No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Impulsivity, emotional disorders and cognitive distortions in the general population: highlighting general interaction profiles
Abstract
Cognitive distortions, defined as erroneous information-processing, are involved in the emergence and maintenance of various mental and emotional disorders, including anxiety and depression. On the other hand, several studies highlight the existence of links between these states and the dimensions of impulsivity. We therefore studied the links between cognitive distortions, anxiety and depressive symptomatology, and impulsivity. Two hundred and forty adults (aged 18–60 years, 101 men, 139 women) completed the French version of the Impulsive Behavior Scale, the Cognitive Distortions Scale for Adults and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The results obtained highlight the existence of a cognitive distortion specific profile regarding the urgency dimension. Negative maximization, disqualification of the positive, negative-focused dichotomous reasoning, positive arbitrary focus, and neutral omission in favour of the negative are thus the distortions most associated with the level of urgency of subjects. The results also show, a moderating effect of the level of urgency on the interaction between anxiety and negative focused dichotomous reasoning. As well as on the interaction between depression and positive minimization, and between depression and positive maximization. The discussion of the results focuses on the interpretation of the data regarding the anxiety-depressive states in general population.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Background and objective
Based on the cognitive model of social anxiety disorder (SAD), individuals who are anxious in social environments have some dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs regarding themselves and ways of others to judge their behaviors. A fundamental component of cognitive behavioral therapy is about noticing and changing cognitive distortions. The aims of our study were to analyze the differences in cognitive distortions between patients with SAD and a healthy control group, and examine the relationship between cognitive distortions and levels of anxiety and depression in patients with SAD.
Methods
One hundred two individuals from two samples, non-clinical and clinical with SAD, were included. Patients were evaluated using a socio-demographic data form, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Cognitive Distortions Scale (CDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory after a diagnostic interview.
Results
There were significant differences between the patient and control group in terms of total CDS; most cognitive distortions were significantly higher in the patient group compared with the controls. The correlations between social anxiety, state and trait anxiety levels, depressive symptoms, and cognitive distortions were analyzed and significant correlations were found between the scales with a range of 0.316–0.676.
Conclusions
Patients with SAD had more cognitive distortions compared with the healthy controls. The comorbid depressive symptoms in SAD had effects on ‘mental filter, overgeneralization and personalization’ in social situations, and there was no specific cognitive distortion without depression. Cognitive distortions in these patients were more related to depression and trait anxiety levels than the severity of social anxiety.
Aim.This study examined the association between depression severity and an indicator of the diversity of cognitive errors (CEs) used by individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods. One early and one late therapy sessions for 42 patients were taken from the Jacobson et al. [1, 2] study, transcribed and rated for cognitive errors. Results. Results revealed that the level of diversity of CEs is not significantly associated with depression severity. Discussion. While previous studies [3] have shown that cognitive inflexibility is associated with psycho-pathology, our findings suggest that rigidity in the CEs used by depressed individuals is not. cognitive errors / cognitive rigidity / flexibility / depression / Cognitive Error Rating scale
L’impulsivité, définie globalement comme la tendance à exprimer des comportements excessifs et non planifiés, est un concept intégré dans les principaux modèles de la personnalité. L’impulsivité représente également une dimension psychologique importante pour la compréhension et le diagnostic d’un grand nombre de troubles psychopathologiques et neurologiques. Les recherches récentes s’accordent sur la nécessité de considérer l’impulsivité comme un concept multidimensionnel et d’identifier les mécanismes psychologiques (cognitifs, affectifs, motivationnels) susceptibles de sous-tendre les diverses manifestations impulsives.
Ce livre, composé de six chapitres, fait le point sur les recherches et les modèles théoriques actuels concernant l’impulsivité. Il vise aussi à décrire une large gamme d’outils validés permettant d’évaluer les différentes facettes de l’impulsivité et les mécanismes psychologiques qui y sont associés. Plusieurs des outils présentés (avec leurs données normatives) sont en utilisation libre de droits. Ce livre a également pour objectif de faire l’état des connaissances sur le rôle de l’impulsivité dans les troubles psychopathologiques et neurologiques, ainsi que sur les techniques d’intervention psychologique visant les conduites impulsives.
