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Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Geographic Information System in Selecting Sites for a Seafood Market Study
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AHP structure for determining sustainable performance of Indonesian seafood supply chain from stakeholders perspective. ABSTRACT Purpose: This paper aims to investigate and develop a framework of sustainable performance of supply chain in Indonesian fishery sector. Design/methodology/approach: AHP was used to evaluate sustainable performance of fish supply chain. The criteria were compared through three main aspects include economic, social and environment. While the sub-criteria applied in this study were 15 items. Findings: The results of this study indicate that environmental aspects, apart from social and economic, are the main priorities that must be considered in maintaining the sustainability of fishery supply chain. Environmental damage will affect the image of business destinations and have very long negative implications for fishery sector. Research Limitation/Implication: This study uses a very small number of respondents, but respondents are believed to be able to provide useful information to determine which priorities should be focused on sustainable supply chain management in fishery. The limitation of this research is that it is hoped that in the future it can include more respondents with different analysis methods. This research can be used by policy makers in formulating strategies for implementing sustainable fishery in small islands which are also noted as a national park, especially in the Indonesian context. Originality/Value: The study used data obtained from ten of actor in fishery supply chain consisting of fishermen, fish collectors, transporter and retailers.
Reforestation activities were employed in several locations of the Philippines due to deforestation. However, many of these efforts fail because of various reasons, one of which is the poor selection of species. This study aimed to improve chances of success of reforestation in one of the critical watersheds in the Philippines, the Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed (PCW), through a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based species-site suitability assessment of selected native tree species. Thematic maps of soil properties, climate, topography, and biotic conditions were generated for the watershed. The silvical requirements of the selected native species were also established through a literature review. Thereafter, a species-site suitability analysis was done using a GIS platform with the importance of each site feature given different weights through an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), an approach that hasn't been done in previous GIS-based species-site suitability assessment. Results showed that of the three species analyzed, "akle" [Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr.] was found to be the most suitable in the site, with 53% of the watershed falling under high suitability class, while "dita" [Alstonia scholaris (L) R. Br.] and "almaciga" [Agathis philippinensis (Warb.)] were both found to be suitable to the identified reforestation areas of PCW, signifying that they are able to potentially survive within the existing environmental conditions of the site. The generated spatial distribution maps of species-site suitability can serve as guides to the managers of the watershed in future reforestation activities.
Market-based strategies have been used to alleviate poverty in developing countries. In the fisheries sector, knowledge on market systems is essential for market development initiatives for small- scale fishers. However, less attention has been given in understanding the dynamics of market systems and value chains. Furthermore, conducting market study on reef fisheries is challenging because of its complexity and multi- species nature. In this study, we assessed the current local marketing system of reef-sourced seafood in Lingayen Gulf, NW Philippines. We used a market analysis approach complemented with semi-structured survey in describing the market flow, in assessing the availability of reef catches, and in determining the demand patterns from the local market. The study explored opportunities that could provide advantage for small-scale fishers while supporting sustainability of reef fisheries. Results showed that different market agents were involved in the marketing of reef catches. Greater varieties of species were sold to local traders mainly because of the high dependency of fishers to suki system. A large proportion of reef catches were marketed to the locals but higher incomes were generated through direct selling of high-value species to tourists. However, the opportunity for fishers to directly sell their catch was constrained by suki system, reluctance to interact with tourists and inconsistent reef catch. A mutually beneficial partnership among key market agents complemented with government-led interventions is suggested. Potential opportunities in the tourism sector could also be tapped to support sustainable fisheries management programs.
Did you know you make an average of 35,000 decisions each day? Some of these choices are relatively unimportant, like deciding what to eat for breakfast. But others have a greater impact on your future, like choosing which university to attend. When faced with a difficult decision, how do you consider every option to pick the best one? The analytic hierarchy process is one method you can use. It helps you make hard decisions by comparing multiple alternatives to make the best choice.
The reef fisheries in the Philippines are highly affected by various anthropogenic stressors including climate change, marine pollution and fish depletion arising from overfishing. There is a need for continuous monitoring of the fisheries to identify relevant factors that influence the economic and ecological vulnerability of fish-ers concerning climate change impacts. This study addressed the question: "What are the perceived impacts of climate change on small scale fisheries in relation to fishing communities in eastern Mindanao?" A combination of semi-structured survey of fishers in Cantilan and Mati (N = 222) and eight focus groups were used for data analysis to answer the question. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the number of factors examined, and multiple linear regression was used to examine the factors that influence the catch per unit effort of the fisheries. The fisheries factors examined include age, years fishing, years in community, worst, normal, and best catches, boat power, fishing cost and monthly income. In addition, the study examined various sources of vulnerabilities and climate change impacts to the fisheries. The results show that fishing costs, monthly income and weather and coral bleaching influenced the CPUE of the reef fisheries (df = 4, MS = 0.342, F = 5.23, P = 0.001). Past historical catches show that the reef fisheries reached its highest catches in the 1970s (131 kg/trip) and thereafter begun its decline to 14 kg/trip today. Management intervention involves non-fishing based-livelihoods, stricter law enforcement in the fishing grounds and other financial access given to fishers.
