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La adopción de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en las cooperativas industriales de Catalunya
Abstract
Existe abundante literatura que vincula las cooperativas como organizaciones cuya praxis contribuye a alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas. La base argumental se centra en los principios en lo que se enmarca el cooperativismo y la finalidad de estas organizaciones empresariales. El presente artículo busca, de forma muy introductoria y exploratoria, contrastar hasta qué punto las cooperativas tienen interiorizada la voluntad de contribuir en el desarrollo sostenible y en qué medida lo aplican en la práctica. A tal efecto se ha realizado una encuesta a la que han respondido 75 de las 236 cooperativas industriales activas en Cataluña, y se ha realizado un análisis comparado con las empresas de base capitalista. Los resultados, de carácter indicativo dada la magnitud de la muestra, reflejan que existe un claro alineamiento conceptual pero que aún hay un amplio camino por recorrer en la praxis.
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The purpose of this article is to identify the most effective governance configurations, including gender composition , for the creation and amplification of solidarity economy cooperative (SEC) members' income. It is known that the governance of these organizations affects their ability to provide work and income to millions of disfranchised people around the world. However , the relationship between the governance of SECs, their members' gender, and their income remains under-investigated and under-theorized. To bridge this gap, we employ the qualitative comparative analysis method to investigate different dimensions of the gov-ernance of 327 small Brazilian SECs. Our results indicate two governance configurations that are highly likely to lead to the production and increase of mem-bers' income. In general, our results show that the most successful SECs in this regard are those that adopt more traditional governance structures and have a prevalence of male members. Our findings also indicate that democratic aspect of SEC governance must be coupled with other governance structures in order to deliver the expected results. Our results will be of interest to both scholars and SEC leaders for better understanding and managing the connection between the
Building on the concept of externalities, we propose an explanation of how multinationals can contribute to the enactment of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals as part of their ordinary investments. First, we suggest grouping the 17 Sustainable Development Goals into six categories based on whether they increase positive externalities – knowledge, wealth, or health – or reduce negative externalities – the overuse of natural resources, harm to social cohesion, or overconsumption. Second, we propose placing these categories within an extended value chain to facilitate their implementation. Third, we argue that multinationals’ internal investments in host-country subsidiaries to improve their competitiveness contribute to addressing externalities in host-country communities, while external investments in host communities to solve underdevelopment generate competitiveness externalities on host-country subsidiaries.
In Uganda, the agricultural sector contributes substantially to gross domestic product. Although the involvement of Ugandan women in this sector is extensive, female farmers face significant obstacles, caused by gendering that impedes their ability to expand their family business and to generate incomes. Gender refers to social or cultural categories by which women–men relationships are conceived. In this study, we aim to investigate how gendering influences the development of business relationships in the Ugandan agricultural sector. To do so, we employed a qualitative–inductive methodology to collect unique data on the rice and cassava sectors. Our findings reveal at first that, in the agricultural sector in Uganda, inter-organization business relationships (i.e., between non-family actors) are mostly developed by and between men, whereas intra-organization business relationships with family members are mostly developed by women. We learn that gendering impedes women from developing inter-organization business relationships. Impediments for female farmers include their restricted mobility, the lack of trust by men, their limited freedom in communication, household duties, and responsibilities for farming activities up until sales. Our findings also reveal that these impediments to developing inter-organization business relationships prevent female farmers from being empowered and from attainting economic benefits for the family business. In this context, the results of our study show that grouping in small-scale cooperatives offers female farmers an opportunity to overcome gender inequality and to become economically emancipated. Thanks to these cooperatives, women can develop inter-organization relationships with men and other women and gain easier access to financial resources. Small-scale cooperatives can alter gendering in the long run, in favor of more gender equality and less marginalization of women. Our study responds to calls for more research on the informal economy in developing countries and brings further understanding to the effect of gendering in the Ugandan agricultural sector. We propose a theoretical framework with eight propositions bridging gendering, business relationship development, and empowerment and economic benefits. Our framework serves as a springboard for policy implications aimed at fostering gender equality in informal sectors in developing countries.
