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Advancements in energy storage technologies: A review across Canada, USA, and
Africa
Onyinyechukwu Chidolue 1, *, Bright Ngozichukwu 2, Kenneth Ifeanyi Ibekwe 3, Adetomilola Victoria Fafure 4,
Cosmas Dominic Daudu 5 and Valentine Ikenna Illojianya 6
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St Johns, Canada.
2 Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA.
3 Independent Researcher, UK.
4 Department of Physics, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, P.O.Box 43844-00100, Kenya.
5 Nigeria LNG Limited, Bonny Island.
6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, USA.
Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2024, 18(01), 001–008
Publication history: Received on 03 December 2023; revised on 12 January 2024; accepted on 15 January 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.18.1.0011
Abstract
This research explores recent advancements in energy storage technologies across Canada, the United States, and Africa,
assessing their economic and environmental impacts. In Canada, the focus is on optimizing renewable integration and
grid resilience. The United States witnesses growth in utility-scale projects, influencing grid reliability and fostering
economic development. In Africa, off-grid and decentralized solutions address energy access challenges. The financial
implications include job creation, industry growth, and cost savings, while environmental benefits range from reduced
emissions to improved air quality. Future trends highlight technological advancements, integration with electric
vehicles, and regulatory support. Collaborative efforts are essential for navigating these trends and unlocking the
potential of energy storage in shaping a sustainable energy future.
Keywords: Energy Storage Technologies; Renewable Integration; Economic Impacts; Environmental Sustainability
1. Introduction
The global energy landscape is undergoing a transformative shift driven by the imperative to address climate change,
enhance energy security, and meet the increasing power demand. At the forefront of this transition are advancements
in energy storage technologies, which are pivotal in optimizing the integration of renewable energy sources, mitigating
grid instability, and supporting the electrification of various sectors (Aneke & Wang, 2016; Boicea, 2014). Evaluating
energy storage technologies becomes critical as nations strive to decarbonize their energy systems and build resilient
infrastructures.
This research focuses on a comprehensive review of recent advancements in energy storage technologies across three
diverse regions: Canada, the United States, and Africa. Each area presents unique challenges and opportunities
stemming from differences in energy infrastructure, economic development, and environmental considerations.
Understanding the state of energy storage technologies in these regions is crucial for their energy transitions. It
contributes to the broader discourse on global sustainable energy development.
In Canada, a country abundant in natural resources, the challenge lies in harnessing its vast renewable energy potential,
including hydroelectric, wind, and solar power (Barrington-Leigh & Ouliaris, 2017). The United States, as one of the
Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2024, 18(01), 001–008
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world's largest energy consumers, grapples with integrating renewables into its extensive and complex grid
infrastructure while ensuring grid reliability (Sovacool, 2018). In contrast, Africa, a continent with a burgeoning
population and evolving energy needs, seeks scalable and decentralized solutions to address energy access challenges
(Baker, 2023; Moner-Girona et al., 2019).
This paper aims to comprehensively understand the current landscape of energy storage technologies in these regions.
By exploring the technological advancements, adoption rates, and policy frameworks in Canada, the United States, and
Africa, we seek to contribute valuable insights that can inform future strategies for sustainable energy development.
Through this comparative analysis, we aim to identify common trends, unique challenges, and potential synergies that
can guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders in shaping the future of energy storage on a global scale.
As we delve into the intricate interplay of technological innovation, policy dynamics, and regional peculiarities, the
research seeks to shed light on the complex tapestry of energy storage advancements in these diverse contexts.
2. Energy Landscape in Canada, USA, and Africa
With its vast and diverse geography, Canada boasts a rich energy portfolio predominantly shaped by its abundant
natural resources. The country is a global leader in hydropower generation, harnessing the immense potential of its
rivers. Hydropower and other renewable sources like wind and solar contribute significantly to Canada's electricity mix.
Additionally, Canada has been exploring innovative technologies such as energy storage and advanced grid systems to
optimize the integration of renewable energy and address the intermittency inherent in some renewable sources. The
energy landscape in Canada is also influenced by its oil and gas sector, particularly in regions such as Alberta (Mansell
& Schlenker, 2004). The juxtaposition of abundant renewables and traditional fossil fuels presents opportunities and
challenges as the nation strives to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability (Barman et al., 2023;
Hossain, Singh, Sharma, Apostu, & Bansal, 2023).
