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Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources.
Abstract
Explores ways that the tragedy of the commons can be avoided by people who use common-property resources
... The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the fact that air free from viral infections is a CPR. The non-excludability and subtractability of CPRs make them subject to the tragedy of the commons and the related CPR dilemma (Ostrom, 1990;Ostrom et al., 1994), hallmarked by a conflict between individual (private) and collective (public) interests. Individual actors benefit from the use of CPRs but bear only a fraction of the cost of their depletion, resulting in their overuse and destruction. ...
... Individual actors benefit from the use of CPRs but bear only a fraction of the cost of their depletion, resulting in their overuse and destruction. Ostrom et al. (1994) and Ostrom (1990; show that it may be possible to govern the commons by appropriate institutional arrangements, for example agreements to tie up fishing boats or limit carbon emissions, but they recognise that such arrangements are more difficult to attain in the case of the global commons. This is illustrated by cross country variations in governance measures such as mask wearing, testing, track and trace systems, social distancing and lock-down during the COVID-19 pandemic. ...
... A key to unravelling this conundrum lies in understanding what Ostrom (1990) and Ostrom et al. (1994) termed the CPR dilemma. The CPR dilemma is a situation characterised by the coexistence of two conditions: (i) suboptimal outcomes; and (ii) coordinated outcomes that are Pareto superior and feasible (Ostrom et al., 1994;p. ...
... In this section, I refer to concepts from institutional and ecological economics, political ecology, critical geography, and anthropology that have helped me think through the nature of gold mining and the interdependences implicit in its social nature. These literatures have in recent decades increasingly recognised the need to pay attention to the properties and appraisals of the biophysical world, furthering our ways of approaching and studying material agency, i.e., the material dimensions of 'resources' that impact and are impacted by society-nature interactions and their governance (e.g., Ostrom et al. 1994;Hagedorn 2008;Swyngedouw 1999;Castree 2001;Bakker and Bridge 2006;Martinez-Alier et al. 2010;Richardson and Weszkalnys 2014). ...
... Within institutional economics, spearheaded by Ostrom et al. (1994), a scholarship dedicated to the study of social-ecological transactions has bourgeoned (e.g., Beckmann 2002;Hagedorn 2008;McGinnis and Ostrom 2014;Thiel et al. 2016). Acknowledging that these transactions are co-produced by social and natural systems, these scholars have focused on deepening our understandings of the interdependences that unfold in socialecological systems and their governance implications. ...
... Acknowledging that these transactions are co-produced by social and natural systems, these scholars have focused on deepening our understandings of the interdependences that unfold in socialecological systems and their governance implications. Accordingly, the particularities of social-ecological systems, such as the level of difficulty to observe, measure, and assign impacts to single social or ecological drivers, the degree of rivalry in and excludability of different actor groups from resource use, heterogeneity of actors and interactions, to name a few possible social-ecological system attributes, have become an integral part of studying enduring regularities of behaviour (Ostrom et al. 1994;Falconer 2002;Hagedorn , 2008McCann 2013;McGinnis and Ostrom 2014;Thiel et al. 2016). ...
Die Grenzen von Ressourcenabbau reichen tausende Meter über und unter die Erde. Dabei verfestigt und vertieft die Beschleunigung des Extraktivismus ungleiche Entwicklung und Ungerechtigkeiten auf der Welt. In Zentralasien bleiben Konflikte um Sozionatur in der kritischen Forschung zu Ressourcenextraktivismus und Widerstand jedoch weitgehend unterbeleuchtet. Diese Doktorarbeit leistet einen Beitrag zu der Ausweitung des Goldbergbaus in Kirgisistan und trägt zu einem räumlich umgearbeiteten, historisierenden und politisch sensiblen Verständnis des sich global ausweitenden Ressourcenextraktivismus bei. Die Arbeit präsentiert eine situierte Darstellung der multiskalaren Prozesse und Praktiken innerhalb und zwischen drei Standorten, die Kirgisistans Goldrausch ab/schaffen: die Hauptstadt Bischkek, das politische- und Verwaltungszentrum für mineralische Rohstoffe; Orlovka, ein Fall von angeblicher Kooperation; und Maidan, ein Fall von sich lange hinziehenden Auseinandersetzungen. Durch einen interdisziplinären Forschungsprozess entwickelt die Doktorarbeit einen relationalen soziomaterialen Ansatz zur Erforschung von multiskalaren extraktiven Verschränkungen der materiellen Dimensionen von Gold, seinen unterschiedlichen Bewertungen und seiner Governance. Sie mobilisiert die interdisziplinäre soziomateriale Analytik, durch ein multimethoden- Forschungsdesign, welche die miteinander verflochtenen strukturellen und historisch-geographischen Bedingungen offenbart. Dabei werden Konvergenzen im wachsenden geerdeten politischen Aktivismus gegen die globalen Strukturen des Extraktivismus, der die pluriversalen Wege zum Wohlbefinden aufkündigt zu Tage gefördert. Diese Doktorarbeit zeigt konsequent den Wert von disziplinärem und methodischem Pluralismus bei der empirischen Erforschung zum Zusammenspiel gegenseitig konstituierender Strukturen als auch von verorteter mehr-als-menschlicher Autonomie, die dem Schaffen und Abschaffen von Ressourcen und Ressourcengrenzen zugrunde liegen.
... For example, empirical research on common-pool resources, both in the fi eld and in the laboratory, has explored and tested ideas about how individual communication and information infl uences how people would work together to create institutions to manage resources -or engage in collective action (Ostrom, 2005 ;Poteete et al, 2010 ;Wright et al, 2016 ). This research has highlighted empirically the importance of face-to-face communication and dialogue needed for building robust institutions for managing common-pool resources (Ostrom et al, 1994 ;Ostrom, 1999 ;2005 ;Andersson, 2004 ). Other policy areas, such as international development aid, the digital commons, non-profi t management, and collaboration among public agencies have also expanded our understanding of the diff erent contexts within which people can devise institutions and what factors might make them successful (Ostrom et al, 2014 ). ...
... These lessons have generally focused on the argument that, under the right conditions, solutions to natural resource management problems can be addressed at the local level, outside of central government interventions. They have also described how the 'design principles' associated with long-enduring common-pool resource institutions (see Ostrom, 1990 ;Ostrom et al, 1994 ;Schlager, 2004 ) off er strategies for communities and policymakers alike. These lessons include recognising the need for participatory and adaptive rule-making by people who are closely tied to the policy issue, and ensuring that policies have eff ective monitoring, confl ict resolution mechanisms, and meaningful linkages to related institutions across scales of decision-making. ...
... However, the lessons from IAD research on self-governance still have important parallels for government venues. For example, within the IAD literature, scholars have theorised and empirically shown that several conditions can increase the likelihood that individuals are able to design institutional arrangements that can solve contentious collective action problems related to the governance of the commons (Ostrom, 1990 ;Ostrom et al., 1994 ;Ostrom, 1999 ;Schlager, 2004 ;Lejano et al, 2014 ). In short, these conditions include: trust, norms of reciprocity built among actors, actors who have a common understanding of commonpool resource (aka the policy issue), the majority of the actors having dependency on the resource and a long-term view of the resource benefi ts (or policy issue benefi ts), prior organisational experience and leadership and autonomy to organise. ...
This chapter reviews why people design institutions to solve shared problems and what makes institutions work, focusing on Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) research. It extracts practical insights and research strategies from IAD scholarship framework and provides a brief background of the IAD's foundational concepts and the framework's theoretical and empirical underpinnings. It details the development of a novel synthesis of strands of IAD research that help translate the opaque language of the IAD. The chapter examines the research within the extensive IAD framework that has emerged over several decades as part of a larger research programme, often associated with the work of Vincent and Elinor Ostrom and their colleagues. It refers to the IAD's lessons on self-governance, core concepts and features of the IAD framework, and how IAD studies have produced contextually specific insights on institutional design.
... For example, empirical research on common-pool resources, both in the fi eld and in the laboratory, has explored and tested ideas about how individual communication and information infl uences how people would work together to create institutions to manage resources -or engage in collective action (Ostrom, 2005 ;Poteete et al, 2010 ;Wright et al, 2016 ). This research has highlighted empirically the importance of face-to-face communication and dialogue needed for building robust institutions for managing common-pool resources (Ostrom et al, 1994 ;Ostrom, 1999 ;2005 ;Andersson, 2004 ). Other policy areas, such as international development aid, the digital commons, non-profi t management, and collaboration among public agencies have also expanded our understanding of the diff erent contexts within which people can devise institutions and what factors might make them successful (Ostrom et al, 2014 ). ...
