Ecological dynamic of fish farming ponds managed during the growth of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus)

Abstract

Habitat for organisms in ecosystems include attributes to the ecological significance and resulting from the interactions between its physical, chemical and biological components. In fishponds, one of the important features is the community of the microzooplankton that é key component of marine food webs and food chain in freshwater. An experiment was carried out in an area for fish farming, located in Assis Brasil Village, municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, State of Acre, aimed to observe the dynamics of fish farming tanks, and the composition and microzooplankton abundance, submitted to two treatments, commercial feed (ad libitum) and tabulated feed. The results showed that environments severely eutrophicated are characterized by high values of phosphorus and nitrogen, and dominance of species of Rotifera, throughout the study. On this basis, it was concluded that researches of this nature contributes for determining the water quality, particularly using potential bioindicator species, that grow excessively in these environments.

Full text

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Ecological dynamic of fish farming ponds managed during the growth
of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus)
Dinâmica ecológica de tanques de piscicultura manejados durante o
crescimento de matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus)
DOI: 10.55905/oelv21n12-068
Recebimento dos originais: 11/11/2023
Aceitação para publicação: 11/12/2023
Marcos Fernandes Silva
Master in Environmental Sciences
Institution: Instituto da Biodiversidade da Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Campus Cruzeiro do Sul, Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina, Estado do Acre
E-mail: fernandes.marcos@sou.ufac.br
José Francisco Souza da Silva
Degree in Biologic Sciences
Institution: Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Campus Cruzeiro do Sul, Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina, Estado do Acre
E-mail: souza.jose@sou.ufac.br
Edmilson Domingues Nogueira Júnior
Degree in Biologic Sciences
Institution: Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Campus Cruzeiro do Sul, Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina, Estado do Acre
E-mail: jully@sou.ufac.br
Amanda de Oliveira Sampaio Fernandes
Master in Environmental Sciences
Institution: Biodiversity Institute, University Federal of the Acre
Address: Campus of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina,
Acre State
E-mail: fernandes.amanda@sou.ufac.br
Jocilene Braga dos Santos
Bachelor’s in Biological Sciences
Institution: Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Campus Cruzeiro do Sul, Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina, Estado do Acre
E-mail: jocilene.santos@sou.ufac.br

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Lisandro Juno Soares Vieira
Post Doctorate in Ecology
Institution: Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Campus de Rio Branco, Laboratório de Ictiologia e Ecologia Aquática,
BR-364, Km 04, Distrito Industrial, Acre
E-mail: lisandro.vieira@ufac.br
José Genivaldo do Vale Moreira
Doctorate in Sanitation, Environment and Water Resources
Institution: Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Centro Multidisciplinar, Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina, Brasil
E-mail: jose.moreira@ufac.br
Tiago Lucena da Silva
Doctorate in Animal Biology
Institution: Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Instituto de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biologia Animal,
Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina, Brasil
E-mail: tiago.lucena@ufac.br
Rogério Oliveira Souza
Doctorate in Evolutionary Genetics and Molecular Biology
Institution: Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Centro Multidisciplinar, Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina, Brasil
E-mail: rogerio.souza@ufac.br
Erlei Cassiano Keppeler
Doctorate in Aquaculture
Institution: Universidade Federal do Acre
Address: Instituto de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Análises de Água e Limnologia
Glebas Formoso, Canela Fina, Brasil
E-mail: erlei.keppeler@ufac.br
ABSTRACT
Habitat for organisms in ecosystems include attributes to the ecological significance and
resulting from the interactions between its physical, chemical and biological components.
In fishponds, one of the important features is the community of the microzooplankton that
é key component of marine food webs and food chain in freshwater. An experiment was
carried out in an area for fish farming, located in Assis Brasil Village, municipality of
Cruzeiro do Sul, State of Acre, aimed to observe the dynamics of fish farming tanks, and
the composition and microzooplankton abundance, submitted to two treatments,
commercial feed (ad libitum) and tabulated feed. The results showed that environments
severely eutrophicated are characterized by high values of phosphorus and nitrogen, and
dominance of species of Rotifera, throughout the study. On this basis, it was concluded