The United States, as a global economic powerhouse, maintains a multifaceted energy landscape characterized by a
diverse mix of energy sources. Coal, natural gas, and nuclear power have historically played significant roles in the U.S.
energy matrix (Lesage & Van de Graaf, 2016; Marshall, 2017). However, there has been a substantial shift towards
cleaner and more sustainable alternatives in recent years (Adeniyi et al., 2020). Renewable energy, including wind and
solar, has experienced remarkable growth, driven by supportive policies and declining costs (Timilsina, Kurdgelashvili,
& Narbel, 2012). The U.S. is at the forefront of technological innovations in energy storage, exploring grid-scale battery
systems and other advanced storage solutions. The challenge lies in effectively integrating these technologies into a vast
and interconnected grid while ensuring reliability and resilience (Sen & Ganguly, 2017).
Africa, a continent marked by demographic dynamism and varying levels of economic development, faces a unique set
of energy challenges and opportunities (Rotberg, 2013). Many of the African population still lack access to reliable and
affordable electricity. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on expanding energy infrastructure, focusing on
decentralized and off-grid solutions (Bhattacharyya & Palit, 2021). Renewable energy, particularly solar and wind, holds
tremendous potential for addressing Africa's energy needs. Innovative approaches, such as mobile-based payment
systems and community-driven energy projects, are emerging as catalysts for sustainable energy development (Aliyu,
Modu, & Tan, 2018; Shaaban & Petinrin, 2014). As Africa pursues a path towards electrification, integrating energy
storage technologies becomes crucial to enhance grid stability and support intermittent renewable sources.
In these regions, the energy landscape is intricately linked to economic, social, and environmental factors.
Understanding the nuances of these landscapes is essential for evaluating the feasibility and impact of energy storage
technologies and ensuring that solutions align with each region's unique characteristics and aspirations.
3. Types of Energy Storage Technologies
Battery Storage Systems: They have emerged as a cornerstone in the evolution of energy storage technologies.
Lithium-ion batteries, mainly, have gained prominence due to their high energy density, efficiency, and
declining costs (Zhang, Wei, Cao, & Lin, 2018). These batteries find applications on various scales, from small-
scale residential installations to large grid-connected systems. Other types of batteries, including flow and
sodium-ion batteries, are also under exploration, offering unique advantages for specific use cases (Olabi et al.,
2023).
Pumped Hydro Storage: It remains one of the most established and widely deployed forms of grid-scale energy
storage. This technology utilizes the gravitational potential energy of water by pumping water from a lower
reservoir to an upper reservoir during periods of low electricity demand. During peak demand, the stored water
Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2024, 18(01), 001–008
3
is released, flowing downhill and driving turbines to generate electricity. Pumped hydro storage is known for
its high efficiency and long cycle life (Akinyele & Rayudu, 2014).
Thermal Energy Storage: It encompasses various methods of storing energy in heat. Molten salt, for example, is
used in concentrated solar power plants to store and release thermal energy, allowing for continuous electricity
generation even when the sun is not shining. Phase change materials and sensible heat storage are other
thermal energy storage technologies employed in diverse applications, such as space heating, industrial
processes, and solar water heaters (Vignarooban, Xu, Arvay, Hsu, & Kannan, 2015).
Flywheel Energy Storage: These systems store energy in the form of kinetic energy. A spinning rotor within a
vacuum or low-friction enclosure retains power. When electricity is needed, the rotor's kinetic energy is
converted back into electricity. Flywheels offer rapid response times and can contribute to grid stability by
providing short-duration energy storage (Amiryar & Pullen, 2017).
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES): It involves compressing air and storing it in underground caverns or
other structures. During periods of high electricity demand, the compressed air is released and expanded
through turbines to generate electricity. CAES is recognized for its scalability and ability to provide large-scale
energy storage, making it suitable for integrating renewable energy sources (Gür, 2018).
