Migration Monitoring of Songbirds at Camas National Wildlife Refuge, Market Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Mud Lake Wildlife Management Area in eastern Idaho - 2007 Annual Report

Abstract

Report summarizes 2 years of data from spring and fall songbird migration banding at a national wildlife refuge (NWR) and point count surveys at the NWR and 2 nearby wildlife management areas (WMAs).

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IDAHO BIRD OBSERVATORY
Migration Monitoring of Songbirds at Camas National Wildlife Refuge, Market Lake
Wildlife Management Area, and Mud Lake Wildlife Management Area in eastern Idaho
2007 Annual Report
Prepared By:
Jay Carlisle, Idaho Bird Observatory
Rob Larrañaga, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Greg Kaltenecker, Idaho Bird Observatory
This Report Prepared For:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Camas National Wildlife Refuge and Region 1 office
Idaho Department of Fish and Game
Portneuf Valley Audubon Society
Snake River Audubon Society
Wildlife Forever
This Report Satisfies the Requirements of:
US Fish and Wildlife Service agreement number: 14610-6-J004
(BSU Admin. Code 006G106349)
Idaho Department of Fish and Game State Wildlife Grant
(BSU Admin. Code 006G106360)
March 27, 2008
Olive-sided Flycatcher near the Camas
NWR banding station; May 22, 2007.
Wood Thrush, a first record for Camas
NWR and possibly the state of Idaho,
captured on May 19, 2007.

Recommended Citation:
Carlisle, J., R. Larrañaga, and G. Kaltenecker. 2008. Migration monitoring of songbirds at
Camas National Wildlife Refuge, Market Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Mud Lake
Wildlife Management Area in eastern Idaho. Unpublished report, Idaho Bird Observatory,
Boise, ID.
Wilson’s Warbler, the most commonly-captured migrant
in this study, accounted for 31.6% of all captures. By
season, they comprised 40.3% of captures during fall
migration and 12.8% during spring migration.
During autumn 2006, we captured an immature female that
was already banded – in Alaska! Wilson’s Warbler band #
2480-40861 was first captured and banded on Aug. 6,
2006 in Denali National Park and we recovered the bird at
Camas NWR on Aug. 27 … three weeks and over 2,000
miles later!! This bird then stayed at Camas for two days
and gained 0.5 grams – a gain of over 7% of body mass.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 1
Summary
The Idaho Bird Observatory (IBO) is a Boise State University Academic Research Program.
Idaho Bird Observatory’s mission is to significantly contribute to the conservation of western
migratory landbirds through cooperative research and public education. During autumn 2005, we
initiated a new landbird migration monitoring project at Camas National Wildlife Refuge (NWR)
in Hamer, Jefferson Co., Idaho, and at two nearby state Wildlife Management Areas (WMA), and
this was continued during spring and autumn migration of 2006 and through spring migration of
2007, thus allowing for sampling of each migration season two times. Specifically, we studied the
abundance, stopover ecology, and migration timing of passerines and near-passerines
(woodpeckers, hummingbirds, etc.) in the wooded area surrounding refuge headquarters. We
accomplished this with daily mist-netting at Camas NWR and we supplemented the netting with
regular point-count surveys at all three sites. This combination of methods allows for detection of
more species, some of which are less likely to be recorded by one method alone (e.g. Carlisle et al.
2004).
During spring 2007, we operated mist nets on 60 different days (16 April–15 June) for a total of
2,868.5 mist net hours. We captured 1,891 birds of 56 different species for an overall capture rate
of 0.66 birds/mist net hour. This capture rate is lower than the spring 2006 capture rate (0.90
birds/mist net hour) and the species richness was the lowest of the four seasons (two spring and
two autumn) in this study. The combined spring migration 2006-07 capture rate of 0.77 is less
than the 1.10 capture rate during both autumn seasons combined. The ten most frequently
captured species during spring 2007 included Hermit Thrush (376), Wilson’s Warbler (257),
Swainson’s Thrush (191), MacGillivray’s Warbler (142), Dusky Flycatcher (137), Yellow Warbler
(86), Ruby-crowned Kinglet (79), American Robin (73), Willow Flycatcher (73), and Western
Tanager (59). Rare species captured in spring 2007 included Wood Thrush (1), Virginia’s Warbler
(1), Magnolia Warbler (1), Black-and-White Warbler (1), and Ovenbird (1).
To further describe migrant landbird communities, we conducted standardized 10-minute point-
count surveys at Camas NWR, as well as at nearby Mud Lake WMA and Market Lake WMA in
each season. Although restoration of wooded habitats is planned only for Camas NWR, both Mud
and Market Lake WMA serve as reference sites. Here we present data for landbirds detected
within a 75 m radius of count centers. During spring 2007, we detected 1,626 individuals of 65
species at Camas NWR, 718 individuals of 50 species at Mud Lake WMA, and 285 individuals of
36 species at Market Lake WMA. Only two species, American Robin and Yellow Warbler, were
among both the top ten species most commonly captured in mist nets and the top ten species most
commonly detected during point counts at Camas NWR during spring 2007.
During 2007, IBO and Camas NWR hosted several local groups or schools. Specifically, our
project was visited by both Boy Scout and Cub Scout troops, the Hamer elementary school, a
‘Dubois Grouse Days’ tour, a Conservation Biology class from University of Montana-Western,
and both the Snake River and Portneuf Valley Audubon Societies. Approximately 145 people
participated in group visits to Camas during spring 2007. In addition, many refuge visitors, several
as families, also took part in the activities. The Idaho Bird Observatory and Camas NWR
volunteer programs were also very successful during spring 2007: 10 different volunteers
contributed 268 days, totaling 1,581 hours of volunteer service, to assist with data entry, set-up,

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 2
and mist-netting.
In addition to reporting 2007 results, this report contains data summaries and analyses from the
complete two-year study (2005 to 2007), including seasonal comparisons and data on relative
abundance, migration timing, and stopover ecology. Capture totals by species and season for the
entire study are shown in Appendix 2 whereas Appendix 6 shows point count survey results from
the entire study.
Students and Dr. Andrea Easter-Pilcher (center) of University of Montana-Western,
along with field assistant Carlos Valeris (far left) and Jay Carlisle (2nd from left),
learning about bird migration; 6
-
15
-
07.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Summary 1
II. Table of Contents 3
III. Introduction 5
IV. Acknowledgments 6
V. Methods 8
Songbird Mist Netting 8
Point Count Surveys 8
Public Education and Outreach 9
Statistical Analyses 9
VI. Results 12
2007 Data 12
Mist Netting 12
Point Count Surveys 12
2005-07 Analyses 13
Migration Timing 13
Stopover Ecology Data 23
Capture Totals by Net and Net Level 31
Seasonal Comparisons 31
Point Count Surveys 33
Species of Greatest Conservation Need and Partners in Flight Priority Species 37
Public Education and Outreach 37
VIII. Conclusions 39
IX. Literature Cited 41
X. Appendices 43
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Breeding status, relative abundance, and migration timing by season at the
Camas NWR banding site; 2005-2007 16
Table 2. Breeding status, molt strategy, age ratios, and migration timing by age classes
during fall migration 20
Table 3. Breeding status, age ratios, and migration timing by age classes during spring
migration 22

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 4
Table 4. Stopover ecology data from Camas NWR, Idaho; 2005-2007 25
Table 5. Stopover ecology data by year and season 26
Table 6. Stopover ecology data by age classes 27
Table 7. Results of linear regression of energetic condition against time of day 28
Table 8. Energetic condition for migrants with seasonal variation in abundance 30
Table 9. Commonly detected species via point count surveys (75 m radius) at
Camas NWR, Market Lake WMA, and Mud Lake WMA 35
Table 10. Group visits to Camas NWR, 2007 38
Table 11. Summary of volunteer contributions, 2007 38
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Map of mist-net and point count locations at Camas NWR 7
Figure 2. Fall migration timing at Camas NWR 14
Figure 3. Spring migration timing at Camas NWR 15
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Summary of 2007 volunteer contributions 43
Appendix 2. Capture totals by species and seasons at Camas NWR 44
Appendix 3. Captures by net location for all species captured at Camas NWR 47
Appendix 4. Captures by net and season for common species at Camas NWR 51
Appendix 5. Captures by height in net (net level) for all species at Camas NWR 53
Appendix 6. Results from point count surveys (75 m radius) at Camas NWR,
Market Lake WMA, and Mud Lake WMA by season and year 57
Appendix 7. Photos of rare (review list) species captured at Camas NWR 66
Appendix 8. Details of 2005 and 2007 plantings at Camas NWR 70
Appendix 9. GPS locations for mist nets and point count survey stations at Camas
NWR, Market Lake WMA, and Mud Lake WMA 71

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 5
Introduction
Idaho Bird Observatory: In 1994, the Idaho Bird Observatory began a long-term project at
Lucky Peak (near Boise, Idaho) to annually count the number of migrating raptors during fall to
provide reliable population trend information on western species. In conjunction, we also
established long-term raptor banding projects to identify migration routes, wintering areas,
breeding areas, and mortality factors. In 1997, we initiated a long-term songbird monitoring
project consisting of songbird mist netting and count surveys. In 1998, a forest owl monitoring
and banding project was initiated that targets migratory forest owls. Thus, we have expertise in
migration research techniques for a variety of birds and a great interest in conducting
conservation-oriented research on migratory birds. The main goal of the Idaho Bird Observatory
(IBO) is to continue and expand long-term research activities designed to gather important
information about western migratory bird species. High priority also is given to promoting
public wildlife viewing, environmental education, and community volunteer programs.
Background for Camas NWR project: Eastern Idaho birders have recognized the wooded area
at Camas NWR as a migration hotspot for decades. Increased birding attention in the past
decade has yielded numerous sightings of birds never previously documented in Idaho in
addition to impressive numbers of more common species. For these reasons, Camas NWR is a
prime location for monitoring migratory birds. In addition, a long-lasting drought in the region
has resulted in lowered ground water levels and low stream flows along Camas Creek – the main
source of water for the refuge – and extensive mortality of mature trees in the refuge
headquarters area. These circumstances could severely affect Camas NWR’s ability to support
migrant birds, and to serve as a high quality recreational and educational opportunity for people
across the region. Thus, Camas NWR has updated management priorities to include increased
watering of trees and establishment of more native shrub and tree species in an effort to maintain
the riparian habitat quality for woodland migrants at the refuge. In particular, refuge staff and
volunteers planted over 400 fruit-bearing trees and shrubs in spring of 2005 and 100 willows and
cottonwoods (combined) in spring and fall 2007 (see Appendix 8). Before 2005, there were few
quantitative data about the extent of landbird migration passing through the refuge (or the region
in general) or their energetic condition during migration. Baseline data on the abundance of
migrants stopping over at Camas, and changes in their condition during stopover, will provide a
point of comparison for studies done subsequent to restoration efforts in order to evaluate the
effectiveness of those restorations. Keeping in mind the current habitat conditions and the
potential for further deterioration in the status of already-established overstory trees, the effects
of habitat management at Camas will be measured by bird response. It is hoped that this kind of
‘before-after’ research design will yield information translatable to other sites, feeding
conservation actions in ailing riparian habitats across the arid West. In addition, this research
contributes to a greater understanding of regional migration patterns, of considerable value to
conservation of Neotropical migrants. For these reasons, the Idaho Bird Observatory began
fieldwork in autumn 2005, continued during both spring and autumn migration in 2006, and
completed the two-year baseline study in spring 2007.
Monitoring and banding of migrant songbirds was conducted at Camas NWR, located NW of
Hamer, Jefferson County (ownership: US Fish and Wildlife Service). Camas NWR was
established in 1937 as a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife.
Management to benefit migratory waterfowl and other migratory birds encompass the main goals
of the refuge; however, the refuge hosts a diversity of big game that benefit from the
management actions as well. Songbird mist netting was conducted in wooded habitats near the