... These lessons have generally focused on the argument that, under the right conditions, solutions to natural resource management problems can be addressed at the local level, outside of central government interventions. They have also described how the 'design principles' associated with long-enduring common-pool resource institutions (see Ostrom, 1990 ;Ostrom et al, 1994 ;Schlager, 2004 ) off er strategies for communities and policymakers alike. These lessons include recognising the need for participatory and adaptive rule-making by people who are closely tied to the policy issue, and ensuring that policies have eff ective monitoring, confl ict resolution mechanisms, and meaningful linkages to related institutions across scales of decision-making. ...
... However, the lessons from IAD research on self-governance still have important parallels for government venues. For example, within the IAD literature, scholars have theorised and empirically shown that several conditions can increase the likelihood that individuals are able to design institutional arrangements that can solve contentious collective action problems related to the governance of the commons (Ostrom, 1990 ;Ostrom et al., 1994 ;Ostrom, 1999 ;Schlager, 2004 ;Lejano et al, 2014 ). In short, these conditions include: trust, norms of reciprocity built among actors, actors who have a common understanding of commonpool resource (aka the policy issue), the majority of the actors having dependency on the resource and a long-term view of the resource benefi ts (or policy issue benefi ts), prior organisational experience and leadership and autonomy to organise. ...
Introduction
Public policies are institutional arrangements that set the official rules of the game for society as we work together to provide public goods and solve complex social dilemmas, such as maintaining orderly and healthy communities, educating the public, protecting vulnerable populations, and sustaining natural resources. Designing policies to manage these complex social problems can be challenging. In part, this is because the institutional arrangements that comprise policies can be complex and may affect a diverse set of actors and issues in ways that may be uncertain or difficult to predict. Scholarship on institutional analysis, particularly from the research that employs the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, can offer useful tools to help understand and assess this complexity. Previous assessments and descriptions of the IAD framework, however, have not clearly explained how insights from the IAD can enhance the practical relevance of scholarly research on policy design.
As its name suggests, institutions are at the heart of the IAD framework. Institutions are the rules, norms, and shared strategies that structure human behaviour and choices, and are collectively created, adapted, monitored, and enforced (Ostrom, 2005). Thus, by ‘institutional arrangements’, we are not referring to bricks-and-mortar buildings or political venues. While institutions can be formalised, as written into policy documents, they often are defined by what people have agreed with one another about what they may, must or must not do in relation to other people or to their environment.
How and why people design institutions to solve shared problems, and what makes institutions work, has been the focus of much of the institutional analysis associated with IAD research. As Schlager and Cox (2018, 217) note, the ‘IAD Framework has a problem solving orientation’. However, the intellectual history of this framework and its complexity can make it difficult for scholars and policy analysts who are not trained deeply in the application of the IAD to understand and appreciate this problem-solving orientation. For those who are trained in the IAD approach to policy analysis, the jargon and tacit knowledge associated with this community of scholars also makes it difficult to step back and communicate its core message. This chapter therefore extracts new practical insights and research strategies from IAD scholarship framework.
... Jednou z najvýznamnejších je americká politická ekonómka a držiteľka Nobelovej ceny za ekonómiu Elinor Ostromová. Spoločne s kolegami venovala značnú časť svojej odbornej kariéry výskumu otázky verejných statkov a zdrojov spoločného využívania (Ostrom 1990;Ostrom -Walker -Gardner 1994;Ostrom -Walker 2003) a snažila sa porozumieť podmienkam, za ktorých sú ľudia motivovaní chrániť, alebo naopak nadmerne využívajú spoločné zdroje (napr. oceány, vzduch, zavlažovanie, nevlastnené lesy a trávnaté plochy). ...
... To znamená, že benefity sú primárne smerované a zväčša čerpané, aj keď nie vždy, malou sociálnou skupinou. Týmto spôsobom sa vytvára verejné blaho (public good) či verejný statok (common goods) (Richerson -Gil-White 2007: 832), alebo v termínoch Elinor Ostrom verejný statok (common good) a zdroj spoločného používania (common-pool re sources) (Ostrom 2008;Acheson 2011;Ostrom -Walker -Gardner 1994;Ostrom -Walker 2003). ...
Human life is characterized by cooperation of individuals but also by cooperation in large groups. People cooperate in pursuit
of common goals and carry out activities beneficial to both the individual and the group. The issue of public goods, meaning
resources that can be potentially used by entire society or a group within society, has been systematically studied since the
sixties of the twentieth century. Since there is a risk of free-riding on and over-exploitation of public goods, there must be social
mechanisms, rules, and norms to regulate their use in any society. In this text, the author draws attention to the analysis of public
goods and common-pool resources from a broader evolutionary anthropological and ethnological perspective, focusing on local
public goods and common-pool resources. Evolutionary anthropology provides insightful theories from which empirically testable
hypotheses for ethnological research can be derived. The author concludes that long-term ethnographic research combined with
the theoretical concepts of evolutionary anthropology can effectively contribute to the understanding of successfully managed and
administered public goods and common-pool resources.
... This term, initially coined by Hardin 10 (1968; 1998) refers to the situation in which a commons is a large-scale environmental or social system consisting of natural or cultural resources and ideas, the benefits of which are readily accessible to all and thus prone to misuse, underinvestment, and free riding, with the mantra 'freedom in a commons brings ruin to all' (Hardin, 1968;Ostrom, 1990;. During the last three decades, the concept was refined, elaborated, disputed, used in research, whereas adversaries were formulated (see, for instance, Ansari, et al., 2013;Araral, 2014;Brown, et al., 2018;Cole, et al., 2013;Cox, 1985;Cox, et al., 2016;Crowe, 1969;De Young, 1999;De Young & Kaplan, 1988;Feeny, et al., 1990;Gardiner, 2001;Hardin & Baden, 1977;Kay, 1997;Ostrom, 1990;: Ostrom, et al., 1994. As not all green issues are about commons (in the way, for instance, plastic soup, acid precipitation, firewood crises, non-adherence to Covid-19 rules, and over-fishing do), we should avoid stretching the concept too far. ...
... Though coined by Hardin, the ideas behind the tragedy of the commons are not very new, and can be found in the work of Aristotle and Hobbes(De Young, 1999, 601; Feeny, Berkes, McCay & Acheson, 1990;Orr & Hill, 1978;Ostrom, 1990;Ostrom, Gardner & Walker, 1994, chapter 1)). ...
Financing ecological and other grand global challenges is faced with intertwined issues at both the institutional side and the public side as elements of the tragedy of the quintuple horizons. These horizons are approached from a systemic perspective, with attention on the key players involved. Starting with (system) banks, their conservative attitude is explained in terms of the iron cage theory. Next, green challenges are pictured as 'very wicked' problems, varying in moral intensity. The conflicting roles of the public as citizens and as consumers are described in terms of Kohlberg's theory of cognitive moral development. Responsibilities for future generations are clarified by distinguishing the responsibility as accountability and the responsibility as virtue. Assignments for a green future are explored from the perspective of green financing with a focus on what should be expected from the public at large in multiparty democratic societies, keeping in mind that other societies are characterized by diverting economic and political dynamics, and hence, other modes of operating¹.
¹ See, for instance, for China: Macaire & Naef (2022) and Liu, Wang, Zhang & Zhang (2019).
... This literature challenged economists' binary assumption about the management of resource systems 2 : if resource systems are subtractable 3 and excludable, then their management falls under the scope of the market; it falls under that of the State if they are non-subtractable and non-excludable (Musgrave, 1959;Samuelson, 1954). Ostrom et al. (1994) and Ostrom (2003Ostrom ( , 2010 proposed an updated typology of goods 4 taking into account CPRs, defined as resource systems that are subtractable and share a difficulty of exclusion. The nature of resource systems relates to their degrees of excludability and subtractability and drives the most suitable institutional arrangement for their sustainable management (Aligica and Boettke, 2009). ...
... A twofold classification of goods was put forward to this end, distinguishing private from public goods. The barriers between the categories of this typology have since been questioned: demonstrating that the boundaries between the categories can be blurred (Demsetz, 1970) and adding new types of goods to this classification (Buchanan, 1965;Ostrom et al., 1994). ...
