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Received: 01-12-2023
Accepted: 29-12-2023
Published: 31-12-2023
The MCCC Volunteers' Legacy of Approaches
for Combating COVID-19
Afita Nur Hayati
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda
veetasugiarto@gmail.com
Ramadiva Muhammad Akhyar
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda
ramadiva.m.akhyar@gmail.com
Amalia Nur Aini
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda
amalianuraini818@gmail.com
Dina Lusiana Setyowati
Universitas Mulawarman
dinalusiana@fkm.unmul.ac.id
Yatini
Universitas Widyagama Mahakam
yatiniarudji@gmail.com
Abstract
As one of the Penta Helix elements in crisis management, Muhammadiyah conducted
humanitarian efforts throughout the pandemic, notably in East Kalimantan, through
the Muhammadiyah COVID-19 Command Center (MCCC). As a collective
humanitarian memory of East Kalimantan during the height of the COVID-19
pandemic, this study attempts to present an overview of all the volunteer activities
conducted by MCCC in Balikpapan and Samarinda during the pandemic. Descriptive
analysis and qualitative technique are utilized in this study. To gather primary data,
two informants from Balikpapan and four informants from Samarinda were
interviewed. Secondary data came from reporting documents from the
Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center (MDMC) in East Kalimantan, which
were located through a Google search for pertinent terms. The following are the
study's findings: (1) In Balikpapan and Samarinda, MCCC volunteers took part in
emergency response and disaster risk mitigation operations. (2) They give medical
LENTERA: JURNAL ILMU DAKWAH DAN KOMUNIKASI
Vol. VII, No. 02, Desember 2023
doi:
https://doi.org/10.21093/lentera.v7i2.7948
https://journal.uinsi.ac.id/index.php/lentera/
P-ISSN: 2549-7391, E-ISSN: 2549-578X
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aid, apply disinfectants, and conduct out programs related to food security. (3) They
go a long way to help others. They are all living examples of that since they have all
survived COVID. During the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, one individual was
hospitalized, others were forced to self-isolate, and there were no reports in the
media about any philanthropic activities. In conclusion, as volunteers are at high
danger during the COVID-19 pandemic, their goodness cannot be questioned.
Keywords: altruism, disaster management, fighting COVID-19, volunteerism
Abstrak
Sebagai salah satu unsur pentahelix dalam manajemen krisis, Muhammadiyah
melakukan upaya kemanusiaan di masa pandemi, khususnya di Kalimantan
Timur, melalui Muhammadiyah COVID-19 Command Center (MCCC). Sebagai
legacy atau warisan kemanusiaan kolektif Kalimantan Timur di masa puncak
pandemi COVID-19, penelitian ini berupaya menyajikan gambaran seluruh
kegiatan relawan yang dilakukan MCCC di Balikpapan dan Samarinda selama
pandemi. Analisis deskriptif dan teknik kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian
ini. Untuk mengumpulkan data primer, dilakukan wawancara terhadap dua
informan dari Balikpapan dan empat informan dari Samarinda. Data sekunder
berasal dari dokumen pelaporan Pusat Penanggulangan Bencana
Muhammadiyah (MDMC) Kalimantan Timur yang diperoleh melalui pencarian
Google untuk mencari istilah-istilah terkait. Temuan penelitian ini adalah
sebagai berikut: (1) Di Balikpapan dan Samarinda, relawan MCCC mengambil
bagian dalam operasi tanggap darurat dan mitigasi risiko bencana. (2)
Memberikan pertolongan medis, memberikan disinfektan, dan melaksanakan
program yang berkaitan dengan ketahanan pangan. (3) Mereka berusaha
keras untuk membantu orang lain. Mereka semua adalah contoh nyata karena
mereka semua selamat dari COVID. Pada masa puncak pandemi COVID-19,
satu orang dirawat di rumah sakit, yang lainnya terpaksa melakukan isolasi
mandiri, dan tidak ada pemberitaan di media mengenai kegiatan filantropi apa
pun. Kesimpulannya, karena para relawan berada dalam bahaya besar selama
pandemi COVID-19, sifat altruisme mereka tidak perlu dipertanyakan lagi.
Kata Kunci: altruisme, kesukarelaan, melawan COVID-19, penanggulangan
bencana
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A. Introduction
Despite the fact that the Presidential Decree Number 17 of 2023 terminated
the state of emergency and disaster on June 21, 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic has
left a lasting impact on all human lifes, including that of Indonesia. Therefore, when
faced with a similar problem in the future, it becomes crucial to recount it as part of
the legacy for future generations.