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 6
refuge headquarters. The wooded vegetation is composed of a mix of native and non-native tree
and shrub species both along Camas Creek and in linear plantings and comprises approximately
100 acres. Native species include Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa ), Peachleaf Willow
(Salix amygdaloides), Coyote Willow (Salix exigua), and Wood’s Rose (Rosa woodsii), whereas
exotic species include Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), Siberian Pea (Caragana
arborescens), Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Box Elder (Acer negundo), and Plains
Cottonwood (Populus deltoides; also known as Eastern and/or American Cottonwood). Both
Box Elder and Plains Cottonwood are species native to portions of eastern Idaho but likely not
found historically on Camas NWR. In addition, point count surveys were conducted at two
nearby state wildlife management areas (Market Lake and Mud Lake).
This report is a consolidated synopsis of the IBO migration project results and a brief description
of standardized methods is given. Results are presented in tabular form showing 2007 totals with
reference to 2005 and 2006 totals. Also, we present analyses from the complete, two-year study,
including seasonal comparisons and data on relative abundance, migration timing, and stopover
ecology. More detailed information about IBO cooperators, donors, other grants and projects,
and future plans can be found on our website (http://www.boisestate.edu/biology/ibo) and will be
presented in the next issue of our project newsletter: Boise Ridge Notes.
Acknowledgments
We have developed cooperative relationships with many local agencies, organizations, and
corporations, and wish to thank all of these cooperators for their contributions to this project,
including U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, U.S.G.S. Snake
River Field Station, Portneuf Valley Audubon Society, Snake River Audubon Society, Idaho
National Laboratory, and Wildlife Forever. Funding for the 2007 fieldwork was provided by
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Division of Migratory Birds, Branch of Bird Conservation), an
Idaho Department of Fish and Game State Wildlife Grant, Portneuf Valley Audubon Society
(PVAS), Snake River Audubon Society (SRAS), and donations from individuals.
Thanks very much to the 2007 field crew (Jake Briggs, Dave Ewaldt, Dianne Parrot, Jereme
Sommers, and Carlos Valeris) for a very successful season. Thanks to USFWS funding allocated
for this purpose, we were able to help bring Carlos here from Venezuela and he was a great
addition to the crew. Special thanks to all of the Camas NWR volunteers who spent many hours
volunteering on the project in 2007, especially including John and Sharon Dollar, Tracey King,
Theresa Mathis, and Jean Seymour. Darren Clark and Cliff Weisse contributed their
identification skills and enthusiasm to help complete the point count surveys. We also wish to
thank all 2005-06 field crew members and volunteers, including Stephanie Eyes, Graham
Fairhurst, Craig Fosdick, Dave Hanson, Deb Hulick, Erin Kiely, Michelle Labbe, Nancy Langer,
Debbie Leick, Chad Merkley, Holly Scherbel, Evonne Schroeder, and Elizabeth Smith, for their
important contributions. Also, we wish to thank the biologists that first met in October of 2004
in order to consider habitat and migratory songbird issues at Camas NWR and who helped to
make this project a reality, including Steve Bouffard, Dave Delehanty, Lauri Hanauska-Brown,
Carl Mitchell, Colleen Moulton, Tim Reynolds, Rex Sallabanks, and Chuck Trost. Several
members of the local Audubon Societies provided much-appreciated support throughout the
project, including Nancy Maxwell and Dave Mead of PVAS and Mark Delwiche and Kit
Struthers of SRAS. Lastly, thanks to Dave Stricklan at BYU-Idaho and numerous students that
assisted with the project. Photos were taken by Jay Carlisle, Rob Larrañaga, and Carlos Valeris.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 7
Figure 1. Map of woodland habitats and mist-net and point count locations at Camas NWR.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 8
Methods
Songbird Mist Netting
We initiated a full-time (constant effort) songbird mist netting project at Camas NWR during
2005 to identify the species composition, abundance, and timing of songbird migration on the
upper Snake River Plain during fall. We established a station consisting of ten standard 12 m x
2.5 m, 32 mm mesh songbird mist nets in deciduous wooded habitats near headquarters at Camas
NWR (Figure 1). Nets were located opportunistically throughout the habitat in areas where bird
movements were concentrated by the vegetation in order to maximize capture efficiency (Ralph
et al. 1993). During 2006 we used the same net locations as used during 2005 and mist netting
occurred from 16 April to June 15 (spring) and 20 July to 15 October. We continued the study
during spring migration 2007 (16 April to 15 June) and this allowed for two full seasons studying
each migration direction (fall of 2005 and 2006 and spring of 2006 and 2007).
Mist netting was conducted daily, except during periods of inclement weather. Nets were
opened at sunrise, and netting continued for approximately 5 hours each morning. The Camas
NWR mist netting station was operated by at least three qualified personnel at all times. Nets
were checked and cleared throughout the morning at 20–40 minute intervals. Captured
songbirds were placed individually in cloth retaining bags and taken promptly to a centralized
banding station for processing; we recorded the net number and capture height (of the five
horizontal panels in each net) for the majority of captures. Each newly-captured bird was first
identified to species and fitted with an individually-numbered standard aluminum leg band
provided by the U.S.G.S. Bird Banding Lab. Subsequently, a series of morphometric
measurements and categorizations were made to determine age, sex, and body condition,
including length of unflattened wing chord, body mass, fat score, muscle score, body molt, and
flight feather molt and wear. Determinations of age and sex were based on Pyle et al. (1997).
Age was determined by degree of skull ossification and plumage, and sex was determined, when
possible, by plumage, wing chord, and indicators of breeding condition (i.e. old brood patch).
We used an electronic balance (accurate to 0.1 grams) for mass determination. Subcutaneous fat
scores were determined based on a classification by Helms and Drury (1960) with modifications
by the Institute for Bird Populations-MAPS Program (DeSante and Burton 1997). Flight feather
molt was determined by examining wing and tail for growing feathers and was classified as
symmetric, adventitious, juvenile, or none. Both body molt and flight feather wear were rated on
a numeric scale. For recaptured individuals, their band number, mass, and body condition (fat
and muscle scores) were recorded upon recapture to estimate daily weight gain or loss, duration
of stopover, and habitat utilization at Camas NWR during stopover.
Point Count Surveys
To further describe migrant landbird communities, we surveyed wooded habitats (deciduous
forests largely composed of cottonwood, willow, Russian Olive, and Box Elder) at Camas NWR,
and at Mud Lake Wildlife Management Area (WMA) and Market Lake WMA. Although habitat
restoration is planned only for Camas NWR, both Mud and Market Lake WMAs serve as
reference sites. To survey migrant landbird communities, we established point count stations at
all three locations. At Camas NWR, we established 10 point count stations throughout the
wooded areas at refuge headquarters. We established four point count stations in wooded areas
at Market Lake and seven at Mud Lake WMAs in 2005. A single point was added at Market

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 9
Lake (for a total of five) in 2006. All point count stations were separated by ≥ 150 m and most
were separated by ≥ 200 m.
We attempted to survey each point at regular (weekly to biweekly) intervals throughout each
season. In spring 2007, point counts were conducted between 19 April and 14 June and thus
coincided with songbird mist netting and banding at Camas NWR. Point counts were 10 minutes
in duration, were initiated within a half-hour of sunrise, and were completed by 11:00 AM
(usually by 9:00 AM). We identified all birds to species when possible, based on visual and/or
auditory criteria, and assigned unidentified species to the most specific category possible (e.g.,
unidentified Empidonax flycatcher). We recorded the estimated distance from the survey point
to each bird and also recorded birds only detected flying over as ‘flyovers’. We surveyed each
point at Camas NWR approximately weekly throughout the spring field season in 2007 whereas
surveys were conducted three times at Market and Mud Lake WMAs – in late April, mid May,
and late May. Thus, in 2007 and all other seasons, survey effort was greater at Camas NWR.
Public Education and Outreach
IBO and Camas NWR pursued public education and outreach in three basic ways, including
group visits to the refuge, community-volunteer programs, and student-involvement programs.
Several groups visited Camas NWR during 2007 to observe banding activities. Group visits
were scheduled so that they did not overlap, and were generally led by IBO crew and/or the
refuge manager who informed group members about the various research and monitoring
activities.
IBO and Camas NWR maintained a volunteer involvement program, which gives members of
the local community the opportunity to assist with field projects. Volunteers assisted with bird
banding, set-up, construction and maintenance of equipment, data recording, and other tasks.
Statistical Analyses
In addition to summarizing capture and count survey data, we performed analyses on stopover
ecology parameters and migration timing. We assigned each species to a breeding status code
based on whether or not they exhibited breeding activity within the wooded oasis at Camas
NWR during the study period (Rimmer and McFarland 2000, Carlisle et al. 2005a,b). Regular
breeders (B) were defined as birds within their normal breeding range that bred at the study site
whereas “pure” migrants (M) were species, within or outside of their breeding range, that
occurred at the site only as migrants or during post-breeding dispersal (Table 1). In general,
species labeled as regular breeders consisted of a mix of breeding individuals and passage
migrants although captures of several species, such as House Wren, American Robin, and Song
Sparrow (see Table 1 for scientific names), seemed to be dominated by locally breeding
individuals. Analyses of stopover ecology and migration timing are limited to pure migrants and
locally breeding species in which passage migrants outnumbered breeding individuals (see
below).
Distinguishing migrants from local breeders. Individuals that were known to be local breeders
(birds in juvenal molt or adults captured with dependent juveniles or in heavy symmetric molt)
were excluded from analyses. Also, we did not analyze stopover parameters and intra-specific
migration timing for two common species, House Wren and American Robin, due to a high

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 10
proportion of local breeders and the difficulty of separating true passage migrants. However,
examination of capture data suggested that captures of five other common species that breed
locally were comprised primarily of passage migrants: Western Wood-pewee, Yellow Warbler,
Black-headed Grosbeak, Lazuli Bunting, and Bullock’s Oriole. In these species, separating local
immatures already molted out of juvenal plumage from the earliest migrating immatures (in late
summer/early fall) can be difficult. Although capture totals for local birds were generally small
in comparison with numbers encountered during migration, the possibility exists that, if non-
migrants are included, data on autumn migration timing may be biased toward earlier in the
season. Thus, in those species, we needed to separate migrants from breeding or locally
dispersing individuals. Following Carlisle et al. (2005b), we plotted numbers of new captures
against date to examine early-season capture patterns in both age classes. After these plots were
examined, a date was chosen before which all captures were considered non-migrants. For
Yellow Warblers, there was a relatively clear pattern of low captures of local individuals early in
the season followed by an increasing pulse of migrants and July 31st was chosen as the beginning
of autumn migration for this species. For the other four species, adults built toward a migration
peak early in the season and thus all new captures were included. This likely resulted in a few
local individuals being included in analyses but the similarity with timing by age comparisons in
southwestern Idaho (Carlisle et al. 2005b) suggest that these did not impact results.
Migration timing. For each species, we examined intra-specific relationships in migration
timing. Mean migration dates for each species, and for each age class within a species (when
discernible), are presented. We used Kolmogorov-Smirnoff tests to examine differences in
migratory timing within species (Zar 1996). We followed Carlisle at el. (2005b) in presenting
means as the measure of central tendency.
Flight-feather molt. We examined the relationship between timing of the pre-basic flight feather
molt and migration timing of age classes for each species (Carlisle et al. 2005b). For this
analysis, we used flight-feather molt data from the present study (proportion of migrating adults
for each species that were exhibiting symmetric flight-feather molt at time of capture), in
combination with molt information in Pyle (1997) and Rohwer et al. (2005), to assign species to
one of several molt strategy categories: pre-migration, suspended, molt-migration, or post-
migration (Kjellen 1994). Among species in this study, only the Red-eyed Vireo (Mulvihill and
Rimmer 1997) is known to utilize a suspended molt strategy – one that begins on the breeding
grounds, is suspended during migration, and completed on the wintering grounds (note that the
Mulvihill and Rimmer 1997 study was based on birds migrating through eastern North America
and, since we captured so few adults in fall migration in this study, we could not confirm this
molt strategy among migrants captured at Camas NWR). Of the 27 other species analyzed for
age differences in migration timing, 17 use a pre-migration strategy (molts entirely before
autumn migration, generally after breeding), five (5) use a molt-migration strategy (begin
migration before molting, interrupt migration to molt at a stopover site, and then continue
migration to the wintering grounds), and five (5) use a post-migration strategy (postpone pre-
basic flight-feather molt until arrival on the wintering grounds; Kjellen 1994, Pyle 1997, Rohwer
et al. 2005). Because molt-migration and post-migration strategies should affect differential
timing of age classes similarly, these groups were combined for comparisons. Then, using
results from the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff tests as described above, we compared between-age