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that researches of this nature contributes for determining the water quality, particularly
using potential bioindicator species, that grow excessively in these environments.
Keywords: dynamic, microzooplankton, fish, environment.
RESUMO
Habitat para organismos em ecossistemas incluem atributos à significância ecológica e
são resultantes das interações entre seus componentes físicos, químicos e biológicos. Em
tanques de piscicultura, uma das características importantes é a comunidade do
microzooplâncton, que é componente-chave das cadeias alimentares marinha e de água
doce. Um experimento foi conduzido em uma área destinada à piscicultura, localizada na
Vila Assis Brasil, município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Estado do Acre, que teve o objetivo de
observar a dinâmica de tanques de piscicultura, e a composição e abundância do
microzooplâncton, submetidos a dois tratamentos, ração comercial (ad libitum) e ração
tabelada. Os resultados revelaram que, ambientes severamente eutrofizados são
caracterizados por altos valores de fósforo e nitrogênio, e dominância de espécies de
Rotifera. Assim, concluiu-se que investigações dessa natureza contribuem para a
determinação da qualidade da água, especialmente usando potenciais espécies
bioindicadoras, que crescem excessivamente nesses ambientes.
Palavras-chave: dinâmica, microzooplâncton, peixe, ambiente.
1 INTRODUCTION
Functional parameters of an ecosystem attributes to the ecological significance
and resulting from the interactions between its physical, chemical and biological
parameters and these interactions result in the creation of a variety of niches that are
inhabited by various organisms thus agreement a habitat for organisms in an ecosystem
and thus determine the tropic dynamics of the aquatic environment (MAZUMDER et al.,
2015).
In ponds, one the important features is the community of microzooplankton
defined as <200 µm grazers and are key components of marine food webs (CALBET,
2008) and food chain in freshwater. They can be protozoa and rotifers that are important
ecosystem compartments responsibles for transferring and recycling of nutrients in
pelagic ecosystems.
Planktonic protozoans are a group of unicellular ciliated or flagellated organisms
that feed on either picoplankton or nanoflagellates and small nano phytoplanktons

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according to their size (FERDOUS; MUKTADIR, 2009). These same authors, also
described that most of the protozoans are usually not sampled due to their minute size,
considering also that, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (about 1.0 to about 20 µm in size) are
more abundant (105 -108 L −1) in highly eutrophic lentic ecosystems than ciliates (8-300
µm in size) in freshwater ecosystems. Only 102 -104 L−1 ciliates are found in freshwater
ecosystems. Rotifers can also serve as indicators of trophic conditions (SLÁDECEK,
1983), being called bioindicators.
Bioindicators are utilized to screen the health of the natural ecosystem in the
environment (PARMAR et al., 2016). The microorganisms have an enormous potential
for their use as bioindicators of environmental health, both as a standalone monitoring
tool and via their integration with existing physical, chemical and biological measures of
environmental health (ASTUDILLO-GARCIA et al., 2019).
Microzooplanktons are the major trophic link in the food chain and being
heterotrophic organisms, and it plays a key role in cycling of organic materials in aquatic
ecosystems (PATRA et al., 2011). They are an indispensable group, not only in the
transfer of energy between different trophic levels, but also in the controlling the
productivity of an aquatic ecosystem (KOUR et al., 2022).
The aim of this study was to evaluate how the ecological dynamic, can be affected
by the feeding regime in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) rearing, controlled by tabulated
ration, and its relation among water quality, diversity and abundance of
microzooplankton, in excavated fishponds. The three different emphasis were: i) to
investigate the microzooplankton as bioindicators; ii) to notice water quality
characteristics of the environment; iii) to find out the relationship between, fish body and
limnologic variables and microzooplankton in two treatments in ponds.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 THE STUDY ÁREAS
The project was conducted with fingerling of matrinxã (12-15g) which were
selected from the same batch, without sexing, from induced reproduction, acquired at Sol
Nascente Fish Farming. The experiment was carried out in an area intended for fish