We present a literature review of the role played by agricultural cooperatives in influencing farm sustainability. We first focus on the theoretical literature to highlight the various economic behaviours of cooperatives. Then we investigate all three dimensions of sustainability in developing and developed countries. We aim at linking the empirical findings to the theoretical understanding of cooperatives, in particular members’ heterogeneity. This paper shows that cooperatives play a non‐negligible role in farm economic sustainability and in the adoption of environmentally friendly practices, suggesting that both public policies and private initiatives in cooperatives may be complementary. As regards social sustainability, there are only a few studies existing on the role of agricultural cooperatives. The trade‐off between economic and environmental sustainability in cooperatives would need to be further investigated.
In this contribution, we explore the possibilities of Responsible Innovation (RI) to assess and support the engagement of businesses in the spectrum of Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) and, in particular, cooperatives to the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the firm level. We conduct a critical review of the academic literature on sustainable development and responsible innovation, focusing on the role of business to identify how firms in the spectrum of SSE can contribute through responsible innovation to the sustainable development agenda and how firms in the spectrum of SSE can benefit from it. Results suggest that firms can benefit from responsible innovation in the transformation of their business models. On the other hand, firms in the spectrum of SSE contribute to extending the scope of SDGs to business, not focusing on what cooperatives do by their nature (e.g., principles and values), but their contribution to key horizontal enablers (e.g., partnership and innovation) for the integration of firms in the sustainable development agenda. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the relationship between SSE firms and RI is assessed from the perspective of firms’ contribution to SDGs. Further research is needed to sophisticate the translation of particular tools developed in the framework of RI to firms in the spectrum of SSE and, in particular, cooperative firms.
The improvement in women’s labor conditions and the elimination of segregation and other forms of direct or indirect discrimination have become one of the major challenges of the international political agenda, and as so have been included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) launched by the UN in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At the same time, there is an increasing interest in the effects that the Social Economy (SE) might have on the achievement of the SDGs, as a consequence of its distinguishing of people-oriented principles. The goal of this paper is to analyze the specific contribution of SE entities to the reduction of gender inequalities in the labor market. We conduct an impact analysis with quasi-experimental counterfactual techniques, in which we compare one experimental group (the SE) with a control group (profit-seeking firms) using labor data from Spain for the period 2008–2017. The results indicate that social economy entities significantly contribute to the achievement of SDGs 5, 8 and 10, showing higher female participation, more stable jobs, and a lower degree of the glass-ceiling phenomenon.
The United Nations Agenda 2030 has recognized that Social Economy (SE) entities play an important role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In order to maximize the impact of the SE, governments have recently deployed new policies regarding these entities. The objective is to understand the context of policy change that has allowed these policies to emerge, their main characteristics and the critical factors in their construction and implementation. Successful policy cases in Europe and Spain have been studied. Qualitative data have been collected through key policy documents, experts, and focus groups. As a main finding, the study shows that this new model of policies exhibits the following features: it focuses on transformative change, follows the public-community partnership governance approach and the mainstream approach in the sense of a broader policy context, and finally, it is innovative in terms of means and of complex systematization of strategies. Difficulties in the implementation of the partnership approach, in the deployment of the policy-mainstreaming approach, and in the acceptance of the SE framed by all policymakers, SE representatives, and government staff, and constraints in financial endowment are the main critical factors in the implementation of these policies.
Purpose
This article aims to analyze the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy of Spanish MNCs and how the firms integrate the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in their reports and communication messages.
Design/methodology/approach
The analysis is based on cases studies with data collected through the corporate websites of Spanish MNCs listed in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.
Findings
The findings tend to indicate that the stakeholder theory and creating shared value are both useful in the analysis of CSR business goals linked to the sustainable development goals of MNCs. However, companies generate little engagement with their stakeholders.
