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Breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits as covariates of malocclusion in the primary dentition among Tanzanian children: A cross-sectional study
Abstract
Introduction: Studies on the effect of feeding practices and sucking habits on malocclusion traits in the primary dentition of pre-schoolchildren from developing countries are scarce. Purpose: Assessing the association of feeding and sucking habits with malocclusion traits, and the association of malocclusion traits with observed oral functional problems. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey of children aged 3-5 years residing in Kinondoni and Temeke Districts of Dar es Salaam region in Tanzania. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists, SPSS version 21.0. Univariate analysis was applied to generate frequencies of different variables. Cross tabulations and Chi-square statistics were used to assess bivariate relationships and multivariate analyses were performed by multiple logistic regression. Results: Most pre-schoolchildren (82.5%) were breastfed for less than two years. A history of non-nutritive sucking habits was reported in 28.1% of the children, mostly in boys than girls (33.6% versus 21.8%, respectively. The current non-nutritive sucking habits were reported in 17.8% of the participants. Overall, malocclusion traits were most significantly seen in children who were breastfed for less than two years, compared with those who were breastfed for two years or more (48.5% versus 27.3%, respectively). The presence of various malocclusion traits was significantly found among most of the children who had a history of non-nutritive sucking habits, compared with those who had never performed the habits (65.9% versus 38.6 %, respectively). In the logistic regression analyses, children who were breastfed for a shorter duration (<2 years), their probability of being found with different traits of malocclusion in the primary dentition was almost three times that for those who were breastfed for a longer duration (≥ two years). Also, children who were not actively performing non-nutritive sucking habits were less likely to have an open bite compared with those who were actively performing non-nutritive sucking habits. An open bite in children was significantly associated with speech problems (p<0.01) and swallowing with tongue thrusting (p=0.000). Conclusion and recommendations: Most of the children who were breastfed for a shorter duration and children who had non-nutritive sucking habits were found with various malocclusion, compared with those who were breastfed for a longer duration and those who had no non-nutritive sucking habits. It is crucial to recommend exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months and continuation of breastfeeding practice, possibly for up to 2 years of age due to its nutritional, immunological, and stomato-gnathic system developmental benefits.
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Purpose:
to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors of children cared for by a PHC Service in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Methods:
a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort, carried out in 12 Health Care Practices. Of the 414 children in the cohort examined, 268 were assessed for malocclusion. The presence of anterior open bite, posterior and anterior crossbite was evaluated by the criteria of Foster and Hamilton. Socioeconomic variables, breastfeeding habits and pacifier use information were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using a hierarchical approach by Poisson Regression with robust variance.
Results:
out of the total 268 evaluated, 135 (50.4%) were boys, and the average age was 28.6 (± 11.9) months. Out of the 143 (53.4%) cases of malocclusion, 113 were anterior open bite, 16 were anterior crossbite, 27 were posterior crossbite, and 38 had increased overjet. In the final analysis, it was observed that there was a higher prevalence of malocclusion in children who never breastfed (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.00-2.08) and who always used a pacifier to sleep (PR = 1.81; 95%CI 1.14-2.86).
Conclusion:
the prevalence of malocclusion in this population was high and was associated with behavioral habits, such as the use of pacifier and not breastfeeding.
Background:
The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the available literature about the influence of breastfeeding in primary and mixed dentition on different types of malocclusions.
Methods:
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines were used to perform the present review. The following electronic databases were searched: Pubmed, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR), Embase, Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science and Ovid.
Results:
A primary research found a total of 279 articles. Two more papers were also considered from the gray literature. Two hundred sixty-three articles were excluded as they were deemed irrelevant on the basis of: duplicates, title, abstract, methods and/or irrelevant contents. Eighteen papers were selected and included in the qualitative analysis.
Conclusions:
breastfeeding is a positive factor that seems to reduce the incidence of posterior crossbite, skeletal class II and distoclusion in primary and mixed dentition. A sort of positive relationship between months of breastfeeding and risk reduction seems to exist. More longitudinal research is needed to avoid bias in the results, with data collected prospectively on the months of exclusive breastfeeding, by means of specific questionnaires and successive clinical evaluation of the occlusal condition at the primary dentition, mixed dentition and permanent dentition stages.
The aims of this study were to find the prevalence of finger sucking habit among primary school children and to detect the effect of some factors like parents' occupation, socioeconomic status of the family, pacifier use, feeding method and child rank on the occurrence of the habit. Effects of finger sucking habit on occlu-sion were also looked for. The prevalence of finger sucking habit was looked for in 1780 students (1030 boys and 750 girls) in six primary schools randomly selected in the center of Mosul City. The age of the students ranged between 6-14 years, with a mean of 10.2 years. The habit was noted in 5.56% of the students, with significant female preponderance. In comparison with a nearly identical control group, finger-sucking habit was significantly higher in those, whose mothers were officials, those who were on bottle feeding and those who were not using pacifier. No significant influence of fath-er's occupation, children birth rank and economic status of the family on the prevalence of finger sucking habit was noted. Finger suckers showed a significant increase in overjet, anterior open bite and decrease in deep bite and lower arch spacing. No significant difference was noted between finger suckers and the control group with respect to upper anterior spacing , upper and lower crowding and posterior cross bite.