L'impulsivité, généralement considérée comme la tendance à exprimer des comportements spontanés,
excessifs et/ou non planifiés, joue un rôle essentiel dans la compréhension de nombreux états psychopathologiques et comportements problématiques. Elle constitue d’ailleurs le critère diagnostique le plus fréquemment mentionné dans le Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux
(DSM). Dans cet article, nous montrons en quoi l’impulsivité constitue un processus «transdiagnostique
» impliqué dans le développement et le maintien d’une large gamme de troubles émotionnels. Pour ce faire, et en partant d’un modèle dominant (modèle UPPS de l’impulsivité, Whiteside & Lynam, 2001),
nous exposerons en quoi l’impulsivité est un construit multidimensionnel sous-tendu par une pluralité de mécanismes cognitifs, affectifs,et motivationnels. Nous décrirons ensuite les données démontrant que les différentes facettes de l’impulsivité (et les mécanismes associés) prédisent une variété de symptômes psychopathologiques habituellement associés à des diagnostics psychiatriques distincts. Finalement, nous discuterons l’apport d’une telle conception en termes d’évaluation et d’intervention psychologique à travers la présentation d’un cas clinique.
Anxiety and depression are often highly correlated with each other. To explain this connection, the present study examined the longitudinal relationship between earlier anxiety and later depression, using avoidance as a mediator and trauma as a moderator. Participants (N = 6,504 adolescents) completed baseline measures of anxiety and depression, a measure of avoidance one year later, a measure of trauma six to eight years later, and a measure of depression 12 to 14 years later. Analyzed with structural equation models, the results showed that anxiety predicted later depression, and this relationship was partially mediated by avoidance. The relationship between avoidance and depression was not moderated by trauma. Together, these findings suggest that anxiety may influence later depression through avoidance, and this relationship remains unaffected by experiencing a traumatic experience.
Individuals often feel anxious in anticipation of tasks such as speaking in public or meeting with a boss. I find that an overwhelming majority of people believe trying to calm down is the best way to cope with pre-performance anxiety. However, across several studies involving karaoke singing, public speaking, and math performance, I investigate an alternative strategy: reappraising anxiety as excitement. Compared with those who attempt to calm down, individuals who reappraise their anxious arousal as excitement feel more excited and perform better. Individuals can reappraise anxiety as excitement using minimal strategies such as self-talk (e.g., saying "I am excited" out loud) or simple messages (e.g., "get excited"), which lead them to feel more excited, adopt an opportunity mind-set (as opposed to a threat mind-set), and improve their subsequent performance. These findings suggest the importance of arousal congruency during the emotional reappraisal process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
The aim of this study was to test two competing theories concerning the trait of urgency: (a) Urgency reflects the tendency to act rashly/impulsively when emotional, or (b) urgency reflects a general reflexive responsivity to emotions that can lead either to rash action or to ill-advised inaction and thus to either impulsive behavior or depression. Following prior findings that fifth-grade urgency predicted sixth-grade impulsive behavior, we tested whether urgency also predicted sixth-grade depression (n = 1,906). After controlling for sex, early pubertal onset, fifth-grade depression, fifth-grade engagement in addictive behaviors, negative affect, positive affect, and other impulsivity-related traits, fifth-grade urgency level did predict higher levels of depression at the end of sixth grade. This finding is consistent with the view that urgency can lead either to rash action or to ill-advised inaction. Urgency may be of transdiagnostic importance, contributing to both internalizing and externalizing dysfunction.
Impulsivity is an important and multifaceted psychological construct. Recently, Whiteside and Lynam (2001) have developed the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale that distinguishes four dimensions of impulsivity: Urgency, lack of Premeditation, lack of Perseverance, and Sensation seeking. In the present study, we investigated the psychometric properties of a French adaptation of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. Two hundred and thirty-four undergraduate students completed the UPPS Scale. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses revealed a four factors solution similar to that found in the original study. Also, the results indicated that there was good to very good internal reliability for the four subscales.
Impulsive behaviors and intrusive thoughts are prominent in psychopathology. Two studies were conducted to explore their relationships.
In Study 1, 250 participants completed the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale and the Thought Control Ability Questionnaire (TCAQ).
