Aerial archaeology in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula: Roman military settlement of Primitiva Complutum

Abstract

The discovery of the site of the first Roman city founded in the Community of Madrid (Spain) took place in 2011, thanks to aerial archaeology. The city's origin lies in a small military camp initially identified through photointerpretation, idntified by an orthoimage from the National Plan of Aerial Orthophotography (PNOA). The data from this source are supplemented by the drone flight detailed in this study.

Full text

1
aarg Aerial Archaeology
Research Group
1983-2023
AARGnews
The Newsleer of the Aerial Archaeology Research Group
Issue 67: October 2023
ISSN 1756-753X
• AARG Conference Report
• Life before AARG
• Characterising the Community
• Roman camp in Iberia
• South East Northumberland mapping project
• Cecil Shadbolt’s adventures in Cloudland
• 2D mapping, 3D modelling in Bohemia
• Settlement research at al-Hira

2
Contents
AARGnews 67: October 2023
Editorial Team
Marn Fowler
Carmen-Cornelia Miu (Bem)
Gianluca Cantoro
Chris Cox
Contact the Editorial team at:
editoraargnews@gmail.com
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ISSN 1756-753X
Published by the Aerial Archaeology
Research Group
AARG is a Registered Charity
no. SC023162
Editorial
Marn J. F. Fowler ...................................................................................................... 3
Outgoing Chair’s Piece
Sara Popović ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Incoming Chair’s Piece
Łukasz Banaszek .......................................................................................................... 6
Meet the Editorial Team .............................................................................. 7
Thank you, Rog
Chris Cox ..................................................................................................................... 9
AARG 2023 Conference Report
Marn J. F. Fowler .................................................................................................... 11
Before the beginning – life before AARG
Rog Palmer ................................................................................................................ 15
Characterising the Community: Requirements, Resources and Skills
Rachel Opitz ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. 21
Aerial archaeology in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula: Roman military
selement of Primiva Complutum
Sandra Azcárraga-Cámara & Arturo Ruiz-Taboada ................................................... 22
The South East Northumberland Air Photo and Lidar Mapping Project
Alison Deegan …………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 30
Cecil Shadbolt's adventures in Cloudland
Martyn Barber .......................................................................................................... 34
2D mapping, photogrammetry-based 3 D modelling and the virtual
reconstrucons of Czech lowland crop-marked sites
Marn Gojda & Jiří Unger ………………………………………………………………………………....... 40
al-Hira through the keyhole – Selement research in al-Hira/Najaf,
Iraq using declassied HEXAGON satellite imagery
Marn Gussone, Marn J. F. Fowler & Agnes Schneider …………………………………...... 53
AARG’s Working Groups – update, September 2023
Rog Palmer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 68
News and Noces ....................................................................................... 71
Financial Report (2023)
Rebecca Benne ....................................................................................................... 73
Membership Report (2023)
Lidka Żuk …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 75
Outgoing Webmaster’s Report (2023)
Agnes Schneider ....................................................................................................... 76
AARGnews outgoing Editor’s Report
Rog Palmer ................................................................................................................ 77
AARGnews – Notes for contributors .......................................................... 78
Cover picture: Based on the poster designed by Andrea
Devlahović for the AARG 2023 conference held in Zagreb,
Croaa, in September, 2023. The photograph by Sara
Popović shows the submerged operaonal coast of the
Roman complex in Verige bay, Brijuni islands, Croaa.
Copyright
Copyright © in AARGnews rests with the
individual authors.
Unless specied otherwise,
arcles are open access un-
der the terms of the Creave Commons ,
Aribuon licence (CC BY).
The views and opinions expressed in
AARGnews are those of the authors and do
not necessarily reect the ocial policy or
posion of AARG.