Objective
To investigate the association between maternal education and breast feeding in the Chinese population, with a consideration of household income and health-seeking behaviours.
Design
A nationally representative population-based cross-sectional study.
Setting
77 counties from 12 geographically distinct regions in China.
Participants
10 408 mothers with children from 0 to 12 months of age, aged 15–53 years old (mean: 29.15, SD: 5.11) were classified into primary school or below group (n=781), middle school group (n=3842), high school/vocational school group (n=1990), college or above group (n=3795), according to their highest completed education.
Outcomes
Five breastfeeding outcomes, including early initiation of breast feeding (EIB), exclusive breast feeding (EBF) under 6 months, predominant breast feeding under 6 months, current breast feeding and children ever breast fed, were calculated based on the standardised questionnaire from the WHO and Wellstart International’s toolkit for monitoring and evaluating breastfeeding activities.
Results
The absolute risk of EIB and EBF in the lowest maternal education level was 64.85% and 26.53%, respectively, whereas the absolute risk of EIB and EBF in the highest maternal education level was 77.21% and 14.06%, respectively. A higher level of maternal education was positively associated with EIB (risk ratio (RR): 1.22; 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.30) and was inversely associated with EBF (RR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.88). Stratified by household income, a positive association with EIB was observed only in the group with the highest household income and an inverse association with EBF was found in both low household and high household income groups.
Conclusions
Mothers with a higher education were more likely to initiate early breast feeding when they were also from a high-income household while also being less likely to exclusively breast feed their babies. Routine and successful nursing is crucial for the health of infants and is influenced by maternal education. Future public health interventions to promote breast feeding should consider the issues related to the educational level of mothers.
Objective:
The aim of the present study is to investigate the duration of breastfeeding in relation to various parafunctional oral habits in children with anxiety disorders.
Materials and methods:
The study includes 195 children and adolescents with anxiety disorders and age- and gender-matched 255 healthy control subjects. Diagnoses were made with semistructured interview (K-SADS). Information about breastfeeding and parafunctional oral habits was investigated via a questionnaire prepared for the study.
Results:
The mean age was 11.50 ± 2.50 years for clinical group and 11.27 ± 2.33 years for controls. Fifty-four percent of the clinical group and 56% of the control group were female subjects. Duration of exclusive (4.72 ± 2.86, 5.55 ± 2.36; p = 0.002) and total breastfeeding (12.38 ± 10.32, 15.89 ± 9.09; p < 0.001) was significantly lower and duration of bottle-feeding (22.30 ± 19.54, 16.64 ± 12.79; p = 0.005) was higher than controls in the clinical group. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding was significantly correlated with duration of bottle-feeding (r = -0.263, p < 0.001) and duration of pacifier use (r = -0.249, p = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that duration of exclusive breastfeeding (β = 0.88, p = 0.006) and bottle-feeding (β = 1.02, p = 0.005), as well as various oral habits, was associated with diagnosis of an anxiety disorder.
Conclusion:
Nutrition methods in early years of life may result in long-term consequences regarding anxiety disorders for children. Clinicians should encourage parents for a shorter duration of bottle-feeding and a longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding.
Background:
The development of primary dentition can be affected by oral sucking habits. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits with primary dentition development.
Methods:
One thousand one hundred and fourteen children aged 2 to 5 years old in Hong Kong were recruited in a cross-sectional study. Information on their nutritive (e.g. breastfeeding and bottle feeding) and non-nutritive sucking habits (e.g. pacifier use and thumb/digit sucking) was collected via questionnaires. The children's primary occlusions were examined in three dimensions.
Results:
Children who were breastfed for more than 6 months had a lower proportion of daily pacifier use (p < 0.05). Children who used pacifiers daily had a higher proportion of thumb/digit sucking (p < 0.05). Children who used pacifiers daily for more than one year had higher chances of developing an anterior open bite (p < 0.05) and a reduced overbite (p < 0.05). Those exhibiting daily thumb/digit sucking for more than one year had higher chances of developing Class II incisor and Class II canine relationships, an increased overjet and anterior open bite (p < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Pure breastfeeding for more than 6 months is inversely associated with daily pacifier use and daily pacifier use is positively associated with daily thumb/digit sucking. Children with more than one year of daily pacifier use and thumb/digit sucking have higher chances of developing abnormal dental relationships in the sagittal (i.e. Class II incisor and Class II canine relationships and increased overjet) and vertical (i.e. anterior open bite) dimensions, respectively.
Maternal intentions are believed to have the strongest influence on infant feeding. However, what has rarely been studied, are the associations of maternal and partner intentions, and the influence these factors have on infant feeding. Our objective was to describe breastfeeding intentions of pregnant women and their partners, agreement about these intentions, and whether this agreement is associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration. This study was completed within the Growing Up in New Zealand study. Agreement between mothers and partners on intended initial infant feeding method was fair (κ = 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17–0.25) as was intended breastfeeding duration (κ = 0.25, 95% CI 0.22–0.28). Infants whose parents agreed antenatally on breastfeeding only were more likely to have been breastfed for >6 months, after adjustment for maternal (odds ratio (OR) = 6.3, 95% CI 3.9–10.2) and partner demographics (OR = 5.7, 95% CI 3.6–9.2). Likewise, infants whose parents agreed antenatally to breastfeed for >6 months were more likely to have been breastfed for >6 months, after adjustment for maternal (OR = 4.9, 95% CI 3.9–6.2) and partner demographics (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 4.0–6.3). Interventions that promote breastfeeding to both mothers and partners which enable parents to reach agreement about intended feeding methods have the potential to increase both breastfeeding initiation and duration.
