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Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.)
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Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical gram-positive bacterium that forms clusters and is frequently resistant to antibiotics. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of S. aureus that is resistant to beta-lactam and cephalosporin groups of antibiotics, it is one of the biggest problems in resistant bacteria. Plants that have flavonoids in their extract can inhibit the growth of bacteria by impairing their cytoplasmic membrane. Arrowroot is an example of plants that have flavonoids in their extracts. Objectives: This research aims to determine the antimicrobial effect of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) methanolic extract against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Methods: This is true experimental research with a post-test control group design with two control groups and eight experimental groups. The sample of this research utilizes the MRSA strain of S. aureus received from the Microbiology Laboratory of Diponegoro University Faculty of Medicine that was eligible with the inclusion criteria. The research was conducted by using arrowroot extract concentrations 6.5%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and inhibitory zone diameter. Results: MIC and MBC of arrowroot methanolic extract against MRSA is 100%. The arrowroot methanolic extract to have yielded an inhibitory zone diameter is 100% with a mean inhibitory zone diameter of 15.5mm. Conclusion: Arrowroot methanolic extract can inhibit the bacterial growth of MRSAKeywords: Staphylococcus aureus, growth, M. arundinacea L. methanolic extract
Background:
Breast cancer prevention still needs to be improved. Calorie restriction is thought to prevent breast cancer through the induction of autophagy. Maranta arundinacea L. (MA) has the potential for calorie restriction because it contains high fiber. This research aimed to observe the effect of dietary MA against dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer in Sprague Dawley rats related to autophagy.
Methods:
Twenty-five Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1) control group without DMBA-induced with a standard diet, 2) 20 mg/kg BW of DMBA two times a week for five weeks with a standard diet, 3) DMBA and diet modification with 30% of MA, 4) DMBA and diet modification with 45% of MA, and 5) DMBA and diet modification with 60% of MA. Examination of the nodule was conducted once every week for 22 weeks. Breast tissue/tumor examination underwent histology examination with hematoxylin-eosin. Examinations of immunohistochemical staining against Beclin1, LC3B, and SQSTM1 were conducted to reveal autophagy. The difference of autophagy protein expression was analyzed using One way ANOVA with 95% confidence level and significance set as p<0.05.
Results:
Cancer was detected in four rats of DMBA standard diet, two rats of 30% MA, one rat of 45% MA. No cancer was detected in the rats of control and rats with 60% of MA group. The Beclin1 expressions showed that the 60% of MA group had the highest score (2.5±0.52) followed by the 45% of MA group (1.87±0.49), control group (1.77±0.11), 30% of MA group (1.28±0.75), and DMBA with standard diet had the lowest score (1.28±0.91). The difference of Beclin1 expressions was statistically significant (p-value=0.03). However, the difference of the LC3B expressions (p-value=0.11) and SQSTM1 expressions (p-value=0.225) were not statistically significant.
Conclusion:
Dietary modifications with MA potentially prevent breast cancer and induce initiation of autophagy.
This study set out with the aim of assessing the morphology and properties of lignocellulosic fiber extracted from the tubers mainly found in tropical forests called arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Arrowroot bagasse (ABF) and husk fibers (AHF) were extracted and the physical, chemical, thermal, morphological properties, as well as crystallinity, were characterized. The chemical composition analysis revealed that ABF has higher cellulose (45.97%) than AHF (37.35%), cassava bagasse (10.04%), and corn hull (15.30%). In addition, ABF are significantly low in lignin (2.78%) and density (1.11 g/cm³) than AHF, corn hull, and cassava. In this research, the physical, chemical, thermal, structural, and morphological properties of arrowroot bagasse and husk fibers were investigated by particle size analysis, chemical composition analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. With respect to the above characterization of fibers, it was found that the lignocellulosic biomasses from arrowroot are alternative promising sustainable material, which can be used in food packaging as a renewable filler.
Our earth has a wealthy plant with medicinal properties. Plants are a good source of nutrition as well as medicines. Plants have these properties due to the presence of different bioactive compounds. As they are being used for different diseases condition with fewer side effects from the traditional period onwards, there is a great demand for medicines or drugs of plant-derived ones. Maranta arundinacea L., (West Indian arrowroot) belongs to the family Marantaceae having 31 genera and about 550 species. It is a good starchy medicinal plant that has easily digestible starch and is used for various stomach and urinary-related problems. And due to its rich starch, it can be used in food industries also. Arrowroot possesses many phytochemicals and thus they exhibit antidiarrheal, antiulcer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, vibriocidal, immunostimulatory effects. In this article, it's phytochemical screening, pharmacognostic studies, pharmacological activity screening will be reviewed out.