In Study 2 involving a sample of 97 female students, the relations between impulsivity and different types of thought control
difficulties were examined. Both negative urgency and lack of perseverance were significantly related to the tendency to experience
intrusive thoughts as measured by the TCAQ, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, the obsessing subscale of the Obsessive–Compulsive
Inventory-Revised, and an intrusion subscale of the White Bear Suppression Inventory. Regression analyses revealed that negative
urgency and lack of perseverance independently contributed to worries and thought control difficulties and that negative urgency
was the strongest predictor of all types of intrusions. On the basis of these findings, the authors discuss cognitive processes
and content that may be related the different facets of impulsivity.
KeywordsImpulsivity–Thought suppression–Intrusion–Worry–Self-control
The present project utilized the Five Factor Model of personality (FFM; McCrae & Costa, 1990) to clarify the multi-faceted nature of impulsivity. The NEO-PI-R and a number of commonly used impulsivity measures were administered to over 400 young adults. Exploratory factor analyses identified four distinct personality facets associated with impulsive-like behavior which were labeled urgency, (lack of) premeditation, (lack of) perseverance, and sensation seeking. Each of these traits was marked by a different facet of the FFM. Following the initial factor identification, scales to measure each of the personality facets were created and combined to form the UPPS Impulsive Behavior scale. Implications for the understanding of impulsive behavior and the FFM are discussed, as are future applications of the UPPS impulsive behavior scale.
Across 8 experiments, the influence of anxiety on advice seeking and advice taking is described. Anxious individuals are found to be more likely to seek and rely on advice than are those in a neutral emotional state (Experiment 1), but this pattern of results does not generalize to other negatively valenced emotions (Experiment 2). The relationships between anxiety and advice seeking and anxiety and advice taking are mediated by self-confidence; anxiety lowers self-confidence, which increases advice seeking and reliance upon advice (Experiment 3). Although anxiety also impairs information processing, impaired information processing does not mediate the relationship between anxiety and advice taking (Experiment 4). Finally, anxious individuals are found to fail to discriminate between good and bad advice (Experiments 5a-5c), and between advice from advisors with and without a conflict of interest (Experiment 6).
Under heightened emotional states, individuals are more inclined to engage in ill-considered or rash actions than at other times. The authors present evidence for the existence of 2 related traits called positive and negative urgency. The traits refer to individual differences in the disposition to engage in rash action when experiencing extreme positive and negative affect, respectively. The authors provide evidence that these traits are distinct from other dispositions toward rash action and that they play distinct roles in predicting problem levels of involvement in behaviors such as alcohol consumption, binge eating, drug use, and risky sexual behavior. The authors identify facilitative conditions for the emergence of the urgency traits from neuroscience. Certain gene polymorphisms are associated with low levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine; that pattern of neurotransmitter activity in a brain system linking the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala appears to facilitate the development of positive and negative urgency. The authors discuss the implications of this theory.
Whiteside and Lynam (Whiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 669-689) clarified the multifaceted nature of impulsivity by identifying four distinct facets of self-reported impulsive behaviors: urgency, (lack of) premeditation, (lack of) perseverance, and sensation seeking. Building on work by Bechara and Van der Linden (Bechara, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2005). Decision-making and impulse control after frontal lobe injuries. Current Opinion in Neurology, 18, 734-739), the main objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that perseverance and urgency map onto the two distinct inhibitory functions distinguished by Friedman and Miyake (Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 101-135): prepotent response inhibition and resistance to proactive interference. Participants (N=126) completed the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale and three tasks: a recent-negatives task to assess proactive interference in working memory, and two Go/No-Go tasks at different paces, the slower of which also assessed task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs). Consistent with the hypothesis, TUTs were positively correlated with lack of perseverance, and multiple regressions revealed that urgency was specifically related to errors in prepotent response inhibition, and lack of perseverance to errors due to difficulties overcoming proactive interference.
The aim of this study was to identify normative developmental trajectories of parent-reported problems assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; T. M. Achenbach, 1991) in a representative sample of 2,076 children aged 4 to 18 years from the general population. The trajectories were determined by multilevel growth curve analyses on the CBCL syndromes in a Longitudinal multiple birth-cohort sample that was assessed 5 times with 2-year intervals. Most syndromes showed a linear increase or decrease with age or a curvilinear trajectory, except for thought problems. Trajectories for most syndromes differed for boys versus girls, except those for withdrawn, social problems, and thought problems. These normative developmental trajectories provide information against which developmental deviance in childhood and adolescence can be detected.