22
Aerial archaeology in the centre of the
Iberian Peninsula: Roman military
selement of Primiva Complutum
AARGnews 67: October 2023
city was later relocated to the He-
nares Valley a few kilometres away
(Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain),
where it flourished for several centu-
ries (Fernández-Galiano 1984).
The significance of this original Ro-
man city on high ground was firmly
demonstrated through the use of aeri-
al photography in the year 2011. At
this time, a particularly relevant or-
thoimage from the Spanish National
Plan of Aerial Orthophotography
(PNOA) was analysed (Azcárraga-
Cámara and Ruiz Taboada 2012-
2013). The entity responsible for cap-
turing these images is the National
Geographic Institute, which has been
conducting flights across the entire
Spanish territory every two to three
years since 2004 to obtain digital aer-
ial orthophotographs. Since 2009,
they have also incorporated LiDAR
technology.
The resolution of these orthoimages,
not originally captured for archaeo-
logical purposes, is 25 to 50 cm, and
they are freely accessible. Currently,
a significant portion of the plateau on
the hill of San Juan del Viso is dedi-
cated to cereal cultivation. During the
capture of the most revealing or-
thoimage (May 2009), the cereal crops
were at their peak growth, with opti-
mal conditions that allowed for a
thorough photointerpretation of the
entire city layout. Until that point,
the Roman settlement on the elevat-
ed site was not considered to have ur-
ban significance. This is because the
city of Complutum in the Henares river
valley was a known and excavated ar-
chaeological site, while investigations
on the hill of San Juan del Viso had
always been peripheral.
The photointerpretation suggested the
existence of a Roman city with an or-
thogonal layout covering at least 30
hectares. This city was located adja-
cent to a camp, possibly facing the pre-
Roman settlement. Notably, there were
numerous buildings, including previ-
ously undiscovered significant public
structures like a temple or a theatre
(Figure 1).
The investigation of the archaeological
site is being carried out through the
Primitiva Complutum-San Juan del
Viso Project. Excavations have not
been possible in the photointerpreted
area on the plateau due to it being pri-
vately owned. However, excavations
have taken place in another public
area also located on the upper part of
the hill, where it is suggested that the
pre-Roman oppidum could have been
situated (Figure 1). Three excavation
campaigns were conducted in 2017,
2018, and 2022, along with previous
archaeological surveys and a ground-
penetrating radar survey in 2021
(Azcárraga-Cámara 2015; Azcárraga-
Cámara and Ruiz-Taboada 2012-2013;
Azcárraga-Cámara and Ruiz-Taboada
2019a, 2019b; Azcárraga-Cámara and
Sandra Azcárraga-
Cámara 1
and
Arturo Ruiz-Taboada 2
1 Instuto de Ciencias del Patrimo-
nio (Incipit), Sanago de Composte-
la, Consejo Superior de Inves-
gaciones Ciencas (CSIC); Proyecto
Primiva Complutum.
sandra.azcarraga-
camara@incipit.csic.es
2 Universidad Complutense de Ma-
drid, Departamento de Prehistoria,
Historia Angua y Arqueología.
arruiz01@ucm.es
© The author(s). AARGnews is published by
the Aerial Archaeology Research Group.
This is an open access arcle
under the terms of the Crea-
ve Commons , Aribuon Licence, which
permits use and distribuon in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Brief history of the discovery of a
new Roman city in Spain by aerial
archaeology
The ancient Roman city of Complu-
tum, or "Complutum vetus", corre-
sponds to the original foundation of
the city atop the hill of San Juan del
Viso (Villalbilla, Madrid, Spain). This
The discovery of the site of the first Roman city founded in the Community of
Madrid (Spain) took place in 2011, thanks to aerial archaeology. The city's origin
lies in a small military camp initially identified through photointerpretation,
aided by an orthoimage from the National Plan of Aerial Orthophotography
(PNOA). The data from this source are supplemented by the drone flight detailed
in this study.

23
AARGnews 67: October 2023
Ru iz-Tabo ada 202 1 ; Azcá rraga -
Cámara, Ruiz-Taboada and Ruipérez
20 2 2; Azc árraga - Cámara, Rui z -
Taboada and Rodríguez 2014; Ruiz-
Taboada and Azcárraga -Cámara
2020a, 2020b). These efforts have re-
vealed the extension of the photointer-
Figure 1. Aerial photograph from the Naonal Plan of Aerial Orthophotography (PNOA), 2009, photointerpretaon (1.Fort, 2.Temple,
3.Baths, 4.Domus, 5.Theatre, 6.Monumental entrance?, 7.Areae, 8.Cardo maximus; 9. Decumanus maximus?) and excavated units (01, 02,
03, 04, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12) (Aer Ruiz-Taboada and Azcárraga-Cámara, 2014: 19, Fig. 4; Azcárraga-Cámara, S., Ruiz-Taboada, A. and Ruipé-
rez, H. 2022: 316, Fig. 2).
preted urban layout towards the
south, covering an area that could
reach up to 35 hectares. In 2021,
LiDAR analysis was also carried
out, revealing not only the camp but
also a large rectangular enclosure
measuring about 106 x 71 metres.
This enclosure is interpreted as a po-
tential alternative forum area, along
with a pathway connecting the urban
core to the theatre (Figure 2).
As part of the investigations carried
out by the project, a photogrammetric
drone flight was commissioned in 2022