Aim
This study aimed to investigate the associations between breastfeeding, nonnutritive sucking habits (NNSHs), and malocclusion in deciduous, mixed, and permanent dentition.
Materials and methods
A sample of 50 children between 3 and 12 years, enrolled in a pediatric dentistry dental care program, underwent orthodontic examination for detection of occlusal patterns and malocclusion. In addition, data regarding breastfeeding duration and NNSH acquisition were obtained from standardized questionnaires responded by the children’s parents or legal guardians.
Results
Regardless of a long period of breastfeeding, a high incidence of NNSH in the evaluated sample was observed. Nevertheless, the presence of NNSHs was not significantly associated with malocclusion.
Conclusion
The findings could not indicate a statistically significant association between breastfeeding duration, acquisition of NNSHs, and malocclusion. Longitudinal studies with larger samples are still needed to better support clinical decisions.
How to cite this article: Roscoe MG, da Silva Bonifacio SV, da Silva TB, Pingueiro JMS, Lemos MM, Feres MFN. Association of Breastfeeding Duration, Nonnutritive Sucking Habits, and Malocclusion. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(1):18-22.
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the current evidence on the possible effects of breastfeeding on different malocclusion traits in primary and mixed dentition. A systematic search was made in three databases, using terms related to breastfeeding and malocclusion in primary and mixed dentition. Of the 31 articles that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, nine were included in the quantitative analysis. The quality of the 31 observational studies was moderate to high on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. It was found that the odds ratio for the risk of posterior crossbite was 3.76 (95% CI 2.01–7.03) on comparing children who had not been breastfed, with those breastfed for over six months, and rose to 8.78 (95% CI 1.67–46.1) when those not breastfed were compared to those breastfed for over twelve months. The odds ratio for class II malocclusion in children breastfed for up to six months compared to those breastfed for over six months was 1.25 (95% CI 1.01–1.55). Lastly, children who were breastfed for up to six months had an odds ratio of 1.73 (95% CI 1.35–2.22) for non-spaced dentition compared to those who were breastfed for over six months.
Background:
This study aimed to explore the association between feeding habits, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusions in deciduous dentition.
Methods:
A cross-sectional observational survey was carried out in 275 children aged 3 to 6 years and included clinical evaluations of malocclusions and structured interviews. Statistical significance for the association between feeding habits and the development of malocclusion was determined using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. In addition, odds ratio (OR) calculations were used for intergroup comparisons. Controlling for confounders was adjusted by excluding children with non-nutritive sucking habits.
Results:
The results indicated that there were no significant relationships between exclusive breastfeeding or bottlefeeding and the presence of any type of malocclusion (p > 0.05). There was also no significant association between breastfeeding or bottlefeeding duration and malocclusion (p > 0.05). In addition, it was observed that exclusive breastfeeding had a protective effect and diminished the risk of acquiring non-nutritive sucking habits (p = 0.001).
Conclusions:
There was no association between feeding habits and malocclusions in the deciduous dentition in this sample of children. Exclusive breastfeeding reduced the risk of acquiring non-nutritive sucking habits.
OBJECTIVE:
To analyze the association of maternal breastfeeding time with the introduction of non-nutritive sucking habits in children attending the Baby Clinic at the Araçatuba College of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita.
METHODS:
Interviews were conducted with the parents/legal guardians of 228 children, with the aim of obtaining information about the period of natural breastfeeding, the presence of non-nutritive sucking habits and the duration of the habit. A descriptive analysis of the results was performed.
RESULTS:
It was found that 42.5% of mothers nursed their children up to 6 months, and exclusive maternal breastfeeding was observed in just 13% of the sample. Amongst the children who were naturally breastfed for a period of more than 6 months, only 32.8% had non-nutritive sucking habits while 67.2% did not.
CONCLUSION:
There was an association between the length of natural breastfeeding and acquiring non-nutritive sucking habits. The habit of sucking on a pacifier was extremely prevalent in babies that only received maternal breastfeeding in the first six months of life. All of the children that were breastfed for only six months made use of a feeding bottle to complement their diet, showing that feeding bottles are still frequently used.
Early transition from breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits may be related to occlusofacial abnormalities as environmental factors. Previous studies have not taken into account the potential for interactions between feeding practice, non-nutritive sucking habits and occlusal traits. This study assessed the effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and non-nutritive sucking habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in 3-6-year-old children in Peking city.
This cross sectional study was conducted via an examination of the occlusal characteristics of 734 children combined with a questionnaire completed by their parents/guardians. The examination was performed by a single, previously calibrated examiner and the following variables were evaluated: presence or absence of deep overbite, open bite, anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite, deep overjet, terminal plane relationship of the second primary molar, primary canine relationship, crowding and spacing. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions were applied to analyze the associations.