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farming, located in the Assis Brasil Village, Bem Bom Colony, Cruzeiro do Sul
municipality, Acre State, with the following geographic coordinates: Latitude: 7°34'43”;
Longitude: 72°49'31"; Altitude: 183m.
2.2 DATA COLLECTION
The data of fishes, environment variables and zooplanktonic community were
collected bimonthly and weekly, respectively. The samplings were carried out from
December 2020 to April 2021, in an uncoated excavated tank, which was divided into 6
ponds, with black plastic canvas of 180 microns. Each nursery pond had the following
areas: P1=136m2; P2=108m2; P3=121m2; P4=142m2; P5=137m2; P6=148m2, with an
average depth of 1.50m, and an approximate volume between 16m³ and 22m³, with
individual water inlet and outlet, and the same supply source, with an individual renewal
rate, from 3% to 5% per day.
2.3 SAMPLING DESIGN
The ponds were randomly assigned for the experimental design with two
treatments and three replications. After the draw, ponds P1, P2 and P4 were submitted to
treatment 1, hereinafter referred to as (T-1) - restricted ration using a tabulated (feed
management with the aid of biometrics and daily feeding rate based on the percentage of
body weight live - VP - of fish. Ponds P3, P5 and P6 were submitted to treatment 2,
hereinafter referred to as (T-2) - ad libitum feed (ad libitum feed management, feed supply
until fish satiety).
The feeding rate varied from four times a day, in the initial phase of rearing, to
three times a day and then to twice a day, in the morning and in the afternoon. The type
of ration used, and the feeding frequency were the same for all treatments, differing only
in the amounts.
A readjustment was carried out on the fish density (the higher densities in the
growing phase are made to correct the losses due to mortality or for redistribution in the
fattening ponds), after 45 days of cultivation, leaving a total of 504 fishes, and density of

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1.56 m2 for each fish. Following the same protocols, ponds P1, P2 and P4, used treatment
1, and ponds P3, P5 and P6, used treatment 2.
2.4 WATER ANALYSIS
Effluent water quality was examined by analyzing the following variables:
temperature (°C), dissolved oxygen (mg.L-¹), oxygen saturation (%), chlorophyll (µg.L-
1), using the probe YSI-6600 multiparameter. Measurements of pH, electrical
conductivity (µS.cm-1) and total dissolved solids (mg.L-1) were accomplished using the
Combo 5 - Akso probe. Transparency in ponds was measured, using a Secchi disk,
generally, at 12:00h, concerning the analysis of water in the laboratory, first, samples
were transported in Styrofoam with ice, to the laboratory. Total alkalinity was carried out
by analysis of the neutralization titration method. The analyses of the chemical variables
were performed in the Spectrum spectrophotometer, according to the following methods:
Nitrite (N-(1-naphyl)-ethylenediamine (NTD Method), Nitrate (N-(1-naphyl)-
ethylenediamine (NTD) Method), Total Nitrogen (Persulfate method) and Ammoniacal
nitrogen (Indophenol Method) according to APHA (2012); Total phosphate (Ascorbic
acid and Molybdenum blue method), according to Santos-Filho (1976) and APHA
(2012); Soluble orthophosphate (Ascorbic acid and Molybdenum blue method),
according to Santos-Filho (1976) and APHA (2012).
2.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
It has been estimated Mao Tau (COLWELL et al., 2004). The specific diversity
was calculated by the Shannon-Wiener index (H’). The values for the Shannon-Wiener
index are between 0 and 1; values >0.5 indicate a more uniform proportion of the
individuals among the species (LUDWIG; RENOLDS, 1988). The Simpson index is a
measure of evenness (MAGURRAN, 2004). In analyze multidimensional of data, the use
the principal component analysis identifies patterns in the correlations between variables
and resizes the initial set into smaller ones and preserve the variance considered relevant.
The new dimensions are formed by the eigenvectors generated from eigenvalues of the
original covariance matrix (HAIR et al., 2005). Spearman’s coefficient was used, and