The question of the impact of institutional arrangements on the nature of goods is insufficiently addressed in the literature. By the nature of goods, we refer to the economic taxonomy of goods, meaning their privateness is defined according to their degrees of excludability and subtractability. This paper aims to fill this research gap by examining whether institutional arrangements developed for the management of private goods can reduce the degrees of excludability of these goods. To this end, we analyse four collective farmland management projects in the Isère department in France. We adapt the tool of property as a bundle of rights in order to characterize the impact of these projects on the nature of farmland. Our results show that the distribution of land rights, as well as the rules designed to define land rights, influence the degree of excludability of farmland. We discuss the impact of these findings on public policy-making.
... Second, public spending is also determined by the income inequality of the population. More unequal municipalities can be captured by local elites who allocate public resources for purposes other than expanding hospital capacity (Gächter et al. 2017;Bergstrom, Blume, and Varian 1986;Ostrom et al. 1994). ...
... Income inequality is an important determinant of the balance of local power. More unequal municipalities tend to have political and economic power concentrated in the hand of a few people and this can influence public spending decisions (GÄCHTER et al 2017;BERGSTROM, BLUME, and VARIAN 1986;OSTROM et al 1994). Thus, it is expected that in more unequal places the response to the pandemic, when fiscal space exists, will be smaller than in less unequal municipalities in which political and economic power is more decentralized. ...
This monograph investigates the effect of local fiscal conditions on mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a difference-indifferences model, it is shown that municipalities with better fiscal conditions have lower mortality during the pandemic. To understand these results, a theoretical model is presented that suggests that the existence of local fiscal space allows mayors to expand the capacity of hospital care, thus reducing mortality during the pandemic. Subsequently, it is analyzed that municipalities in a better fiscal situation can expand the number of beds, the number of doctors and nurses in relation to municipalities in worse fiscal conditions. The favorable local fiscal situation also allows for a better-quality supply of services for the treatment of COVID-19. These results indicate that the fiscal capacity contributed to mitigate the effects of the pandemic of COVID-19, mainly by expanding the capacity of hospital care.
... Second, public spending is also determined by the income inequality of the population. More unequal municipalities can be captured by local elites who allocate public resources for purposes other than expanding hospital capacity (Gächter et al. 2017;Bergstrom, Blume, and Varian 1986;Ostrom et al. 1994). ...
... Income inequality is an important determinant of the balance of local power. More unequal municipalities tend to have political and economic power concentrated in the hand of a few people and this can influence public spending decisions (GÄCHTER et al 2017;BERGSTROM, BLUME, and VARIAN 1986;OSTROM et al 1994). Thus, it is expected that in more unequal places the response to the pandemic, when fiscal space exists, will be smaller than in less unequal municipalities in which political and economic power is more decentralized. ...
Esta monografia investiga o efeito das condições fiscais locais sobre a mortalidade durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Por meio de um modelo de diferenças em diferenças, evidencia-se que municípios em melhor situação fiscal apresentam menor mortalidade durante a pandemia. Para entender tais resultados é apresentado um modelo teórico que sugere que a existência de espaço fiscal local permite que os prefeitos expandam a capacidade de atendimento hospitalar, reduzindo com isso a mortalidade durante a pandemia. Posteriormente, é analisado que municípios em melhor situação fiscal conseguem expandir o número de leitos, a quantidade de médicos e enfermeiros em relação aos municípios em piores condições fiscais. A situação fiscal local favorável permite também uma oferta de serviços de melhor qualidade para o tratamento da COVID-19. Tais resultados indicam que a capacidade fiscal contribuiu para mitigar os efeitos da pandemia da COVID-19, principalmente, pela expansão da capacidade de atendimento hospitalar.
... Nevertheless, in its ambitious goal of studying the entirety of the human experience-the evolution of our species to the present day-archaeologists must foster stronger dialog with research from other fields, especially including political scientists, when considering variability in political organization and strategies of governance. I draw here on comparative research by social theorists such as Ostrom et al. (1994) and Levi (1988) in considering how governance varied diachronically in relation to resource dilemmas, fiscal financing, corporate groups, ritual practices, and how rulership was legitimated. This comparative, deep-time perspective also aligns with historical analyses that emphasize political economy and the financial underpinnings of rulership in drawing distinctions between extractive and inclusive political economies or absolutist and pluralistic polities (Acemoglu and Robinson 2013;Boix 2015). ...
... Classification of types of goods (based onOstrom et al., 1994), with examples of variable axes relevant to precolonial central Mexico.Frontiers in Political Science | www.frontiersin.org February 2022 | Volume 4 | Article 797331 ...
Among the Indigenous polities of precolonial Mesoamerica, the Aztec empire, headed by a confederation of three city-states, was the largest recorded and remains the best understood, due to its chronicling in Spanish and Nahuatl texts following the Spanish-Aztec war and colonial transformation to New Spain. Yet its political organization is routinely mischaracterized in popular media, and lesser-known contemporaries and predecessors in central Mexico exhibit variability in governing strategies over time and space of interest to comparatively oriented scholars of premodern polities. Common themes in governance tended to draw from certain socio-technological realities and shared ontologies of religion and governing ideologies. Points of divergence can be seen in the particular entanglements between political economies and the settings and scales of collective action. In this paper, I review how governance varied synchronically and diachronically in central Mexico across these axes, and especially in relation to resource dilemmas, fiscal financing, the relative strength of corporate groups versus patron-client networks, and how rulership was legitimated.
... Common property resource problems can also be constructed in a way that a player has to choose between investment into a private good (with a quadratic utility function) or a common good (Ostrom et al. 1994;Keser and Gardner 1999;Beckenkamp 2002;Casari and Plott 2003). This leads to a relatively higher willingness to pay compared to a continuous public good resource problem (Apesteguia and Maier-Rigaud 2006). ...
... Again, there are multiple experimental studies that suggest at least some form of cooperation arising (Walker et al. 1990;Ostrom et al. 1994;Sell and Son 1997;Keser and Gardner 1999;Gardner et al. 2007), even though theoretical models predict full defection. Therefore, multiple papers try to modify common property resource models hoping that their theoretical properties match the empirical results. ...
Fridays for future, students for future, scientists for future… Environmental activism increased drastically in the last years resulting in a growing number of activists. While some of these activists live with a sustainable ecological footprint, others do not and pollute the environment in an unsustainable manner e.g. by flying frequently. One strand of economic literature interprets this (at first glance contradictory) behavior as an attitude-behavior-gap: Having a high preference should result in a high willingness to pay and therefore in an adaption of one’s own behavior, which is not the case for these activists. Not changing one’s behavior can easily be explained by the free rider problem caused by the marginality of one’s impact though. However, this in turn raises the question, why some people live sustainable, abstain from environment polluting goods hence have a willingness to pay for the environment. We argue that both kinds of behavior can be explained by separating the willingness to pay for public goods. Since collective action is hard to sustain reciprocally and without the intervention of a (public) entity, especially for large public goods, two willingness to pay for a public good have to be considered instead – one for the private and one for the public provision of the public good. Assuming that both types of environmental activists understand, that their own contribution is marginally small, this dissertation argues – first in a theoretical model and then in an empirical application – that the willingness to pay for public goods in the private case is actually only dependent on the preference for other (mainly social) incentives – e.g. to silence one’s conscience or for reputational reasons. The unsustainable type of environmental activist just has a lower willingness to pay for social incentives compared to the sustainable typ. Only if the state interferes, the preference for the public good will be considered in the decision-making process of individuals. Consequently, it proposes a different form of measuring the willingness to pay for public goods – the so-called Quasi-Monarch. As a Quasi-Monarch, one individual can hypothetically dictate the contribution of all individuals including herself. In this scenario, no one would have an incentive to not state their “real” willingness to pay for the respective good.
... Речь идет прежде всего об известном подходе Роберта Аксельрода (Axelrod, 1984) к квазиэволюционному моделированию возникающего сотрудничества с учетом эффектов пространственной и/или социальной сегрегации и признанием критической роли достаточно стабильных ожиданий, предполагающих малую турбулентность, -подходе, который по-прежнему обсуждается достаточно широко. Кроме того, весьма перспективен подход повторяющейся дилеммы заключенного (ДЗ), который все еще широко применяется и дорабатывается в эволюционном контексте (Ostrom et al., 1994;Knudsen, 2002;Devezas and Corredine, 2002;Eckert et al., 2005;Goyal, 2005;Traulsen and Nowak, 2006;Mohlin, 2010). Эволюционная динамика представлена в ДЗ таким образом, что учитывается широкий диапазон начальных условий и их разнообразие, имеет место постоянное моделирование все более сложных стратегий, используется разработанная далеко за пределами стандартных равновесий суперигра ДЗ или четко определенные решения по аттракторам (Lindgren andNordahl, 1994 Binmore, 1998). ...