Marine protected area (MPA) is one of marine management tools that effective in regulating human activities within certain area. Therefore, choosing the location for the MPA is a critical step due to the nature of this tool that is prone to cause conflict and has broad impact to local and larger community. The selection processes require many criteria to consider thus this research use Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in Geographical Information System (GIS) to calculate MPA location. AHP has ability to simplify multidimensional criteria into single dimensional scale and GIS make is easier to analyze wide area. The research is conducted in Pulo Breuh (Breuh Island) Aceh Besar district of Aceh province, Indonesia. There are 6 components to calculate in determining MPA location for this island, the Settlement; Tourist Attraction; River; Aquaculture site; Ferry port and Fishing port, and each of this criterion is depicted into single layer of map based on the distance. The MPA needs to be close to the settlement and tourist attraction to ensure the advantages as well as far enough from the river, aquaculture site and ports. in the weighing criteria the priorities are, from highest to lowest, the settlement, aquaculture site, river, ferry port, fishing port, and tourist attraction. The result will be 3 levels of color-coded overlay map ranges from suitable, less suitable and not suitable place for MPA.
In the Philippines, agriculture contributes about 8.6% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Agricultural products are high volume, low value and highly perishable. These produce are generally wasted during the process of food distribution in the supply chain. Major contributors to huge losses are the inherent nature of these produce, the tropical setting of the country, lack of post-harvest infrastructure and facilities, the way of handling and the multi-layered distribution system. In the Philippines, substantial post-harvest losses of up to 50% was recorded from the initial harvesting, grading, packaging and transportation from field to storage and distribution to the consumers. To address these problems, agricultural development entails accelerating productivity and increasing linkages between farm production, agricultural services, industrial and technological inputs, and agro-processing. The context of agricultural development in the country involves a transition from farming to engagement in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in the supply chain as processors. However, agricultural diversification and changing patterns in agricultural consumption poses both challenge and potential for change in reducing food loss in the Philippines.
The problem of overexploitation in global fisheries is well-recognized. However, published assessment of fisheries spatio-temporal trends at the national scale is lacking for many high biodiversity developing countries, which is problematic since fisheries management is often implemented at the local or national levels. Here, we present the long-term spatio-temporal trends of Philippine fisheries production based on the landed national fish catch data (1980–2012) and fishers' interviews. We found that the total Philippine fish catch volume (Metric Tons MT) of most capture fisheries throughout the country has either stagnated or declined over the last three decades. The decline is even more prominent when evaluating fisheries trends at the provincial level, suggesting spatial serial depletion of the country's fisheries. In contrast, the total Philippine fish catch value (US Dollars US$ or Philippine Pesos PHP) has continued to increase over time, despite the declining fish catch volume. However, local municipal fishers are experiencing both low fish catch and income, contributing to observable poverty in many coastal communities in the Philippines. The various stakeholders of Philippine fisheries need to recognize the depleted state of Philippine fisheries, and learn from various experiences of collapsed and recovered fisheries from around the world, in order to recover the Philippines' capture fisheries. Lessons from the literature on collapsed fisheries offer the following options for recovery: (1) regulate or reduce fisheries exploitation and other human activities impacting the fisheries to allow fisheries to rebuild or recover, (2) enforce effective networks of marine reserves, (3) engage fishers, consumers, and other stakeholders in fisheries management, (4) improve fisheries science, monitoring, and management capacities, and (5) provide alternative livelihood, skills, and improved education to fishers and their families.
The Algarve region of Portugal offers a number of different divable sites at natural reefs (NRs) and artificial reefs; the former are composed of rocky intrusions, and the latter by sunken or derelict structures and by the recently deployed purpose-built concrete modules. Divers are thus constrained to choose their preferred site from these available options and when making this choice attribute a comparative value to reef resources. Reef diving choices and preferences can be calculated through the use of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In the AHP, each reef alternative is calculated in terms of a set of decision criteria, as well as the relative importance of each criterion. Decision makers need to know what role artificial reef modules play within the diving choice spectrum in order to decide their potential management interests, and AHP results can be used in that decision. In the present pilot case study, the AHP results show that two sub-criteria —the hope of seeing unusual aquatic organisms, and the benefits of updating diving skills— are the most relevant criteria for the diving decision process. Amongst the diving alternatives, natural reefs play the major role and artificial reef modules are the least important choice.