This research was set out to explore the development of arrowroot starch (AS) films using glycerol (G) as plasticizer at the ratio of 15, 30, and 45% (w/w, starch basis) using solution casting technique. The developed films were analyzed in terms of physical, structural, mechanical, thermal, environmental, and barrier properties. The incorporation of glycerol to AS film-making solution reduced the brittleness and fragility of films. An increment in glycerol concentration caused an increment in film thickness, moisture content, and solubility in water, whereas density and water absorption were reduced. The tensile strength and modulus of G-plasticized AS films were reduced significantly from 9.34 to 1.95 MPa and 620.79 to 36.08 MPa, respectively, while elongation at break was enhanced from 2.41 to 57.33%. FTIR analysis revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurred between glycerol and AS in plasticized films compared to control films. The G-plasticized films showed higher thermal stability than control films. The cross-sectional micrographs revealed that the films containing 45% glycerol concentration had higher homogeneity than 15% and 30%. Water vapour permeability of plasticized films increased by an increase in glycerol concentrations. The findings of this research provide insights into the development of bio-degradable food packaging.
Raising environmental awareness had forced researchers to explore the potential and implementation of environmentally friendly materials as alternatives for conventional materials. Environmentally friendly materials are biodegradable, safer, non-toxic, lightweight, cheap, and readily available. Arrowroot starch has a high content of amylose (∼35.20%) which makes it suitable for better film production. Starch extracted from arrowroot rhizomes can be blended, plasticized with other polymers, or reinforced with fibres to improve their properties. The melt blended glycidyl methacrylate-grafted polylactide (PLA-g-GMA) and treated arrowroot fiber (TAF) treated with coupling agent developed PLA-g-GMA/TAF composite, which showed better properties than the PLA/AF composite. To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive review paper was published on arrowroot fibres, starch biopolymer, and its biocomposites before. The present review focuses on recent works related to the properties of arrowroot fibres and starch, and their fabrication as biocomposites. The review also reveals the vast potential of arrowroot fibres and starch for food industries, medicines, textiles, biofuel, pulp, and paper-making industries, bioenergy, packaging, automotive, and many more.
Arrowroot starch (AA)-based films incorporated with a carnauba wax nanoemulsion (CWN), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and essential oils (EOs) from Mentha spicata (MEO) and Cymbopogon martinii (CEO) were produced using the casting technique and then characterized in terms of their water barrier, tensile, thermal, optical, and microstructural properties and in vitro antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. Whereas the incorporation of CNCs decreased the moisture content and water vapor permeability of the AA/CWN/CNC film, the additional incorporation of either EO decreased the transparency and affected the microstructure of the AA/CWN/CNC/EO nanocomposites. MEO and CEO incorporation improved the thermal stability of the films and provided excellent protection against fruit-spoiling fungi. Because of their excellent barrier properties against fungal growth, water vapor permeability, and ultraviolet and visible light, these AA/CWN/CNC/EO films have promising potential for application as active food packaging or coating materials.
Graphic abstract
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) is a monocotyledon in the order Zingiberales, family Marantaceae. It is an important medicinal spice, mainly known for the quality of its starch and for its applications since times immemorial. It is associated with diets in Asia and the Americas, where specific gel and starch paste rheologies are required. In addition, it is a highly digestible product. This review has gathered information on the botanical and horticultural aspects as well as uses of arrowroot, including its contributions to the development of higher value‐added products and the special properties of its starch. Moreover, it aimed to clarify some of its medicinal properties. The neotropical dispersion of the genus and evidence from archaeological studies confirm the origin of the species. Potential medicinal use is based on compounds with immunostimulatory and antioxidant activity. However, production and commercialization data of arrowroot and its starch are poorly defined, as the cultivation is largely carried out informally in small‐scale and traditional agriculture. Information about genetic improvement is also scarce, mainly due to the difficulty in controlling flowering and in challenges relating to sexual recombination. Accessions have evolved from unconscious selection based on subjective criteria and are generally known by their popular or regional names. Starch quality, as well as the taxonomy, genetic diversity, horticultural management practices, pests and diseases, and postharvest processing methods, are subjects addressed in this review.
The development of functional food is one of the government's programs to improve food security in Indonesia. Increasing cases of degenerative diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer have triggered people to look for functional food ingredients, especially local resource-based food sources in each region to explore the benefits and nutritional content of health. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinaceae L.) is an alternative crop-source of carbohydrate with enormous potential to be developed. Flour products from arrowroot plant have special features, which are easy to digest because the content of the glycemic index (IG) is low so it is very good for health. This plant is generally propagated by vegetation, so it has a narrow genetic diversity. Various efforts have been made to improve the genetic diversity of arrowroot plants, in order to obtain superior types of arrowroot plants with high productivity. This study aims to understand and explore the primacy of arrowroot plants from the benefits, origin, spread, multiplication, and utilization of plants by the community. Based on the results of this study we have not discovered any superior arrowroot plant model with high productivity and wide genetic diversity.