... Теория игр в своем классическом варианте связана с неоклассической экономикой и теориями экономического равновесия (поскольку в теории игр равновесие, достигаемое между игроками, играет ключевую роль). Однако под непосредственным влиянием концепций Э. Остром и Блумингтонской школы (Ostrom, Gardner, Walker, 1994) развивается направление в теории игр, называемое «common pool resource games» (Keser, Gardner, 1999): общепринятый русскоязычный аналог этого термина нами не найден, название можно перевести как «игры, определяемые использованием общих ресурсов». Также развивается близкое направление «public good games» (игры, определяемые использованием публичных благ). ...
This book is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
... Por su parte, los problemas de provisión se refieren a la generación del recurso, el mantenimiento o mejora de su aptitud productiva y los relacionados con evitar su destrucción. Es decir, los problemas de apropiación se refieren al flujo de uso o de extracción del recurso, mientras que los de provisión hacen referencia a la cantidad o stock del mismo (Ostrom et al., 1994). Teniendo en cuenta ambos aspectos, no es difícil entender que el problema de los recursos comunes se proyecte en el tiempo y, por lo tanto, sea recomendable su análisis desde una perspectiva dinámica. ...
... En cualquier caso, trabajos posteriores han matizado dicha paradoja poniendo de relevancia la omisión en el análisis por parte de Hardin de las posibilidades de acción colectiva en la gestión de los recursos comunes (Bromley, 1991;Dietz et al., 2003). Así, está documentado que en numerosas ocasiones los individuos adoptan estrategias de cooperación que refuerzan sus ganancias conjuntas sin la presencia de asesores externos, siendo la comunicación un factor determinante para la adopción de estas estrategias (Ostrom et al., 1994). ...
En la actualidad, los agricultores ya no son vistos como meros proveedores de alimentos, sino también como productores de otros bienes y servicios que la sociedad demanda, pero que no pueden intercambiarse en los mercados. Ejemplos de estos otros bienes son: biodiversidad, mitigación del cambio climático, paisaje, vitalidad de las zonas rurales, etc., todos ellos caracterizados por ser bienes públicos.
La mayor parte de los países desarrollados incluyen la adecuada provisión de bienes públicos por parte del sector agrario como objetivo de sus políticas agrarias. Es previsible que este objetivo siga ganando relevancia, en la medida que se va constatando una creciente demanda social de tales bienes. Así, tanto en el ámbito académico como político, se va imponiendo la idea de que la legitimidad y supervivencia de las ayudas a la agricultura pasa por una orientación cada vez más decidida hacia la producción de bienes públicos.
Dentro de este contexto, el presente libro comienza explicando formalmente el concepto de “bien público”, para a continuación desarrollar una completa clasificación de los bienes públicos producidos por el sector agrario. Asimismo, se presentan los principales instrumentos de política agraria disponibles para mejorar la provisión de estos bienes, al objeto de hacer que la cantidad y calidad producida se ajusten a las demandas sociales. Tras este análisis general, el contenido del libro se centra en un sistema agrario concreto; el olivar de montaña de Andalucía. Con el desarrollo de este caso de estudio se pretenden ilustrar las grandes posibilidades que existen para incrementar el bienestar del conjunto de la sociedad mejorando la provisión de los bienes públicos por parte de la agricultura.
... Just as the brain holds diverse motivations and beliefs in balance, multiagent systems such as human societies contain diverse and competing forces, which can be seen as proxies for collective welfare. There is a rich tradition of studying the conditions under which this diversity of objectives is conducive to broader success (Ostrom, Gardner, & Walker, 1994). Empirically, excess communication reduces diversity and worsens performance in human groups (Lorenz, Rauhut, Schweitzer, & Helbing, 2011;Page, 2017). ...
In their target article, John et al. make a convincing case that there is a unified phenomenon behind the common finding that measures become worse targets over time. Here, we will apply their framework to the domain of animal welfare science and present a pragmatic solution to reduce its impact that might also be applicable in other domains.
... A framework for institutional analysis (Based onOstrom, Gardner and Walker, 1994; Aligica 2013). ...
The paper reveals a novel and perhaps surprising ingredient in the mix of influences that inspired and informed the work of Elinor and Vincent Ostrom on self-governance: cybernetics, understood
as a theory of control via feedback mechanisms. Based on this crucial insight, the paper portrays self-governance as involving an architecture of multiple levels of so-called ‘second order’
feedback mechanisms. Such compounded systems of organisation are the key to understanding any self-governance process and the paper argues that their intrinsic logic provides a critical link between the work of the Ostroms and the public choice and constitutional political economy perspectives on institutional order. The paper thereby offers both a fresh perspective on the Ostromian view of self-governance and also of also of governance theory in general.
... In addition to OTW's original focus on cooperation, competition, and conflict as primary coordination mechanisms, scholars also point to negotiating and learning over time as ways that actors coordinate within systems (Koontz et al., 2019;Lubell, 2013). And Vincent and Elinor Ostrom themselves define agents in their work as boundedly rational, fallible learners, some of whom become artisans of institutional crafting (Ostrom et al., 1994;Ostrom, 1980). Theoretically, as actors learn over time, they should be able to devise new policy venues to engage with one another and develop new coordination processes to improve shared capacity for collective action (Ostrom, 2005). ...
Polycentric governance (PG) describes governance systems characterized by multiple, interdependent centers of decision‐making, offering an alternative to centralized governance models. PG is often assumed to be effective at helping policy actors address complex collective action problems, but burgeoning empirical literature on PG shows that it is not a panacea – PG is associated with both positive and negative governance outcomes. In this article, we ask: what do we know about why PG performs well in some cases but not in others? We start with a systematic review, synthesizing findings that provide empirical support for positive and negative features that are theorized to accompany PG. Our review reveals a critical gap in relation to our understanding of PG: the existing empirical literature largely fails to address change and evolution over time in PG systems, undermining our understanding of why PG works – or does not– across different contexts and over time. To fill this gap, we propose a “Context – Operations – Outcomes – Feedbacks” (COOF) framework that draws explicit attention to the interplay between context, operational arrangements, outcomes and identifies feedback pathways and adjustment mechanisms that drive dynamic change and evolution over time.
... Assim, para ostrom (1990), em comunidades onde há reciprocidade acredita-se que os atores sejam confiáveis. Portanto, é desejável que confiança, reciprocidade e cooperação estejam interligadas e se tornem moeda de troca nas relações, onde a disponibilidade do ator em assumir riscos dependerá da confiança depositada no outro (ostrom, Gardner, & Walker, 1994). ostrom (2003) salienta que há diversos formatos institucionais que podem gerar bons resultados para a gestão coletiva de bens comuns. ...
O objetivo é analisar as possibilidades e alternativas para a efetivação de uma gestão coletiva e cooperativa no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC). O referencial teórico elucida o conceito de bens comuns. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e tipo descritiva. Os dados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa documental, observação não participante e entrevistas. A análise se baseou nos princípios da boa governança de bens comuns. Os resultados apontam muitos desafios para uma gestão coletiva. No entanto, observamos que no período de 2018 a 2020 houve uma maior interação entre os diversos atores que integram a gestão do parque, proporcionando uma discussão mais participativa das questões e construindo uma gestão mais compartilhada. A gestão cooperativa de bens comuns emerge como uma possibilidade promissora para o desenvolvimento de uma performance sólida na resolução de conflitos, especialmente diante da diversidade das relações existentes entre os diferentes atores no âmbito do PNSC, local que abriga uma ampla variedade de bens comuns.
... Areal PHBM biasanya merupakan areal milik bersama (the commons) yang sifat substraktabilitasnya tinggi dan sifat eksludabilitasnya sulit seperti yang diuraikan oleh Ostrom et al. (1994). Agrawal (2003) juga telah merumuskan elemen-elemen yang memungkinkan keberlanjutan pengelolaan milik bersama. ...