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we adopted a 5% significance level to test the correlation between the matrinxã
body, limnological variables and with the abundance of microzooplankton. All these
values of the statistics of the work were calculated utilizing the Past statistics package,
version 3.x. (HAMMER et al., 2001).
3 RESULTS
The experiment was conducted over the lengths and weights of the fishes for the
treatments 1 and 2, all through of 120 days of cultivation, are shown in Figure 1. The fish,
at the end of cultivation, reached an average weight of 324.73g and 379.77g for treatment
1 and treatment 2, respectively. For the final length, the average length found was 26.29
cm and 28.02 cm, respectively.
Figure 1. Morphometric measurements of weight and length in treatments 1 and 2.
Source: AUTHORS (2023)
A total number of 40 zooplanktonic species were identified from two treatments
(Table 1). The individual-based rarefaction curves for the total area surveyed (Figure 2a)
and at the site level (Figure 2b) showed a substantial decrease in the slope as the number
of individuals increased with search effort. Thus, while the upper 95% confidence
interval of the Mao Tau function suggests that not all species present in the ponds area
were observed. As for the diversity indices, in treatment 1, the Shannon index ranged

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from 1.420 to 2.132, while the Simpson index ranged from 0.5866 to 0.8533. In treatment
2, the Shannon index ranged from 1.420 to 2.419, while the Simpson index ranged from
0.5586 to 0.8843 (Figure 3 a, b).
Table 1 - Occurrence of zooplankton in fishponds submitted to different feeding managements in the
matrinxã culture.
Organisms
T1 – tabulated Ration
T2- Ad libitum Feed
Rotifera
Ascomorpha agilis Zacarias, 1893
X
X
Ascomorpha saltans Barisch, 1870
X
X
Asplancha priodonta Gosse, 1850
X
X
Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766
X
X
Brachionus dolabratus Harring, 1915
X
X
Brachionus plicatilis O. F. Muller, 1786
X
X
Brachionus falcatus Zacarias, 1898
X
X
Colurella sp
X
0
Gastropus stilyfer Imhof, 1891
0
X
Keratela americana Carlin, 1943
X
X
Keratela cochlearis Gosse, 1851
X
X
Keratela lenzi Hauer, 1953
X
X
Keratela quadrata subsp. quadrata (Müller, 1786)
0
X
Keratella tropica (Apstein, 1907)
X
X
Lecane bulla (Gosse, 1886)
X
X
Lecane copeis (Harring & Myers, 1926)
0
X
Lecane monostyla (Daday, 1897)
0
X
Lecane luna (O. F. Muller, 1776)
X
0
Lecane lunaris var. lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1832)
X
X
Lecane lunaris var. constricta (Murray, 1913)
0
X
Lecane papuana (Murray, 1913)
X
X
Mytilina sp
X
X
Nebela sp
X
X
Plationus patulus (Müller, 1786)
X
0
Philodina sp
X
X
Tricocerca similis (Wierzejski, 1893)
X
X
Tricocerca bicristata (Gosse, 1887)
X
X
Trocosphaera aequatorialis Semper, 1872
X
X
Protozoa
Arcella conica (Playfair) Deflandre
X
X
Arcella discoides (Ehrenberg, 1843)
X
X
Arcella hemisphaerica Perty 1852
0
X

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Arcella sp
X
0
Arcella vulgaris (Ehrenberg, 1830)
X
X
Centropyxis aculeata (Ehrenberg, 1832)
X
X
Centropyxis sp
0
X
Difflugia corona Wallich, 1864
X
0
Difflugia sp
X
X
Euglypha sp
0
X
Paramecium sp.
X
0
Vorticella sp.
0
X
0 = Absence and X = Presence of individuals in each treatment
Source: Authors (2023)
Figure 2 - Sample rarefaction curves showing as a function of the upper 95% confidence interval calculated by the
function Mao Tao. (a) Rarefaction curve combining all data obtained for T1. (b) Rarefaction curve combining all
data obtained for T2.
Source: Authors (2023)

