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Sex disparities for clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome
Background:
Graft patency is the postulated mechanism for the benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). However, systematic graft imaging assessment after CABG is rare, and there is a lack of contemporary data on the factors associated with graft failure and on the association between graft failure and clinical events after CABG.
Methods:
We pooled individual patient data from randomized clinical trials with systematic CABG graft imaging to assess the incidence of graft failure and its association with clinical risk factors. The primary outcome was the composite of myocardial infarction or repeat revascularization occurring after CABG and before imaging. A 2-stage meta-analytic approach was used to evaluate the association between graft failure and the primary outcome. We also assessed the association between graft failure and myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, or all-cause death occurring after imaging.
Results:
Seven trials were included comprising 4413 patients (mean age, 64.4±9.1 years; 777 [17.6%] women; 3636 [82.4%] men) and 13 163 grafts (8740 saphenous vein grafts and 4423 arterial grafts). The median time to imaging was 1.02 years (Q1;Q3: 1.00;1.03). Graft failure occurred in 1487 (33.7%) patients and in 2190 (16.6%) grafts. Age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.08 [per 10-year increment] [95% CI, 1.01-1.15]; P=0.03), female sex (aOR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.08-1.50]; P=0.004), and smoking (aOR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.04-1.38]; P=0.01) were independently associated with graft failure, whereas statins were associated with a protective effect (aOR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.63-0.88]; P<0.001). Graft failure was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction or repeat revascularization occurring between CABG and imaging assessment (8.0% in patients with graft failure versus 1.7% in patients without graft failure; aOR, 3.98 [95% CI, 3.54-4.47]; P<0.001). Graft failure was also associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction or repeat revascularization occurring after imaging (7.8% versus 2.0%; aOR, 2.59 [95% CI, 1.86-3.62]; P<0.001). All-cause death after imaging occurred more frequently in patients with graft failure compared with patients without graft failure (11.0% versus 2.1%; aOR, 2.79 [95% CI, 2.01-3.89]; P<0.001).
Conclusions:
In contemporary practice, graft failure remains common among patients undergoing CABG and is strongly associated with adverse cardiac events.
A population-based survey, using data from the Framingham study, assessed sex-specific patterns of coronary heart disease occurring over a 26-year period of time. Among subjects ages 35 to 84 years, men have about twice the total incidence of morbidity and mortality of women. The sex gap in morbidity tends to diminish during the later years of the age range, mainly because of a surge in growth of female morbidity after age 45 years, while by that age, the growth in the male rate begins to taper off. An approximate 10-year difference between the sexes persists in mortality rates throughout the life span. The relative health advantage that is possessed by women, however, is buffered by a case fatality rate from coronary attacks that exceeds the male rate (32% vs 27%). Coronary disease manifestations differ between the sexes. Myocardial infarction is more likely to be unrecognized in women than in men (34% vs 27%). Angina pectoris in women more frequently is uncomplicated (80%), whereas in men angina tends to evolve out of infarction (66%). Also, sudden death comprises a greater proportion of male deaths than female deaths (50% vs 39%). Because women maintain a lesser probability of the disease than do men at any level of the major cardiovascular risk factors, distinctions in their risk factor profiles do not explain completely the observed disease patterns.