Keberlanjutan tata kelola PHBM dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor pe-mungkin, baik faktor internal maupun eksternal. Tulisan ini mencoba mengkaji elemen-elemen yang dikategorikan sebagai faktor internal seperti yang dirumuskan Agrawal (2003). Faktor-faktor pemungkin terkait karakteristik sistem sumber daya, karakteristik kelompok, dan susunan kelembagaan dipertimbangkan sebagai elemen yang memiliki sub elemen-sub elemen yang diyakini mempengaruhi keberlanjutan tata kelola PHBM. Berdasarkan analisis ISM, sub elemen kunci pada elemen karakteristik sistem sumber daya adalah wilayah kelola dekat dengan pemukiman masyarakat pengelola dan luasannya kecil. Sub elemen ini memberikan pengaruh bagi sub elemen lainnya pada elemen karakteristik sistem sumber daya. Sub elemen kunci pada elemen karakteristik kelompok adalah norma-norma bersama dan keadilan alokasi manfaat. Sub elemen keadilan alokasi manfaat mempengaruhi sub elemen lainnya, sedangkan sub elemen norma-norma bersama bersifat lebih tidak stabil karena dipengaruhi oleh sub elemen lainnya pada elemen karakteristik kelompok. Sub elemen kunci pada elemen susunan kelembagaan adalah aturan yang sederhana dan mudah dipahami serta adanya pengadilan lokal. Sub elemen aturan yang sederhana dan mudah dipahami lebih mempengaruhi sub elemen lainnya, sedangkan sub elemen adanya pengadilan lokal lebih ditentukan oleh dukungan dari sub elemen lainnya pada elemen susunan kelembagaan.
... Fuente: Elaboración propia, con base en Huitema y Meijerink (2017), Ostrom (1986) y Ostrom et al. (1994. ...
This article aims to analyze elements in the institutional design of a Mexican basin council that may affect its performance. The case study identifies a series of obstacles that limit the performance of these organizations in water management. The article concludes that this is not only a problem of policy design, but also of policy implementation. It also offers some reflections to contribute to the debate on the immediate future of basin councils.
... Les joueurs peuvent en effet regarder leurs montres et doser leurs efforts en fonction du temps écoulé et du temps restant à courir (Hille 2014). D'ailleurs, dès lors que les joueurs savent quand le jeu s'arrête, ou si le jeu est illimité dans le nombre de tour, des comportements stratégiques émergent (Ostrom et al. 1994). ...
L’objectif de la thèse est de valider la pertinence concrète d’un exercice de pensée consistant à lire les simulations de gestion de crise comme un jeu (Henriot 1983, 1989), et à identifier les manifestations ludiques et les leviers pour agir sur eux, à travers un protocole d’observation qui limite les risques de surimposer la catégorie mentale du jeu là où elle n’a pas sa place (Harviainen 2013).En effet, la capacité des jeux à servir une ambition pédagogique est bien établie (Winnicott 1975, Piaget 1945, Brougère 1995, Daniau 2005, Alvarez 2007, Hamayon 2012, 2015), et les simulations et les jeux sont désormais courants en matière de préparation à la gestion de crise. IMT Mines d’Alès développe depuis des années un simulateur pédagogique de cellule communale de gestion de crise (Tena-Chollet 2012, Lapierre 2016, Limousin 2017, Frealle 2018, Sauvagnargues et al. 2019). Pendant 2 à 6 heures, une dizaine de participants sont placés dans une situation de crise virtuelle et doivent recueillir des informations qui leur permettent de comprendre la situation et ses évolutions, prendre les décisions et délivrer des instructions à des opérateurs susceptibles d’agir sur le terrain, et ce, en résistant au stress, à la pression d’autorités supérieures et aux médias.Le parti-pris de la thèse est de cerner au mieux la nature ludique de la simulation de gestion de crise, malgré le fait que l’engagement des participants dans le jeu n’est pas totalement conscient (Huizinga 1938, Caillois 1958). Nous proposons le concept de ‘’ludicité’’, pour désigner les manifestations d’une attitude ludique (Henriot 1989) dans une situation qui n’est pas déclarée comme étant un jeu.Nous mettons au point un protocole d’observation de la ludicité mobilisant toute une palette d’instruments permettant d’observer ce qui se joue dans plusieurs simulations. La vidéo-analyse qualitative (Knoblauch 2012) des effusions émotionnelles (Goffman 1961) qui libèrent une tension entre la simulation et la réalité qui lui sert de modèle, y tient une place centrale en lien avec une typologie en vingt-six manifestations d’attitudes ludiques prévisibles (Franck 2012, Kapp 2013, Suits 2014, etc).L’analyse permet de confirmer que la ludicité se trouve bien dans les simulations elles-mêmes, et pas simplement dans le regard de l’observateur, et de valider la pertinence de la typologie proposée et l’efficacité du protocole mis au point. Elle met également en évidence des structures de l’espace-temps ludique ainsi que l’existence de fonctions ludiques activant la dynamique de jeu au sein de la mécanique de la simulation (Van Gennep 1909, Harviainen 2012). Elle explore enfin les émotions éprouvées (Pelissolo 2007), notamment les plaisirs ludiques et ce que les joueurs mettent en jeu durant la simulation, entre engagement et distance (Mermet & Zaccaï-Reyners 2015), entre ludicité et lucidité.A l’issue de ce travail, les limites du protocole d’observation sont discutées, et les moyens d'activer les cadres ludiques de la simulation (Lieberoth 2015) sans dénaturer la simulation sont envisagés.
... Fuente: Elaboración propia, con base en Huitema y Meijerink (2017), Ostrom (1986) y Ostrom et al. (1994. ...
Este artículo tiene el objetivo de analizar los elementos de diseño institucional que inciden en el desempeño de un consejo de cuenca mexicano. A través de un estudio de caso, se identifican una serie de obstáculos que limitan el desempeño de estas organizaciones en la gestión del agua. Se concluye que esto no es sólo un problema de diseño de la política, sino también de implementación de la misma. A la vez, se brindan algunas reflexiones para contribuir al debate sobre el futuro inmediato de los consejos de cuenca.
Disponible en:
revistamexicanadesociologia.unam.mx/index.php/rms/article/view/60416
... The present paper is also related to environmental economics. Environmental problems are often analyses as common-pool problems in economics (Ostrom, 1990;Ostrom et al., 1994; and many others). The literature mainly focuses on how economic agents could solve the problem. ...
This paper presents a cheap-talk one-sender-multiple-receiver model in which audiences free-ride on each other in the context of global environmental protections. The sender observes the magnitude of damage of emission, and sends the same message simultaneously to all audiences, who then play a game to determine individual emission level. The sender may find it impossible to credibly send the truth when externality is large enough because of the incentive to correct free-riding behavior. If a private club is established for sharing information, the sender's information with more countries may not be optimal because the sender is less truthful when the club is larger.
... Routing/congestion and potential games have played an instrumental role in understanding competition over shared resources. Both classes of games has been studied in multiple disciplines to model transportation and communication networks [28], [54]- [56], common-pool resource games in economics [57], and resource dilemma problems in psychology [58], [59]. ...
In this paper, we study a routing and travel-mode choice problem for mobility systems with a multimodal transportation network as a mobility game with coupled hybrid action sets. The mobility resources (modes of transportation) may experience delays that grow with the aggregate utilization of the resource. We develop a theoretical framework based on repeated non-cooperative game theory for the travelers' routing and travel-mode choice within a general mobility system. This framework aims to study the behavioral impact of the travelers' decision-making on efficiency. We consider the traffic congestion and the waiting times at different transport hubs and introduce mobility monetary incentives as part of a pricing scheme. We show that the travelers' selfish behavior results in a Nash equilibrium, and then we perform a Price of Anarchy analysis to establish that the mobility system's inefficiencies remain relatively low as the number of travelers increases. We deviate from the standard game-theoretic analysis of decision-making by extending our modeling framework to capture the subjective behavior of travelers using prospect theory. Finally, we provide a simple example to showcase the effectiveness of our mobility game and incentives.
... The impact of airports on the surrounding ecological environment is a process of natural surface changes that are the result of human-human interactions at the social level [30]. The institutional analysis development (IAD) framework [31,32] can be used to assess the impact of airports on their surrounding ecological environments and has been widely applied in the institutional analysis of water conservancy irrigation [33] and fishery [34], forest [35] and other forms of natural resource management. This paper used the IAD framework to explore the mechanisms and contributing factors of the impacts that airports have on the surrounding ecological environment. ...