Hydrogen Storage: It is gaining attention as a potential medium for long-term and large-scale energy storage.
Electrolysis is used to produce hydrogen from excess electricity, and the stored hydrogen can be converted
back into electricity through fuel cells or other methods when needed. Hydrogen storage is particularly relevant
for applications where direct electrification is challenging (Abdalla et al., 2018; Johnson et al., 2023).
Supercapacitors: These energy storage devices bridge the gap between traditional capacitors and batteries.
They offer rapid charging and discharging capabilities, making them suitable for applications that require high
power bursts. Supercapacitors find use in transportation, regenerative braking systems, and short-duration
energy storage applications (Hemmati & Saboori, 2016; Sumangala, Sreekanth, & Rahaman, 2021).
As advancements in energy storage technologies continue, exploring hybrid systems and novel materials contributes to
diverse solutions. Each technology type has unique strengths and limitations, and the selection depends on factors such
as application, scale, and regional considerations. The evolving landscape of energy storage technologies plays a pivotal
role in shaping the future of sustainable energy systems across the globe.
4. Adoption and Implementation
The adoption and implementation of energy storage technologies represent a dynamic interplay between technological
advancements, economic considerations, and regulatory frameworks. Examining the current status of these
technologies in Canada, the United States, and Africa provides insights into regional nuances and global trends.
In Canada, the nation's commitment to clean energy and its vast renewable resources influence the adoption of energy
storage technologies. Provinces such as Ontario have been pioneers in integrating energy storage into the grid,
leveraging technologies like lithium-ion batteries and pumped hydro storage. The country's progressive energy policies
and financial incentives have encouraged the deployment of energy storage systems at both utility and community
levels. Microgrid projects, combining renewable energy sources with energy storage, have gained traction in remote
and off-grid areas, enhancing energy reliability. However, the vast geographical expanse of Canada poses logistical
challenges, requiring innovative approaches for efficiently deploying energy storage technologies across diverse
landscapes (Choudhury, 2022).
In the United States, the adoption of energy storage technologies has experienced significant growth, driven by a
combination of federal and state-level policies, declining costs, and a focus on grid resilience. Several states, including
California and New York, have implemented ambitious energy storage targets, fostering a conducive environment for
investment and innovation. Utility-scale projects utilizing battery storage systems have been deployed to address peak
demand, enhance grid stability, and facilitate the integration of renewable energy. Furthermore, behind-the-meter
installations have become increasingly common, particularly in the residential and commercial sectors. The Federal
Investment Tax Credit (ITC) and other incentives have played a pivotal role in stimulating the deployment of energy
storage technologies across the country (Sabir, 2019).
Adopting energy storage technologies in Africa is characterized by diverse approaches tailored to the continent's unique
energy landscape. Off-grid and decentralized solutions, including solar home systems and mini-grids with battery
storage, are instrumental in addressing energy access challenges in rural areas. Countries like South Africa are exploring
utility-scale projects, incorporating energy storage to enhance grid reliability and support renewable energy integration
(Fourie, 2018). Innovative financing models, including pay-as-you-go systems, have facilitated the affordability of small-
Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2024, 18(01), 001–008
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scale energy storage solutions for households and businesses. However, challenges such as limited infrastructure and
financing constraints present hurdles to widespread adoption (Oyewo, Sterl, Khalili, & Breyer, 2023).
Globally, the adoption of energy storage technologies is witnessing a paradigm shift as countries seek to enhance energy
security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and modernize their power systems. Integrating artificial intelligence and
smart grid technologies further optimizes the deployment and operation of energy storage systems. The rise of electric
vehicles (EVs) has also contributed to the growth of stationary energy storage, as repurposed EV batteries find a second
life in stationary applications (Colarullo & Thakur, 2022; Thakur, de Almeida, & Baskar, 2022). The concept of "stacking"
services, wherein energy storage systems provide multiple grid services simultaneously, is gaining prominence,
maximizing the economic value of these investments (Marnell, Obi, & Bass, 2019; Schmitt & Sanford, 2018).
5. Economic and Environmental Impacts
The deployment of energy storage technologies is not merely a technological shift but carries profound economic and
environmental implications. Assessing these impacts in the context of Canada, the United States, and Africa provides a
nuanced understanding of the role of energy storage in shaping sustainable energy transitions.