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 11
migration timing in the context of molt strategies to look for a general pattern across the migrant
community in southeastern Idaho.
Stopover behavior and energetics. To evaluate inter- and intra-specific differences in the
behavior exhibited during stopover, we compared the proportion of birds recaptured, stopover
duration, and changes in energetic condition. For species with adequate sample sizes (n ≥ 10),
we computed rates of daily mass change for recaptured birds by subtracting mass at initial
capture from mass at final recapture, dividing by stopover duration, and correcting for time of
day (Cherry 1982). We estimated minimum stopover duration by subtracting the initial capture
date from the final recapture date (Cherry 1982), a conservative but widely used estimate of the
time migrants spend at stopover sites. We used t-tests to compare stopover duration, total mass
change, and rates of mass change per day across years and by age (Zar 1996). In order to assess
possible seasonal differences in energetic condition, we used t-tests to compare initial energetic
condition (at first capture) between seasons and years for six species with dramatic differences in
abundance between spring and fall (Hammond’s Flycatcher, Hermit and Swainson’s thrushes,
Orange-crowned and Wilson’s warblers, and Western Tanager).
Because mass change of recaptured birds may not be representative of the entire migrant
population (Winker et al. 1992) and in order to increase the number of species that we could
assess for energetic condition, we also used a regression of energetic condition on time since
sunrise for all birds captured (Winker 1995). We defined energetic condition as the residuals
from individuals’ mass controlling for body size (wing chord). Following Carlisle et al. (2005a),
we generated residuals from a regression of mass on wing chord for each species and we then
regressed these residuals against time since sunrise to examine rates of diurnal change in
energetic condition for all species with at least 20 individuals captured, excluding recaptures.
We compared mass gain estimates from recapture data and regression models to determine if the
two methods were consistent in assessing whether migrants were gaining or losing mass (Winker
et al. 1992). To examine possible differences among years, we compared annual variation in
stopover duration and mass changes among recaptured birds for species with at least 5 recaptures
in each year.
We considered results statistically significant when P ≤ 0.05.
One potentially important note is that there is an irrigation ditch that runs by net numbers 8, 9,
and 10 and usually has water. During fall 2006, this ditch ran dry, due to an equipment
malfunction and repairs, for over two weeks in late August and early September. We can not say
with certainty whether or not this affected capture rates but personal observation suggests that
this may have impacted capture rates of certain species, including Northern Waterthrush and
some sparrows. Nevertheless, whereas we did not catch another waterthrush after the ditch ran
dry, this time period is near the end of their fall passage season and we also did not detect any
others in areas that did retain water. Also, we captured far more sparrows in 2006 than 2005;
thus, if this dried ditch did dampen capture rates, its effect was dwarfed by the huge numbers of
sparrows present in 2006. Thus, we note this for the record but we remain unsure what impact, if
any, this change had.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 12
Results
2007 Data.
Songbird Mist Netting
Spring 2007 was our 2nd season of spring migration monitoring at Camas NWR. During spring
2007, we operated mist nets on 60 different days (16 April–15 June) for a total of 2,868.5 mist
net hours. We captured 1,891 birds of 56 different species for an overall capture rate of 0.66
birds/mist net hour. This capture rate is lower than the spring 2006 capture rate (0.90 birds/mist
net hour) and the species richness was the lowest of the four seasons (two spring and two
autumn) in this study. This effort is IBO’s first quantitative investigation of spring landbird
migration patterns in Idaho; there are no comparable data in the state and few similarly intensive
studies of spring migration in the West. The ten most frequently captured species during spring
2007 included Hermit Thrush (376), Wilson’s Warbler (257), Swainson’s Thrush (191),
MacGillivray’s Warbler (142), Dusky Flycatcher (137), Yellow Warbler (86), Ruby-crowned
Kinglet (79), American Robin (73), Willow Flycatcher (73), and Western Tanager (59).
Camas NWR has a reputation among birders for attracting rarities and this is likely a reflection
of the isolated nature of the refuge, which acts as a riparian oasis (surrounded by high desert and
agriculture) that concentrates migrants passing through the area. Rare/unusual species captured
in spring 2007 included Wood Thrush (1), Virginia’s Warbler (1), Magnolia Warbler (1), Black-
and-White Warbler (1), and Ovenbird (1). In addition to birds actually captured in nets, we also
had several interesting sightings during our songbird monitoring efforts (point counts and general
observations), including Brown Thrasher (3), Northern Parula (2), Harris’s Sparrow (1), and
Golden-crowned Sparrow (1).
Point Count Surveys (75 m radius).
During spring 2007, we detected 1,626 individuals of 65 species at Camas NWR, 718 individuals
of 50 species at Mud Lake WMA, and 285 individuals of 36 species at Market Lake WMA (note
that the greater detections at Camas NWR is mostly explained by greater survey effort). The ten
Hamer, ID schoolchildren preparing to
release a Hermit Thrush; May 11, 2007.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 13
most abundantly detected species at Camas NWR in spring 2007 were (in descending order):
European Starling, American Robin, Mourning Dove, Yellow Warbler, Brewer’s Blackbird,
Bullock’s Oriole, Western Kingbird, Black-billed Magpie, Brown-headed Cowbird, and
American Kestrel. With few exceptions (including Yellow-headed Blackbirds occurring more
commonly at Market Lake and both Tree Swallows and American Goldfinch occurring
commonly at Mud Lake), this list matches the most commonly detected species at the state
WMAs. Only two species, American Robin and Yellow Warbler, were among both the top ten
species most commonly captured in mist nets and the top ten species most commonly detected
during point counts at Camas NWR during spring 2007. More details of 2005-07 point count
survey results can be found in the following section (see page 33) and in Appendix 6.
2005-07 Analyses.
Migration Timing.
Peak migration timing for all species combined occurred between early August and late
September during fall migration and mid-May to early June during spring migration (Figures 2,
3; Table 1). Many species showed age differences in migration timing; in particular 17 species
during fall and 10 species during spring showed significant differences between age groups.
Differences in fall migration timing varied among species and were largely driven by adult molt
strategy (Table 2). Among species that showed significant timing differences between age
groups, adults migrated earlier in all seven species in which adults are known to molt away from
the breeding grounds. On the other hand, in nine of the 10 species with adults that molt on or
near the breeding grounds, immatures migrated earlier than adults. The one exception occurred
in the Chipping Sparrow, a species that may have a more complex molt strategy than currently
recognized (see note in Table 2). In particular, it’s possible that adults in certain populations of
this species may actually initiate fall migration prior to molting flight feathers (Carlisle et al.
2005b; P. Pyle and S. Rohwer, pers. comm.). It’s likely that our Chipping Sparrow captures at
Camas NWR represented a mix of early migrating adults (prior to molting) and later migrating
adults (completing or having completed molt). During spring migration, age differences in
timing were driven by the earlier migration timing of after-second-year birds (Table 3).
Though age ratios in this study generally fit expected patterns of more immature than adult birds
during fall, there were several species with proportions of immature birds under 50%, including
Warbling Vireo, Western Tanager, and Lazuli Bunting (Table 2). This may suggest low
reproductive success in the population migrating past Camas NWR and/or that, in these species,
adults and immatures may take different routes in fall and that a higher proportion of adults in
these species were migrating past Camas NWR. Whereas fall age ratios were mostly between
60-80% in favor of immature birds (Table 2), many ratios of second-year (SY) to after-second-
year (ASY) birds in spring ranged between 50-70% (Table 3) and this may reflect differential
over-winter survival of younger birds and/or the potential for an age differential in spring
migration routes. One notable difference in spring age ratios occurred between Swainson’s
(36.8% SY) and Hermit Thrushes (66.0% SY; Table 3). Given that the same criteria are used to
age these two species (retained greater coverts with buffy spots, shape and length of primary 10,
and rectrix shape; Pyle 1997), it’s unlikely that human error caused the difference in age ratios.
Thus, it’s unclear why these two species, both of which are much more common at Camas NWR
during spring than fall, would have such drastically different age ratios in spring.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 14
Figure 2. Fall migration timing (all species combined) at Camas NWR, Idaho; 20 July – 15
October.
Julian Date
200 220 240 260 280
Daily Capture Rate
0
50
100
150
200 2005
2006
19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep 7 Oct
Date: Julian and Calendar

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 15
Figure 3. Spring migration timing (all species combined) at Camas NWR, Idaho; 16 April – 15
June.
Date
Julian & Calendar
110 120 130 140 150 160
Daily Capture Totals
0
50
100
150
200
2006
2007
20 Apr 10 May 30 May 9 June
Date: Julian and Calendar

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 16
Table 1. Breeding status, relative abundance, and migration timing by season for all species captured during spring and fall migration
at Camas NWR, Idaho. Mean dates ± 1 SD shown only for species with n ≥ 5 in a season; individual occurrence dates shown for
species with n < 5. Species shown in bold italics are rare in Idaho and listed as review species by the Idaho Bird Records Committee.
spring fall
Species Scientific Name Status§ Mean ± 1 SD n Mean ± 1 SD n
Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus M 18 Apr 1 28 Sep 16 Sep-10 Oct 30
American Kestrel Falco sparverius B 15 May; 11 Jun 2 6 Aug 1
Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria M -- -- 27 Jul 1
Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura B 17 May 28 Apr-5 Jun 10 28 Jul 21 Jul-5 Aug 8
Long-eared Owl Asio otus B -- -- 16 Sep 1
Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus M 4 Jun 1 -- --
Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus M -- -- 5 Aug 27 Jul-14 Aug 23
Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope M 22, 28 May 2 1 Aug 22 Jul-10Aug 8
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus B 14 May 1 21 Aug 21 Jul-22 Sep 15
Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis M 14 May 4-24 May 7 17 Sep 10-24 Sep 8
Williamson’s Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus M -- -- 28 Jul 1
Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens B 16 (2), 19 Apr; 3 Jun 4 1 Sep 3 Aug-30 Sep 9
Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus M 16 Apr 1 -- --
Western Wood-pewee Contopus sordidulus B 6 June 30 May-13 Jun 79 22 Aug 10 Aug-3 Sep 68
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi M 22, 24, 30 May; 7 Jun 4 8 Aug 1
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri M 22 May 13-31 May 242 30 Aug 14 Aug-15 Sep 111
Hammond’s Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii M 25 May 19-31 May 33 6 Sep 26 Aug-17 Sep 201
Western Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis spp‡ M 6 Jun 30 May-13 Jun 30 17 Aug 5-29 Aug 30
Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii M 5 Jun 31 May-10 Jun 142 18 Aug 6-30 Aug 108
Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii M 19 May; 11 Jun 2 6 Sep 1
Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus M 15, 22, 23 May; 13 Jun 4 27 Jul; 16 Sep 2
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus B 2 Jun 24 May-11 Jun 7 5 Aug 25 Jul-16 Aug 11
Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis B 9 Jun 1 19 Aug 1
Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus B -- -- 9, 24, 25 Aug 3
Cassin’s Vireo Vireo cassinii M 22 May 10 May-3 Jun 6 4 Sep 22 Aug-17 Sep 57
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus M 5 Jun 1-9 Jun 6 31 Aug 21 Aug-10 Sep 17
Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus B 29 May 22 May-5 Jun 103 17 Aug 28 Jul – 6 Sep 166