Research limitations/implications
The results of this article resulted from an in-depth analysis of case studies with data collected from a selected sample of MNCs. The qualitative analysis allows us to understand how SDGs are integrated in the CSR activities. But there is a lack of global indicators to measure the impacts of business through the SDGs.
Practical implications
MNCs with a CSR strategy report the information connected with SDGs. However, there is a need of metrics to better understand the contribution of companies for sustainable development and then to clearly know the contribution of business in sustainable development.
Social implications
Create shared value means that companies integrate SDGs in their CSR activities and, as a result, they can create different impacts in economic, social, and environmental issues. If companies communicate these activities and engage the stakeholders the social impact may be even greater.
Originality/value
The stakeholders theory serves to explain that companies can make a real contribution to society in their relationship with stakeholders. In addition, the creation of shared value is applicable to the integration of SDGs in companies within the CSR strategy.
In electronic commerce research, questionnaire surveys are widely used to gather information. But these questionnaires usually include scales to measure both the predictor constructs and the criterion constructs, and the data is often collected from the same respondents at the same time: this can introduce the challenging issue of common method variance (CMV). This editorial within the Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research is designed to touch upon preventions and controls for CMV for authors submitting manuscripts.
The author evaluates the effects of democratic worker participation on the income distribution within firms. Wage inequality in French workers' cooperatives (called SCOPs) versus traditional firms is measured using the 2001-2012 panel DADS dataset which includes all French firms. The author finds significantly lower inequality in SCOPs, in line with the previous empirical literature. Going into more detail, it appears that inequality is reduced at the top of the distribution and specifically regarding qualification-based inequalities; the gender gap and the advantage of senior workers are not lower in SCOPs. These findings contribute to the literature on Labor-Managed Firms, as well as to the broader debate on rising wage inequality in developed countries.
This article is the product of a research experience from a case study on 15M's social movements. The main reseaarch question consisted in analyzing how the social transformations of the recent years, those that precede and persist after the mobilizations of 15M, have generated new social protagonisms and how these have creted spaces of collective learning conceived and interpreted from an horizontal perspective. The journey of this research confronted us with dilemmas, contradictions, responsibilities and compromises that challenged the researcher's role and the necessity to assume an epistemological approach implying a relation of equality between all subjects involved in the investigation. In this quest for answers, this study merged research and activism and led to the co-sharing of knowledge and situaded knowledge.
This paper analyses key achievements, gaps, constraints and opportunities within South Africa's biodiversity sector since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, and some of the difficult trade-offs faced in attempting to marry the country's pressing development needs with those of conservation. A suite of diverse issues is examined, including threats to biodiversity, such as those from habitat transformation, alien invasive species, overexploitation and genetic engineering; the difficulties of 'mainstreaming' biodiversity at all levels of planning and decision-making; and strategies for conservation and development such as protected area management, transfrontier conservation areas, community-based management, wildlife tourism and bioprospecting. Attention is also paid to commercializing South Africa's biodiversity, exploiting traditional knowledge, the current state of funding, and the status of knowledge, research and information about biodiversity in the country. The past ten years have witnessed profound paradigm shifts in conservation in South Africa: from a strictly protectionist approach, towards one that recognizes the need to use biodiversity sustainably and to involve the community in conservation. Despite remarkable achievements since the Earth Summit - including the development of a widely accepted national policy on biodiversity and an expansion of the country's protected areas - biodiversity loss continues, with South Africa having the highest known concentration of threatened plants in the world. Few of the priorities for implementation listed in. the 1997 Biodiversity White Paper have received adequate attention. Serious constraints preclude more effective management of the country's biodiversity: these include insufficient skills, expertise and funding, legal fragmentation, the inadequate integration of biodiversity considerations into sectoral and land-use plans, and weak political commitment. Redress requires us urgently to adopt a uniform and progressive legislative framework for biodiversity conservation and use; develop a national strategy and action plan for biodiversity; and 'mainstream' biodiversity into existing development and environmental planning. Also needed are clear, unambiguous criteria and principles for quantifying biodiversity loss in the long term against socio-economic gains in the short to medium term. Success requires political commitment and leadership.