5.1. Economic Impacts
In Canada, the economic impacts of energy storage technologies are multifaceted. The integration of grid-scale energy
storage enhances the reliability and stability of the electricity grid, reducing the need for costly grid infrastructure
upgrades. This, in turn, contributes to cost savings for utilities and consumers alike. Additionally, the growth of the
energy storage sector fosters job creation, with opportunities arising in the manufacturing, installation, and
maintenance of storage systems. The economic benefits extend to developing a robust energy storage industry,
attracting investments, and fostering innovation. As energy storage becomes a key enabler for integrating renewable
energy sources, it bolsters Canada's position in the global clean energy market (Anuta, Taylor, Jones, McEntee, & Wade,
2014; Peters, Axsen, & Mallett, 2018).
In the United States, the economic impacts of energy storage technologies are evident in the evolving energy landscape.
Utilizing utility-scale battery storage systems contributes to grid reliability, reducing the need for peaker plants and
minimizing the economic costs associated with power outages. Moreover, the growth of the energy storage industry
stimulates economic activity, creating jobs and supporting local economies. Energy storage systems also play a pivotal
role in enhancing the economic viability of renewable energy projects. By mitigating the intermittent nature of solar
and wind power, these technologies contribute to the stability of the power supply, attracting further investments in
clean energy (Higgins, 2014; Wali et al., 2024).
In Africa, the economic impacts of energy storage technologies are closely tied to efforts to address energy access
challenges. Off-grid and decentralized energy storage solutions empower communities by providing reliable electricity
and catalyzing economic development. Small-scale projects, such as solar home systems with battery storage, contribute
to the growth of local businesses, improving livelihoods. The affordability and scalability of energy storage solutions
and innovative financing models unlock economic opportunities for individuals and companies. As the continent seeks
to expand its energy infrastructure, the economic benefits of adopting energy storage technologies become instrumental
in fostering sustainable development (Pachauri et al., 2012).
5.2. Environmental Impacts
The environmental impacts of energy storage technologies in Canada are aligned with the nation's commitment to
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage
contributes to the displacement of fossil fuel-based generation, reducing overall carbon emissions. Additionally,
advancements in battery technologies promote the electrification of transportation, further reducing reliance on
traditional combustion engines. The environmental benefits extend to the conservation of natural resources,
particularly in provinces where hydropower is prevalent. Energy storage systems enable better utilization of renewable
resources, minimizing ecological disruption associated with alternative forms of energy generation (Janzen, Davis, &
Kumar, 2020; Jordaan et al., 2017).
In the United States, the environmental impacts of energy storage technologies are pivotal in pursuing clean energy
goals (Dell & Rand, 2001). Deploying battery storage and other technologies supports the transition from fossil fuel-
based peaker plants, improving air quality and reducing emissions (Fitch, 2019). Integrating energy storage with
renewable energy projects enhances the environmental sustainability of the entire energy system. Furthermore, using
repurposed electric vehicle batteries for stationary energy storage applications extends the environmental benefits
Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2024, 18(01), 001–008
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across sectors. As the transportation sector embraces electric vehicles, batteries' life cycle ecological impact becomes
increasingly favorable (Faria et al., 2013).
In Africa, the environmental impacts of energy storage technologies are intertwined with efforts to leapfrog traditional
energy development pathways (Ofori-Amoah, 2020). By promoting decentralized and off-grid solutions, energy storage
reduces the reliance on diesel generators and other polluting sources in remote areas (López-Castrillón, Sepúlveda, &
Mattar, 2021). This, in turn, mitigates local environmental degradation and improves air quality. Adopting clean energy
technologies, facilitated by energy storage, aligns with global efforts to combat climate change (Victor & Great C, 2021).
As Africa seeks to expand its energy infrastructure, emphasizing sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions
becomes imperative for long-term environmental stewardship (Omisore, 2018).
6. Future Trends and Outlook
As the global energy landscape continues to evolve, the future of energy storage technologies holds promise and
potential for transformative advancements. Examining the trajectory of these technologies in Canada, the United States,
and Africa provides valuable insights into emerging trends and their implications for sustainable energy transitions.