Adolescents (N=2,272) from Hong Kong and the United States provided information regarding their depressive symptoms, cognitions (self-efficacy, negative cognitive errors, and hopelessness), and stressful events between 2 surveys 6 months apart. Depressive symptoms and hopelessness were higher, and self-efficacy and negative cognitive errors were lower in Hong Kong than in the United States. Cognitions were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms and predicted depressive symptoms 6 months later in both cultures. The "reverse" model was also supported with more variance predicted by depressive symptoms to later cognitions than from cognitions to depressive symptoms. There was some support for the hypothesis that self-efficacy is less salient in collective compared with individualistic cultures. These findings extend cognitive theories of depression to a non-Western culture.
For a long time, the prefrontal cortex has been considered a 'nonfunctional' brain area, and understanding its function has lagged behind other areas. This is no longer true since appreciation of the vital role that this brain region plays in adaptive behaviors, and especially decision-making, is now evident more than ever. The present review highlights recent progress made in this area of research.
Decision-making is a term often referred to in the psychological literature as one of the 'executive functions' that play a role in managing (like an executive) other cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, and language. Considerable research efforts have been directed towards differentiating various processes of executive functions, but much of this effort in the past has focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex sector. Here we will review findings that address decision-making and its link to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
Decision-making impairments as encountered in neurological and psychiatric patients are costly in terms of individual human suffering and in financial terms. In addition to its obvious value in advancing fundamental knowledge in neuroscience, understanding the neural mechanisms of decision-making is likely to have important practical consequences, including the understanding and management of neuropsychiatric disorders such as addiction, as well as the management of a considerable number of elderly people suffering from a decline in cognitive functions critical for decision-making, in spite of relatively intact memory and general intellect, which impact real-life matters that are important to themselves and their family.
An information-processing paradigm was used to examine attentional biases in clinically depressed participants, participants with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and nonpsychiatric control participants for faces expressing sadness, anger, and happiness. Faces were presented for 1000 ms, at which point depressed participants had directed their attention selectively to depression-relevant (i.e., sad) faces. This attentional bias was specific to the emotion of sadness; the depressed participants did not exhibit attentional biases to the angry or happy faces. This bias was also specific to depression; at 1000 ms, participants with GAD were not attending selectively to sad, happy, or anxiety-relevant (i.e., angry) faces. Implications of these findings for both the cognitive and the interpersonal functioning of depressed individuals are discussed and directions for future research are advanced.
Previous research shows that attentional bias is associated with emotional difficulties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the engagement and disengagement components of attentional bias to emotional stimuli in anxiety and depression using the attentional assessment task. The experimental groups consisted of 54 clinical participants in treatment for anxiety or depression and 54 control participants. The results indicated that the clinical participants showed greater levels of attentional avoidance of emotional stimuli than the control participants. Additional subgroup analyses suggested that this effect may be limited to symptoms of anxiety and not symptoms of depression. Results are discussed in relation to current models of information processing in emotional disorders.
Résumé
L’objectif de cette étude était de présenter les propriétés psychométriques de l’Échelle de Distorsions Cognitives pour Adultes (EDC-A) ainsi que de repérer les distorsions cognitives mesurées par cette échelle et associées au niveau d’anxiété et de dépression. Notre étude a été menée auprès de 916 personnes (18–85 ans) issues de la population générale. Les participants ont répondu à l’EDC-A et à la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). L’EDC-A présente une structure factorielle cohérente et chaque sous-dimension des distorsions obtient des alphas de Cronbach supérieurs à .65. L’anxiété et la dépression sont liées à la présence de distorsions cognitives dans le raisonnement. Les sujets dépressifs ont un répertoire de distorsions cognitives plus large que les anxieux. L’EDC-A a permis de repérer des différences dans le traitement de l’information entre l’anxiété et la dépression. La dépression est liée à un traitement biaisé global des informations négatives mais aussi positives, tandis que l’anxiété est liée à un traitement biaisé uniquement des informations négatives.