El Plan para una decada cooperativa de la Alianza Cooperativa Internacional, aprobado tras la celebracion del Ano Internacional de las Cooperativas de Naciones Unidas, pone el acento del modelo de empresa cooperativa, que esta resultando especialmente adecuado frente a la crisis actual, en la participacion tanto en la propiedad de la empresa como en la toma de decisiones (gestion democratica), en la busqueda de la sostenibilidad economica, social y medioambiental, y en la existencia de una identidad formada por los valores y principios cooperativos. El modelo cooperativo se centra en la persona y en la sociedad en que lleva a cabo su actividad.
En America Latina se multiplican los programas que promueven emprendimientos mercantiles autogestionados a cargo de trabajadores individuales, grupos familiares o libremente asociados. Pero no todos tienen el mismo sentido. El sentido de cada programa debe ser aprehendido teniendo en cuenta no solo su justificacion, su intencionalidad declarada, sino tambien el campo –economico, politico, practico, teorico- de las politicas publicas (estatales o no estatales) en el cual se ubica. Por un lado, el discurso economico neoliberal puede justificar ese tipo de programas en nombre del sistema de mercado, aduciendo que vienen a subsanar fallas en nuestros mercados (como es el caso del microcredito) con el fin de mejorar las oportunidades de aquellos pobres excluidos que muestren capacidad para insertarse como microempresarios. El criterio de costo-eficiencia implica lograr esa integracion de pequenas producciones mercantiles con el menor costo posible en terminos de recursos del Estado. Ello explica tanto la exiguidad de los recursos estatales destinados a estos programas como la alta valoracion de la gestion y promocion por parte de organizaciones no gubernamentales que se supone son mas eficientes en esa funcion. Pero en terminos del sistema capitalista, costo-eficiencia implica tambien lograr metas de insercion con un minimo de interferencia con las estrategias de acumulacion del capital privado (en particular su control de recursos por los cuales competiria la pequena produccion mercantil: tierras, agua, credito, conocimientos, etc.).
El concepto de responsabilidad social corporativa no es nuevo. Es un enfoque que, según la literatura científica, está muy presente en las sociedades cooperativas y es fuente de singularidades de éstas. En este sentido la Comisión Europea (2002) indicó que “Las cooperativas tienen una larga tradición en combinar viabilidad económica y responsabilidad social gracias al diálogo entre las partes interesadas y a la gestión participativa, y pueden servir de referencia a otras organizaciones”. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo poner de manifiesto que la responsabilidad social corporativa está entroncada en los valores y principios cooperativos y que, por tanto, constituye una ideología innata al cooperativismo. En consecuencia podemos decir que las sociedades cooperativas se sitúan como las máximas exponentes de la RSC. /Corporate social responsibility is not a new concept. According to the scientific literature it is a very present concept in cooperatives societies and it is a source of singularities of these ones. In this context the European Commission (2002) reported that “Cooperatives have a long tradition in combining economic viability and social responsibility through dialogue between stakeholders and participatory management, so they can serve as reference for other organizations”. This work aims to show that corporate social responsibility is rooted in the cooperative values and principles and, therefore, constitutes an inherent ideology of cooperatives. Therefore we can say that cooperatives are positioned as the greatest exponents of CSR
Las cooperativas han sido promovidas alrededor del mundo como una alternativa para la incorporación de las personas en el sistema económico y como opción para luchar contra las desigualdades sociales. La combinación de lo social y lo empresarial en una sola organización, busca alcanzar metas integrales en espacios locales y regionales. Actualmente las cooperativas son consideradas medios importantes para distribuir la riqueza y la prosperidad. En ese contexto, en el presente artículo se desarrollan cuatro cualidades de las cooperativas buscando el desarrollo de nuevos elementos para fortalecer el modelo como organizaciones inteligentes.