In Canada, ongoing research and development efforts focus on advancing energy storage technologies tailored to the
nation's diverse energy mix. Innovations in grid-scale battery storage, particularly exploring next-generation
chemistries beyond lithium-ion, aim to enhance energy density, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally,
research into advanced materials and smart grid technologies is expected to optimize the integration of renewables and
improve overall grid resilience. The future may see a convergence of energy storage with other innovative technologies,
such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, to create intelligent and decentralized energy systems. As Canada seeks to
capitalize on its abundant renewable resources, the integration of energy storage technologies is poised to play a central
role in shaping the future of the nation's energy landscape.
In the United States, the future trends in energy storage technologies revolve around scaling up existing solutions and
exploring novel approaches. Continued advancements in lithium-ion battery technologies are expected, focusing on
increasing energy density and extending cycle life. Grid-scale projects will likely grow in capacity, supported by energy
management systems and grid optimization advances. Integrating energy storage with renewable energy projects is
expected to deepen, with a rise in hybrid systems that combine solar, wind, and storage technologies. Moreover,
innovations in long-duration energy storage, such as flow batteries and thermal storage, are poised to address the need
for reliable energy supply during extended periods.
In Africa, future trends in energy storage technologies are shaped by the imperative to leapfrog traditional energy
development pathways. The focus on decentralized and off-grid solutions will continue, with advancements in small-
scale battery technologies and innovative financing models. Mobile-based payment systems and community-driven
projects may further accelerate the adoption of energy storage solutions in remote areas. The continent may witness a
proliferation of microgrid projects integrating solar and battery storage to provide reliable electricity to underserved
communities. As Africa embraces renewable energy, the future outlook includes a gradual shift from centralized power
systems toward distributed and resilient energy infrastructure.
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles globally is anticipated to impact energy storage technologies profoundly. In
Canada and the United States, the repurposing of EV batteries for stationary storage applications is likely to become
more widespread, extending the life cycle and economic viability of these batteries. This dual-use approach aligns with
sustainability goals and enhances the overall efficiency of energy systems. In Africa, where the adoption of EVs is in its
nascent stages, the potential synergy between electric mobility and stationary energy storage presents an opportunity
for integrated and sustainable transportation and energy solutions. The future may see collaborative efforts between
the transportation and energy sectors to create holistic and interconnected systems.
The future outlook for energy storage technologies is intricately tied to the regulatory and policy frameworks governing
their deployment. In Canada and the United States, the continuation of supportive policies, including incentives,
mandates, and streamlined permitting processes, is crucial for fostering a conducive environment for investment and
innovation. Clear and stable regulatory frameworks can provide the necessary certainty for industry stakeholders,
encouraging long-term planning and development. In Africa, where policy landscapes are evolving, the future may
witness the formulation of targeted policies that incentivize the adoption of energy storage technologies, especially in
regions with limited grid infrastructure. Integrating energy storage into national energy plans and strategies can unlock
financial support and facilitate international collaborations.
Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2024, 18(01), 001–008
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7. Conclusion
In conclusion, the trajectory of energy storage technologies in Canada, the United States, and Africa holds immense
promise for shaping sustainable energy transitions. Ongoing technological advancements, particularly in battery
storage, coupled with the integration of electric vehicles, are driving innovation across diverse energy landscapes. The
economic and environmental impacts are evident, with benefits ranging from job creation to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. The future trends indicate a continued focus on scaling up existing solutions, exploring novel technologies,
and aligning regulatory frameworks to support industry growth. Each region's unique challenges and opportunities
present a canvas for tailored strategies, from enhancing grid resilience in Canada to fostering decentralized solutions in
Africa.
As we anticipate the next phase of energy storage development, collaboration among policymakers, industry
stakeholders, and communities becomes imperative. By navigating these trends collectively, we can unlock the full
potential of energy storage technologies, contributing to a resilient, reliable, and sustainable energy future on a global
scale.
Compliance with ethical standards
Disclosure of conflict of interest
No conflict of interest to be disclosed.
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