Few studies have attempted to investigate the impact of airports on the ecological environment. This paper compares the effects of airports in China and Germany on the surrounding ecological environment and discusses the underlying institutional mechanisms that lead to these impacts. We used remote-sensing ecological indicators to assess ecological environment quality. A buffer analysis was used to determine the influence scopes of airports on the ecological environment. The institutional analysis development framework was adopted to investigate the functions of different institutions on the influence scopes and intensities. The results showed that the Chinese airport had obvious negative effects and that its impact scope was wide, while the impact intensity of the German airport was weaker. These significant differences stem from the distinct institutional systems that structure the two airports. Our findings ultimately provide insight into how to improve the relationship between infrastructure construction and environmental protection in China.
... One of the most useful approaches that addressed the above mentioned issues in terms of their inter-connections has been provided by Elinor Ostrom. Ostrom [65] and Ostrom, et al. [68] demonstrated how the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework could be usefully employed to identify and analyze interactions between the physical environment and socio-cultural and Institutional realms. The framework has its origin in the general systems approach to policy processes, in which inputs are processed by policymakers into outputs that are evaluated with feedback effects. ...
Fisheries governance, in its broader sense, is a dynamic process where fishing communities and the society at large take careful decisions to allocate resources for sustaining the ecological, economic and social viability of fisheries. The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework has been modified to suit to the empirical context of the study area and used in the analysis. The study analyses the interaction between various state and non-state governance institutions in detail and sketch how these institutional interactions bring forth effective socially acceptable solutions for the governance of modern marine fisheries along the South West coast of India. The study noted that involving non-state, community institutions at different levels is an essential process for the success of fisheries governance efforts in a small scale modern marine fishery that is operated by heterogeneous groups of fishers engaged in a wide array of fishing practices.
... In other words, when one person's use subtracts from the resource available to others. Thus, without effective institutions, too many users with this attitude may lead to overexploitation or loss of the resource (Ostrom et al., 1994). The Samaritan's dilemma occurs in development assistance but also involves infrastructure maintenance. ...
Significant new technological developments in transport are already part of our urban landscape, helped by trends in the globalisation of economic activities. Acknowledging that technology is a facilitator of key changes in urban mobility, this thesis examines the institutional context in which a new transport technology is deployed, highlighting concerns not only about possible failures of an ‘enabling state’, but also about the ‘enabling environment’ as a central policy issue. This perspective provides a suitable space to further discuss the increasing governance hybridity in deploying new technologies in transport, acknowledging that the balance of power appears to be shifting. This research seeks to analyse the role of decision-making processes in triggering transformative adaptations that account for a mobility justice transition towards more equitable and inclusive mobility landscapes. Empirically, the thesis presents a case study promoting utility cycling via the deployment of an inter-comunal Bicycle Sharing Scheme, comprising 14 comunas in Santiago, Chile’s capital city, a fragmented metropolitan area with high socio-spatial inequalities. This research approach combines quantitative and qualitative methods of data gathering and analysis. A survey of 343 current bike-hire users at the busiest stations in order to gauge the perceived benefits of such deployment was complemented by interviews with key decision-makers and direct observations of operational logistics in the field. Business model innovation and public tendering processes provided valuable insights into the decision-making process as a subject of analysis. Findings suggest that a mobility justice transition is a relational matter. Indeed, inter-governmental agreements and collaborative actions were crucial in challenging patterns of socio-spatial inequality and proved to be a transformative strategy for change. However, prospects for a radical transition towards greater mobility justice are mixed. In conclusion, partnerships supporting niche-innovations operate within norms, values and practices, which are socially and culturally conditioned, and systematically shaped by the actions of society. Unfolding this rationale and ‘working through’ tensions and synergies towards the search for a common interest on the basis of transparency, collaboration, trust and deliberation, there is potential for setting out a mobility justice transition pathway.
... Due to the remoteness and minimal access to resources, most of the rural population in India use forest biomass for cooking and space heating (Negi et al., 2018;Bhatt et al., 2016). The rural villagers of ecologically intricate and heterogeneous mountain region of Indian Himalaya depend on common pool resources (Elinor et al., 1994) for the availability of fodder, fuelwood and litter resulted in unsustainable forest and land management and further led to large scale deforestation and degradation of natural forest (Negi et al., 2018;Malla and Timilsina, 2014). There are three major impacts of fuelwood harvesting. ...
Biomass and bioenergy are important for energy security in the rural areas of the developing countries. The sustainability of using biomass for energy security and reducing carbon emission for climate adaptation is an area of concern. Here we assessed the forest biomass use pattern in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and factors influencing the usage within the rural community. We did the household level survey (n = 1346) in the 77 representative villages of Beas, Bhagirathi and Teesta basin of the IHR. We found that although 80% of the surveyed household had access to Liquidified Petroleum Gas (LPG), their dependency on common pool resources for energy security still exists, depending on the altitude, size of the family, dependent members, education and occupation of the family members and adult cattle unit present with the household. The fuelwood and fodder harvest varied between the three basins and also increases along the altitudinal gradient. The biomass harvest is linked with the forest degradation and attributed to more carbon emission along with the rural health. Most of the surveyed villages of Beas and Teesta basin lacked sufficient forest cover for sustainable harvesting of fuelwood and fodder. We suggest intersectoral linkages within different stakeholders to adopt and disseminate cleaner energy to remote rural areas to meet sustainable development goals and energy security in the IHR.
... Many previous experimental papers have examined the effectiveness of non-binding communication strategies to facilitate cooperation in public-good games (e.g., Isaac and Walker, 1988;Palfrey and Rosenthal, 1991;Sally, 1995;Bochet et al., 2006;Bochet and Putterman, 2009;Pogrebna et al., 2011;Koukoumelis et al., 2012;Oprea et al., 2014). Ostrom et al. (1994), Sally (1995) and Bochet et al. (2006) find that pre-play, free-form communication was the most important factor helping groups resolve social dilemmas. 2 That said, not all non-binding communication has proven effective. ...
This study presents experimental results on the role that non-binding pledges have on the ability of groups to manage a threat of probabilistic group damages in two separate environments. We focus on an environment where in addition to collective mitigation, agents can work autonomously to protect themselves from the damages if they occur (adaptation). The tension is that mitigation and adaptation investments are strategic substitutes. We test the hypothesis that non-binding pledges are more effective in a world with both mitigation and adaptation strategies, compared to mitigation only. First-period results show that (i) consistent with previous literature, pledges in a mitigation-only environment do not increase average investments in collective mitigation, but (ii) when both mitigation and adaptation opportunities exist, pledges lead to higher investment in collective mitigation, lower investment in adaptation and increased efficiency. Although the average treatment effect disappears over time as the amount pledged decreases, pledges remain significant predictors of mitigation investments over the course of the experiment.
... Ostrom et al. (1999) used the term common pool resources (CPR) to refer to resource systems regardless of the property right involved (see the next section). CPRs include the natural and human-constructed resources in which (1) exclusion of beneficiaries through physical and institutional means is especially costly, and (2) exploitation by one user reduces resource availability for others (Ostrom et al., 1994). CPRs have traditionally included terrestrial and marine ecosystems that are simultaneously viewed as depletable as well as renewable (Ostrom et al., 1999). ...
Even though small-scale fisheries throughout the globe are based on local ecological knowledge (LEK), it is often not involved in the decision-making process. An attempt is made to review the potential of using LEK of traditional coastal fisher communities in Sri Lanka and self-governing institutions in managing fisheries commons sustainably. Fisheries management in Sri Lanka is mainly a top-down system through the state legislation, while many fishing communities still maintain some level of informal or traditional management systems. The traditional community-based fisheries management (CBFM) systems in coastal fisheries of Sri Lanka, which are essentially based on LEK of fisher communities, hold long history from several decades to centuries. In active fisheries, i.e., beach seining and stilt fishing, traditional fishers accurately use LEK for day-to-day fishing activities for predicting harvests before operating the fishing gear. Long-term viability of beach seining, stilt fishing, brush park fishing, kraal fishing and stake net fishing systems in coastal fisheries of Sri Lanka confirms that CBFM systems in coastal fisheries provide better economic and livelihood standards for fisher communities. Empirical studies confirm that the coastal fisher communities manage fisheries commons through self-governing institutions through which the property rights are vested to fisher communities averting the common pool dilemma. This synthesis confirms that fishers’ LEK is an integral part of CBFM systems of coastal fisheries, which strengthen the collective action of the fishers, and is invaluable for sustaining the CBFM systems for the long run. It is clear that CBFM systems governed through robust customary institutions and evoked by traditional authority and LEK of fishers are vital for the sustainability of the coastal fisheries. In conclusion, CBFM systems and LEK can be hailed as smart management options, which can be an alternative to centralized fisheries management in Sri Lanka.