Even though the private sector plays a pivotal role in the success of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the assessment of the firms’ contribution to the Goals has so far been an underexplored and complex issue. This paper proposes an analytical approach to evaluate the contribution of different sustainability and service innovation strategies to the SDGs.
The proposed analytical approach uses open secondary data and content analysis to collect and analyse the sustainability and service innovation activities of a sample of firms. It also develops the Sustainability-orientated Service Innovation (SOSI) Matrix, a tool to map the firms’ strategies and their contribution to the SDGs.
The results indicate that the various combinations of sustainability and service innovation strategies lead to differences in the firms’ contribution to the SDGs. In particular, service innovation has been shown to be a fundamental mediator to contribute to the SDGs.
The main points of this work are i) the importance of combining sustainability and service innovation to contribute to the SDGs; ii) the development of an analytical procedure to analyse the firms’ contribution to the SDGs; iii) the definition of core SDGs, which are relevant in aligning firm's value-creation to SDGs’ contribution. Finally, the study is based on an in-depth analysis of 23 manufacturers from the fast-growing fitness equipment industry, which has so far received only piecemeal attention in the sustainability and management literature.
The research objective is to analyze how companies address their contribution to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to manage their legitimacy. Reaching the SDGs by 2030 is considered vital for the well-being of humanity and the planet with multiple parties challenged to contribute. This requires changes in current routines, including the “business-as-usual” of companies, as achieving the SDGs without companies is unlikely. However, how companies address their contribution to the SDGs is unexplored. Informed by legitimacy theory, FTSE 100 reports on sustainability performance are analyzed deductively with a classification scheme, complemented by an inductive thematic analysis. Two-thirds of companies address the SDGs and legitimize their contributions by mapping the SDGs to existing activities or using them as inspiration for future activities, either for their core business or sustainability as an add-on. The resulting four legitimization strategies - conciliatory, transparency, stimulation, and transformation - largely indicate symbolic rather than substantive disclosure without changes to the “business-as-usual”. The paper contributes to literature and practice by developing a framework of four corporate legitimization strategies and evaluates these efforts critically. The paper concludes that at this point, while all four strategies might be suitable from a legitimacy perspective, if the aim is to achieve the SDGs by 2030, the dominantly symbolic legitimization strategies are insufficient.
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an urgent call for action by all countries that provide a global framework for achieving global development while balancing social, economic, and environmental sustainability. SDGs are addressed to all actors in society, but both academia and professional recognize the particular importance of businesses. However, research is still needed to understand the role of companies as sustainable development agents. Relying on Scopus database consultation, the current research adopts an interdisciplinary systematic literature review to investigate, analyze, and present state‐of‐the‐art academic literature on the role of businesses in tackling SDGs. The final sample comprises 101 papers published between 2015 and 2020. It provides evidence that the main topics discussed by scholars are related to aspects of strategy execution. Recognizing different streams that are currently unexplored—despite strictly related to strategic business activities and to the sustainable development as a whole—the study provides many insights for future research on business and SDGs.
Over the last several years, social and solidarity economy (SSE) has received increasing attention from policymakers, researchers and practitioners worldwide for its potential in addressing today’s major challenges – including poverty, unemployment, inequality, social exclusion and climate change. As an integrated, people-centred, and planet sensitive approach, SSE aims to generate values for the local communities and people based on the principles of equity, inclusion, cooperation, solidarity and democracy. Its activities are primarily focused on meeting the needs of communities and creating an inclusive and sustainable society where socially vulnerable groups are also empowered. The Korean government established various supportive legal frameworks and policies for SSE in the past decade, and as a result, and a large range of SSE organizations and enterprises (SEOEs) has rapidly appeared in the country. While there is growing consensus that SEOEs in South Korea are potentially well-positioned to address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is less clear how well it is doing in practice. This study uses the existing data and analysis to put together an assessment of the economic, social and environmental impacts of SSE in South Korea, and relates these impacts to the SDGs. Specifically, this study looks at SEOEs in urban agriculture and circular economy sectors to examine their role in building sustainable and innovative business and helping the country adapt to climate change. This study presents a number of evidence that SSE can be a key means of the achievement of SDGs, particularly 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 12 and 13.