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 17
Table 1 continued spring fall
Species Scientific Name Status§ Mean ± 1 SD n Mean ± 1 SD n
Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia B 20 (2), 26 Apr 3 17 Sep 28 Aug - 7 Oct 11
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica B -- -- 24 Jul 1
Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor B 30 May; 1, 4 Jun 3 -- --
Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapilla B -- -- 30 Jul 21 Jul - 8 Aug 5
Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli M 1 May 1 11 Oct 6-15 Oct 10
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis M 12 May 6-18 May 20 22 Sep 7 Sep-6 Oct 9
Brown Creeper Certhia americana M 6 May 24 Apr-18 May 7 9 Oct 1-15 Oct 5
House Wren Troglodytes aedon B 18 May 9-27 May 57 7 Aug 20 Jul-25 Aug 112
Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes M -- -- 14, 15, 25, 28 Sep 4
Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus M 6 May 1 5 Sep 1
Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris B -- -- 11, 16 (2), 20 Aug 4
Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa M 15 May 1 6 Oct 28 Sep-14 Oct 11
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula M 5 May 26 Apr-14 May 299 28 Sep 18 Sep-8 Oct 933
Townsend’s Solitaire Myadestes townsendi M 26 Apr 20 Apr-2 May 27 25 Sep 15 Sep -5 Oct 5
Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus M 31 May 24 May-7 Jun 309 11 Sep 28 Aug-25 Sep 21
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus M 14 May 6-22 May 724 26 Sep 16 Sep-6 Oct 360
Veery Catharus fuscescens M 26 May 18 May-3 Jun 8 17 Aug; 5, 11, 17 Sep 4
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina M 19 May 1 -- --
American Robin Turdus migratorius B 8 May 20 Apr-26 May 169 19 Aug 18 Jul - 20 Sep 75
Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis M 28 May 21 May-4 Jun 52 6 Sep 25 Aug-18 Sep 23
Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus M -- -- 19, 27 Aug 2
European Starling Sturnus vulgaris B 3 May 17 Apr-19 May 39 26 Jul 1
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum M 25 May 15 May-4 June 15 30 Sep (3) 3
Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla M 9 (2), 11, 16 May 4 28 Aug 13 Aug-12 Sep 30
Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata M 14 May 7-21 May 40 13 Sep 31 Aug-26 Sep 552
Virginia’s Warbler Vermivora virginiae M 18 May, 10 Jun 2 16 Aug 1
Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina M -- -- 25 Aug, 30 Sep, 6 Oct 3
Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia B 24 May 18-30 May 183 15 Aug 1-29 Aug 288
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata M 11 May 2-20 May 117 26 Sep 17 Sep - 5 Oct 132
Townsend’s Warbler Dendroica townsendi M 28, 29 (2) May 3 26 Aug 8 Aug-13 Sep 28
Black-throated Gray Warbler Dendroica nigrescens M 23, 24 May 2 -- --

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 18
Table 1 continued spring fall
Species Scientific Name Status§ Mean ± 1 SD n Mean ± 1 SD n
Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata M -- -- 12 Sep 1
Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica M -- -- 22 Aug; 4, 7, 10 Sep 4
Magnolia Warbler Dendroica magnolia M 18 May 1 -- --
Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens M -- -- 11 Sep 1
Black-and-White Warbler Mniotilta varia M 20 May 1 20, 26 Sep 2
MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei M 25 May 16 May-3 Jun 276 30 Aug 18 Aug-11 Sep 562
Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis M -- -- 30 Aug; 14 Sep 2
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla M 24 May 7-31 May 540 2 Sep 16 Aug-19 Sep 3679
Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis M 16 May 12-20 May 19 19 Aug 10-28 Aug 32
Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus M 22 May 14-30 May 5 12 Aug 1
Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas M 21 May 8 May-3 Jun 17 5 Sep 17 Aug-24 Sep 11
Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens M 25 May 19-31 May 9 7 Sep 1
American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla M 8, 13 Jun 2 23 Aug 15 - 31 Aug 18
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana M 30 May 24 May-5 Jun 260 20 Aug 31 Jul-9 Sep 104
Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo chlorurus M 15, 17, 21 May 3 2, 13, 23 Sep 3
Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus M 2, 22 May 2 27 Sep 1
Brewer’s Sparrow Spizella breweri M 3 Jun 1 21 Aug 15-27 Aug 110
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina M 25 May 20 - 30 May 5 19 Aug 6 Aug-1 Sep 243
Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida M -- -- 14 Aug 1
Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus M -- -- 28 Jul, 4 Aug 2
Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis M -- -- 19 Sep 1
Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus M -- -- 25 Aug 1
Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii M 12 May 1-23 May 37 9 Sep 31 Aug-19 Sep 74
Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia B 24 May 7 May-10 Jun 11 26 Aug 28 Jul-24 Sep 35
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis M 25 Apr 18 Apr-2 May 31 27 Sep 16 Sep-8 Oct 293
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys M 7 May 25 Apr-19 May 49 12 Sep 3-21 Sep 200
White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis M 4 May 1 25, 27 Sep 2
Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus B 28 May 21 May-4 Jun 28 3 Aug 22 Jul - 15 Aug 55
Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus M -- -- 28, 30 Aug; 8 Sep 3
Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena B 31 May 22 May-9 Jun 30 4 Aug 21 Jul-18 Aug 78
Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta B 5 May 1 -- --

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 19
Table 1 continued spring fall
Species Scientific Name Status§ Mean ± 1 SD n Mean ± 1 SD n
Yellow-headed Blackbird
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus B 2 June 22 May-13 Jun 6 -- --
Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus B 4 May 29 Apr-9 May 6 25 Jul 1
Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula M 5, 29 (2) May 3 -- --
Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater B 23 May 12 May-3 Jun 25 21, 26 Jul; 12 Aug 3
Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus B 26 May 16 May-5 Jun 9 26 Jul 1
Bullock’s Oriole Icterus bullockii B 25 May 16 May-3 Jun 29 28 Jul 20 Jul - 5 Aug 43
House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus B 21 May 1 17 Aug 10-24 Aug 6
American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis B 25 May 12 May - 7 Jun 29 10 Aug 21 Jul - 29 Aug 42
Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus M -- -- 11 Aug 1
House Sparrow Passer domesticus B 27, 28 Apr; 25 May 3 14 Oct 1
§ Breeding status (see text): B = regular breeder, M = migrant.
‡ Includes both Pacific-slope (Empidonax difficilis) and Cordilleran Flycatchers (Empidonax occidentalis).
Carlos Valeris bands a
Northern Flicker while Jereme
Sommers records data.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 20
Table 2. Breeding status, flight-feather (FF) molt strategy, age ratios, and migration timing by age classes for migrants (n ≥10)
captured during fall migration 2005 and 2006 at Camas NWR, Idaho. Only species with five or more individuals (n ≥ 5) for both age
groups were analyzed for among-age timing differences. Adult flight-feather molt strategy assignments from Pyle et al. (1997),
Mulvihill and Rimmer (1997), Rohwer et al. (2005), and present study; MM = molt-migration and Susp = suspended molt. An
asterisk (*, P < 0.05) or double asterisk (**, P < 0.01) is placed by the age class that migrates significantly earlier.
Molt Adults in Hatch-year adults immatures
Species Status Strategy FF molt (%) birds (%) Mean date (n) Mean date (n)
Rufous Hummingbird M Post 0.0 78.3 4 Aug (5) 5 Aug (18)
Western Wood-pewee B Post 0.0 78.5 8 Aug** (14) 26 Aug (51)
Dusky Flycatcher M Post 0.0 80.2 10 Aug** (22) 4 Sep (89)
Hammond’s Flycatcher M Pre 19.4 81.8 11 Sep (36) 4 Sep** (162)
Western Flycatcher M Post 0.0 60.0 5 Aug** (12) 25 Aug (18)
Willow Flycatcher M Post 0.0 56.6 10 Aug** (46) 25 Aug (60)
Cassin’s Vireo 1 M Pre 10.0 64.9 7 Sep (20) 3 Sep (37)
Red-eyed Vireo M Susp 0.0 70.6 2 Sep (5) 30 Aug (12)
Warbling Vireo M MM 1.0 38.8 5 Aug** (101) 6 Sep (64)
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 2 M Pre 0.0 62.2 21 Sep (167) 19 Sep** (275)
Hermit Thrush M Pre 1.1 73.6 27 Sep (94) 25 Sep* (262)
Gray Catbird M Pre 0.0 56.5 11 Sep (10) 2 Sep (13)
Nashville Warbler M Pre 12.5 66.7 6 Sep (10) 23 Aug (20)
Orange-crowned Warbler M Pre 0.9 56.0 17 Sep (240) 9 Sep** (305)
Yellow Warbler 3 B Pre 19.7 73.3 26 Aug (65) 16 Aug** (178)
Yellow-rumped Warbler M Pre 0.0 86.4 26 Sep (18) 26 Sep (114)
MacGillivray’s Warbler M Pre 1.5 62.5 7 Sep (209) 25 Aug** (334)
Wilson’s Warbler M Pre 0.3 66.7 8 Sep (1222) 30 Aug** (2443)
Northern Waterthrush M Pre 16.7 81.3 26 Aug (6) 18 Aug (26)
Western Tanager M MM 13.0 47.6 3 Aug** (54) 8 Sep (49)
Brewer’s Sparrow M Pre 83.3 4 94.5 21 Aug (6) 21 Aug (103)
Chipping Sparrow M Pre 5 24.4 5 83.1 6 Aug** (41) 22 Aug (201)
Lincoln’s Sparrow M Pre 9.1 83.6 10 Sep (12) 10 Sep (61)
Dark-eyed Junco M Pre 0.0 90.7 29 Sep (26) 27 Sep* (255)
White-crowned Sparrow M Pre 0.0 74.4 16 Sep (51) 11 Sep** (148)

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 21
Table 2 continued Molt Adults in Hatch-year adults immatures
Species Status Strategy FF molt (%) birds (%) Mean date (n) Mean date (n)
Black-headed Grosbeak B MM 0.0 55.3 30 Jul (20) 8 Aug (26)
Lazuli Bunting B MM 1.7 21.3 29 Jul** (59) 23 Aug (16)
Bullock’s Oriole B MM 0.0 80.5 23 Jul (8) 29 Jul (33)
1 If two adults that were captured very early in the season in heavy symmetric molt (suggesting they were engaged in post-
breeding dispersal for molting purposes) are excluded from analyses, adult migration timing changes to 12 Sep.
2 Due to early skull ossification in kinglets and the difficulty of ageing late season kinglets, this analysis only includes data up
to and including September 30 and thus presented for age comparison purposes only.
3 Because Yellow Warblers breed at the study site, choosing a date to consider the start of fall migration is challenging.
However, most adult birds captured in July were exhibiting symmetric flight feather molt and most hatching-year birds in the
same time period had low fat stores and extensive body molt. Thus, we chose July 31st as the beginning of fall migration for
this species. This choice excluded 14 adults and 21 hatching-year birds from analyses and did not impact migration timing
differences between immatures and adults.
4 May suggest that the adults captured were molting birds that bred in the surrounding sagebrush uplands as opposed to passage
migrants.
5 The combination of the early migration timing for adults and that the 10 molting adults tended to be slightly later on average
than non-molting adults might suggest that many adults in this region are dispersing some distance and/or migrating before
beginning flight-feather molt (a possibility raised by Carlisle et al. 2005b).