24
AARGnews 67: October 2023
to cover the 30 hectares of cereal culti-
vation. The flight took place on June
19th, with the cereal still unharvested.
The Spanish company RTF Drones
conducted the flight using the DJI
Phantom 4 RTK model with an
FC6310R camera and the D-RTK2
ground station. A total of 4635 images
were captured with a resolution of
60,739 x 36,460 pixels, a sampling dis-
tance of 1.92 cm/pixel, and a flight alti-
tude of 70 metres. Using this infor-
mation, a 2D and 3D model was creat-
ed from all the orthoimages combined.
One of the structures that was best
represented in this model was the Ro-
man camp, the subject of this article.
The Roman Camp. Image
Descripon
The orthoimage from the PNOA in
2009 clearly depicted, due to the differ-
ential growth of the cereal crops, a
large rectangular structure nearly at
the centre of the hill's plateau. Based
on its characteristics, it was interpret-
ed as a possible camp, with approxi-
mate dimensions of 145 x 107 metres.
It is important to note that intensive
ploughing of the field over the years
has been a major factor contributing to
the deterioration of the structure. As a
result, there are no longer any visible
traces of its ditches, embankments, or
surface irregularities.
Based on the crop differential growth
in that orthoimage, the perimeter
structure would have an approximate
width of 1 metre. It features two right-
angle corners, with one corner not fully
discernible due to being partially un-
derneath a present-day path. Perhaps,
the northwest corner is not rounded
(Figure 3). Its orientation, running
from northwest to southeast, is identi-
cal to that of the overall urban layout.
The city's main north-south road
(cardo maximus) runs very close and
parallel to the eastern boundary of the
camp.
The analysis of the new orthoimages
allows for a more precise understand-
ing of the information provided by the
2009 image. Higher resolution and the
Figure 2. LiDAR analysis results: pathway to the theatre and hypotheses of forums near the
camp (Aer Azcárraga-Cámara and Ruiz-Taboada, 2022: Fig. 4: 319, modied).
use of the DJI Terra software reveal a
perimeter structure that clearly has
right-angle corners at the northeast
(NE) and southeast (SE), with the
southwest (SW) corner not clearly
discernible and the northwest (NW)
corner in a more deteriorated state
(Figure 4). These findings align with
the previous image. However, in this
case, the perimeter dimensions can be
more accurately determined as 148.89
x 108.91 metres, making up a rectan-
gular area of 1.6 hectares in total.
Very close to the eastern boundary of
the camp, the main north-south road
(cardo maximus) and the temple can
also be distinguished.
Interpretaon
Interpreting the San Juan del Viso
camp presents an added challenge due
to it being an integrated structure
within the urban layout of a city. The
scant surface material collected in this
area doesn't differ chronologically from
what has been documented in the rest
of the city. Only seven ceramic frag-
ments have been found, three of which
are common Roman ceramics and four
are terra sigillata pottery pieces.
Among these finds, three belong to
small vessels of TSI (Terra Sigillata
Itálica), and one is an annular foot of
TSG (Terra Sigillata Gallica), dating
from approximately 15 BCE to 15 CE
Figure 3. Photointerpretaon of the Potenal Camp Based on the 2009 IGN Orthoimage
(Aer Azcárraga-Cámara and Ruiz-Taboada, 2012-2013: 103, Lám. 6).