Purpose-The paper aims at engaging the critical commons scholarship by including a broader range of resources and commons and proposing a new typology for their classification. This helps expand the scope of institutional analysis to explain cooperative behaviour, patterns of interactions and outcomes in different contexts. Design/methodology/approach-The paper is a theoretical endeavour starting descriptively to establish the proposed typology, based on two criteria: the origin (naturally endowed or human-made) and the need for the community management. Next, the paper maps the proposed typology into its analytical implications on Ostrom's IAD framework. Findings-The paper concludes that commons might take different forms, each of which requires a framework for its analysis. In doing so, the paper does not argue about the elements of institutional analysis, but rather about their configuration. Research limitations/implications-The proposed typology managed to address the functional, political, and methodological critique raised against Ostrom's institutional analysis, but fell short of engaging the normative critique. Practical implications-The adapted framework helps policy makers understand forms of cooperation between agents and how the resultant institutional arrangements emerge, change, and/or persist. It also provides an analytical to for development agencies when planning their interventions in local communities. 2 Originality/value-This paper fulfils an identified need to seek conceptual clarity and analytical rigorousness in institutional analysis.
Tüketiminde dışlamanın zor ve tüketiminde rekabetin olduğu, bir kişinin tüketiminin diğer bir kişinin tüketimini azalttığı mallara ortak mallar denir. Ortak malların mülkiyet hakları devlete aittir. Ortak malların aşırı tüketilmesi durumunda ortakların trajedisi sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ortakların trajedisi sorununu ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla ortak malların yönetimi genellikle devlet tarafından yapılmaktadır. Bazı ortak mallar devlet müdahalesi olmadan piyasa ekonomisi aktörlerince yönetilmektedir. Elinor Ostrom ortak malların piyasa aktörleri tarafından da başarıyla yönetildiğini ortaya koyan çalışmaları nedeniyle 2009 yılı Nobel Ekonomi Ödülüne layık görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de ortak malların piyasa aktörleri tarafından da başarıyla yönetildiği iki örnek incelenmiştir. Alanya'da balık rezervinin ve Sinop'ta şehir içi trafiğin yönetimi ortak malların piyasa aktörleri tarafından başarıyla yönetilmesine örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, her iki örnekte de minimum devlet müdahalesi ile ortak malların ortakların trajedisi olmadan başarıyla kullanıldığını göstermektedir.
Decentralization which assumes that authority and resources are devolved to elected bodies is a new phenomenon in Zimbabwe. In order to increase environmental management efficiency, equity and justice for the local people, many environmentalists have advocated for decentralization, which empowers local actors to make environmental management decisions, rules and regulations. Decentralization is considered a means of institutionalizing and scaling up popular participation. While the objectives and the principles of decentralization are well known, there are still controversial ideas on its potential and effectiveness in the conservation and management of natural resources. The research used both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The study revealed that the central government still controls the management of natural resources and there is no general shift in authority over natural resources management to local people. The study further revealed that when self-interested, non-representative, or autocratic institutions such as interest groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and customary authorities are chosen in the absence of overseeing representative bodies, there is a risk of strengthening their autocracy and weakening democracy. Pluralism without representation favors the most organized and powerful groups and establishing accountable representation without powers is empty. The study recommended that choosing representative and accountable local institution is a prerequisite for equity, justice, and efficiency.
This chapter examines land dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa in the context of massive, rapid, and diffuse urbanization. The first section focuses on the future of land-based commons, particularly on the outskirts of urban areas, including the rural fringes that some actors expect to be absorbed by the urban area. The second section addresses the emergence of new types of commons designed to provide housing access to precarious and middle-class populations. This occurs in the absence of social housing policies when access to urban land for housing is being cut off as its financial value and price increase. The third and final section discusses the renewal of public action—desirable in our view—in the face of these land use challenges.
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This review represents the first contribution of a research diptych which stems from the activities implemented in the framework of the H2020 ARESIBO project (Augmented Reality Enriched Situation awareness for Border security). The general objective of ARESIBO is to improve the efficiency of border surveillance systems by providing the operational teams, as well as the tactical command and control level with accurate and comprehensive information related to border control considering different issues and perspectives. These perspectives also include the analysis of the level of engagement and the (possible) enhancement of citizens’ involvement in the development and decision making related to border surveillance.
The principal human rights and migration International Organisations (IOs), as well as EU institutions dealing with security and external borders (i.e., Frontex), agree and state that human rights groups (HRGs) and civil society organisations (CSOs) should be more involved and integrated in border surveillance. That stated, the main goal of this paper is to analyse this perceived marginalisation of CSOs and HRGs, as it emerges from several HRGs’ and CSOs’ statements on that regard in order to explore the reasons of this perceived marginalisation, as well as the elements that on the contrary seem to make this marginalisation less sustantial. The results of this systematic review in the framework of ARESIBO led to the elaboration of an innovative participatory model that will be analysed in detail in the second article of this research diptych, entitled “Towards the engagement of citizens in SOSTs decision-making: participatory models setting a common ground for border surveillance and respect of fundamental rights. The case of ARESIBO H2020 project”.
The increasing popularity of multi-owned housing in various parts of the world and the need to constantly maintain these stocks in good condition raises issues of collective renovation decisions made by groups of unit owners in this housing sector. The main aim of the study was to identify the exogenous factors influencing collective decision-making actions of public–private homeowners associations regarding common property renovations in the management of housing condominiums in Poland. To achieve this aim, an original multi-stage top-down research methodology was applied. As the dependent variable representing the success of collective decision-making actions on common property renovations, the renovation fund rate passed by homeowners associations was adopted. Empirical research was conducted on representative samples of public–private homeowners associations with the participation of the municipality of Olsztyn in Poland. The results showed that building age, the number of unit owners and the share of the municipality in the common property significantly influenced renovation fund rates, ceteris paribus, with the influence of the former factor being positive and the others negative. This confirmed the hypothesis that the municipalities tend to negatively influence the collective renovation decisions of public–private homeowners associations by their shares in common properties. This study contributes to collective action theory when public and private actors co-participate in group decision-making and has far-reaching policy and practical implications. Hence, further research on this topic in different markets and institutional arrangements is recommended.
Underutilised charging stations can be a bottleneck in the swift transition to electric mobility. This study is the first to research cooperative behaviour at public charging stations as a way to address improved usage of public charging stations. It does so by viewing public charging stations as a common-pool resource and explains cooperative behaviour from an evolutionary perspective. Current behaviour is analysed using a survey (313 useful responses) and an analysis of large dataset (2.1 million charging sessions) on the use of public charging infrastructure in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In such a way it identifies the potential, drivers and possible obstacles that electric vehicle drivers experience when cooperating with other drivers to optimally make use of existing infrastructure. Results show that the intention to show direct reciprocal charging behaviour is high among the respondents, although this could be limited if the battery did not reach full or sufficient state-of-charge at the moment of the request. Intention to show direct reciprocal behaviour is mediated by kin and network effects.
Solving humanity's social-environmental challenges calls for collective action by relevant actors. Hence, involving these actors in the policy process has been deemed both necessary and promising. But how and to what extent can participatory policy interventions (PIs) foster collective action for sustainable environmental and natural resource management? Lab and lab-in-the-field experiments on co-operation in the context of collective action challenges (i.e. social dilemmas) and case study research on participatory processes both offer insights into this question but have hitherto mainly remained unconnected. This article reviews insights from these two streams of literature in tandem, synthesising and analysing them using the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework in combination with the network of action situations (NAS) framework and the social-ecological systems (SES) framework. We thus perform an integrative and interpretative narrative review to draw a richer and more nuanced picture of PIs: their potential impacts, their (institutional and behavioural) mechanisms and challenges, and caveats and recommendations for their design and implementation. Our review shows that PIs can indeed foster collective action by (a) helping the relevant actors craft suitable and legitimate institutional arrangements and (b) addressing and/or influencing actors' attributes of relevance to collective action, namely their individual and shared understandings, beliefs and preferences. To fulfil this potential, the organisers and sponsors of PIs must address and link to the broader context through soundly designed and implemented processes. Complementary follow-up, enforcement and conflict resolution mechanisms are necessary to nurture, reassure and sustain understandings, beliefs and preferences that undergird trust-building and collective action. The conceptual framework developed for the review can help researchers and practitioners further assess these insights, disentangle PIs' mechanisms and impacts, and integrate the research and practice of participatory governance and collective action.
