1/D2 sequences obtained from collections of the same species from different geographical origins showed very little variation. Our molecular and morphological analyses suggest revisions of the traditional concepts of the subgenus Phlegmacium in Europe.

La macroflore fongique de Cedrus atlantica (Endl.)Manetti ex.Carriere.I-Inventaire des espèces d'une cédraie du massif du Djurdjura (Algérie) et connaissances actuelles sur les champignons des cédraies

Article

Jan 1996

New records of sessile earthstars (Geastrum fimbriatum) and collared earthstars (Geastrum triplex) from the Glasgow area, Scotland

Article

Jan 2020

M O’Reilly

Where are they hiding? Testing the body snatchers hypothesis in pyrophilous fungi

Article

Feb 2020
FUNGAL ECOL

Pyrophilous fungi produce sporocarps after a fire but little is known about their ecology prior to or after a fire event. Recently, the body snatchers hypothesis was proposed that suggests some post-fire fungi form endophytic and/or endolichenic relationships with plants and lichens. To test the body snatchers hypothesis, bryophyte, lichen, club moss, and soil samples were collected from unburned and mixed-intensity burned areas 1–2 y after a 2016 wildfire in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and from unburned areas in four states outside the park. Samples were examined for the presence of pyrophilous fungi occurring as endophytes or in lichens using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Culture-dependent methods isolated Pholiota highlandensis, a known pyrophilous fungus, from five bryophyte samples. Culture-independent methods identified 22 pyrophilous taxa from bryophyte, club moss, lichen, and soil samples across a range of geographical localities. The ‘body snatchers’ hypothesis is supported since many bryophyte, lichen, and club moss samples contained pyrophilous taxa suggesting that these fungi occur as endophytes and/or endolichenic fungi until a fire event triggers them to produce sporocarps.

Review of ecology and nomenclature of fungi (Basidiomycota) reported under the Algerian cedar forests (Cedrus atlantica Mentti Carries) with the occurrence of new orthographical variants for fungal repositories

Abstract

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