The growing global awareness about environmental preservation has stimulated the search for alternatives to replace conventional plastics made from fossil sources. One of the advantages is using polymers from renewable sources, such as starch and gelatin, which, in addition to being biodegradable, may also be edible. The incorporation of cranberry into a polymeric matrix can transfer bioactive composite films, colour and flavour to the film, which are characteristic of this fruit, expanding its application to fruit stripes or colourful coatings for specific foods. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of 0, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55% (solids mass/biopolymer mass) cranberry powder on the microstructure, thermal properties, ascorbic acid content and sensory analysis of gelatin and arrowroot starch films obtained by casting. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the incorporation of cranberry made the film surface rough and irregular. All films presented an X-ray diffraction pattern typical of a semicrystalline material. The glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased when increasing the concentration of cranberry in films. All films with cranberry presented high ascorbic acid content and were well accepted by the tasters when sensory analysis was performed.
Arrowroot and taro are underutilized tuber. Modification of starch into starch nanoparticles will open to opportunities for further development. The aim of this research was to find out the influence of acid types and hydrolysis length on the characteristics of the resulted starch nanoparticle. There were group of treatments including source of starch: arrowroot and taro beneng starch, and the acid types was HCland H2SO4, and the length of hydrolysis was 3 and 5 hours. The results showed that the yield of arrowroot nanoparticle starch was higher than taro, 21.64 - 34.44% and 33.83 - 51.22%, respectively. Hydrolysis with HCl and H2SO4 produced starch nanoparticles (NP) with different characteristics. Treatment with HCl provides higher yield than that of H2SO4, but particle size was larger. The average size of the taro and arrowroot starch nanoparticles produced by hydrolysis by H2SO4 was 379.2 nm and 464.4 nm, respectively, with high polydispersity index of 0.480 and 0.621. Meanwhile, the crystallinity of taro and arrowroot starch NP increased from 44.1 into 87.3% and 43.5% into 51.3%, respectively. Acid hydrolysis improved solubility of starch nanoparticles but decreased the swelling power and gelatinization temperature. Starch nanoparticles can be implemented as a reinforcing agent for packaging, and carrier material for phytochemicals or agro-chemicals.
Healthy food consumption is a critical issue which enhances the functional food production demand. This research aimed to identify the optimum modified arrowroot starch for the best functional cake characteristics. Completely Randomized Design with one factor (arrowroot starch: wheat flour proportion) which consisted five levels (0:100; 25:75; 50:50; 75:25 and 100:0) was applied. The first step was MAS production (gelatinization-retrograde method) then applied to functional cake followed by proximate, resistant starch, expansion volume index and texture analysis. The result showed that 100% MAS was the best treatment with the highest carbohydrate and resistant starch (25.85% and 59.28%), and the lowest ash content, hardness, and expansion volume index (1.8%, 104.95N/mm2 and 45.32%). It can be concluded that functional cake characteristic becomes better and resistant starch (RS) level become higher with MAS application.
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit a host by sustaining healthy micro flora in the gut. Howeverseveral factors including pH, metabolites and dissolved oxygen limit the growth and survival of probiotic organisms.Prebiotics are selectively fermented ingredients that may increase the survival and activity of probiotics. Arrowroot isrich in prebiotics and may increase the biomass of probiotics. This study was aimed at determining the prebioticpotential of water extractable carbohydrates of local yam arrowroot. Arrowroot carbohydrates were extracted by wetmilling and recovery was 14.32% (w/w). The results of the proximate analysis revealed that the percentages ofmoisture, ash, protein and fat were 10.15%, 4.91%, 0.13% and 0.32% respectively. The contents of starch and lowmolecular weight carbohydrates were 79.65% and 1.93% respectively. No reducing sugars were detected. 12%(w/v) of arrowroot carbohydrates were incorporated into 12% skim milk and distilled water along with an inoculum of109 colony forming units (CFU)/g of Lactobacillus acidophilus in order to test the growth performances. 12% skimmilk was used as a control. Treatments were incubated at 37°C anaerobically for 12 h followed by storage at 4°C for14 days. The pH, titrable acidity and colony counts of L. acidophilus were determined throughout the storage period.Media added with arrowroot gave a significantly (p<0.05) higher pH compared to the control although there was nosignificant difference (p>0.05) among the two media where arrowroot was added. Similar results were observed fortitrable acidity as well. Results showed that arrowroot carbohydrates significantly (p<0.05) increased the CFU (log10)/g of L. acidophilus compared to the control (6.71) in both distilled water (9.34) and skim milk (9.01) media. It wasrevealed that water extractable arrowroot carbohydrates shows significant prebiotic effect by maintaining a higherviability of probiotics.
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) Extract Increases the Survival of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326482045_Arrowroot_Maranta_arundinacea_Extract_Increases_the_Survival_of_Probiotic_Lactobacillus_acidophilus [accessed Aug 02 2018].
Abstract: West Indian arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) is a major component of family farming in Kerala state of India.