In early March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the
COVID-19 as pandemic after it was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December
2019(Aditama, 2022; Hodder, 2020; Katrakazas et al., 2020; Kobiruzzaman, 2021;
Putri, 2020). It means, since the beginning of 2020, Indonesia, along with many
other countries, has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, an unprecedented
global tragedy. Every Indonesian citizen has felt the catastrophic effects of this
outbreak, from Sumatra to the Papua. In addition to endangering public health,
COVID-19 has upended Indonesia's social, political, educational, and economic
structures on many fronts(Bangun & Widana, 2021; Hanifa & Fisabilillah, 2021;
Herliandry et al., 2020; Nasution et al., 2020; Ndasung, 2021; Prasetyo et al., 2023;
Rosita, 2020; Sadiyah, 2021; Septiarini et al., 2021; Wahyunengseh & Hastjarjo,
2021; Wulandari & Agustika, 2020).
COVID-19 is categorized as a non-natural catastrophe because it is a
pandemic. Non-natural disasters are defined as events or a sequence of events that
include pandemics, disease outbreaks, technical failures, and failed modernization.
So as one type of disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic must be overcome. Who is
authorized and responsible? According to Article 3 and Article 5 of Law No. 24 of
2007, the government is accountable for all disasters occur(Fadillah et al., 2020),
cite the National Board for Disaster Management as the organization that both the
central government and local governments use. Upon the completion of their tasks,
a task force was established.
In line with other nations, Indonesia had to adjust to combat this invisible
threat when the virus first appeared. In response, the Indonesian authorities
declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be in the Presidential Decree Number 12 of 2020
which stated that a national disaster had occurred on March 14, 2020. The people,
medical community, and government of Indonesia are working together to
comprehend, combat, and educate the public about the pandemic's impacts.
However, there have been some really difficult rules and challenges to overcome. In
other words the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic's spread is still
sluggish(Yulianti et al., 2020). The last ten years have seen a process of democratic
collapse in Indonesia, which is reflected in the country's fragmented policies and
initial disregard for the COVID-19 danger in Southeast Asia(Mietzner, 2020). But the
Indonesian people's still have adaptability, solidarity, and resilience in the face of
this calamity with crucial cooperation, using scientific advancements, and
vaccinations(Joyosemito & Nasir, 2021; Tamara, 2021) are as ways to surviving the
pandemic.
One of the social resources in people's lives is religion. It is thought that
religion's capacity to inspire social action and enlist the support of its adherents can
enhance the efficacy of attempts to address issues in the pandemic era. Because,
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particularly in times of crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, religion may offer
services and has vital community resources, such support and social networks.
Faith-based organizations and the government can work together if they take
thorough, responsible, and practical policy measures to match. They participate in
the governance stage of catastrophe risk. This demonstrates the critical role that
faith-based groups play in lowering the likelihood of a pandemic calamity.
Additionally, faith-based groups had the ability to motivate the community to
actively participate in crisis management during the pandemic through a variety of
means, including organizational strategies, theological concepts, and leadership.
Since its establishment, Muhammadiyah, one of the leading Islamic
organizations in Indonesia, has played a significant role in helping the country's
government and people find solutions to a number of issues, including the COVID-
19 pandemic(Falahuddin, 2020; Humaidi et al., 2022; Ichsan, 2020, 2022; M. Junaedi
et al., 2021; Margono et al., 2020; Muis, 2021; Prianto et al., 2023; Qodarsasi et al.,
2021; Qodir et al., 2022; Sadikin, 2021; Saputro et al., 2022). It was generally stated
that Muhammadiyah established the Muhammadiyah COVID-19 Command Center
(MCCC) through the declaration of Central Leadership of Muhammadiyah (PP
Muhammadiyah) number 2825/KEP/I.0/D/2020(F. Junaedi et al., 2023). The MCCC
is in charge of coordinating the implementation of COVID-19 programs and actions
across Indonesia's 32 provinces, as shown in Figure 1. Muhammadiyah also cancels
the Congress agenda (Muktamar) in 2020 as a form of Muhammadiyah’s concern for
saving human lifes which its independent organization likewise adheres to (Choliq
et al., 2022).