The objective of this paper is to present, discuss and apply the principles and techniques of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the prioritization and selection of projects in a portfolio. AHP is one of the main mathematical models currently available to support the decision theory. When looking into how organizations decide over which projects to execute, we can notice a constant desire to have clear, objective and mathematical criteria (HAAS & MEIXNER, 2005). However, decision making is, in its totality, a cognitive and mental process derived from the most possible adequate selection based on tangible and intangible criteria (SAATY, 2009), which are arbitrarily chosen by those who make the decisions. This paper also discusses the importance and some possible criteria for prioritizing projects, and by using a fictitious project prioritization example, it demonstrates AHP in a step-by-step manner, where the resulting priorities are shown and the possible inconsistencies are determined.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) remains a popular multi-criteria decision method. The author has implemented a free, web-based AHP online system with noteworthy features, allowing for the detailed analysis of decision problems. Besides standard functions, like flexible decision hierarchies, support to improve inconsistent judgments, and alternative evaluation and sensitivity analysis, the software can handle group input, calculate group consensus based on Shannon ? and ?-entropy and estimate weight uncertainties based on randomized small variations of input judgments. In addition, different AHP judgment scales can be applied a posteriori and alternative evaluation can be done using the weighted sum (WSM) or weighted product model (WPM). This flexibility opens up opportunities to study decision projects under various parameters. The author’s intention was to provide a complete and free software tool for educational and research purposes where calculations and algorithms are well documented and all input data and results can be exported in an open format for further processing or presentation. The article describes the basic concept and structure of the software and the underlying mathematical algorithms and methods. Challenges and practical experiences during the implementation, validation and productive phase of the software are highlighted.
It is commonly known that most development projects, especially in the global south, tend to achieve unintended results or fail because of lack of due diligence. Project satisfaction and sustainability would only be achieved if consistent with the actual needs of the people intended to benefit. Based on field experiences in the Fantekwa District of Eastern Ghana, this study aims to explore the utility of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in prioritizing livelihood activities to aid in effective and sustainable poverty reduction interventions in developing countries. Data from twenty five development stakeholders in the district were used for the assessment. The study demonstrates that with appropriate data, and systematically following all required processes, the AHP approach can effectively show where intervention is most needed. Application of AHP in the current context, the study argues, has the potential to address the issue of wrong development targeting with associated counterproductive and nonstarter outcomes.
A value chain analysis is conducted to identify upgrading, that is, improvements in quality and product design that enable producers to gain enhanced value or through diversification in the product lines served. However, a range of data and information of use to managing small-scale fisheries can be also be produced. Eight value chain studies, carried out for specific fish species in different locations around the Philippines, are examined. Policy and management lessons learned and interventions resulting from the value chain analysis for small-scale fisheries management are discussed. Recommendations for using value chain analysis in small-scale fisheries management include stricter regulation on size limits of harvest, monitoring schemes, certification processes, post-harvest facilities, seasonal closures, social enterprises, credit facilities, and habitat protection.
The environmental problem of climate change is an issue that needs to be addressed worldwide. As the electricity-generating power sector is the largest contributor of CO2in the country, low-carbon technologies or sustainable energy systems are being considered as viable alternatives to reduce the CO2emissions from this sector. These are fossil-based power plants with carbon capture and storage (F-CCS) technology, nuclearenergy (NE) and renewable energy (RE) technologies, particularly solar energy (SE), wind energy (WE), hydroelectricity (HE), geothermal energy (GE) and biomass (BE). However, successful implementation of any of these CCMOs depends not only on the technical and economic aspect but also the socio-political aspect of the project.This study therefore proposes an analytical decision modeling framework to evaluate these options by incorporating the subjective judgment of stakeholders. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to structure the problem and quantify the relative preference of each option with respect to four criteria namely environmental effectiveness (EE), economic viability (EV), technical implementability (TI), and social acceptability (SA).Results from the decision model indicate that the most important criterion is environmental effectiveness, and the least important is social acceptability. With respect to environmental effectiveness, their most preferred CCMO was solar energy whereas their least preferred is nuclear energy mainly because of the risk posed by the generated nuclear wastes. With respect to economic viability, their most preferred CCMO was geothermal energy, and the least preferred was nuclear energy. With respect to technical implementability, the respondents gave the highest preference weight on geothermal energy and the least preferred is nuclear energy. With respect to social acceptability, the most preferred was wind energy andagain, the least preferred was nuclear energy.
This paper serves as an introduction to the Analytic Hierarchy Process - A multicriteria decision making approach in which factors are arranged in a hierarchic structure. The principles and the philosophy of the theory are summarized giving general background information of the type of measurement utilized, its properties and applications.