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 22
Table 3. Breeding status, age ratios, and migration timing by age classes for migrants (n ≥ 10) captured during spring migration 2006
and 2007 at Camas NWR, Idaho. Only species with five or more individuals (n ≥ 5) confidently assigned to both age groups (second-
year, SY, and after-second-year, ASY) were analyzed for among-age timing differences. An asterisk (*, P < 0.05) or double asterisk
(**, P < 0.01) is placed by the age class that migrates significantly earlier.
Percent aged Second-year ASY SY
Species Status to SY or ASY (%) birds (%) Mean date (n) Mean date (n)
Western Wood-pewee B 60.8 43.8 7 June (27) 9 June (21)
Dusky Flycatcher M 79.6 52.4 19 May** (91) 25 May (100)
Hammond’s Flycatcher M 54.5 72.2 20 May (5) 26 May (13)
Western Flycatcher M 86.7 61.5 29 May** (10) 11 June (16)
Willow Flycatcher M 75.2 § 79.2 5 June § (22) 5 June (84)
Ruby-crowned Kinglet M 74.9 48.2 2 May** (116) 10 May (108)
Swainson’s Thrush M 92.2 36.8 29 May** (180) 2 June (105)
Hermit Thrush M 94.6 66.0 12 May** (233) 15 May (452)
Townsend’s Solitaire M 96.3 57.7 25 Apr (11) 27 Apr (15)
Gray Catbird M 98.1 60.8 25 May (20) 30 May (31)
Orange-crowned Warbler M 77.5 54.8 11 May (14) 16 May (17)
Yellow Warbler B 74.3 64.0 20 May* (49) 25 May (87)
Yellow-rumped Warbler M 84.6 86.4 8 May** (40) 15 May (59)
MacGillivray’s Warbler M 49.6 62.5 20 May* (47) 26 May (89)
Wilson’s Warbler M 54.1 40.1 21 May** (175) 25 May (117)
Western Tanager M 97.3 42.2 28 May** (145) 2 June (106)
Black-headed Grosbeak B 92.9 38.5 28 May (16) 28 May (10)
Lazuli Bunting B 100 58.6 31 May (12) 31 May (17)
Bullock’s Oriole B 93.1 55.6 23 May (12) 26 May (15)
§ We found that ageing in Willow Flycatchers was more difficult than in other Empidonax due to eccentric molts (Pyle et al.
1997; Pyle 1998) and whereas assigning a bird to second-year (SY) is relatively straightforward, assigning a bird to ASY with
certainty is more difficult. Therefore, given age-related timing patterns seen in the other Empidonax and the fact that birds assigned as
after-hatch-year (adult of uncertain age) averaged 2 June, it’s possible that most or all Willow Flycatchers not confidently assigned to
ASY or SY were ASY birds and that ASY Willow Flycatchers migrate in spring slightly earlier than SY.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 23
Stopover Ecology.
We present stopover data for all species with ≥ five recaptures in spring and/or fall (Table 4) and
examine patterns by year, age, and sex for species with ≥ five recaptures in each category.
Stopover data presented include recapture proportion (the % of individuals banded that were
recaptured one or more days after initial capture), stopover duration in days from first to last
capture, mass change from first to last capture, and the rate of mass change per day.
Of 11 species with sufficient sample sizes in fall migration, seven showed clear mass gains
whereas four showed only minor gains or losses (Table 4). During spring migration, eight
species showed appreciable mass gains whereas two species lost mass (Table 4). The two
species that exhibited mass losses in spring (Swainson’s Thrush and Western Tanager) are
markedly more abundant at the site during spring (Table 1) and we have no comparable stopover
data from fall. There were six species with comparable data between fall and spring migration
(Dusky Flycatcher; Ruby-crowned Kinglet; Hermit Thrush; and Yellow, MacGillivray’s, and
Wilson’s warblers) and all six showed relatively similar stopover data between seasons.
However, there was a pattern of greater recapture proportions, longer stopover duration, and
greater mass change in fall than spring; exceptions included Ruby-crowned Kinglet (remarkably
similar in all parameters between seasons), MacGillivray’s Warbler (slightly longer stopover
duration in spring), and Wilson’s Warbler (shorter duration but greater mass gain in spring).
We examined differences between age and sex categories as well as by year within season (i.e.
fall 2005 vs. fall 2006). All species with sufficient sample sizes (including Ruby-crowned
Kinglet, and MacGillivray’s and Wilson’s warblers in both seasons and Orange-crowned and
Yellow warblers in fall) showed no significant differences between males and females in
stopover parameters (data not shown). There were few differences between years, especially
during spring migration where patterns were remarkably similar in 2006 and 2007 (Table 5).
During fall, several species showed greater mass gain in 2005 than 2006. We found relatively
few age differences in stopover parameters and the significant differences were mixed in that,
during fall, adult Warbling Vireos and Orange-crowned Warblers exhibited greater mass gains
than immatures whereas immature Wilson’s Warblers gained more mass than adults (Table 6).
During spring, there were no significant (P < 0.05) differences but the few marginally significant
(P < 0.10) differences showed that second-year (one year old) Swainson’s Thrushes and Western
Tanagers performed better than after-second-years (≥ two years old) whereas after-second-year
Wilson’s Warblers gained more mass than second-years (Table 6).
In order to increase the number of species for which we were able to assess changes in energetic
condition during stopover at Camas NWR, we use regression of energetic condition (residuals of
mass ÷ wing) against time since sunrise (e.g. Dunn 2001, Carlisle et al. 2005a; Table 7). Of 29
species with sufficient data during fall migration, 23 showed mass increases (eight were
significant) whereas six species exhibited mass loss (none significant). Likewise in spring, 20 of
23 species showed mass gains and the eight species with significant patterns all showed mass
gains. In general, the mass changes shown via regression matched those shown in recapture data
(Table 4) and the only species to exhibit mass losses in regression data were those with small n
(all < 60 except for Chipping Sparrows in fall; Table 7) and no comparable recapture data. The
most glaring exception is that though both Swainson’s Thrush and Western Tanager showed
mass losses among recaptured birds, regression data suggested mass gain across all captured

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 24
birds. This may suggest that stopover at this site during spring is not a successful strategy in
these species and/or that the individuals stopping over were not representative of the population
as a whole (e.g. Winker et al. 1992). However, many of the individuals in these species stopping
over at Camas NWR did so during inclement spring weather, suggesting that stopover may have
been more challenging during this time. The fact that recaptured Swainson’s Thrushes fared
worse in spring 2006 (more inclement weather events) than 2007 (Table 5) supports the idea that
weather may have impacted stopover success in this species.
We also examined differences in energetic condition (at first capture) by season for several
species that showed dramatic differences in abundance between spring and fall migration,
including three species more numerous in spring (Hermit and Swainson’s thrushes and Western
Tanager) and three species more numerous in fall (Hammond’s Flycatcher and Orange-crowned
and Wilson’s warblers; Table 8). Both thrushes and Western Tanagers exhibited higher
energetic condition in fall than spring whereas Orange-crowned and Wilson’s warblers showed
slightly higher condition in spring than fall (Table 8). There was also some variation between
fall and spring seasons such that the thrushes were in better condition in fall 2005 than fall 2006,
Orange-crowned and Wilson’s warblers were in better condition in spring 2006 than spring 2007,
and Western Tanagers were in better condition in spring 2007 than spring 2006.
In summary, though there was some variability within species and between seasons and years,
most species with adeqate sample sizes showed a propensity for utilizing the woodlands at
Camas NWR for stopover and an ability to gain mass during stopover.
Field assistant Chad Merkley
demonstrating bird banding to an
Elderhostel Friends for Learning Group;
10-6-06.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 25
Table 4. Stopover ecology data for migrants at Camas NWR with ≥ 5 recaptures in a particular
season; 2005-2007. Minimum stopover duration is the number of days elapsed between first and
last capture, and mass change reflects the total change in mass of this time interval. Values are
mean ± SE with sample size (n) in parentheses. Scientific names for all species are provided in
Table 1.
recapture stopover mass change mass change/day
Species proportion duration (grams) (grams/day)
FALL MIGRATION (2005 AND 2006)
Dusky Flycatcher 9.9 (111) 3.64 ± 0.70 (11) 0.47 ± 0.23 (10) 0.04 ± 0.07 (10)
Hammond’s Flycatcher 7.0 (200) 2.07 ± 0.27 (14) 0.24 ± 0.21 (14) 0.07 ± 0.09 (14)
Warbling Vireo 9.6 (166) 2.31 ± 0.35 (16) -0.06 ± 0.14 (16) 0.06 ± 0.08 (16)
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 10.2 (926) 2.18 ± 0.15 (94) 0.09 ± 0.04 (92) 0.01 ± 0.02 (92)
Hermit Thrush 12.8 (358) 3.09 ± 0.41 (46) 0.50 ± 0.17 (45) 0.11 ± 0.07 (45)
Orange-crowned Warbler 3.5 (548) 1.84 ± 0.31 (19) 0.32 ± 0.15 (18) 0.10 ± 0.05 (18)
Yellow Warbler§ 10.6 (236) 2.68 ± 0.31 (25) 0.07 ± 0.11 (24) 0.02 ± 0.04 (24)
Northern Waterthrush 43.8 (32) 2.86 ± 0.49 (14) 0.68 ± 0.28 (14) 0.32 ± 0.11 (14)
MacGillivray’s Warbler 15.8 (545) 2.90 ± 0.22 (86) 0.54 ± 0.08 (85) 0.17 ± 0.03 (85)
Wilson’s Warbler 8.4 (3652) 2.03 ± 0.09 (305) 0.17 ± 0.02 (301) 0.06 ± 0.01 (301)
Dark-eyed Junco 6.7 (283) 4.58 ± 1.02 (19) 0.16 ± 0.19 (19) -0.09 ± 0.09 (19)
fall range 3.5 – 43.8 1.84 – 4.58 -0.06 – 0.68 -0.09 – 0.32
SPRING MIGRATION (2006 AND 2007)
Dusky Flycatcher 3.8 (238) 1.67 ± 0.29 (9) 0.08 ± 0.13 (9) 0.06 ± 0.07 (9)
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 8.5 (295) 2.20 ± 0.32 (25) 0.13 ± 0.04 (25) 0.10 ± 0.02 (25)
Townsend’s Solitaire 44.4 (27) 5.83 ± 1.02 (12) 0.99 ± 0.77 (12) 0.00 ± 0.23 (12)
Hermit Thrush 2.5 (713) 2.17 ± 0.33 (18) 0.28 ± 0.13 (18) 0.09 ± 0.09 (18)
Swainson’s Thrush 7.0 (315) 1.86 ± 0.26 (22) -0.34 ± 0.25 (22) -0.28 ± 0.21 (22)
Gray Catbird 13.5 (52) 2.57 ± 0.78 (7) 0.53 ± 0.56 (7) 0.16 ± 0.35 (7)
Yellow Warbler§ 7.3 (177) 2.23 ± 0.52 (13) 0.14 ± 0.09 (12) 0.04 ± 0.07 (12)
MacGillivray’s Warbler 9.0 (274) 3.33 ± 0.87 (24) 0.60 ± 0.15 (23) 0.30 ± 0.07 (23)
Wilson’s Warbler 10.2 (531) 1.57 ± 0.15 (54) 0.29 ± 0.04 (53) 0.20 ± 0.03 (53)
Western Tanager 6.6 (257) 2.00 ± 0.42 (17) -0.29 ± 0.35 (17) -0.37 ± 0.23 (17)
spring range 2.5 – 44.4 1.57 – 5.83 -0.34 – 0.99 -0.37 – 0.30
§ Although known breeding individuals were removed from analyses, because captures of
this species represent both passage migrants and local breeders, it’s possible that stopover
parameters (particularly mass changes) might be influenced by the unintentional inclusion of
local breeders in stopover analyses.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 26
Table 5. Annual comparison of stopover ecology data for migrants at Camas NWR with ≥ 5 recaptures in each season/year
combination; 2005-2007. Minimum stopover duration is the number of days elapsed between first and last capture, and mass change
reflects the total change in mass of this time interval. Values are mean ± SE with sample size (n) in parentheses. Scientific names for
all species are provided in Table 1. Asterisks indicate the level of significance such that * = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.001 and marginally
significant differences (P < 0.10) are indicated by the symbol §.
.
FALL MIGRATION 2005 2006
stopover mass change stopover mass change
duration (n) change per day duration (n) change per day
Hammond’s Flycatcher 2.00 ± 0.27 (8) 0.25 ± 0.34 0.12 ± 0.14 2.17 ± 0.54 (6) 0.23 ± 0.24 -0.003 ± 0.13
Warbling Vireo 1.50 ± 0.22 (6) 0.39 ± 0.19* 0.29 ± 0.17* 2.80 ± 0.49 (10)* -0.34 ± 0.14 -0.08 ± 0.04
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 2.20 ± 0.23 (44) 0.15 ± 0.07 0.02 ± 0.03 2.16 ± 0.18 (50) 0.04 ± 0.05 0.00 ± 0.02
Hermit Thrush 2.89 ± 0.76 (18) 0.68 ± 0.27 0.19 ± 0.15 3.21 ± 0.48 (28) 0.39 ± 0.22 0.05 ± 0.06
Orange-crowned Warbler 2.15 ± 0.42 (13) 0.57 ± 0.18* 0.21 ± 0.04** 1.17 ± 0.17 (6) -0.16 ± 0.08 -0.13 ± 0.06
Yellow Warbler 3.00 ± 0.44 (12) -0.004 ± 0.14 -0.02 ± 0.06 2.38 ± 0.43 (13) 0.12 ± 0.18 0.06 ± 0.06
MacGillivray’s Warbler 2.90 ± 0.32 (50) 0.45 ± 0.10 0.14 ± 0.04 2.89 ± 0.30 (36) 0.66 ± 0.13 0.20 ± 0.04
Wilson’s Warbler 2.18 ± 0.12 (203)* 0.22 ± 0.03** 0.08 ± 0.01** 1.72 ± 0.10 (102) 0.06 ± 0.04 0.01 ± 0.02
Dark-eyed Junco 7.14 ± 2.39 (7) 0.44 ± 0.44 -0.11 ± 0.16 3.08 ± 0.58 (12) -0.001 ± 0.17 -0.09 ± 0.12
SPRING MIGRATION 2006 2007
stopover mass change stopover mass change
duration (n) change per day duration (n) change per day
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 2.50 ± 0.37 (20) 0.13 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.00 (5)§ 0.17 ± 0.06 0.17 ± 0.06
Hermit Thrush 2.08 ± 0.42 (12) 0.32 ± 0.17 0.12 ± 0.13 2.33 ± 0.56 (6) 0.19 ± 0.23 0.02 ± 0.12
Swainson’s Thrush 2.46 ± 0.43 (11) -0.63 ± 0.45 -0.55 ± 0.36 1.27 ± 0.14 (11) -0.05 ± 0.22 -0.01 ± 0.21
MacGillivray’s Warbler 3.00 ± 0.99 (14) 0.50 ± 0.12 0.30 ± 0.08 3.80 ± 1.62 (10) 0.76 ± 0.34 0.29 ± 0.14
Wilson’s Warbler 1.37 ± 0.14 (27) 0.35 ± 0.07 0.24 ± 0.04 1.78 ± 0.26 (27) 0.24 ± 0.06 0.15 ± 0.04