The starch obtained from its rhizomes is used both for food and nutraceutical purposes. A study was carried out to assess the
genetic variability of West Indian arrowroot in the region in relation to morphological growth and yield characters. Sixty
accessions collected from farmer homesteads were grown in the experimental garden and assessed for variability in terms of
phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability (H2) and genetic advance
(GA). High estimates of PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance in the case of the characters studied indicated the
presence of substantial variability in the genetic resources of this important crop in the study area and also the scope for
selection for crop improvement and release of promising varieties. Yield per plant showed the highest range of performance
followed by starch content and leaf area. The minimum range of performance was observed for diameter of primary fingers.
Wide range of characters indicates the involvement of higher number of contributing alleles and higher involvement of
environmental factors in the expression of the character whereas narrow range indicates the involvement of lower number of
contributing alleles and lesser involvement of environment. Heritability of characters varied from 16.69% to 99.22% and the
highest heritability was shown by starch content, which was followed by plant height (79.08%) and yield per plant (72.13%).
Genetic advance was found to be the maximum for starch content followed by number of primary fingers and number of tillers.
The results indicate the occurrence of broad genetic base in the case of the Indian arrowroot populations studied and also the
feasibility of selection of superior genotypes in Maranta arundinacea based on the characters that show broad range of
variation.
Maranta arundinacea .L commonly known as arrowroot is a starch rich tuberous plant. The rhizomatous tubers medicinal value is yet unexplored, hence this study forms a basis for the active components present in it and further isolation of the compound. The aim of this study is to screen the phytochemicals present in the rhizomes of Maranta arundinacea .L and further analysis of the components present in it by GC-MS analysis. The rhizomes were sequentially extracted based on the polarity viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The ethanolic extract showed the presence of all phytoconstituents studied. The GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of 49 compounds. This study forms a basis for the biological characterization and importance of the compounds identified.
Free radicals contribute to more than one hundred disorders in humans. The ethanolic extract of M.arundinacea.L (Marantacea) was screened for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) quenching assay, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation decolorization test, Reducing power, scavenging capacity towards hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical, nitric oxide (NO) radical inhibition activity using established assay procedures and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay. The extract exhibited high antiradical activity against DPPH, ABTS, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radicals with IC50 value of 293.4, 297.4, 336.1, and 258.7 μg/ml respectively. The Reducing power and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) increased with increasing concentration of the sample. The antioxidant activity of the sample was comparable with that of the standard butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT).
Diarrhea is one of the most common causes for thousands of deaths every year. Therefore, identification of new source of antidiarrheal drugs becomes one of the most prominent focuses in modern research. Our aim was to investigate the antidiarrheal and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extract of Maranta arundinacea linn. (MEMA) leaves in rats and brine shrimp, respectively. Antidiarrheal effect was evaluated by using castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility tests at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight in rats where the cytotoxic activity was justified using brine shrimp lethality bioassay at different concentrations of MEMA. The extract showed considerable antidiarrheal effect by inhibiting 42.67% and 57.75% of diarrheal episode at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. MEMA also significantly
p
<
0.01
reduced the castor oil-induced intestinal volume (2.14 ± 0.16 to 1.61 ± 0.12 mL) in enteropooling test as well as intestinal transit (33.00 to 43.36%) in GI motility test, compared to their respective control. These observed effects are comparable to that of standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg). On the other hand, in brine shrimp lethality test after 24 h, surviving brine shrimp larvae were counted and LD50 was assessed. Result showed that MEMA was potent against brine shrimp with LD50 value of 420 µg/mL. So the highest dose of 400 µg/mL of MEMA was not toxic to mice. So these results indicate that bioactive compounds are present in methanolic extract of Maranta arundinacea leaves including significant antidiarrheal activity and could be accounted for pharmacological effects.
In the current work, physicochemical properties of arrowroot starch and thermal properties of glycerol/arrowroot starch membranes were investigated. Arrowroot starch exhibited high purity (starch content >99%) with amylose content >40% and granule size dispersion between 29 and 126 μm. Arrowroot starch has a gelatinization temperature of 63.94°C and a B-type crystalline structure. Arrowroot starch, in combination with three levels of glycerol, was used to manufacture membranes by casting method. Increasing the plasticizer effect due to glycerol content increased the water weight loss of the membranes at temperatures higher than 110°C. Additionally, the onset temperature of the endothermic peak observed by differential scanning calorimetry and associated to water removal from the membranes changed with glycerol content. Physicochemical and thermal properties of arrowroot starch and glycerol/arrowroot starch membranes were similar to those reported previously for other starch sources. From the data obtained in this study, it is clear that arrowroot starch could have promising industrial applications.