There are two core components of open world discourse. The first consists of substantive zones: free trade, access to educational or research information, immigration, internet access and the global commons. Perspectives about the open world also lie along a scale from open world maximalism to open world minimalism: zealots, criminal skeptics, competitive skeptics and opportunists.
The paper analyzes how gender inequality is created in the knowledge economy through forms of exclusion of women from certain areas of knowledge, and the simultaneous higher social valuation of men’s monopolized knowledge as against women’s knowledge in the commons. Gendered knowledge inequality has consequences for other forms of inequality, such as in status, ownership of property, distribution of labor and even consumption. Besides explicit exclusions, the definition and responsibility of women as bearers and nurturers of children and for domestic care work becomes a severe constraint in their ability to access and use forms of monopolized knowledge.
Rural tourism has massively contributed to the progress of developing countries. However, excessive appropriation of limited tourism commons by the residents of tourist destinations over the course of tourism development constantly causes conflicts. These conflicts are triggered by the attribute of tourism commons as common pool resources; therefore, these conflicts essentially fall within the tragedy of the tourism commons. To resolve this tourism conflict represented by the tragedy of the tourism commons, a dynamic institutional design is needed that is adaptable to local conditions. This study takes Yuanjia Village—located in Shaanxi Province, China—as research object, and explores how Yuanjia Village realizes the dynamic governance of the tragedy of the rural tourism commons through the adaptive change of institutions, thus solving tourism conflicts. The institutions of Yuanjia Village have followed a path of adaptive change from co-production to co-creation and have identified the meanings of adaptive institutional change for the sustainable development of rural tourism. The development of rural tourism not only depends on good natural resource endowment and sufficient material investment, it must also be realized by continually optimizing cooperation between residents in a constantly changing environment. This paper establishes a conceptual basis and case study for future research on the relationship between institutions and rural tourism development.
Managing the acute problem of environmental deterioration due to the industrialization of modern China is necessary. Using three cases from a theoretical perspective of procedure-structure, this study explored how environmental deterioration is governed in three circumstances. Research findings revealed that the pattern to treat the worsening environment is associated closely with individual-specific circumstances, and thus three patterns of governance are developed: bureaucratic, contractual, and network-based cooperatives. The cases and the results are described the advantages and disadvantages of these models are discussed. Suggestions on how to more effectively manage these urgent problems are as follows: first, the governance must fit the circumstance, namely, its physical, biological, and social attributes; second, the regulations and conditions regarding the government-dominated pattern are came up from the perspective of mega-governance, mutual trust contracts, benefit sharing, and social capital; and third, the government should abandon the pattern based on the single subject and adopt a plural subject governance model to integrate all the relevant forces to facilitate the attainment of benign environmental governance.
This research presents empirical evidence on what drives and inhibits cooperative behavior in groundwater management adaptive to climate change. Given vital character of water, its availability should not be only an explanatory variable in adaptation; but an issue subject to socio-physical explanations on how farmers adapt to declining water stocks. Instead of studying if farmers relying on groundwater adapt to status quo or projected climate conditions, a step forward is suggested in order to connect adaptation with sustainability. Water extraction caps compliance were used to test cooperation. Limits to aquifer withdrawals are operationalized via remaining time and quantities of water. Quantitative data were drawn from 668 experimental rounds, in framed field experiments implemented in dry regions in ten communities exposed to climate variability in Colombia. Empirical results suggest that socio-physical setting better explain the adoption of cooperative decisions. Intertemporal preferences on water allocations and physical variables have dissimilar marginal effects on cooperation. The deeper the water well is, the less the probabilities to cooperate in water conservation. Notwithstanding, the effect is dissimilar according to the remaining time for exhaustion of aquifer systems. Marginal effect is a step forward from using averages for water planning. If a groundwater management plan is put in place, the marginal characteristics of well-depths and residual time of aquifer existence, has implications for the successfulness of management strategies, which in turn have implications for long-term plans of water use efficiency as stated in Sustainable Development Goals.
the thesis investigates the role of Chinese subnational governments—with a focus on the provincial governments—in regional and global resource governance through three case studies. These three cases are 1) Heilongjiang’s role in the governance of genetically modified organisms (GMOs); 2) Hainan’s role in the governance of South China Sea fisheries; and 3) Yunnan’s role in transboundary water governance of the Mekong River Basin. This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of provincial governments and their associated entities in the governance of the three different cross-border resource systems. The findings of this thesis show that Chinese provincial governments have played a key role not only during the implementation of the policies and rules set by the national and international bodies but also in shaping the existence, forms, and
transformation of the institutions of different resource systems. This thesis also shows that ideas and discourse constitute an important source of power for subnational governments. This thesis contributes to the study of cross-border resource governance by exploring the power play and dynamic interactions between central and subnational governments. In addition, this thesis contributes to the study of ideational power in domestic politics and policymaking and provides empirical evidence to the ongoing debate on central-local relations in China.
The reasons for a dedicated edition on “design and commoning” are twofold. First, the recent surge of renewed interest in the social conditions of design remains atheoretical. A deeper theoretical and philosophical foundation will help problematize the link between commoning and design, and in doing so define the operative theories, concepts and frameworks that influence design thinking across a series of design contexts and conditions. And secondly, design has become more ubiquitous, expanding both its domain of influence and conditions of praxis. With this expansion, design touches a variety of contested areas. Designers are continuously challenged by conflicts and edge conditions, having to mitigate between both scales of conflict and the vested interests of individuals. In the global climate of population increase and the prevalent reduction of financial resources the question and theorization of shared capacities will remain part and parcel of future of design thinking. The four thematic clusters contained here exploit the theoretical and philosophical themes related to the large commoning “problematique,” providing designers better grounding in the networked context of the twenty-first century. The explicit theorization of design and the commons will explore the implicit relations through each of the collected contributions to show how this philosophical construct can be explicated in the context of network collectives and transdisciplinary approaches that currently inform design practices.KeywordsDesign commonsSocialCultureEcologyTransdisciplinary
In many cities worldwide, the inhabitants often initiate collective activities using shared urban resources. Their motivations vary. Sometimes they are driven by a desire to share common interests and do something together in their free time; in other cases, people want to improve the quality of public spaces in their neigh- bourhood, whereas others are concerned about protecting and promoting places associated with natural or cultural heritage. Several specific features characterise such activities. First and foremost, the inhabitants’ initiatives are bottom-up and tend to avoid relying on local authorities. Secondly, they are non-market activi- ties because the inhabitants devote their free time to them, without seeking any financial benefits. Thirdly, there is a conscious and strong bond between urban community members and urban common-pool resources. The community takes care of a resource and uses it to everyone’s benefit. Fourthly, different kinds of tangible and non-tangible common goods result from the collective activity of urban community members. In such cases, the approach to urban living changes – from living next to each other to living together.
The issue seems highly practical, but scholars representing different scientific disciplines, including the economy, have become interested in the urban com- mons. The academic accomplishments related to the commons are principally based on the achievements of Elinor Ostrom, the Nobel Prize Winner, and scien- tists who continue and develop her work. Ostrom focused on commons located in non-urbanised areas that were used by rural communities. Therefore the concept of the commons has to be translated onto the field of urban studies. This entails defining the urban commons and proposing their classification. The distinction between urban commons and traditional commons has to be made. The study seeks to answer the question of who governs the urban commons, and on the basis of what rules. Understanding the strategy of actions taken by the urban community members who co-create and co-use the commons will help set out recommendations for developing long-lasting and stable urban communities.
The book’s authors attempt to answer the above-mentioned question. The main aim of the book is to present the concept of the urban commons and to dis- cuss ways of governing urban commons in practice. The aim is also to formulate recommendations for urban communities and local authorities which could be useful in the process of the co-production and co-consumption of common goods and city governance.
Climate change is perhaps the biggest challenge of our times. In order to cope with it, we have to organise action collectively. The most important way to cooperate globally is through United Nations negotiations, known as ‘conferences of the parties’. However, progress has been very slow, and disillusionment with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process has set in. From a scientific point of view, several obstacles surfacing in these negotiations have been well researched. Institutional analysis may provide suggestions or even solutions to some of these problems. Hence, we think that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations could profit from scientific support. We provide scientific background for three prominent problems: how to reconcile different interests in a global public goods situation; how to ameliorate the consensus decision-making process; and how to design institutions to implement resolutions. Enhancing communication, trust and fairness, and enforcing sanctions, are suggested as key elements for that. Finally, we point to similar processes that have been brought to a successful end.
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