Social enterprises (SEs) have a paradoxical nature in serving economic and social objectives and meeting them is essential in managing SEs effectively. This study surveys 561 senior executives of 189 forestry cooperatives in Indonesia to assess whether these SE leaders demonstrate such behaviours and to establish their origins. Results demonstrate that the need for cognition and environmental complexity determine the cognitive complexity of SE leaders and environmental complexity is more dominant than the need for cognition. This indicates that cognitive complexity is externally rather than internally driven and that leaders’ commercial and pro-social behaviours raise sustainability of their cooperatives. Cognitive complexity instigates both behaviours. © 2019
This study investigates the efficiency of Japanese credit cooperatives by using a stochastic frontier method based on distance functions. We use a single-step estimation procedure where the parameters of the stochastic frontier and the inefficiency model are estimated simultaneously. Moreover, we focus on the differences in four groups classified by the type of membership. The findings reveal that ethnic minority-owned cooperatives, which have experienced drastic consolidation over the past two decades and increased size, are more efficient than the other groups. The main results are robust to the use of an alternative estimation procedure. This study emphasizes the potential merger effects of small financial cooperatives, but the sustainability of small institutions is not strongly supported.
p>A partir de la reciente crisis financiera mundial, el autor plantea el papel del crédito cooperativo tomando en consideración su origen y su evolución histórica. Analiza los alcances de la regulación de la actividad financiera y sus implicancias para las cooperativas formulando el interrogante acerca de la posible colisión de aquélla con la naturaleza de las cooperativas. Formula un inventario de los principales desafíos que las cooperativas de esta actividad enfrentan en la hora actual para mantener su presencia y preservar su identidad, concluyendo con una reflexión acerca de las finanzas en el mundo presente.
Recibido : 22.05.2015
Aceptado : 17.07.2015</p
This paper investigates whether financial cooperatives are crowded out by commercial banks in the process of financial sector development. We use a self-constructed database based on World Council of Credit Unions data for the years 1990-2011 of cooperatives in 55 developing countries. Our empirical results are threefold. First, financial cooperatives tend to reach more members in countries where the commercial banking sector is weak. This validates their role as a banking market failure solution. Second, in the process of commercial bank expansion, financial cooperatives run the risk of being crowded out. Third, the relationship is actually complex, since financial cooperatives seem to benefit from some kind of bank presence, especially as far as savings mobilization is concerned.
This Article explores definitional issues plaguing the discourse over sustainable development and assesses the road ahead from Johannesburg in light of them. Part II discusses the morass of conceptual and political problems that serve as barriers to a consensus definition. Part III considers the structural barriers to achieving sustainable development, however it is defined. The Article concludes in Part IV by evaluating the limited conceptual and practical progress made at the Summit, and its implications for further steps.
Community developers have long understood the importance of local participation in the events and processes that shape communities. Effective, democratic, and people-and-place-centered development strategies have the potential to achieve such participation. This article suggests that cooperatives can be an effective participatory strategy to bootstrap low-income people into the socio-economic mainstream. Woolcock and Narayan's (2000) social capital and poverty transition model is adapted to demonstrate the development potential of cooperative businesses. We hope to stimulate discussion among community development scholars and practitioners, policymakers, and the public on the potential of cooperative business as a community development strategy, particularly in resource limited communities.
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