It was found that a short duration of breast-feeding (never or ≤6 months) was directly associated with posterior cross bite (OR = 3.13; 95%CI = 1.11-8.82; P = 0.031) and no maxillary space (OR = 1.63; 95%CI = 1.23-2.98; P = 0.038). In children breast-fed for ≤6 months, the probability of developing pacifier-sucking habits was 4 times that for those breast-fed for >6 months (OR = 4.21; 95%CI = 1.85-9.60; P = 0.0002). Children who were bottle-fed for over 18 months had a 1.45-fold higher risk of nonmesial step occlusion and a 1.43-fold higher risk of a class II canine relationship compared with those who were bottle-fed for up to 18 months. Non-nutritive sucking habits were also found to affect occlusion: A prolonged digit-sucking habit increased the probability of an anterior open bite, while a pacifier-sucking habit associated with excessive overjet and absence of lower arch developmental space.
Breastfeeding duration was shown to be associated with the prevalence of posterior crossbite, no maxillary space in the deciduous dentition and development of a pacifier-sucking habit. Children who had a digit-sucking habit were more likely to develop an open bite.
The benefits of breastfeeding on oral health are still inconclusive, especially the association on occlusion. This study aimed to investigate the association of breastfeeding and the development of primary dentition.
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 851 Asian children aged 2–5 years old in Hong Kong. Questionnaires were completed by the parents to collect information on breastfeeding and the non-nutritive sucking habits. The children’s dental arch relationships were examined in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse dimensions by an experienced examiner.
Children who experienced pure breastfeeding for more than 6 months had a lower chance of developing a class II incisal relationship (P < 0.05) or an increased overjet (P < 0.05), and had wider intercanine (P < 0.05) and intermolar widths (P < 0.05). Vertically, no association on the extent of overbite or openbite was found (P >0.05).
Pure breastfeeding for more than 6 months is positively associated with primary dental arch development in the anterior sagittal dental segment and on the horizontal arch width in primary dentition. Therefore, pure breastfeeding for more than 6 months is recommended, as it is associated with lower chance of the development of abnormal dental relationships. The results will be valuable for education and promotion of maternal breastfeeding.
Background: The use of non-nutritive sucking materials like pacifiers and fingers poses health challenges to children in resource-limited settings, where hygiene practices and provision of clean water are poor. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and its association with acute diarrhoea in children aged 6 to 23 months in urban communities of Nigeria.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 12 communities from four out of 12 geopolitical wards in Ibadan North Local Government Area and 427 mothers of children aged 6-24 months were randomly selected. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics, recent history of diarrhoea (three months prior to visit) and use of non-nutritive sucking materials. Descriptive statistics, Chi square and logistic regression were used for data analysis at p=0.05.
Results: Mean age of the children was 13.9±5.3 months and 50.6% were males. Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking was 45.2%. Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking was not significantly different between males (45.8%) and females (44.5%). The odds of engaging in non-nutritive sucking increases by 6.0% with increasing age (OR = 1.06; 1.02; 1.10). More children who were not exclusively breastfed (53.5%) than exclusively breastfed (26.2%) were likely to engage in non-nutritive sucking (OR = 3.25; 95% CI = 2.07, 5.12). Acute diarrhoea was more frequently reported in non-nutritive sucking group than the other (OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.03, 2.22).
Conclusion: Non-nutritive sucking was linked with failure to practice exclusive breastfeeding, worse with increasing age and predisposes to acute diarrhoea. Further studies are necessary to verify the nature of these associations.
Background
The increased prevalence of malocclusions represents a secular trend attributed to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The analysis of factors related to the causes of these changes is essential for planning public health policies aimed at preventing and clinically intercepting malocclusion. This study investigated the sucking habits, nocturnal mouth breathing, as well as the relation of these factors with malocclusion.
Methods
This is a longitudinal study in which 80 mother-child pairs were monitored from the beginning of pregnancy to the 30th month after childbirth. Home visits for interviews with the mothers were made on the 12th, 18th and 30th months of age. Finger sucking, pacifier sucking, bottle feeding, breastfeeding and nocturnal mouth breathing, were the variables studies. On the 30th month, clinical examinations were performed for overjet, overbite and posterior crossbite. A previously calibrated single examiner (Kappa coefficient = 0.92) was responsible for all examinations. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests, at a significance level of 5%.
Results
Bottle feeding was the most prevalent habit at 12, 18 and 30 months (87.5%; 90% and 96.25%, respectively). Breastfeeding was 40%, 25% and 12.50% at 12, 18 and 30 months, respectively. Nearly 70% of the children in this study had some sort of malocclusion. Pacifier sucking habit at 12, 18 and 30 months of age was associated with overjet and open bite; and at 30 months, an association with overbite was also observed. Finger sucking habit and breastfeeding at 12, 18 and 30 months were also associated with overjet and open bite. The posterior crossbite was associated with bottle feeding at 12 and 30 months, and nocturnal mouth breathers at 12 and 18 months.
Conclusions
Sucking habits, low rates of breastfeeding, and nocturnal mouth breathing were risk factors for malocclusion.