Muhammadiyah is a faith-based organization that has chosen to follow the
road of social humanitarian preaching as prescribed by its original mission. This
dedication underpins all of the aid that Muhammadiyah provides. There is the
element of "shared responsibility," in which the community takes charge of its
destiny, thus according to United Nations Inter-Agency Secretariat of the
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction [UNISDR] (2005), it reducing
dependency on government(Wakiaga, 2021). Muhammadiyah formed several
pandemic-handling work teams to increase community resilience to disasters,
including the MCCC, the Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center (MDMC) and
the Muhammadiyah charity (LazisMu).
The following contributions of Muhammadiyah during the pandemic(Suyadi
et al., 2020), to name a few:
1. Health services: Muhammadiyah is home to several hospitals and clinics that
are crucial to the care of COVID-19 patients. In order to assist communities
that are hard for conventional medical facilities to reach, they also run field
health units in isolated locations.
2. Donations and support: Muhammadiyah has organized fundraisers and given
aid to pandemic-affected communities. Families in need received food,
masks, and medical supplies from them.
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3. Public education: Muhammadiyah is leading the charge in educating the
public about COVID-19. They spread pertinent and reliable information
regarding self-isolation, pandemic management, and preventive measures.
4. Production of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): in order to address the
scarcity of protective gear for medical professionals and the general public, a
number of Muhammadiyah branches produce PPE, including face masks and
protective clothes.
5. Religion's role: Muhammadiyah is crucial in giving society moral and
religious guidance during the pandemic. They offer moral guidance on social
cohesion, safety, and hygiene.
6. Distance education: Muhammadiyah also made an effort to promote online
and remote learning throughout the pandemic. They offer support and
resources to pupils who are required to learn from home.
From the background described above, we know that through the MCCC,
Muhammadiyah's humanitarian activities in Indonesia during the COVID-19
pandemic were mobilized, not least in East Kalimantan. The legacy activities of
MCCC Balikpapan and Samarinda volunteers in 2021 in dealing with the COVID-19
disaster are the focus of this study as a communal remembrance of volunteerism in
East Kalimantan, particularly in Balikpapan and Samarinda.
Figure 1: MCCC Network in 32 Provinces in Indonesia
(Source: https://covid19.muhammadiyah.id/tentang-kami/jaringan-mccc-
wilayah/)
B. Methods
This study employs a qualitative methodology that combines case studies for
operationalization and descriptive analysis(Rashid et al., 2019). The case plays a
vital part in the research process when using the case-based method (Takahashi &
Araujo, 2020). Because a comprehensive approach to study, descriptive qualitative
methodology with case studies concentrates on a profound comprehension of
particular events.
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When combined with case studies, descriptive qualitative research is an
effective tool for examining difficult issues and presenting a comprehensive picture
of a phenomenon in a genuine social setting(Prihatsanti et al., 2018). It provides in-
depth narratives about the struggles and lives of people and communities, enabling
academics to go beyond data and statistics.
Balikpapan and Samarinda were chosen as study sites because they were
recognized at the 109th Milad Muhammadiyah moment by the Regional Leaders of
Muhammadiyah East Kalimantan (PWM Kaltim) as the largest vaccine provider and
volunteers for the most COVID-19 patients. Primary data was taken from interviews
with four informants in Samarinda and two in Balikpapan using the unstructured
and the structured interview, as shown in table 1.
Table 1: MCCC’s volunteers as informants
Initial
Name
Sex
Location
Position
M M
Male
Samarinda
East Kalimantan's MCCC Leader
S
Male
Samarinda
MDMC’s Leader of Samarinda
A F
Male
Samarinda
Fundraising Coordinator for MCCC
Samarinda
F R
Male
Samarinda
Health Coordinator for MCCC Samarinda
L H
Male
Balikpapan
Leader of MCCC in Balikpapan
R
Male
Balikpapan
MCCC’s Secretary of Balikpapan
The interview at Samarinda was divided into direct and indirect questions.
The first direct interview was with the MDMC’s leader in Samarinda, then the
interview continued with the fundraising coordinator and the health coordinator via
WhatsApp, which was then forwarded indirectly to the chairman of the MCCC in East
Kalimantan regarding the data on the administration of vaccines in East Kalimantan.
After the MCCC's leader gives a piece of information directly, the information is
passed on to the MCCC's secretary, both directly and indirectly, from Balikpapan.