25
AARGnews 67: October 2023
and 25-75 CE (Azcárraga-Cámara
2015: 232-234).
Regarding the presence of Late Repub-
lican materials in general on the hill's
plateau, mention is made of black gloss
pottery, without specifying the circum-
stances of its discovery (Rascón and
Sánchez 2007: 314). Surface and exca-
vation findings include grey pottery
imitating black gloss ware, dating from
the mid-1st century BCE onwards
(Ruiz Taboada and Azcárraga-Cámara
2020b). The excavated neighbourhood
outside the photointerpreted area
dates back to the first half of the 1st
century CE (Ruiz Taboada and Azcár-
raga-Cámara 2020b: 211), but the con-
struction chronology of the urban core
remains unknown for now. However,
what does seem clear is that the city
developed while the camp was still
standing, maintaining the same orien-
tation, which suggests a camp-based
foundation for the original Complu-
tum.
In most photointerpretations conduct-
ed on camps, the lines observed from
the air marking the enclosure bound-
aries are typically interpreted as ei-
ther perimeter ditches or walls
(Martínez Velasco 2011; Menéndez et
al. 2011; González, Menéndez, and
Álvarez 2008; among others). In this
case, the perimeter line could be in-
terpreted in two ways. On the one
hand, it could be seen as a solid built
structure. However, its modest di-
mensions (around 1 metre in width)
and the absence of any visible re-
mains of walls or stones on the sur-
face lead us to believe that it may not
be a wall. At most, it could be the
stone foundation upon which a poten-
tial perimeter palisade would have
rested. This could also explain why a
continuous structure is observed
without openings corresponding to
gateways. Thus, the thickness of the
interpreted structure would align
with the foundations of certain docu-
mented Hispanic palisades (around 1
or 1.5 metres wide), as seen in the
Ca ntabrian c amp of "El Ci n-
cho" (García Alonso 2003).
On the other hand, the more plausible
hypothesis, given its recurrent identifi-
cation through aerial photography,
would be to consider this perimeter
line as a ditch, possibly partly excavat-
ed into the geological level. This could
be the reason why the cereal growth
would be less in that 1-metre-wide
strip. It is known that trenches were
sometimes dug directly into rock, as
documented in Hispanic camps like
Asturica Augusta (Astorga, León)
(González Fernández 1998: 1023), La
Poza (Campoo de En medio, Canta-
bria), or Andagoste (Cuartango, Álava)
(Sabugo 2007: 37-38). In this sense, it's
likely that this camp was constructed
using perishable materials, as was
probably the case with most Republi-
can-era military enclosures (Morillo
2008: 78), and would have required no
more than a small ditch, embankment,
and a palisade.
Figure 4. Orthoimage from the 2022 Drone Flight.

26
AARGnews 67: October 2023
Regarding the size of the camp, it is
significantly smaller than what is con-
sidered necessary to accommodate a
legion, which ranges between 17 and
28 hectares (Morillo 2009: 243; Carret-
ero 2000: 24; Le Bohec 1990: 171-172).
Based on these measurements, the
smallest unit that could possibly be
accommodated in a 1.6-hectare area
would be a cohort, comprising around
480 men. Its size is similar in extent to
the Asturian camp of Moyapán
(González Álvarez et al. 2008) and to
several enclosures documented in
Trobajo del Camino (San Andrés de
Rabanedo) and Oteruelo de la Val-
docina (León). These sites have been
interpreted as camps for training exer-
cises dating to the early Imperial peri-
od (Morillo et al. 2021)
The transition in Roman camps from
square to rectangular layouts appears
to have occurred between the late 2nd
century BCE and the mid-1st century
BCE, with rectangular layouts contin-
uing to be documented into the Imperi-
al period (Morillo 2008: 78). However,
classical sources do not provide clear
insights into this matter (Sabugo 2007:
23). This chronological range could
roughly approximate the construction
date of the San Juan del Viso camp,
although archaeological excavations in
the area are needed to confirm this. If
it is confirmed that at least the north-
west corner was rounded or chamfered
(to avoid overly salient angles that
would make the fortifications more
vulnerable in defence), it could reflect
a camp architectural model that began
to be generalized in the time of Caesar,
following the army reforms initiated by
Marius (Johnson 1983: 41; Peralta
2002: 64-66; Menéndez et al. 2011: 34;
Martínez Velasco 2011: 79; among oth-
ers).
However, for now, we can only assert
based on photointerpretation that its
northeast and southeast corners were
right-angled, characteristic of an earli-
er late Republican period, perhaps
from the Sertorian era. The small size
of the camp, quite distinct from the
larger structures associated with con-
quest, its rectangular layout, and the
chronology of the mentioned late Re-
publican materials, seem to preclude
an a priori association with the 2nd
century BCE, a period linked to terri-
torial conquest.
For the time being, determining the
reasons for locating the camp here,
potentially facing the pre-Roman set-
tlement, remains complex. There are
several possibilities. The camp could
have been erected in response to re-
sistance from the inhabitants of the
pre-Roman settlement, serving as a
base of operations in a "friendly" ter-
ritory during another military cam-
paign, or it could have been connected
to the foundation of the city itself. In
this regard, it might have accommo-
dated troops that spent the winter in
the area as well as more stable mili-
tary garrisons.
Pliny makes the first explicit refer-
ence to Complutum in classical
sources the Elder (23 BCE - 79 CE)
when listing the stipendiary cities of
the Conventus Caesaraugustanus
(Pliny III, 24). There are no refer-
ences to the development of the civil
wars at the end of the Republic in
this region. However, in the nearby
vicinity of Cerro del Viso, there are
known sites affected by the Sertorian
Wars (82-72 BCE), such as El Llano de
la Horca (Santorcaz, Madrid)
(Baquedano et al. 2007). During the
subsequent civil conflicts between Cae-
sar and Pompey (49-45 BCE), it is
known that Caesar crossed the Penin-
sula on his way to Gadir, and he might
have used the hill as a place to spend a
winter along his route. Additionally,
the construction of temporary military
structures is well documented in vari-
ous Hispanic regions (Morillo 2008:
74). Concerning conflicts after these
dates, they occurred in Hispania terri-
tories too distant from the site. At this
point, only archaeological excavation
will provide the necessary information
to date and interpret the camp that
gave rise to the early city of Complu-
tum.
This San Juan del Viso camp would be
the second one associated with Car-
petania, the pre-Roman region in the
centre of the Iberian Peninsula that
encompasses it. It is one of the few
Republican-era enclosures not linked
to conquest (Morillo 2008: 75). El Real
(Campo de Criptana, Ciudad Real) was
the first documented Roman military
Figure 5. Roman camps documented in the central Iberian Peninsula: 1. San Juan del Viso
(Villalbilla, Madrid), 2. El Real (Campo de Criptana, Ciudad Real), 3. Las Cabeceras (Pozuelo
de Alarcón, Madrid), 4. La Cerca (Aguilar de Anguita, Guadalajara).