OBJECTIVES: to study pacifier use prevalence and its association to feeding practices. METHODS: data collected from the "Amamentação e Municípios" ("Breast-feeding and Municipalities") project in 1999 were analyzed. The association between pacifier use and exclusive breast-feeding interruption was verified through the c2 test. RESULTS: prevalence of the pacifier use in 22.188 children from 0 - 4 months was high (61,3%) and varied from 32,8% to 78,4% in 111 cities. Early pacifier introduction was noted (53,9% in children less than one month old) as well as association between pacifier use and exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) and breast-feeding (BF) (p <0,05) interruption. There was a higher prevalence of bottle-feeding among pacifier users. CONCLUSIONS: it is necessary to increase the number of protective, promotion and supportive actions to breast-feeding to reduce the high pacifier prevalence determined by this study. Child Friendly Hospital Initiatives should be included.
Background
There is some evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding to masticatory function, but no studies have evaluated the influence of breastfeeding duration on the quality of this function. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between duration of breastfeeding and quality of masticatory function in preschoolers.
Methods
Cross-sectional study nested in a contemporary cohort of 144 randomly selected Brazilian infants. Data on sociodemographic, dietary, and sucking-related parameters were collected shortly after birth and at 7, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days of life. Masticatory function was assessed between the ages of 3 and 5 years, using a standardized procedure involving three foodstuffs of different consistencies, for evaluation of incision, lip competence, masticatory patterns, masticatory movements, and perioral muscle use. The quality of masticatory function was scored, and multiple linear regression was used to test for association between this score and the duration of breastfeeding.
Results
A positive correlation was found between duration of breastfeeding and masticatory function scores (rs = 0.473; p < 0.001). Children breastfed for at least 12 months had significantly higher average scores, regardless of bottle-feeding or pacifier use. Children who were breastfed for longer were more likely to score satisfactorily across all tested parameters.
Conclusions
Breastfeeding has a positive impact on mastication. In our sample, duration of breastfeeding was positively associated with the quality of masticatory function at preschool age.
Through a transversal epidemiological study, conducted with 333 Brazilian children, males (157) and females (176), aged 3 to 6 years old, enrolled in a public preschool, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of the different types of vertical interincisal trespass (VIT) and the relationship between these occlusal aspects and anterior lisping and/or anterior tongue thrust in the articulation of the lingua-alveolar phonemes /t/, /d/, /n/ and /l/. All children involved were submitted to a VIT examination and to a speech evaluation. Statistical significance was analyzed through the Qui-square test, at a significance level of 0.05 (95% confidence limit). The quantitative analysis of the data demonstrated the following prevalences: 1 - the different types of VIT: 48.3% for normal overbite (NO), 22.5% for deep overbite (DO), 9.3% for edge to edge (ETE) and 19.8% for open bite (OB); 2 - interdental lisping in relation to the different types of VIT: 42% for NO, 12.5% for DO, 12.5% for ETE, 32.9% for OB; and 3 - children with anterior tongue thrust in the articulation of lingua-alveolar phonemes in relation to the different types of VIT: 42.1% for NO, 14% for DO, 10.5% for ETE, 33.3% for OB. The results demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between open bite and anterior lisping and/or anterior tongue thrust in the articulation of the lingua-alveolar phonemes /t/, /d/, /n/ and /l/; and that there was a significant relationship between deep overbite and the absence of anterior lisping and anterior tongue thrust in the articulation of the lingua-alveolar phonemes.
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of malocclusion in deciduous and permanent dentition of schoolchildren enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1996. Occlusal conditions were classified as normal, mild, and moderate/severe according to World Health Organization criteria. The results refer to 985 schoolchildren ages five and 12 years. Prevalence of malocclusion was high, increasing from 48.97 +/- 4.53% in the deciduous dentition to 71.31 +/- 3.95% in the permanent dentition. The proportion of moderate/severe malocclusion was nearly twice as great in the second dentition (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.43-2.45; p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed according to gender or public vs. private school. Statistically significant differences were associated with ethnicity, indicating the complexity and diversity of occlusion in the population and suggesting the need for longitudinal studies.
To assess the effect of the type of feeding and non-nutritive sucking activity on occlusion in deciduous dentition.
Retrospective study of 1130 preschool children (3-5 years of age) who had detailed infant feeding and non-nutritive sucking activity history collected by a structured questionnaire. They all had an oral examination by a dentist, blinded to different variables evaluated.
Non-nutritive sucking activity has a substantial effect on altered occlusion, while the effect of bottle feeding is less marked. The type of feeding did not have an effect on open bite, which was associated (89% of children with open bite) with non-nutritive sucking. Posterior cross-bite was more frequent in bottle fed children and in those with non-nutritive sucking activity. The percentage of cross-bite was lower in breast fed children with non-nutritive sucking activity (5%) than in bottle fed children with non-nutritive sucking activity (13%).
Data show that non-nutritive sucking activity rather than the type of feeding in the first months of life is the main risk factor for development of altered occlusion and open bite in deciduous dentition. Children with non-nutritive sucking activity and being bottle fed had more than double the risk of posterior cross-bite. Breast feeding seems to have a protective effect on development of posterior cross-bite in deciduous dentition.