Experts in memory research stress the significance of media in creating
collective memory, saying that "technology memory constantly mediates and
generates culture and individual memories." Gavilanes, Mollgaard, Tsvetkova, and
Yasseri (2017) contend that journalists function as collective memory brokers(Loisa
et al., 2020). So secondary data was taken from reporting documents of the MDMC
Kaltim and media coverage by writing keywords on the Google search engine,
among others, as shown in table 2.
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Table 2: Media coverage of MCCC’s activities at East Kalimantan
Name of MCCC
Name of Media
Kalimantan Timur
https://selasar.co/
https://suaramuhammadiyah.id/
https://lintasmahakam.com/
https://rri.co.id/
https://menara62.com/
https://diksi.co/
Samarinda
https://www.mediamu.id/
https://www.linimasa.co/
https://kaltimtoday.co/
Balikpapan
https://kabarmuh.com/
https://covid19.muhammadiyah.id/
Kutai Timur
https://kabarmuh.com/
https://viralkaltim.com/
https://pro.kutaitimurkab.go.id/
Kutai Kartanegara
https://kabarmuh.com/
Paser
https://kabarmuh.com/
C. Results and Discussion
Based on The National Science and Technology Council (2005) a disaster can
be defined as a sudden occurrence that causes catastrophic loss of life and/or
physical destruction(Mason et al., 2019). The COVID-19 pandemic is an
unprecedented global crisis(Kim et al., 2021). Everyone must admit that no country
is ready to face the COVID-19 disaster because of the limited scientific knowledge
about this virus. Almost all major countries, including Indonesia, have encountered
difficulties in dealing with this pandemic (Maulana, 2021).
According to https://disaster.geo.ugm.ac.id, disaster management is an
activity carried out in the context of prevention, mitigation, preparedness,
emergency response, and recovery efforts related to disaster events. Disaster
management is carried out to reduce losses, risks, and the post-disaster recovery
process. Disaster management consists of two stages, namely ex-ante (before the
disaster) and ex-post (after the disaster). Ex-ante consists of mitigation, prevention,
and preparedness. The past stage is in the form of emergency response,
rehabilitation, and reconstruction. As stated in Chapter I, Article 1, Paragraph 5, of
Law No. 24 of 2007, disaster management is a series of efforts encompassing policies
on development with disaster risk, disaster prevention, emergency response, and
rehabilitation.
The government still needs the help of all parties, even though the
concentration of disaster management, budget, human resources, and policies
during this pandemic is focused on COVID-19. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, civil
organizations, such as the MCCC across Indonesia, were instrumental in
contributing in different ways to the pandemic response. Their services include
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social work, food assistance, medical care, counseling, and psychiatric support,
among other things. Examples of contributions that MCCC and related organizations
can make are as follows:
1. Education and counseling: Through a variety of mediums, such as social
media, web seminars, or webinars, MCCC can educate people about COVID-
19, immunization, and preventive measures. The MCCC can assist in
educating nearby populations about the pandemic by providing accurate and
trustworthy information.
2. Medical support: In order to offer medical aid in the form of masks, personal
protective equipment (PPE), and other health supplies, MCCC can work with
nearby hospitals and healthcare facilities. For mild COVID-19 patients, MCCC
can help by offering temporary isolation facilities or, for those in need,
transportation assistance.
3. Food support: Programs for food aid can be arranged by MCCC for
households affected financially by the pandemic. MCCC can help with the
delivery of ready-to-eat meals, basic food packages, or assistance for
vulnerable populations including children and the elderly.
4. Psychological assistance: For anyone experiencing depression or loneliness
during the pandemic, MCCC offers telephone or online counseling services.
Online support groups can be facilitated by MCCC to assist individuals in
overcoming the psychological effects of the pandemic.
5. Sanitation & cleanliness: In public spaces, schools, or marketplaces, MCCC
can take part in hygiene and sanitation initiatives by supplying hand washing
supplies and public restrooms. The MCCC can help with disinfectant spraying
in public locations that are frequented by people.
6. Money donated: To help with the aforementioned initiatives, MCCC might
launch a fundraising drive and provide money to hospitals, social welfare
foundations, or other groups that might benefit from support during the
pandemic. It is crucial to remember that the MCCC's and other organizations'
contributions need to follow current regulations and work in tandem with
local health authorities. In addition, it's critical to preserve the volunteers'
and members' health and safety while relief operations are being carried out.