27
AARGnews 67: October 2023
settlement in Carpetani territory
(Martínez Velasco 2011). It consisted of
two camp structures, with preserved
wall remains that can also be seen in
aerial photography. The first, covering
5.8 hectares, has a square layout with
chamfered corners. It is proposed to be
related to Gaius Gracchus' campaign
in 179 BCE. The second is rectangular,
with an area of 2.8 hectares and round-
ed corners, associated this time with
the Bellum Civile (Martínez Velasco
2011: 85).
Recently, another potential camp has
been discovered in Carpetani territory,
at the site known as Las Cabeceras
(Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid). It is sug-
gested to date from the early Imperial
period, and only a small segment of a
defensive ditch (6.37 metres) is known,
with a maximum width of 3.43 metres
and a narrow trench at the bottom
(Cantalapiedra, Hernández, and
Castañeda 2021: 90 and 99).
In the neighbouring Celtiberian terri-
tory, close to Carpetania, lies the sec-
ond closest camp to San Juan del Vi-
so: La Cerca (Aguilar de Anguita,
Guadalajara). Along with San Juan
del Viso and two other camps, there
would be a total of four interpreted
camps in the Central Plateau of the
Iberian Peninsula (Figure 5, previous
page). The settlement of La Cerca,
covering 12.4 hectares, is also located
on a flat-topped hill. Schulten has
linked its historical interpretation to
Caton's incursions in 195 BCE
(Schulten, 1929: 192) and later to the
Sertorian Wars (Herrera and Viñas
1996). Unfortunately, materials un-
earthed during excavations by Mar-
qués de Cerralbo are not well-located,
which complicates its dating (Morillo
2003: 47).
The scarcity of located Roman camps
in the central Iberian Peninsula em-
phasizes the significance of the pho-
tointerpreted site at Cerro de San
Juan del Viso. It serves as a clear ex-
ample of the many camps that are still
awaiting documentation. In this en-
deavour, aerial photography will play
a fundamental role, as has been the
case in recent years in the northwest-
ern region of the Peninsula. There, it
has been crucial in discovering new
Roman military settlements in His-
pania (Costa-García 2015; Costa Gar-
cía et al. 2016; González Álvarez et al.
2011; Parcero-Oubiña 2022; Morillo
2014).
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