Breastfeeding provides unsurpassed natural nutrition to the newborn and infant. Human breast milk also contains numerous protective factors against infectious disease and may influence immune system development, as noted in previous studies of infant response to vaccination and thymus gland development. If immune system development is significantly improved with the introduction of components of breast milk, then prematurely discontinued breastfeeding may facilitate pathogenesis of many chronic diseases later in life (eg, autoimmune disorders). The authors summarize the reported effects of breastfeeding on the development of the suckling infant's immune system and discuss possible consequences to immunologic health when breastfeeding is discontinued prematurely.
To identify and assess the possible consequences of bottle-feeding on the oral facial development of children who were breastfed up to at least six months of age.
Two hundred and two children (4 years of age) enrolled in an early health attention program participated in the study. The sample was divided into two groups: G1 (children who used only a cup to drink) and G2 (those who used a bottle).
Lip closure was observed in 82% of the children in G1 and in 65% of those in G2 (p = 0.0065). The tongue coming to rest in the maxillary arch was found in 73% of the children in G1 and in 47% of those in G2 (p = 0.0001). Nasal breathing was observed in 69% of G1 and in 37% of G2 (p = 0.0001). The maxilla was shown to be normal in 90% of G1 and in 78% of G2 (p = 0.0206).
Use of the bottle, even among breastfed children interferes negatively with oral facial development.
To estimate the prevalence of malocclusion and to examine the effects of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits on dentition in six-year-old children.
A cross-sectional study was carried out nested into a birth cohort conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1999. A sample of 359 children was dentally examined and their mothers interviewed. Anterior open bite and posterior cross bite were recorded using the Foster & Hamilton criteria. Information regarding breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected at birth, in the first, third, sixth and 12th months of life, and at six years of age. Control variables included maternal schooling and child's birthweight, cephalic perimeter, and sex. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression.
Prevalence of anterior open bite was 46.2%, and that of posterior cross bite was 18.2%. Non-nutritive sucking habits between 12 months and four years of age and digital sucking at age six years were the main risk factors for anterior open bite. Breastfeeding for less than nine months and regular use of pacifier between age 12 months and four years were risk factors for posterior cross bite. Interaction between duration of breastfeeding and the use of pacifier was identified for posterior cross bite.
Given that breastfeeding is a protective factor for other diseases of infancy, our findings indicate that the common risks approach is the most appropriate for the prevention of posterior cross bite in primary or initial mixed dentition.
Objectives
To evaluate the association between malocclusion characteristics in the mixed dentition stage, breastfeeding, and past nonnutritive sucking habits in school-age children.
Materials and Methods
A total of 547 school children in the mixed dentition, in the age range between 7 and 13 years, were evaluated by means of questionnaire and clinical examination. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between breastfeeding and finger and pacifier sucking habits, the malocclusion characteristics of posterior crossbite, and excessive or deficient overjet and overbite.
Results
Individuals who had nonnutritive sucking habits had 2.16 times greater chance of having anterior open bite (odds ratio [OR] 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–4.33) and 2.39 times greater chance of having posterior crossbite (OR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.56–5.49). Children who were exclusively breastfed up to at least 6 months of age had a higher frequency of normality for overjet and overbite and the lowest posterior crossbite index. However, in adjusted analysis, breastfeeding showed no association with malocclusion characteristics in the mixed dentition stage.
Conclusions
Breastfeeding was not associated with the presence of malocclusion in the mixed dentition, whereas past nonnutritive sucking habits were associated with the occurrence of malocclusion.
Objectives
To evaluate the relationship between dental malocclusion and speech to understand the etiology of speech sound disorders (SSD) in schoolchildren and to make a correct diagnosis and treatment plan.
Materials and Methods
Articulation and dental occlusion, oromyofunctional evaluation with orofacial praxis and musculature, resting tongue position, and swallowing pattern were analyzed in 290 schoolchildren between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Statistical tests were considered significant for P < .05.
Results
A significant association between dental malocclusions (Angle Class II and III, anterior open bite, edge-to-edge bite, overjet and anterior crossbite) and phonetic alterations (P = .008) was observed. Sigmatisms and rhotacisms were the most frequent disorders. Malocclusions also showed a significant association with oral habits and with orofacial praxis and muscle activity.
Conclusions
The presence of malocclusion can cause imbalances in the functions involved in the stomatognathic system. Awareness of this relationship in young children would help professionals to implement preventive measures for the optimum development of children's oral health.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify factors associated with the occurrence of distoclusion among preschool children in southern Brazil.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 1026 children aged two to five years enrolled at public preschools in the city of Canoas, Southern Brazil. Interviews were held with parents/caregivers to acquire demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral data. Six examiners who had undergone a training and calibration exercise performed the oral examinations. Distoclusion was recorded when the cusp of the maxillary canine was in an anterior relation to the distal surface of the mandibular canine during centric occlusion. Statistical analysis involved simple and multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance.