East Kalimantan Province became the fifth-highest province in Indonesia
with a number of additional cases of COVID-19. The addition of these cases has an
impact on the area of readiness and ability, in this case health facilities in the form
of a COVID-19 Referral Hospital for people who require medical treatment(Gumilar
et al., 2021). Although the pandemic is global, its responses have been local(Madan
et al., 2021), depending on the local context—government, socio-economics, and
cultural factors. How was it used by Muhammadiyah in East Kalimantan? The MCCC
has volunteers in Balikpapan and Samarinda that work on disaster risk prevention
and emergency response since the omicron variant pandemic would persist until
February 2022, such as:
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1. Disaster Risk Reduction
The MCCC in all districts in East Kalimantan was formed in March 2020. In
at-risk reduction, both Balikpapan and Samarinda do:
a. Spraying disinfectants in public facilities such as schools and mosques
b. Free lunch packages for ojek online drivers, street vendors, angkot
drivers, and parking guards
c. With LazisMu Kaltim (food packages, or sembako), provide food barns to
assist the community in meeting their environmental needs.
d. Mask distribution as a way of supporting one of the government's
strategies in handling the Corona virus.
2. Emergency Responses
At the peak of the pandemic in 2021, MCCC’s volunteers will work harder
with:
a. COVID isomans (self-isolation) are given fruits and ready-to-eat food.
b. Lend oxygen cylinders and distribute oxygen when it runs out, provide
personal protective equipment, and provide medical equipment for
isomans (self-isolation).
c. Giving of drugs according to symptoms and distribution of vitamins
d. Antigen swab test with trained volunteers.
e. Carried out the COVID vaccination program in collaboration with other
parties, among them the Public Health Office, BKKBN, USAID, the Police
Office, and TNI, with various doses as shown in Table 3.
All MCCC’s volunteers take big risks for others. This is shown by all of them
having become covid alumni. One is hospitalized namely Mr. A F, because of his high
level of emergencies, while others are self-isolating by keeping up the consumption
of East Kalimantan-style medication and herbs. But they continue to help the
sufferer of covid after recovered. They increase their endurance supplements and
nutritional intake at least 2 times a day according to their wishes. All activities they
have done at the pick of the COVID-19 pandemic (July till September) at 2021 are
called as altruism because life is at stake. A prosocial action aimed at enhancing the
wellbeing of others without any understanding of an imbalance or retaliation from
the person being helped might be understood as altruism itself(Rubiantari & Hazim,
2023).
Unfortunately, the altruism activities are not covered by the media. Whereas
social media have a tremendous positive impact on the emergency phase in the
country(Kobiruzzaman, 2021), it means, the media has the power to influence the
significance and prevalence of a particular public agenda topic, such as the public
awareness of the risks and impact of COVID-19 (Kunguma et al., 2021). According
to Mr. R, they are concentrating more on field operations because there are more
people receiving assistance but less volunteers due to COVID exposure.
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Table 2: Vaccine center of MCCC East Kalimantan
Vaccine Center
Dose 1
Dose 2
UMKT
150
150
UMKT-MCCC Kaltim
2000
2000
Paser
4000
4000
Kutai Kartanegara
300
300
Kutai Timur
1500
1500
Aisyiyah-UMKT
3000
3000
Mentari Covid-19-PDM
Samarinda
5000
5000
Balikpapan
16500
16500
Berau
4000
4000
Kutai Barat
1000
1000
Bontang
300
300
PPU
2500
2500
D. Conclusion
Muhammadiyah volunteers' participation in the COVID-19 pandemic is
indicative of Indonesian society's strong sense of social responsibility and reciprocal
collaboration. They are unsung heroes who give freely and tirelessly of themselves
to support society in overcoming this catastrophe. Muhammadiyah volunteers have
collaborated and coordinated with the government, other non-governmental
groups, and the general public to lessen the effects of the pandemic and serve as an
example for all of us when we encounter similar difficulties in the future.
Everyone understands that in the midst of this pandemic situation, the
decision to become a volunteer must be seriously considered by each individual.
Why? Because all volunteers take big risks during the COVID-19 pandemic, lives are
at stake. They must have the sensitivity to help others; it comes from internal
motivation, and they must have the desire to get rewarded for it hereafter from God.
This study concluded that the altruism of the volunteers was unquestionable.
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