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Iceberg danger in the seas of the Russian Federation Arctic Zone under modern climate change conditions
Abstract
The aim of the research was to study the relationship between the intensity of iceberg formation in the Russian Arctic including the number of icebergs calving annually from outlet glaciers and surface air temperature anomalies. The research was carried out on the basis of satellite monitoring using non-commercial, freely distributed satellite information from optical-electronic satellites Landsat-8 (spatial resolution 15 m) and Sentinel-2 (spatial resolution 10 m) and the radar satellite Sentinel-1 (pixel size 20×40 m). To achieve the aim, an iceberg detection technique was used based on statistical criteria for searching for gradient zones in the analysis of two-dimensional fields of satellite images. Based on the analysis of satellite data of the visible spectral range of the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellites and Sentinel-1 radar data the maximum spatial dimensions of icebergs formed by the outlet glaciers of Severnaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land (ZFI) and Novaya Zemlya in 2012–2022 were estimated. Satellite monitoring of the Severnaya Zemlya region was carried out using visible range images in the spring season (March–May), characterized by the best observation conditions in terms of cloudiness, natural light, and monitoring of icebergs most of which are located in fast ice at this time. Monitoring of the ZFI area was carried out using radar data in the period August-September, corresponding to the minimal ice cover conditions. Satellite monitoring of the Novaya Zemlya region was carried out using visible images in the summer season. In total, about 500 satellite images were analyzed. The discusses the dependence of the intensity of the iceberg formation process on the ice shelf and outlet glaciers with a floating edge on the surface air temperature and the maximum thickness of fast ice. It is shown that the abnormally warm weather that set in 2020 during the period of ice melting led to a sharp intensification of the process of glacier melting in the Russian Arctic and the formation of almost 8,000 icebergs near Severnaya Zemlya, more than 6,600 icebergs near ZFI and over 1,000 icebergs near the western coast of Novaya Zemlya. For all the areas of the Russian Arctic studied in the period 2012–2022 an increase was noted in the maximum observed sizes of icebergs calving from glaciers. The largest iceberg, whose length was 5 km, broke off in 2020 from the Matusevich ice shelf.
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Information on lichens of Franz Josef Land is summarized based on original and literature data. Two hundred twenty nine lichen species are documented, of which 59 species and two varieties are newly reported for this territory. This represents only 13% of the Arctic lichen flora richness. We have found 28 rare lichen species in the archipelago and recommend to include 9 species in the Red Data Book of the Arkhan-gelsk Region of Russia.
Te methods of satellite monitoring of dangerous ice formations, namely icebergs in the Arctic seas, representing a threat to the safety of navigation and economic activity on the Arctic shelf are considered. Te main objective of the research is to develop methods for detecting icebergs using satellite radar data and high space resolution images in the visible spectral range. Te developed method of iceberg detection is based on statistical criteria for fnding gradient zones in the analysis of two-dimensional felds of satellite images. Te algorithms of the iceberg detection, the procedure of the false target identifcation, and determination the horizontal dimensions of the icebergs and their location are described. Examples of iceberg detection using satellite information with high space resolution obtained from Sentinel-1 and Landsat-8 satellites are given. To assess the iceberg threat, we propose to use a model of their drif, one of the input parameters of which is the size of the detected objects. Tree possible situations of observation of icebergs are identifed, namely, the «status» state of objects: icebergs on open water; icebergs in drifing ice; and icebergs in the fast ice. At the same time, in each of these situations, the iceberg can be grounded, that prevents its moving. Specifc features of the iceberg monitoring at various «status» states of them are considered. Te «status» state of the iceberg is also taken into account when assessing the degree of danger of the detected object. Te use of iceberg detection techniques based on satellite radar data and visible range images is illustrated by results of monitoring the coastal areas of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. Te approaches proposed to detect icebergs from satellite data allow improving the quality and efciency of service for a wide number of users with ensuring the efciency and safety of Arctic navigation and activities on the Arctic shelf.
This paper is devoted to the detection and identification of icebergs in the Russian Arctic Seas from the use of high- and medium-resolution radar and optical images from EROS-B, Radarsat-1, Radarsat-2, SPOT-4 and SPOT-5 Earth observation satellites. In July–September of 2011–2013, the SCANEX Research and Development Center, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Atomflot, and other partner organizations provided operational satellite monitoring of icebergs in the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. More than 130 highly detailed optical and radar images were received and processed. The Vilkitsky Strait—one of the narrowest and most dangerous places within the Northern Sea Route—was chosen as an experimental polygon. As a result, iceberg location in the strait during the 2011–2013 navigation periods was analyzed, as were the iceberg size, area, drift direction, and height.
Glaciological investigations on the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago were resumed in 2013 when a new research station «Ice base Cape Baranova» had been organized by Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in the North-West of the Island Bolshevik. In 2014–2015, the glaciological polygon named after Leonid Govorukha was established on glaciers Mushketov and Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy. Two years of observations on the glaciers allowed us to estimate the mass balance of the Mushketov Glacier, which was positive in the 2013–2015. By the end of the melting periods, a superimposed ice was formed on the glacier with thickness of 4 cm in 2014 and 17 cm in 2015, on the average. A snow-firn mass with its vertical thickness exceeding 3 m had been found on the upper part of the Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Glacier. Based on analyses of summer air temperatures and precipitation at the meteorological station «The Golomyanny Island», we assumed that in 2013–2015 the mass balance was also positive on the other glaciers of the archipelago, located to the North of the studied glaciers on the Island of Bolshevik. Data of remote sensing of the catastrophic advancing of the outlet glacier from the Vavilov Ice Cap, obtained in 2013–2016, testify that for much longer period, i.e. during 25 years, conditions for the ice mass accumulation were favorable on the southern and eastern slopes of the Vavilov Ice Cap.
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