Acevedo-Rodríguez,
Pedro and Strong, Mark T. Catalogue of Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian
Contributions to Botany, number 98, xxv + 1192 pages, 3 maps, 4 tables, 2012.—The catalogue enumerates
all taxa of Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons, and Monocotyledons occurring in the West Indies archipelago
excluding the islands off the coast of Venezuela (Netherlands Antilles, Venezuelan Antilles, Tobago, and
Trinidad). For each accepted taxon, nomenclature (including synonyms described from the West Indies and
their references to publication), distribution in the West Indies (including endemic, native, or exotic status),
common names, and a numerical listing of literature records are given. Type specimen citations are provided
for accepted names and synonyms of Cyperaceae, Sapindaceae, and some selected genera in several families
including the Apocynaceae (Plumeria), Aquifoliaceae (Ilex), and Santalaceae (Dendrophthora). More than
30,000 names were treated comprising 208 families, 2,033 genera, and 12,279 taxa, which includes exotic
and commonly cultivated plants. The total number of indigenous taxa was approximately 10,470 of which
71% (7,446 taxa) are endemic to the archipelago or part of it. Fifteen new names, 37 combinations, and 7
lectotypifications are validated. A searchable website of this catalogue, maintained and continuously updated
at the Smithsonian Institution, is available at http://botany.si.edu/antilles/WestIndies/.
The present work investigates tensile and flexural behavior of untreated New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax) fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Two series of laminates were produced using the same reinforcement content (20 wt%), arranged either as short fibers or quasi-unidirectional ones. Composites reinforced using quasi-unidirectional fibers showed higher modulus and strength both in tensile and flexural loading, when compared to neat epoxy resin. Short fiber composites, although still superior to epoxy resin both for tensile and flexural moduli, proved inferior in strength, especially as concerns tensile strength. These results have been supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which allowed characterizing fiber–matrix interface, and by acoustic emission (AE) analysis, which enabled investigating failure mechanisms. In addition, thermal behavior of both untreated phormium fibers and composites has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), revealing the thermal stability of composites to be higher than for phormium fibers and epoxy matrix alone.
Arrowroot is a widely cultivated root crop for its starchy rhizomes that form the source for extraction of easily digestible starch, which finds use as infant and convalescent food. Despite being a hardy crop resistant to pests and diseases and also of immense economic value, arrowroot is a much less studied crop with respect to the allelochemicals in it. Peroxidases, occurring ubiquitously in many crops have been associated with diverse physiological functions in plants, with a major role in pathogen defence and resistance. The present study was aimed at understanding the different isoforms of peroxidase such as soluble (SoPOD), ionically bound (IoPOD) and covalently bound (CoPOD) forms as well as the isozymes of each type of peroxidase in arrowroot leaves. SoPOD, IoPOD and CoPOD were isolated from the acetone powder of healthy undamaged leaves of arrowroot plant, using sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), sodium chloride (1.0 M) and combined cellulase-pectinase treatment respectively. These were purified to homogeneity through 2-step DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Three isozymes each were purified (5-6 fold) for SoPOD and IoPOD, while only two major isozymes existed for CoPOD. The yield of isozymes ranged from 7.24-7.86% (SoPOD), 6.11-10.42% (IoPOD) and 5.87-5.96% (CoPOD). SDS-PAGE of the major isozyme peak from the three isoforms gave molecular weights of 20.26 kDa (SoPOD), 17.16 kDa (IoPOD) and 17.56 kDa (CoPOD). The study showed that the SoPOD isozyme from arrowroot leaves had molecular weight similar to the SoPOD isozyme from tubers (20.08 kDa). However, the IoPOD and CoPOD isozymes had lower molecular weights, when compared to similar isozymes of tubers (18.43 kDa and 19.77 kDa respectively). The presence of many diverse isoforms and isozymes indicates that arrowroot peroxidase might have vital roles in the plant metabolism.
Of the 22 tubers and 9 pulses screened for inhibitors of enterokinase activity, the following 12 tubers,Curcuma amada, Kyllinga monocephala, Solanum tuberosum, Canna indica, Helianthus tuberosus, Coleus parviformis, Mirabilis
jalapa, Colocasia antiquorum (red variety),Alium cepa, Amorphophalus companulatus, Maranta arundinacea, Daucus carota, and 9 pulses namely,Vigna sinensis, Arachis hypogea, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris (white bean),Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean),Phaseolus mungo, Cicer arietinum, Dolichos lablab and Cajonus cajan contained inhibitory activity. Three tubers,Amorphophalus companulatus, Maranta arundinacea andDaucus carota and all the nine pulses exhibited endogenous esterase activity towards benzoyl arginine ethyl ester. Among the 8 pulses and
3 tubers processed by affinity chromatography on trypsin-sepharose, to separate trypsin inhibitor from enterokinase inhibitor,Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean),Phaseolus vulgaris (white bean) andDolichos lablab contained distinct enterokinase inhibitors. These fractions were devoid of trypsin inhibitor activity. The trypsin inhibitor
fromColeus parviformis tubers alone did not bind to trypsinsepharose and was recovered in the unbound fraction along with the enterokinase inhibitor.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) has become a major socio-economic burden because of the multi-drug resistance and the high frequency of repeated use. The goal of the research paper is to describe the use of natural therapies in the treatment and management of UTIs. Even if conventional medicine is less effective than herbal remedies, further research is needed to understand the phytoconstituents and their mechanisms of action that are responsible for the treatment and management of UTI. Many therapeutic benefits, including antibacterial activity, are attributed to Maranta arundinacea. Therefore, commonly known UTI pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sublitis, Enterococcus sp., Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, and Enterobacter sps. were evaluated by phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of this plant The antibacterial activity was studied by dilution and diffusion assays. The results of this study conclude that arrowroot methanolic extract can inhibit the growth of pathogens causing UTI with the most effective concentration is 80 µg/ml.