Results: The prevalence of distoclusion was 36.5% (375/1026). This condition was more frequent in younger children, those classified as white or brown, those who were breastfed for a shorter period of time, those who used a pacifier and those who were bottle fed. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the likelihood of exhibiting distoclusion was greater among two-year-olds (P=0.038), three-year-olds (P=0.023), those classified as white (P=0.016), those who used a pacifier (P<0.001) and those who used to use a pacifier (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Counseling with regard to the duration of pacifier use could contribute toward reducing the prevalence of distoclusion and its consequences in preschool children.
To determine the breast-feeding pattern of four main ethnic groups (the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang) living in rural western China.
The study utilized a cross-sectional design.
Forty-five counties in ten provinces in western China in 2005.
A sample of 11 783 children younger than 36 months old (8960 Han, 1281 Uygur, 792 Tibetan and 750 Zhuang) and their mothers were recruited using a stratified, multistage, cluster random sampling method.
The rates of exclusive breast-feeding of children at 6 months of age in the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang ethnic groups were 11·6 %, 0·8 %, 4·4 % and 13·8 %, respectively. The rates of any breast-feeding for children at 24 months of age were 8·5 %, 25·7 %, 3·0 % and 4·3 % in the four ethnic groups, respectively. After adjusting for related factors, Zhuang children had a higher odds ratio of exclusive breast-feeding to 6 months compared with Han children, whereas Uygur and Tibetan children had lower odds ratio (Zhuang: OR=1·291; 95 % CI 1·006, 1·657; Uugur: OR=0·062; 95 % CI 0·032, 0·121; Tibetan: OR=0·323; 95 % CI 0·220, 0·475). Uygur children had a lower hazard ratio of discontinued breast-feeding compared with Han children, whereas Tibetan children had a higher hazard ratio (Uygur: HR=0·368; 95 % CI 0·333, 0·408; Tibetan: HR=1·366; 95 % CI 1·244, 1·500).
The breast-feeding pattern differed among the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang ethnic groups. The results suggest that health education regarding the benefits of breast-feeding is needed in rural western China.
Abstract The prevalence of different malocclusion features was investigated in 500 14-yr-old male Saudi Arabian children, using a modification of the registration method described by Björk. et al. (3). Most of the children were in dental stage DS4 (all permanent teeth anterior to the first molars erupted). Totally 62.4% of the children had one or more malocclusion features related to dentition, occlusion, or space. The treatment need was evaluated according to the guidelines used in the Norwegian Health Service. About 40% were found to need treatment with fixed appliances, and for 33% extraction of permanent teeth would be part of the treatment. Only about 2.5% would benefit from treatment with simple removable appliances.
Several studies have determined the effects of non-nutritive sucking habits on malocclusions, but provided conflicting results.
To analyse the influence of infant feeding In the presence of non-nutritive sucking habits in children after the first year of life and to assess the effects of non-nutritive sucking habits on occlusion in mixed dentition.
Data were collected by self-reported questionnaire and confirmed by personal interview. Parents of 1451 children (aged 7-11) were asked about their children's infant feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits. A clinical evaluation of dental arches included classification of molar relationship (Angle classification), presence or absence of crossbite and open bite.
Children with bottle or complementary feeding showed a higher risk of acquiring non-nutritive sucking habits after the first year of life (P < 0.01). Non-nutritive sucking habits are associated with a greater risk of crossbite, open bite, Class II molar relationship (P < 0.01).
Parents should be educated about benefits of the exclusive breast feeding in the first 6 months of age on mixed dentition. The activity of non-nutritive sucking should be diagnosed in a timely manner in order to reduce the development of posterior crossbite, anterior open bite, and Class II molar relationship.
Several organizations consider mother's milk the optimal nutrition source for newborns [AAP, 1998; Gartner et al., 1997; Mohrbacher and Stock, 2002; WHO, 1989]. However, there is little scientific evidence supporting the idea that breastfeeding has a positive influence on the development of the orofacial structures.
The study of cases and controls (observational, analytical and retrospective) and lateral teleradiographs of the cranium of 197 patients (106 breast-fed and 91 bottle-fed) were compared. Ricketts, Steiner and McNamara values were used for the cephalometric analysis. Differences between the two groups were analysed by applying the T-test and ANOVA. Statistical significance levels were set at p<0.05. Non-nutritive infantile sucking habits have been compared; differences between the two groups were analysed by applying the Chi-square test.
First, the upper incisors were found to be protruded in the bottle-fed group. Second, subjects belonging to the breast-fed group displayed a brachycephalic mandible arch, while those fed with bottle had a dolichocephalic Steiner mandibular plane. Third, both facial depth and distance of the pogonion to the perpendicular nasion presented a certain tendency to a retruded mandibular bone in the bottle-fed group. And fourth, the frequency of use of dummy and thumb suction were greater in the bottle feed group, without statistical significance.
In addition to the multiple advantages that mother's milk offers to newborns, breastfeeding also helps correct orofacial development (not only for the incisors position, but also for the vertical and sagittal relations of the mandible with upper maxillary and cranial basis).
Recent increases in breast-feeding in the United States have renewed interest in its associated health effects. In addition to known protective effects related to diarrheal disease in infancy and allergies, breast-feeding may be related to other health and developmental concerns with health cost implications. Data from the Child Health Supplement to the 1981 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed to assess the association between breast-feeding and malocclusion. Increased durations of breast-feeding were associated with a decline in the proportion of children with malocclusion, an association that remains when controlled for known associated variables. Our study adds sufficient strength to the findings in this area that we can recommend that health practitioners inform expectant mothers about this additional benefit of breast-feeding.