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 27
Table 6. Age comparison of stopover ecology data by season for migrants at Camas NWR with ≥ 5 recaptures in each age class;
2005-2007. Minimum stopover duration is the number of days elapsed between first and last capture, and mass change reflects the
total change in mass of this time interval. Values are mean ± SE with sample size (n) in parentheses. Scientific names for all species
are provided in Table 1. Significantly greater values indicated by asterisks such that * = P < 0.05, and ** = P < 0.001 and marginally
significant differences (P < 0.10) are indicated by the symbol §.
FALL MIGRATION HATCH-YEAR AFTER-HATCH-YEAR
stopover mass change stopover mass change
duration (n) change per day duration (n) change per day
Warbling Vireo 3.13 ± 0.55 (8)* -0.39 ± 0.17 -0.10 ± 0.05 1.50 ± 0.19 (8) 0.26 ± 0.16** 0.22 ± 0.13**
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 2.26 ± 0.25 (31) 0.18 ± 0.09 0.03 ± 0.03 2.77 ± 0.54 (13) -0.01 ± 0.11 -0.05 ± 0.05
Orange-crowned Warbler 1.69 ± 0.36 (13) 0.25 ± 0.21 0.04 ± 0.07 2.17 ± 0.60 (6) 0.48 ± 0.16 0.22 ± 0.05*
MacGillivray’s Warbler 2.89 ± 0.23 (66) 0.50 ± 0.09 0.15 ± 0.03 3.00 ± 0.64 (19) 0.67 ± 0.17 0.21 ± 0.08
Wilson’s Warbler 2.20 ± 0.11 (215)** 0.23 ± 0.03** 0.08 ± 0.01** 1.61 ± 0.11 (90) 0.03 ± 0.04 -0.00 ± 0.03
SPRING MIGRATION SECOND-YEAR AFTER-SECOND-YEAR
stopover mass change stopover mass change
duration (n) change per day duration (n) change per day
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 3.00 ± 1.15 (5) 0.27 ± 0.15 0.14 ± 0.06 1.85 ± 0.41 (13) 0.12 ± 0.05 0.11 ± 0.03
Swainson’s Thrush 1.63 ± 0.38 (8) 0.28 ± 0.25§ 0.26 ± 0.23§ 2.00 ± 0.38 (13) -0.70 ± 0.36 -0.61 ± 0.30
Townsend’s Solitaire 7.00 ± 1.75 (6) 1.08 ± 0.48 -0.16 ± 0.45 4.67 ± 0.99 (6) 0.91 ± 0.63 0.16 ± 0.13
Wilson’s Warbler 2.00 ± 0.52 (13) 0.14 ± 0.07 0.08 ± 0.06 1.50 ± 0.20 (14) 0.30 ± 0.07 0.21 ± 0.04§
Western Tanager 3.00 ± 1.30 (5) 0.74 ± 0.66§ 0.26 ± 0.39§ 1.58 ± 0.63 (12) -0.72 ± 0.36 -0.63 ± 0.25

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 28
Table 7. Summary of linear models for change in residuals of energetic condition (mass
regressed against wing chord) against time since sunrise for migrants at Camas NWR with n ≥
20; 2005-2007. Variables: b = y-intercept, F indicates how well the linear model fits the data,
and r2 measures what proportion of the change in energetic condition can be attributed to elapsed
time. Asterisks indicate the level of significance such that * = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.001.
Species n b F r2 Mass changea
FALL (2005 AND 2006)
Sharp-shinned Hawk 29 -4.74 1.3 0.04 44.398 c
Western Wood-pewee 65 -0.09 0.2 0.003 0.146
Dusky Flycatcher 109 -0.21 2.1 0.02 0.363
Hammond’s Flycatcher 201 -0.17 3.4 0.02 0.266
Western Flycatcher b 30 -0.14 0.3 0.01 0.193
Willow Flycatcher 101 -0.28 4.5* 0.04 0.620
Warbling Vireo 163 -0.16 1.0 0.006 0.304
Cassin’s Vireo 56 0.07 0.05 0.001 -0.142
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 923 -0.10 11.1** 0.01 0.180
Hermit Thrush d 351 -0.29 3.9* 0.01 0.579
Swainson’s Thrush 21 -0.78 0.5 0.03 1.353
Gray Catbird 23 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.096
Nashville Warbler 30 0.01 0.0 0.00 -0.342
Orange-crowned Warbler 542 -0.26 19.4** 0.03 0.457
Yellow Warbler 258 -0.15 3.4 0.01 0.299
Townsend’s Warbler 28 0.52 4.0 0.13 -0.832
Yellow-rumped Warbler 132 -0.31 1.8 0.01 0.520
MacGillivray’s Warbler 549 -0.21 10.5* 0.02 0.410
Northern Waterthrush 31 -0.43 0.9 0.03 0.799
Wilson’s Warbler 3629 -0.16 106.6** 0.03 0.287
Western Tanager 102 -0.34 0.2 0.002 0.460
Brewer’s Sparrow 107 -0.08 0.1 0.001 0.073
Chipping Sparrow 236 0.08 0.1 0.001 -0.11
Lincoln’s Sparrow 71 -0.41 1.8 0.03 0.714
White-crowned Sparrow 194 -1.22 17.5** 0.08 1.806
Dark-eyed Junco 281 -0.43 8.3* 0.03 0.681
Black-headed Grosbeak 46 2.07 1.7 0.04 -3.191
Lazuli Bunting 71 -0.86 6.4 0.09 1.579
Bullock’s Oriole 41 0.48 0.2 0.004 -0.013
SPRING (2006 AND 2007)
Western Wood-pewee 79 -0.15 0.5 0.006 0.227
Dusky Flycatcher 237 -0.15 4.8* 0.02 0.333
Hammond’s Flycatcher 33 -0.26 2.5 0.08 0.482
Western Flycatcher b 30 -0.69 4.7* 0.14 1.22
Willow Flycatcher 142 -0.13 1.9 0.01 0.274
Warbling Vireo 101 -0.34 3.3 0.03 0.563