This datasheet on Maranta arundinacea covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information.
The storage roots called rhizomes of Arrowroot
(Maranta Arundinacea) vary in size and number depending upon the
soil, climate and age of the plant. Rhizomes are the main source of
starch that are easily digested when extracted and produces a dry white
powder. This powder is a source of one of the purest form of natural
carbohydrates which is considered gluten free and superior quality
starch used in making the first class biscuits, pastries, pudding, cakes,
native Filipino delicacies and many more. In Marinduque, Philippines
arrowroot cookies are one of the most popular “pasalubong” or food
products produced from arrowroot starch. For every one kilo of
arrowroot rhizomes, starch recovery commonly ranges from 10-20%
depending on its quality. This study resulted only to 13% or 390
grams dried starch recovery using 3 kilograms of fresh rhizomes, while
water produced amounted to 59% and remaining 28% went to waste
rhizomes or “sapal”. Waste from water can be developed into wine
while grinded rhizomes or “sapal” into flour, handmade paper, and
novelty items. Proximate analysis shows that waste rhizomes flour
contains 11.39% moisture, 2.71% ash, 1.27% crude protein, 0.05%
crude fat, 6.12% crude fiber, and 78.46% nitrogen-free extract.
Nutrition fact per serving size of 100 grams shows 320 calories, 0 fat,
78 grams carbohydrates, 6 grams dietary fiber and 1 gram protein.
Two arrowroot wine samples were also tested which resulted to
alcohol content of 7% and 9% respectively while physical testing of
handmade paper from “sapal” shows poor quality. To increase starch
recovery, further research and studies should be done focusing on pre
and postharvest activities and facilities on how to minimize losses and
maximize volume of starch recovery. Conversely, potential to utilize
waste water into bioethanol and biogas may also be considered.
Arrowroot waste flour can be developed into human and animal feed
substitutes and additives as food ingredients while the arrowroot waste
fiber into textile and construction materials. Considering the
foregoing, the utilization of arrowroot starch by-products foresees
positive impacts and adds value for arrowroot that may lead to
increased price and productivity.
Background: Synthesis of nanoparticles using plants like arrow roots in today’s era is considered an eco friendly technology as no toxins or chemicals are involved. Zinc is a natural element with various functions to maintain the structure and general function of macromolecules. It facilitates enzymes that help in regulating cellular process and cellular pathways. Zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared from Arrow root have numerous applications in biomedical industries.This synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles is carried out by a standard green synthesis procedure. Zinc nanoparticles have an effect on cell viability, antioxidant activity as already mentioned, destruction of environmental pollutants. It is also said to be a safe form of nanoparticle and as obtained by other studies, it acts as a natural human skin barrier. Maranta arundinacea (family: Marantaceae) also known as arrowroot is a perennial plant with enormous medicinal properties .It is used to treat complications like diarrhoea, vomiting, indigestion and even urinary tract infections and also used as a baby food. Aim: To observe the anti inflammatory activity of Maranta arundinacea mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: Preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using arrowroot and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. Results: According to the graph obtained, arrowroot muted Zinc oxidants show significant antiinflammatory activity. Conclusion: Since the anti inflammatory activity of Arrow root is significant, it can be used as a better drug of choice.
Starch is the most popular plant polysaccharides, which has been widely used for the development of edible coating films because of its abundance, cost-effectiveness, and excellent film-forming abilities. Starch-based films have good optical, organoleptic and gas barrier properties, however, they have poor mechanical properties. Many attempts have been made to overcome these limitations, such as the addition of co-biopolymers or other secondary additives to improve the mechanical and tensile properties of the films. Properties of the starch-based films can be influenced by many factors, including types of starches, temperature and time during film formation, plasticizers, co-biopolymers, and storage conditions. Understanding the mechanisms of these factors is very important for future studies on the development of starch-based films. This review focuses on starch as a film/coating material and comprehensively discusses the effects of major factors on properties of starch-based films.
Maranta arundinacea, (L.) belongs to the family Marantaceae. The plant rhizome evaluated for the biochemical and preliminary phytochemical analysis. Nutritional analysis showed that moisture content is (7.6%), ash content (1.2%) carbohydrates (7200mg/100g), proteins (1200mg/100g) and starch (6480mg/100g).Based on this work, concluded that Maranta arundinacea L. rhizome show high nutritional value. It is used as baby food. It is used to treat indigestion, diarrhea and urinary infections. Powdered rhizome of Maranta arundinacea was extracted with methanol and aqueous solvents and tested for phytochemical analysis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and tannins. Based on the phytochemical analysis alkaloids, glycosides and saponins are abundantly present in methanol and aqueous extract. Alkaloids are used in reducing headache and fever. Glycosides are used to cure coughs and circulatory problems. Saponins have anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflamatory properties and helps in losing weight. Maranta arundinacea rhizome recommended for pharmaceutical industry.