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Figure 3. Individual-rarefaction curves showing as a function of the upper 95% confidence
interval (CI) calculated by the function Mao Tao. (a) Rarefaction curve combining all data obtained for T1,
with Shannon H index. (b) Rarefaction curve combining all data obtained for T2, with Shannon H index. (C)
Rarefaction curve combining all data obtained for T2, with Simpson index (d) Rarefaction curve combining
all data obtained for T2, with Simpson index.
Source: Authors (2023)
The mean variation for treatment and supply water in the limnological variables
are shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 shows the values of the PCA, where one can observe how
so much the environmental variables as the density of organisms living the pond have not

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influenced in differentiating of the treatments, seen have been showed combined. and
across from zero in the graph of the PCA. The axis 1 explained 53.63% of the data
variation and the axis 2 explained 19,68%, Keratella tropica, was the variable most
representative, for the axis 1 with a correlation of 0.97. Trichocerca similis, was the most
representative, for the axis 2, with 0.93 correlation.
Figure 4. Limnological variables in matrinxã nurseries, considering values of water supply, and treatment
1 and 2

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Source: Authors (2023)
Figure 5. Dispersion of weekly samplings along the first two axes of the Principal Components Analysis
performed with physical and chemichal variables and microzooplankton abundance. Where, -1 =
Treatment 1 and T-2= Treatment 2. Ke_le = Keratella lenzi, Ke_tr= Keratella tropica.
Source: Authors (2023)
The results obtained, as observed in Figure 6a,b, in the correlation analysis
between the limnological variables, weight, length and zooplankton showed a weak
correlation between them in the two treatments, but significant in many cases. The highest
and also significant correlations (p < 0.05) occurred in Treatment 1 (Figure 6a), which
were between weight and length (rs=1), between weight and total alkalinity (rs = 0.9221),

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and between length and total alkalinity (rs =0.9221). Treatment 2 revealed the highest and
significant correlations only for weight and length (rs=1) and issolved total solids and
electrical conductivity (rs=0,9874).
Figure 6. Scatter plots and Spearman’s coefficient in treatment 1 (a) and treatment 2 (b)
Source: Authors (2023)
4 DISCUSSION
Significant correlations between nitrate and ammoniacal nitrogen and fish growth,
length, were generally positive in treatment 1, possibly because of accumulated feeding
over time. This might reflect the consequence of uneaten leftovers, generated feces, and
other metabolites produced by the fish, organic matter that, under decomposition,
consumes oxygen in the process of oxidation, liberating ammoniacal nitrogen. As for the
various variables in the water column in ponds, most of them also presented low
correlations in this study, corroborating findings by Keppeler (2009) in aquaculture
ponds.
Concerning rarefaction, based on the expected richness function and individual
rarefaction curves, the results suggest an underestimation of rarefaction. However, the
estimated total number of species based on the rarefaction analysis suggest that the
richness of the study is slightly higher. As for zooplankton, the most abundant species

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under the conditions of this research was Keratella tropica for both treatments. Silva et
al. (2017), when studying the zooplankton community structure in fishponds in Cruzeiro
do Sul, also found species of this genus as the most abundant.
In general, fishponds under different feeding managements show high diversity
indices values for organisms smaller than 55 m, corroborating results published by
Negreiros et al. (2009) and Tóth et al. (2020). High-protein feed managements indirectly
fertilize the water and are responsible for the increase plankton in the nursery.
According to Eler et al. (2003), species of the genera Brachionus and Keratella
are typical of environments severely eutrophicated that also are characterized to have
values high of phosphorus and nitrogen, and to predominate higher abundance of species
of Rotifera, which showed dominance throughout the study, just as it has been noted by
Dantas et al. (2009), when they investigated a reservoir, also eutrophic.
5 CONCLUSION
The studies water ponds showed high levels of diversity, richness and dominance
for the plankton lower, common characteristics of fishponds, due to the management of
aquaculture systems that increase of nutrient sources used by plankton in these
environments, when compared to non-eutrophic.
Thus, it was concluded that the microzooplankton is a key element in the
determination of water quality, especially using them as potential bioindicator species,
which grow excessively in environments, due to the high amount of nitrogen and
phosphorus from the feed or from the products of the metabolism of the cultivated
organisms
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was benefited by the scholarships of CAPES (DS/PROAP) and scholarship
of CNPq

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