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 29
Table 7 continued
Species n b F r2 Mass changea
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 290 -0.03 0.45 0.002 0.048
Townsend’s Solitaire 27 -0.14 0.04 0.002 0.048
Hermit Thrush 714 -0.43 23.3** 0.03 1.03
Swainson’s Thrush 304 -0.27 3.2 0.01 0.640
Gray Catbird 52 -0.61 4.1 0.08 1.384
Orange-crowned Warbler 40 -0.09 0.1 0.003 0.395
Yellow-rumped Warbler 111 -0.61 7.8* 0.07 1.05
Yellow Warbler 178 -0.01 0.0 0.00 0.014
MacGillivray’s Warbler 273 -0.19 8.8* 0.03 0.410
Wilson’s Warbler 529 -0.19 23.4** 0.04 0.354
Western Tanager 256 -0.88 12.9** 0.05 1.72
Lincoln’s Sparrow 34 -0.45 1.2 0.04 0.901
White-crowned Sparrow 47 -0.01 0.0 0.00 -0.829
Dark-eyed Junco 31 -0.88 6.8* 0.19 1.58
Lazuli Bunting 29 0.32 0.7 0.02 -0.573
Black-headed Grosbeak 27 0.98 0.5 0.02 -1.70
Bullock’s Oriole 29 -0.34 0.2 0.006 0.943
a Projected change in mass (in grams) during 5-hour banding session; calculated by multiplying
5-hour change in energetic condition by average wing chord for each species (metrics based on
regression of condition index on time since sunrise).
b Likely both Pacific-slope (Empidonax difficilis) and Cordilleran (E. occidentalis) Flycatchers
based on Pyle (1997).
c Projected mass change for Sharp-shinned Hawk was likely exaggerated by the fact that four of
the five females (larger and with a higher mass to wing chord ratio) captured were caught later in
the morning than most males.
d Though there was mass gain overall, the linear model resulted in a year interaction in which
Hermit Thrushes showed rapid mass gains in 2005 but stable energetic condition throughout the
morning in 2006.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 30
Table 8. Energetic condition (mass ÷ wing) at first capture for six migrant species at Camas NWR
with dramatic differences in abundance between spring and fall. Values are mean ± SE with sample
size (n) in parentheses. Scientific names for all species are provided in Table 1.
fall fall spring spring
Species 2005 2006 2006 2007
Hammond’s Flycatcher 0.148 ± 0.0008 0.148 ± 0.0008 0.150 ± 0.002 0.147 ± 0.002
(n) (118) (83) (15) (18)
Hermit Thrush 0.284 ± 0.002**a 0.276 ± 0.001** 0.266 ± 0.001 0.269 ± 0.001
(n) (126) (226) (344) (371)
Swainson’s Thrush 0.357 ± 0.006**a 0.336 ± 0.009** 0.305 ± 0.002 0.307 ± 0.001
(n) (10) (11) (115) (189)
Orange-crowned Warbler 0.151 ± 0.0006 0.150 ± 0.0007 0.160 ± 0.003** 0.150 ± 0.003
(n) (328) (212) (24) (16)
Wilson’s Warbler 0.135 ± 0.0002 0.135 ± 0.0002 0.140 ± 0.0005**b 0.136 ± 0.0005**
(n) (1811) (1818) (275) (254)
Western Tanager 0.343 ± 0.005** 0.354 ± 0.004** 0.307 ± 0.001 0.331 ± 0.003c
(n) (41) (62) (198) (58)
a Fall greater than spring overall; fall 2005 also greater than fall 2006
b Spring greater overall but spring 2006 also greater than spring 2007
c Fall greater than spring overall but spring 2007 greater than spring 2006

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 31
Capture Totals by Net and Net Level.
Appendices 3 and 4 show capture totals by net for all species (Appendix 3) and by net and
season for all species with ≥ 100 captures (Appendix 4). Nets 5 and 9 had the most captures
whereas nets 2 and 3 had the fewest captures overall. Interestingly, net 5 borders the largest
patch of Siberian Pea (non-native) in the study area. Whether the high capture rate here is due
simply to the low stature of the peas and/or to high food availability remains to be determined.
In addition to high capture totals in nets 5 and 9, certain taxa were captured more often in certain
nets, including Catharus thrushes in net 1, vireos in net 6, and Empidonax flycatchers in net 7
(Appendix 3). Capture patterns for most species were similar between seasons but a few notable
patterns emerged, including captures being especially high for Hermit Thrushes in net 7 in fall,
MacGillivray’s Warblers in net 4 in spring, Ruby-crowned Kinglets in net 1 in fall, Western
Wood-pewees in net 6 in fall, and Yellow-rumped Warblers in net 5 in spring and nets 9 and 10
in fall (Appendix 4).
Captures were slightly unevenly distributed across the five net levels; the net level with the most
captures was level 3 whereas the fewest birds were captured in level 5 (Appendix 5). Warblers
and sparrows had capture distributions similar to the pattern for all species combined whereas
Empidonax flycatcher captures were slightly more evenly distributed across net levels. Vireos
tended to be captured at mid to high levels whereas the Catharus thrushes were captured most
often at the lowest levels. Other species with notable patterns included Ruby-crowned Kinglets
and Orange-crowned Warblers being captured more often in levels 2-5, Dark-eyed Juncos in
levels 3-5, and MacGillivray’s Warblers in levels 1-3.
Seasonal Comparisons.
Spring vs. Autumn. -- See Table 1 and Appendix 2 for a comparison of autumn 2005 and 2006
captures with those from spring 2006 and 2007. The spring capture rate (0.77 birds per net hour)
was lower than that for autumn (1.10) and we averaged 72 species captured per season in fall vs.
65 species per season in the shorter spring season.
Species composition of the most commonly captured birds was similar across seasons but there
were several marked differences in relative abundance between autumn and spring and these
patterns were consistent across the two samplings in each season. For example, Swainson’s
Thrushes, Hermit Thrushes, and Western Tanagers (particularly spring 2006) were markedly
more abundant during spring than autumn whereas warblers as a whole (especially Wilson’s and
Orange-crowned) and sparrows were strikingly less common in spring (Table 1, Appendix 2).
Exceptions among the warblers and sparrows included Lincoln’s Sparrow, which had generally
comparable numbers between seasons, and Yellow-breasted Chat which, although uncommon at
the site overall, was captured more often in spring. An interesting relative abundance shift
between seasons occurred among flycatchers the Empidonax genus. Between season totals were
comparable for all species except for Hammond’s Flycatcher, the most frequently captured
Empidonax during both autumn seasons, which experienced a greater than 6-fold decrease from
autumn to spring (Table 1). In contrast, Dusky Flycatchers were more numerous in spring and
were the most numerous Empidonax in that season. Several other species with notable between-
season differences included Sharp-shinned Hawk (more common during autumn), Rufous
Hummingbird (autumn only), Cassin’s Vireo (more common during autumn), American Redstart
(more common during autumn), and Brown-headed Cowbird (more common during spring).

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 32
These seasonal differences may suggest different migration routes and/or patterns for at least
some species.
Spring 2006 vs. Spring 2007. -- The spring 2007 capture rate (0.66) and species total (56) were
lower than those for spring 2006 (0.90 capture rate and 73 species). Though not analyzed
statistically, it appeared that spring capture rates were driven more by local weather events (the
days with highest capture rates occurred during/after storms or frontal boundaries) than during
the autumn. We experienced several ‘fall-out producing’ storms during spring 2006 and none
during spring 2007 and this weather difference was likely at least partially responsible for
differences between the two spring seasons. For example, we captured 201 Western Tanagers in
spring 2006 and only 59 in spring 2007; over 60% of the 2006 tanagers we captured on 3 post-
storm days and this comprises most of the difference between the seasons for this species.
Other notable differences between the spring seasons included fewer Ruby-crowned Kinglets (79
vs. 220), Townsend’s Solitaires (2 vs. 25), House Wrens (16 vs. 40), and Yellow-rumped
Warblers (31 vs. 86) in 2007 than 2006 and more ‘Western’ Flycatchers (25 vs. 5), Swainson’s
Thrushes (191 vs. 118), Veeries (7 vs. 1) in 2007 than 2006. The situation for the House Wrens
is interesting in that many more individuals of this species were captured in the first study period
for each season (autumn 2005 and spring 2006) than subsequent seasons (autumn 2006 and
spring 2007). This raises the question of whether some event (i.e. low breeding success,
susceptibility to a disease, etc.) occurred in the summer of 2006 that reduced House Wren
populations in the area. This is a species for which, based on capture patterns and energetic
condition, we captured a combination of local breeders and passage migrants but it was hard to
know in what proportions and therefore difficult to extrapolate to the potential affected area
beyond Camas NWR. Although fewer species were captured in spring 2007 than spring 2006,
all but one of the species captured in 2006 but not captured in 2007 were represented by four
individuals or less. The exception was Red-breasted Nuthatch (20 in 2006; 0 in 2007) which is
known to be an irruptive species. Thus, although the species total was reduced in 2007, we still
captured most species in comparable numbers in both seasons (Table 1, Appendix E).
Autumn 2005 vs. Autumn 2006. -- Autumn 2006 was notable for an increased capture rate of
several sparrow species – especially Chipping, Brewer’s, Song, and Lincoln’s – and the increase
for Chipping and Brewer’s from autumn 2005 to 2006 was approximately an order of magnitude
(Table 1). Likewise, autumn 2006 was our most productive season for Lazuli Buntings. The
rains during spring 2006 resulted in much taller growth of annuals (grasses and forbs) in the
refuge headquarters area during summer 2006 than had been present during summer 2005. Thus,
the higher sparrow numbers in 2006 may have been attributed to greater seed production and
cover of annuals at the site and/or increased reproductive success in the region. Conversely, all
Empidonax flycatchers other than “Western” occurred in lower numbers in autumn 2006 than
2005.
Comparison of Autumn Capture Results to Lucky Peak. -- The only comparable operation in the
state is at Lucky Peak in southwestern Idaho; 2006 was the 10th season of songbird migration
monitoring at that location. The autumn 2006 capture rate at Camas NWR (1.08) is lower than
the 2006 rate (1.71) and the ten-year average of 1.27 birds/net hour at Lucky Peak. Whereas
abundance was lower, species richness at Camas NWR in 2006 (74) was higher than any year