Maize or corn is considered as very distinctive plant. Corn having better capability of utilizing sun light, is a noble way of getting a natural polymer known as starch. Amylopectin and amylase composition in the starch firmly affects the properties of the polysaccharide. Despite the application of CS as food for living being including the human and animals it has many other applications in industry. No doubt it has many flaws which can be controlled by adopting different modifications. Nowadays bio-degradable polymers are useful which are produced by corn starch. Starch based plastics and composites are not cheap but produce less waste which ultimately reduces the plastic pollution. Different types of natural and synthetic polymers and nano clay can be blended with starch. Some of these polymers are tailor made for some special purposes. Natural polymers like chitosan, cellulose, gelatin, collagen, zein, alginate, Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed, various amino acids, and synthetic polymers like polybutylene, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone, and acrylic acid are utilized to modify starch to yield starch base completely bio-decomposable polymers. These biopolymers have the capability to substitute the petroleum based polymers, and can be used for different environmental, industrial and medical applications.
This book continues as volume 11 of a multi-compendium on Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. It covers such plants with edible modified storage subterranean stems (corms, rhizomes, stem tubers) and unmodified subterranean stem stolons, above ground swollen stems and hypocotyls, storage roots (tap root, lateral roots, root tubers), and bulbs, that are eaten as conventional or functional food as vegetables and spices, as herbal teas, and may provide a source of food additive or neutraceuticals. This volume covers selected plant species with edible modified stems, roots and bulbs in the families Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Marantaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae and Simaroubaceae. The edible species dealt with in this work include wild and underutilized crops and also common and widely grown ornamentals. To help in identification of the plant and edible parts coloured illustrations are included.
As in the preceding ten volumes, topics covered include: taxonomy (botanical name and synonyms); common English and vernacular names; origin and distribution; agro-ecological requirements; edible plant parts and uses; plant botany; nutritive, medicinal and pharmacological properties with up-to-date research findings; traditional
medicinal uses; other non-edible uses; and selected/cited references for further reading. This volume has separate indices for scientific and common names; and separate scientific and medical glossaries.
The structural, mechanical, antioxidant, and cytocompatibility properties of membranes prepared from the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starch powder (ASP) blend (PHA/ASP) were studied. The acrylic acid-grafted PHA (PHA-g-AA) and the coupling agent treated ASP (TASP) were used to enhance the desired characteristics of these membranes. The PHA-g-AA/TASP membranes had better mechanical properties than the PHA/ASP membrane. This effect was attributed to greater compatibility between the grafted PHA and TASP. The water resistance of the PHA-g-AA/TASP membranes was greater than that of the PHA/ASP membranes, and a cytocompatibility evaluation with human foreskin fibroblasts (FBs) indicated that both materials were nontoxic. Moreover, both ASP and TASP enhanced the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of the membranes. PHA-g-AA/TASP and PHA/ASP membranes had better antioxidant activity than the control group.
The prerequisites for discussing angiosperm diversification are stated. Some distinctive features of angiosperms including double fertilization, endosperm, short life cycle, and herbaceous and annual habit are outlined. In monocots, diversification in Orchidaceae, the largest plant family, and Poaceae is outlined. In eudicots the core patterns of diversity in eudicots Malpighiaceae, Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae and the nitrogen-fixing clade, are discussed, and within the very speciose yet florally stereotyped asterids, Asteraceae are mentioned. The significance of increased venation density in angiosperms and of specialized plant/pollinator interactions in which a single pollinator pollinates many unrelated species of plants is emphasized.
Musa acuminata L. A. Colla subsp. zebrina (Van Houtte) R.E. Nasution. Musa acuminata subsp. rubrobracteata M.Hotta, Musa acuminata var. alasensis Nasution, Musa acuminata var. bantamensis Nasution, Musa acuminata var. breviformis Nasution, Musa acuminata var.
Maranta (Maranta arundinacea L.) can be considered as a non-conventional raw material for starch. The objective of this work was to characterize the maranta starch. These starch granules had spherical and elongated geometries with average size of 56.60 μm. The maranta starch presented B-type crystal, revealed by x-ray spectra, and gelatinization temperature of 65.5°C as determined by thermal (differential scanning calorimetry) analysis. Maranta starch suspensions have a pseudoplastic behavior which was well described using a power law model. Storage and loss moduli increased drastically during gelatinization process, corroborating with differential scanning calorimetry results. In general, maranta starch could have numerous applications in the food industry.