Cognitive science has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the onset, maintenance, and treatment of depression. Research conducted over the last 50 years supports the proposition that depression and risk for depression are characterized by the operation of negative biases, and often by a lack of positive biases, in self-referential processing, interpretation, attention, and memory, as well as the use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. There is also evidence to suggest that deficits in cognitive control over mood-congruent material underlie these cognitive processes. Specifically, research indicates that difficulty inhibiting and disengaging from negative material in working memory: (1) increases the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., rumination), decreases the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., reappraisal), and potentially impedes flexible selection and implementation of emotion regulation strategies; (2) is associated with negative biases in attention; and (3) contributes to negative biases in long-term memory. Moreover, studies suggest that these cognitive processes exacerbate and sustain the negative mood that typifies depressive episodes. In this review, we present evidence in support of this conceptualization of depression and discuss implications of research findings for theory and practice. Finally, we advance directions for future research.
Cognitive control dysfunctions are thought to contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression. However, the causes and nature of these dysfunctions remain unknown. Here, we critically review contemporary research on cognitive control in depression. We identify three main conceptual issues in this field: (a) uncritical use of the tripartite model, (b) reliance on descriptive explanations, and (c) lack of integration with emotional and motivational impairments. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience offer possibilities to resolve these issues. We review this progress focusing on the ability to detect the need for control, the role of motivation, and the flexibility-stability balance. We propose that depression-related dysfunctions arise from issues in detecting when, how, and for how long to engage in goal-oriented processing. In conclusion, we argue that integrating advances in cognitive neuroscience into clinical research can help to move from a descriptive toward a more mechanistic understanding of cognitive dysfunctions in depression.
Résumé
Les distorsions cognitives sont définies comme des raisonnements erronés jouant un rôle déterminant dans l’émergence d’un certain nombre de troubles mentaux et émotionnels. À partir du modèle des distorsions cognitives de Beck, nous avons étudié le lien entre l’anxiété et la dépression et les distorsions cognitives. Les distorsions cognitives varieraient en fonction des niveaux d’anxiété et de dépression. Notre étude a interrogé 235 sujets adultes (62 hommes et 173 femmes), âgés de 18 à 68 ans (M = 25,56 ans, ET = 8,95). Nous avons utilisé l’outil proposé par Pennequin et Combalbert, qui permet d’identifier et de quantifier les distorsions cognitives, et la HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale), qui mesure le niveau d’anxiété et de dépression. Les analyses de régression ont mis en évidence une corrélation positive entre l’anxiété et la dépression et les distorsions cognitives. Les résultats ont également montré des profils de distorsion cognitive différents selon l’orientation de l’état psychologique, anxieux ou dépressif. Les distorsions « Minimisation », « Style Dichotomique » et « Requalification de l’autre pôle » sont particulièrement corrélées avec le niveau de dépression. En effet, la dépression est plutôt caractérisée par un biais d’inhibition des événements positifs et une mémorisation exacerbée des événements négatifs. Les distorsions « Maximalisation », « Fautes de Style », « Inférence Arbitraire » et « Omission du neutre » sont plus spécifiquement liées au niveau d’anxiété qui se caractérise par un biais attentionnel, des difficultés à inhiber les informations menaçantes et une vision globale du monde.
En se fondant sur différents travaux de recherche et en s’appuyant sur les données qualitatives collectées auprès de la force « intervention » du GIGN, cet article tente de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation émotionnelle de l’anxiété en situation extrême. L’étude révèle que la stratégie de réévaluation cognitive est la plus efficace et qu’à partir d’un certain seuil d’anxiété, les individus optent pour une stratégie de régulation émotionnelle inefficace. Finalement, les auteurs proposent un modèle en quatre étapes permettant de réguler plus efficacement l’anxiété.
Based on several researches and on the analysis of qualitative data collected from the Intervention Unit of the GIGN, this article investigates the mechanism of emotional regulation of anxiety in extreme situations. Our study confirms that cognitive reappraisal is the most efficient strategy to regulate anxiety, but when the level of anxiety perceived becomes too high, people tend to choose a less effective strategy. Finally, we draw practical implications based on the 4 steps process identified in this research.