The paper dwells on a judgement model for R&D project evaluation using multifactor criteria based on hierarchic considerations. The idea is to employ formal tools in quantification of subjective evaluations where expert judgement is involved. Comparative evaluations on a priority scale are converted to quantities using the eigen vector concept. This is also the essence of the Analytic Hierarchic Process (AHP) of Satty Satty T L, The analytic hierarchic process (Mc Graw Hill, New York) 1980 which as a technique is employed for R&D project evaluation. It is argued that AHP is more effective than scoring charts and utility models in priority setting based on judgemental evaluation through peer rating.
Understanding catch trends through time is a crucial management consideration that would ensure long term sustainability of the fisheries. This study describes some changes in small-scale fisheries in the Philippines over the past five decades using both "quantitative" and "qualitative" estimates of current and past daily catches. "Quantitative" estimate was determined as the difference between current and past catches in kg per trip, as reported by fishers, on a normal fishing day. "Qualitative" estimate, on the other hand, was determined by asking fishers whether current catches are (i) less than half, (ii) lower to 50%, or (iii) the same or higher than past levels. "Quantitative estimate" indicated that current catches are lower by 16±14% of the 2000-2010 levels and 24±13% to 26±19% of catch levels in the preceding four decades. Catch decline over the past five decades was much worse based on "qualitative" estimate. The relatively more stable catches from "quantitative" estimate could be attributed to the improvement in fishing strategies employed by fishers to keep catches high even as the fish stocks continue to decline. The results of the study further suggest that the condition of small-scale fisheries in the Philippines has been deteriorating since the 1970s but initial signs of severe depletion of fish stocks to the level indicative of biological and economic overfishing occurred in 1990s. Increasing fishing population was attributed as the main cause of fishery decline. Other factors include destructive fishing, large-scale fishing in coastal waters, climate change, siltation/pollution from land-based activities and even marine protected areas establishment and tourism activities that closed some traditional fishing grounds. Important insights and policy prescriptions for improved management of small-scale fisheries are further discussed.
The crisis in the world’s fisheries is attributed to excessive fishing pressure, long-term mismanagement, increased population
growth, development and improvement of fishing technologies, uncertainty in global fisheries catch data, economic incentives
and subsidies, and increasing demand for fish meal. For the coastal fisheries of developing countries, the problem is aggravated
by coastal habitat degradation, widespread poverty in coastal communities, inshore encroachment of commercial fishing vessels,
use of illegal and destructive fishing methods, resource use conflicts, pollution from uplands, and weak institutional arrangements.
In response to these problems and in the hope of reversing their negative effects, fisheries management strategies have emerged
for tropical coastal fisheries during at least the past 30 years. In fisheries, it is crucial to determine the outcomes of
management strategies, especially when public money has to be accounted for. However, efforts to assess their impacts or measure
progress are usually directed towards a single disciplinary approach, which fails to consider the multi-dimensionality of
tropical fisheries including concomitant multi-level and conflicting goals and objectives. This article explores the utility
of a multi-criteria type of evaluation as a potential analytical approach in impact evaluation for tropical fisheries management.
The general framework of a multi-criteria evaluation method is a two-dimensional matrix composed of different choice possibilities
including the set of criteria and indicators that will serve as bases in assessing these choice possibilities. The literature
presents various criteria and indicators in fisheries management evaluation, the kinds and number of which would depend on
stated goals and objectives of fisheries and the availability of resources to acquire the information. The type of measurement,
i.e., quantitative or qualitative, and the weighing of criteria and indicators are crucial in the evaluation process because
they determine the multi-criteria aggregation approach to be used. Moreover, the participation of stakeholders and coastal
resource users is crucial in complementing scientific information, in developing acceptable solutions, and in reducing conflicts
and distrust in the evaluation and decision-making process. While many aggregation models in multi-criteria analysis in natural
resource management exist, this article limits its review to only six models: the analytic hierarchy process, the weighted
sum model, the ordination technique, concordance analysis, the regime method and Evamix; which are viewed to be applicable
to the structure of decision-making in tropical fisheries management. This article also examines the performance of some of
these models through a case study that determines the impacts of fisheries management strategies in San Miguel Bay, Philippines.
The review reveals the following: (1) among the aggregation approaches, the analytic hierarchy process and ordination technique
had the highest number of applications in fisheries while none was found for concordance analysis, the regime method or Evamix;
(2) the application of hybrid models in multi-criteria analysis is increasing and found to be effective in many environmental
decision problems including fisheries; (3) the application of multi-criteria decision models to fisheries management is relatively
scarce during the last 10 years; only 26 papers were found in peer-reviewed journals; and (4) in the choice of model, its
technical assumptions and limitations, its appropriateness for a specific decision-making problem, and its ability to handle
the situation correctly vis-à-vis contextual, technical and political concerns should be considered.
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