Root and tuber composite flours and/or starches can meet industrial requirements of carbohydrate-based food products since they gelatinize at relative low temperatures with rapid and uniform swelling of granules, and they exhibit a high viscosity profile compared to cereal starches. Arrowroot starch (10, 20, 30, and 40%, respectively) was mixed in cassava and sweet potato starches and their resulting composite gels were investigated for their gelatinization enthalpies, pasting, and freeze-thaw properties. Peak viscosities of composite starches significantly increased (P < 0.05) from 224.45 to 360.25 RVU in cassava mix, to 306.65–580.25 RVU in sweet potato mix. The gelatinization enthalpies of sweet potato and cassava composite starches were significantly affected, which suggested that the thermal energy during gelatinization to break the structural element in starch granular packing was substantially altered with increasing increments of AS. This meant that granular intermolecular bond increased, whereas granule swelling decreased. The addition of AS minimized freeze-thaw damage by reducing the available water to form ice crystals in cassava and sweet potato gel pastes after the first freeze-thaw cycle. This confirmed that partial substitution of cassava and sweet potato starches with AS formed a paste with improved freeze-thaw stability. Addition of arrowroot starch to cassava and sweet potato starches apparently improved gel stability and may find use in modulating gelling properties of these starches in commercial products.
Starch isolated from maranta (Maranta arundinacea) tuber and studied for its various physicochemical characteristics. The amylose content of the starch was 24.8%. SEM showed that the granules were small indented and spherical. Maranta starch granule size has a range of 2.92–6.42 μm, (mean of 4.84 μm), length/degree of 1.20, and roundness of 0.73. Maranta starch has a gelatinization temperature of 74.8°C, peak viscosity of 498 BU, and cold paste viscosity of 669 BU. It also possessed higher freeze-thaw stability. Dynamic rheological properties of maranta starch, measured using parallel plate geometry showed increased storage modulus (G’) values, while loss modulus (G″) values were decreased with increasing frequency values (0–100 Hz). The low gelatinization temperature and high freeze thaw stability of starch indicates its potential for application as a thickener in food industries.
Arrowroot biomass and processing residues were evaluated as as a feed, fuel and fiber resource. Ensiled aerial biomass and
coarse and fine arrowroot processing residues contained 10.8–21.1% crude protein; 11.1–30.2% crude fiber; 3.8–17.0% ash; and
an in vitro dry matter digestibility of 38.5–60.3%. Theoretical yields of 0.27 and 1.60 l of methane at standard temperature
and pressure per liter of rhizome wash water and starch-settling water were calculated, respectively. Fuel alcohol production
potential from yeast-supplemented aerial biomass and coarse residue were identified. Laboratory pulping of coarse residue
was performed. The coarse residue has qualities that may be suited to tear-resistant specialty grade papers, such as wrapping
paper and bags. The utilization of arrowroot by-products may lead to increased cultivation of this species as a food, feed,
fuel and fiber resource. By-product utilization will also reduce environmental pollution presently resulting from direct discharge
of unused by-products.
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea. L) is an underutilized local crop potentially to be developed as carbohydrate source and functional food in Indonesia. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of arrowroot extracts in vitro by using animal cell culture techniques, and in vivo by using BALB/c mice. The arrowroot tuber extracts were prepared by heat-treatment at 121 °C for 20 min in distilled water. The IgM production stimulatory activity of arrowroot tuber extracts against human hybridoma HB4C5 cells and mouse splenocytes was assessed. The result indicated that the arrowroot tuber extract stimulated IgM production by HB4C5 cells and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA and IgM) production by splenocytes in vitro. In addition, the arrowroot tuber extracts strongly enhanced interferon γ production by splenocytes. In vivo study indicated that the diet containing arrowroot extracts increased the serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels in mice. These results revealed that the arrowroot tuber extracts have immunostimulatory effects in vivo as well as in vitro.
To evaluate the effect of crude water-soluble arrowroot tea extracts on microbial growth of food-borne pathogens in liquid medium and to confirm the damage to bacterial cells using Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM).
Inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated using Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth containing 0 (control), 0.63, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0% (w/v) arrowroot tea. Bacterial cell counts were performed on specific selective agar on days 0, 1, 3 and 5. BHI containing 5.0% arrowroot tea extract showed a 6-7 log suppression of growth for all test strains on days 3 and 5, compared with the control. Even 0.63% arrowroot tea effectively inhibited microbial growth of all test strains on day 5. TEM images of the samples treated with 5.0% arrowroot tea revealed the rupture of cell walls and nonhomogeneous disposition of cytoplasmic materials within treated bacteria.
Crude water-soluble arrowroot tea extract strongly inhibited microbial growth of all test pathogens in liquid medium.
Water-soluble arrowroot tea extract has the potential to be used directly on foods or as a spray on the surfaces of food handling and processing facilities in order to prevent microbial growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
Functional properties of arrowroot starch in cassava and sweet potato composite starches
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Vibriocidal activity of leaf and rhizome extracts of Maranta arundinacea L
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