The habit of sucking is the first coordinated muscular activity of the infant. There are essentially two forms of sucking: the nutritive form which provides essential nutrients, while non-nutritive sucking insures a feeling of warmth and a sense of security. This review gives a description of the anatomy and physiology of sucking together with the influence of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding (conventional or orthodontic nipples) on the dentofacial structures of the infant. Factors involved in the choice of feeding are also discussed. Children who do not have access to unrestricted breastfeeding or bottle-fed children may satisfy their instinctive sucking urge with a pacifier. This paper presents the different types of pacifiers (conventional or orthodontic) along with the beneficial effects provided by pacifiers. Detrimental effects caused by incorrect use of pacifiers or digit-sucking habits are also summarized. Health professionals should inform expectant mothers about the dentofacial advantages of breastfeeding.
It is estimated that approximately 50 percent of infants at one year of age suck a thumb or finger. The number decreases rapidly by ages four to five years. The average age for spontaneous cessation of the habit is 3.8 years of age. Anterior open bite is the most frequent malocclusion reported with digit sucking. In this study the authors investigated the influence of thumb and finger-sucking in the anterior and posterior sections of the primary dentition in three age-groups: three, four, and five years. The study population included 930 subjects. Data for the non-oral-habit group were compared with the data for the thumb and/ or finger-sucking group. At all ages the frequencies of open-bite and maxillary protrusion for the thumb and finger-sucking group were higher than the non-oral-habit group. The frequencies did not appear age-related. There appeared to be an increased tendency to a permanent malocclusion in children who continued after four years of age.
The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the duration of nutritive and nonnutritive sucking behaviors and various occlusal characteristics in the primary dentition. Sucking behavior data were collected on 372 children followed longitudinally from birth by using periodic questionnaires completed by parents. Study models were obtained from the children at 4 to 5 years of age and assessed for posterior crossbite, anterior open bite, and overjet. Dental arch parameters including arch widths, arch lengths, and arch depths were measured directly from the models. The subjects were grouped according to type of habit (pacifier or digit) and duration of nonnutritive sucking behaviors (less than 12, 12 to 24, 24 to 36, 36 to 48, and more than 48 months). Children with nonnutritive sucking of less than 12 months were further grouped according to the duration of breast-feeding. The dental arch and the occlusal characteristics were then compared among these groups. The results indicated no relationship between duration of breast-feeding during the first year of life and any dental arch or occlusal parameters. The study found that prolonged pacifier habits resulted in changes to the dental arches and the occlusal parameters that were different from the effects of digit sucking. In addition, some changes in the dental arch parameters and occlusal characteristics (eg, prevalence of posterior crossbite and increased amount of overjet) persisted well beyond the cessation of the pacifier or digit habit. Although further study is needed to determine the effects of nonnutritive sucking behavior in the mixed dentition, the results suggest that current recommendations for discontinuing these habits may not be optimal in preventing habit-related malocclusions.
The purposes of the study were to determine prospectively the duration of nonnutritive sucking behaviors of children between 1 and 8 years of age and the effect of persistent habits on selected occlusal characteristics in the late deciduous dentition.
Sucking behavior data were initially collected from 797 children who were followed longitudinally from birth; the data came from periodic questionnaires completed by the parents. In addition, study models were obtained for 372 children at 4 to 5 years of age and assessed for posterior crossbite, anterior open bite, and overjet. The subjects were grouped according to the duration and type of habit (pacifier or digit, for less than 12 months or more than 48 months). Children with nonnutritive sucking of less than 12 months were further grouped according to the duration of breast-feeding. The McNemar nonparametric test was used to compare the changes in the incidence and effect of the habits with time.
There was a significant (P = .001) decrease in the incidence of pacifier habits between 1 and 5 years of age, from 40% to 1%. There was a significant (P = .01) decrease in the incidence of digit habits between 1 and 4 years of age, from 31% to 12%. Between 4 and 7 years of age, the decrease in the incidence reached a plateau--ie, the decrease continued but at a slower rate. Between 7 and 8 years of age, there was an additional significant (P = .008) decrease in the incidence of digit habits, but 4% of the children were, to various extents, still sucking fingers. Children who had pacifier or digit habits lasting less than 12 months did not have significantly different occlusal characteristics than children who were breast-fed for 6 to 12 months. Prolonged pacifier and digit habits caused significant changes in the occlusal characteristics in the late deciduous dentition, and the effects of pacifier habits were different from those of digit sucking.
To intercept the development of crossbites and functional shifts, the developing occlusion should be observed in the deciduous dentition in children with prolonged digit or pacifier habits. The transverse occlusal relationship, particularly in pacifier-sucking children, should be evaluated between 2 and 3 years of age. If there are interfering contacts of the deciduous canines, the parents should be instructed to reduce pacifier-sucking time, and appropriate treatment should be rendered, if required.
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Relationship between breastfeeding, bottle-feeding and development of malocclusion Indrė Narbutytė *-postgraduate student Agnė Narbutytė *-student
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