Résumé
L’objectif de cette recherche était d’identifier les biais cognitifs prédictifs d’une anxiété non pathologique dans une population d’adultes non cliniques. Cinquante participants jeunes adultes non cliniques ont passé l’Inventaire d’Anxiété de Beck (Beck et al., 1988) adapté en langue française par Freeston et al. (1994) ainsi qu’un ensemble de scénarii permettant de mesurer les biais cognitifs au cours de la vie quotidienne. Les analyses de régression ont montré que deux biais cognitifs sont prédictifs de l’anxiété : la surgénéralisation, qui est le fait de considérer un cas singulier comme une règle générale et l’inférence arbitraire qui consiste à émettre une conclusion sans lien logique avec les données initiales. La discussion porte sur le rôle des biais cognitifs dans la santé mentale de l’adulte.
The cognitive distortions and the idiosyncratic thought content of depressed patients have been described by me in a previous article.2 It was suggested on the basis of clinical observation that many of the phenomena in depression may be characterized in terms of a thought disorder. This conclusion was drawn from the consistent finding of systematic errors, such as arbitrary inferences, selective abstraction, and overgeneralization in the idiosyncratic conceptualizations of the depressed patients.The present paper will present a theoretical analysis of the thinking disorder observed in depressed patients. The formulations will be limited to a few broad areas in which the relevant clinical material was considered adequate to warrant a formal theoretical exposition. The discussion will be directed toward two salient problems: first, how the typical idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions become dominant during the depressed phase; secondly, the relationship
G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of the t, F, and chi2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses for z tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
The purpose of the present study is to describe a conceptual framework for cognitive distortions, which notably allows the more accurate specification of their intrinsic relationships. This conceptual framework aims at inserting itself within the apparatus of cognitive therapy. The present analysis is based on the following fundamental concepts: the reference class, the duality and the taxa system. With the help of these three notions, each cognitive distortion is then defined. A distinction is also made between general cognitive distortions on the one hand,and specific cognitive distortions on the other The present model then permits the definition of the general cognitive distortions within the same conceptual framework, such as dichotomous reasoning, the disqualification of a given pole, minimisation and maximisation. It also allows the description as specific cognitive distortions of: disqualification of the positive, selective abstraction and catastrophism. Furthermore, the present model predicts the existence of two other general cognitive distortions: the omission of the neutral and the requalification in the other pole.
This study examined the validity and reliability of the French version of two observer-rated measures developed to assess cognitive errors (cognitive errors rating system [CERS]) [6] and coping action patterns (coping action patterns rating system [CAPRS]) [22,24]. The CE measures 14 cognitive errors, broken down according to their valence positive or negative (see the definitions by A.T. Beck), and the CAP measures 12 coping categories, based on an comprehensive review literature, each broken down into three levels of action (affective, behavioural, cognitive). Thirty (N=30) subjects recruited in a community sample participated in the study. They were interviewed according to a standardized clinical protocol; these interviews were transcribed and analysed with both observer-rated systems. Results showed that the inter-rater reliability of the two measures is good and that their internal validity is satisfactory, due to a non-significant canonical correlation between CAP and CE. With regard to discriminant validity, we found a non-significant canonical correlation between CAPRS and CISS, one of most widely used self-report questionnaire measuring coping. The same can be said for the correlation with a self-report questionnaire measuring symptoms (SCL-90-R). These results confirm the absence of confounds in the assessment of cognitive errors and of coping as assessed by these observer-rated scales and add an argument in favour of the French validation of the CE-CAP rating scales.
Traces the development of the cognitive approach to psychopathology and psy hotherapy from common-sense observations and folk wisdom, to a more sophisticated understanding of the emotional disorders, and finally to the application of rational techniques to correct the misconceptions and conceptual distortions that form the matrix of the neuroses. The importance of engaging the patient in exploration of his inner world and of obtaining a sharp delineation of specific thoughts and underlying assumptions is emphasized. (91/4 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
ABSTRACT– A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.
In a recent article, Whiteside and Lynam [Person. Indiv. Diff. 30 (2001) 669] proposed a new model for understanding personality pathways to impulsive behavior. Their UPPS model maintains that there are four personality dimensions that are related differentially to impulsive behaviors: urgency, sensation seeking, (lack of) premeditation, and (lack of) perseverance. The purpose of the current study was to provide validation for this model and to test some of the specific hypotheses offered by Whiteside and Lynam. The sample used in this study consisted of 481 individuals who completed mailed surveys at age 20 and an in-depth laboratory protocol at age 21. Zero-order correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relations between the four personality traits and various forms of externalizing behaviors, several types of internalizing psychopathology, and intelligence. Results revealed that the four traits were differentially related to various behaviors and forms of psychopathology consistent with many of Whiteside and Lynam's predictions. Therefore, the UPPS model does appear to offer a novel and useful way of understanding behaviors and forms of psychopathology considered to be characterized by some form of impulsivity.
Personality measures of maladaptive behavior often target the notion of impulsivity, which broadly refers to rapid and ill-considered conduct. The underlying cause of impulsive behavior, however, is not well understood, and there are many conflicting results. It has been suggested that impulsivity arises from inhibitory dyscontrol, a neuropsychological notion that is assessed via behavioral measures. We conducted a preliminary investigation of the association between a common self-report measure of impulsivity, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and four behavioral paradigms of inhibitory control (motor inhibition, stop signal, Stroop, and negative priming) in normal adults (n = 31; age range: 19–51). Stroop conflict correlated significantly with non-planning, attentional, motor, and overall self-reported impulsiveness; motor disinhibition correlated significantly with non-planning impulsiveness; and response variability was associated with motor impulsiveness. Thus, there is evidence to suggest that, among normal adults, impulsivity is associated with some specific measures of inhibitory dyscontrol.
Impuslivité et psychopathologie : Une approche transdiagnostique. Rev. Francophone De Clin
- J S Beck
Beck JS (1995) Cognitive therapy: basics and beyond. Guilford
Billieux J (2012) Impuslivité et psychopathologie : Une approche transdiagnostique. Rev. Francophone De Clin. Comportementale Et
Cognit. 17:42-65
Vangkilde S (2020) Engagement and disengagement components of attentional bias to emotional stimuli in anxiety and depression
- J Billieux
- L Rochat
- M Van Der Linden
- M L Reinholdt-Dunne
- M Hvenegaard
- C Winding
- A Petersen
Billieux J, Rochat L, Van der Linden M (2014) L'Impulsivité : ses
facettes, son évaluation et son expression clinique. Mardaga
Blackburn IM, Cottraux J (2008) Psychothérapie cognitive de la
dépression, 3e édition. Elsevier Masson
Blicher A, Reinholdt-Dunne ML, Hvenegaard M, Winding C,
Petersen A, Vangkilde S (2020) Engagement and disengagement components of attentional bias to emotional stimuli in
anxiety and depression. J Exp Psychopathol. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1177/ 20438 08720 943753
Prise en charge des patients avec troubles anxieux entre 2010 et 2014 dans les établissements ayant une autorisation en psychiatrie en France métropolitaine : analyse des données du RIM-P
- Chan Chee
- C Badjadj
Chan Chee C, Badjadj L (2018) Prise en charge des patients avec
troubles anxieux entre 2010 et 2014 dans les établissements
ayant une autorisation en psychiatrie en France métropolitaine :
analyse des données du RIM-P. Bull Epidémiol Hebdomadaire
32-33:653-661
The cognitive errors rating system
- M Drapeau
- J C Perry
- D Dunkley
Drapeau M, Perry JC, Dunkley D (2005) The cognitive errors rating
system. McGill University
Ellis A (1958) Rational psychotherapy. J Gen Psychol 13(1):344-350. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 00221 309. 1958. 97101 70
Guide theory for therapy with children and adolescents
- P C Kendall
Kendall PC (1991) Guide theory for therapy with children and adolescents. In: Child and adolescent therapy: cognitive-behavior
procedures (pp 3-24). Guilford
La dépression en France chez les 18-75 ans : Résultats du Baromètre santé 2017
- C Léon
- Chan Chee
- C Du Roscoät
Léon C, Chan Chee C, du Roscoät E et al (2018) La dépression en
France chez les 18-75 ans : Résultats du Baromètre santé 2017.
Bull Epidémiol Hebdomadaire 32-33:637-644
Development of the cognitive distortion scale for adults (EDC-A): Study of psychometric properties in the general population and association with anxiety and depression
- A Robert
- N Combalbert
- V Pennequin
- R Deperrois
- N Ouhmad
Robert A, Combalbert N, Pennequin V, Deperrois R, Ouhmad N (2023)
Development of the cognitive distortion scale for adults (EDC-A):
Study of psychometric properties in the general population and
association with anxiety and depression. Psychol Fr 68(2):169-189. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. psfr. 2021. 04. 003