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 33
experienced at Lucky Peak (57 in 2006; high of 62 species netted in any given year). Fall 2006
was a record season at Lucky Peak, with an astounding total of 7,448 captures of 57 species – far
above the 10-yr average of 5,048 captures per season and over 1,500 birds more than the
previous record of 5,902 captures in 2004. Also, this total is 1,949 birds greater than 2005 totals
at Lucky Peak. Meanwhile, autumn Camas capture totals increased by 218 birds from 2005 to
2006. This suggests that the two sites (separated by about 200 miles) are sampling different
populations or subsets. Lastly, we should note that at least part of the explanation for the higher
capture rates at Lucky Peak is that this site receives a much higher occurrence of post-breeding
dispersal from the surrounding area – a rare phenomenon at Camas NWR, which is isolated by at
least 40 miles from the nearest suitable breeding areas for many species.
Whereas both sites sample many of the same species, there are clear differences in relative
abundance between the migratory bird communities that were consistent in both 2005 and 2006 -
likely reflecting differences in habitat, topography, and longitude. For example, the most
commonly-captured species at Lucky Peak during fall 2006 were Ruby-crowned Kinglet
(Regulus calendula; N = 1535), White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys; N = 1070),
Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis; N = 926), Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana; N = 569),
Dusky Flycatcher (Empidonax oberholseri; N = 364), MacGillivray’s Warbler (Oporornis
tolmiei; N = 310), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata; N = 295), Spotted Towhee
(Pipilo maculatus N = 289), Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina N = 244), and Warbling
Vireo (Vireo gilvus N = 193). Five of these species (Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Dark-eyed Junco,
MacGillivray’s Warbler, Chipping Sparrow, and Warbling Vireo) were also among the top ten at
Camas NWR but were generally captured at differing rates between sites. Meanwhile, numbers
of Wilson’s Warblers captured at Camas NWR (1839.5 per year) dwarf those at Lucky Peak (58
per year) and several other species show similar, but less dramatic patterns. For instance,
Willow Flycatcher, Lincoln’s Sparrow, and Northern Waterthrush are all species with riparian
affinities (at least in the western US) and these species were captured much more frequently at
Camas NWR.
In general, stopover ecology and migration timing data show many similarities between the two
sites in that most species showed mass gains and similar migration timing at both sites (Carlisle
et al. 2005a, b). Also, age differences in fall migration timing were very similar between sites
and provide further evidence that molt strategies impact age-related migration timing (Carlisle et
al. 2005b). Lastly, our ability to investigate spring migration provided novel information on
abundance, migration timing, and stopover ecology of spring migrants in Idaho.
2005-07 Point Count Survey Results.
Here, we provide an overview of count survey results from all four seasons of research (Table 9).
We also present more detailed information on each season in Appendix 6. For each season, we
present 2 tables summarizing point count data in related but different ways (Appendix 6). The
first table for each season shows the most frequently detected species regardless of migratory
strategy and/or breeding status at the study sites. The second table lists species that occur at the
study sites only during migratory passage (and are therefore considered to be ‘pure’ migrants)
and compares survey totals with mist netting capture totals.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 34
European Starling, a non-native resident species, was the most commonly detected bird on point
count surveys (Table 9). Among the top 10 most frequently detected species, four were pure
migrants (Yellow-rumped and Wilson’s warblers, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, and Chipping
Sparrow), two were residents (European Starling and Black-billed Magpie), and four were
migrant species with significant breeding components (American Robin, Yellow Warbler, Tree
Swallow, and Mourning Dove; Table 9).
Spring vs. fall survey results. -- In comparison to fall point count surveys, proportionally more
resident and local breeding species were detected than ‘pure’ migrants during spring surveys
(Table 9, Appendix 6). This result likely reflects the more conspicuous territorial behavior of
locally breeding birds during spring/early summer and the fact that individual local breeders are
likely to be detected on subsequent counts separated by about a week whereas this is very
unlikely for passage migrants (see stopover durations in Table 4).
Comparison of 75 m radius point counts with capture totals. -- Several species were among the
ton ten most frequently captured and detected on point surveys (Wilson’s and Yellow warblers,
Ruby-crowned Kinglet). Thus, there was some overlap between methods – suggesting that these
species are effectively detected by both mist netting and point counts. These species are
relatively common, vocalize often (e.g., call notes), are relatively conspicuous, and/or often
forage within 5 m of the ground.
The remaining most commonly captured species may not have been detected on counts as
frequently as they were captured for a variety of reasons. Species that are inconspicuous, either
because of their size (e.g., Orange-crowned Warbler), behavior, habitat use, or a combination of
these factors (e.g., Hermit Thrush) may escape detection unless they are particularly close to the
observer, or unless they are calling. Alternatively, since more time/effort (10 nets open for 5 hrs
each day) was spent netting than conducting point counts surveys (generally 2-4
surveys/morning at Camas NWR), it may be that some species were banded in greater numbers
than they were detected simply due to unequal effort or that migration pulses may have been
restricted to one or two days and thus missed by some point count surveys. The remaining most
commonly detected species were likely not captured as frequently for several possible reasons,
including breeding status and behavior. One likely influential reason is that if a species occurs at
Camas NWR primarily as a breeding species and there is little turnover throughout a season
(e.g., European Starling in spring), there are fewer possible individuals to draw from and
potentially capture (and yet the same individuals are counted again and again). Also, species that
spend less time foraging within 5 m of the ground (or if they do, they typically do so in open
areas away from vegetation) are less likely to fly into a mist net located in a vegetated area.
These differences between the mist netting and point count totals illustrate the importance of
using both methods to describe migrant landbird communities. While point counts cannot
provide information on body condition or stopover duration, they can detect species not likely to
be caught in nets. Similarly, mist netting can document relatively inconspicuous species, such as
the Catharus thrushes, which are detected much less frequently on point counts.

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 35
Table 9. Bird species with at least 80 detections within a 75 m radius during standardized 10 minute point counts during spring (April
– June) and fall migration (July – October) at Camas NWR, Market Lake WMA, and Mud Lake WMA from fall 2005 to spring 2007.
Species are listed in descending order of total number detected in all seasons combined and are shown in comparison to capture totals
by season from mist-netting at Camas NWR.
# Individuals detected # Individuals detected
Fall captures Camas Market Mud Spring captures Camas Market Mud Count
Species at Camas NWR Lake Lake at Camas NWR Lake Lake Total
European Starling 1 1187 3 84 39 572 44 157 2047
American Robin 75 210 105 92 169 436 248 319 1410
Yellow-rumped Warbler 132 292 63 185 117 102 47 107 796
Yellow Warbler 288 142 75 49 183 152 171 192 781
Tree Swallow 0 2 0 4 3 95 2 612 715
Wilson’s Warbler 3679 439 86 98 540 55 4 6 688
Black-billed Magpie 11 105 85 52 3 161 152 59 614
Mourning Dove 8 76 24 28 10 177 69 202 576
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 933 203 90 47 299 48 18 43 449
Chipping Sparrow 243 234 92 33 5 45 10 24 438
American Goldfinch 42 147 41 33 29 60 36 76 393
White-crowned Sparrow 200 81 64 38 49 30 96 7 316
Brown-headed Cowbird 3 9 1 5 25 93 69 138 315
Eastern Kingbird 11 120 7 35 7 67 7 45 281
House Wren 112 73 7 34 57 26 30 97 267
Red-winged Blackbird 1 13 4 4 6 82 28 135 266
MacGillivray’s Warbler 562 130 47 61 276 6 2 17 263
Western Tanager 104 43 1 5 260 49 39 101 238
Brewer’s Blackbird 1 77 1 0 9 144 1 10 233
Bullock’s Oriole 43 31 9 7 29 48 27 83 205
Western Kingbird 1 75 6 2 1 96 1 12 192
Western Wood-pewee 68 85 8 35 79 32 4 25 189
Black-headed Grosbeak 55 39 6 10 28 58 19 57 189
Dark-eyed Junco 293 113 29 35 31 5 2 2 186
Song Sparrow 35 17 12 23 11 16 30 80 178

IBO Migration Study at Camas NWR – 36
Table 9 continued # Individuals detected # Individuals detected
Fall captures Camas Market Mud Spring captures Camas Market Mud Count
Species at Camas NWR Lake Lake at Camas NWR Lake Lake Total
Northern Flicker 15 53 26 29 1 40 3 19 170
American Kestrel 1 48 0 0 2 98 0 0 146
Western Meadowlark 0 12 14 21 1 24 33 40 144
Yellow-headed Blackbird 0 0 0 0 6 11 57 69 137
Lazuli Bunting 78 52 16 5 30 26 11 18 128
Warbling Vireo 166 38 4 6 103 50 12 11 121
Orange-crowned Warbler 552 63 17 16 40 10 4 4 114
Common Nighthawk§ 0 94 0 2 0 15 0 2 113
Hermit Thrush 360 11 25 3 724 48 6 3 96
Downy Woodpecker 9 42 2 12 4 18 0 15 89
§ Scientific name: Chordeiles minor

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
37
Species of Greatest Conservation Need and Partners in Flight Priority Species.
Several species detected in this study are listed as ‘Species of Greatest Conservation Need’
(SGCN) in Idaho’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS; Idaho Department
of Fish and Game 2005) and/or as ‘Watch List Species’ or ‘Additional Stewardship Species’ in
the West by the Partners in Flight (PIF) North American Landbird Conservation Plan (Rich et al.
2004). Specifically, relevant Idaho SGCN species detected in this study included Lewis’s
Woodpecker, Virginia’s Warbler, Brewer’s Sparrow, and Blue Grosbeak (Idaho Department of
Fish and Game 2005). PIF ‘Watch List Species’ included Rufous Hummingbird, Calliope
Hummingbird, Lewis’s Woodpecker, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Willow Flycatcher, Virginia’s
Warbler, and Brewer’s Sparrow and ‘Additional Stewardship Species’ included Williamson’s
Sapsucker, Red-naped Sapsucker, Gray Flycatcher, Dusky Flycatcher, Sage Thrasher, Green-
tailed Towhee, and Cassin’s Finch (Rich et al. 2004). Whereas most of these species were
represented in this study by relatively few captures, point count survey detections, or incidental
observations, captures and/or detections were more frequent for Willow Flycatcher, Dusky
Flycatcher, and Brewer’s Sparrow.
Riparian habitats in Idaho are important to Willow and Dusky Flycatcher during spring and fall
migration as well as the breeding season whereas Brewer’s Sparrows breed in shrub-steppe
habitats and may primarily use riparian habitats during post-breeding dispersal and autumn
migration (data in this study and J. Carlisle, pers. obs.). Both the PIF plan and the Idaho CWCS
recommend conservation and restoration of riparian habitats in order to benefit the above listed
species and other migratory birds during all times of year (Rich et al. 2004, Idaho Department of
Fish and Game 2005). ‘Helping species at risk’ and ‘Keeping common birds common’ are two
of the central tenets of Partners in Flight (Rich et al. 2004) and, thus, the restoration activities at
Camas NWR match Partners in Flight goals by aiming to maintain high quality stopover habitat
for species presently in need of conservation action as well as those species that remain more
common.
Public Education and Outreach.
During 2007, IBO and Camas NWR hosted several local groups or schools. Specifically, our
project was visited by both Boy Scout and Cub Scout troops, the Hamer elementary school, a
‘Dubois Grouse Days’ tour, a Conservation Biology class from University of Montana-Western,
and both the Snake River and Portneuf Valley Audubon Societies (Table 10). Approximately
145 people participated in group visits to Camas during spring 2007. In addition, many refuge
visitors, several as families, also took part in the activities. The Idaho Bird Observatory and
Camas NWR volunteer programs were also very successful during spring 2007: 10 different
volunteers contributed 268 days, totaling 1,581 hours of volunteer service, to assist with data
entry, set-up, and mist-netting. The estimated value of this volunteer time was $44,740 (Table
11). Additionally, Jay Carlisle (IBO Research Director) contributed a presentation about the
project for the Dubois Grouse Days festival (21 April).

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
38
Table 10. Group visits to Camas NWR migration project, 2007; Idaho Bird Observatory.
Date Group/Visitor Approx. # of Visitors in
Groups
20 April Cub Scout troop 372 9
21 April Dubois Grouse Days tour 12
11 May Hamer Elementary 72
12 May International Migratory Bird Day:
Portneuf Valley Audubon Society and
Boy Scouts
25
29 May Cub Scout pack 32 16
15 June University of Montana-Western,
Conservation Biology class
11
Total
145
Table 11. Summary of volunteer contributions at Camas NWR, 2007; Idaho Bird Observatory.
Type of Volunteer Service #
Days
# Hours Grade/Rate $ Value
Labor: 6 Volunteers 241 1,446 Biologist @ $29.06/hour $42,020.76
Labor: 3 Volunteers 25 125 Technician @$20.62/hour $2,577.50
Labor: 1 Volunteer 2 10 Bio-Aid @ $14.15/hour $141.50
Subtotal
268
1,581
$44,739.76

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
39
Conclusions
Building upon the great success of the inaugural fall 2005 migration monitoring season, the
migration studies at Camas NWR and Market Lake and Mud Lake WMAs continued to be
successful through spring migration 2007. We documented an impressive abundance and
diversity of spring and autumn migrants using both the refuge and the WMAs and we were able
to share this research effort with the general public on many occasions. Additionally, stopover
ecology data provide evidence that Camas NWR is quite suitable for stopover for the majority of
birds examined. Camas NWR is in many ways an ideal place to investigate migration ecology
issues because of a high abundance and diversity of migrants, a limited breeding bird community
such that most individuals and species captured can be known to be passage migrants, and the
limited extent and linear distribution of wooded habitats that allows for nearly complete
monitoring of the refuge oasis via mist netting, point counts, and general observations.
Though effort has been increasing in recent years, there is still relatively little known about
migration patterns in the Intermountain West. Because migratory birds require suitable habitat
throughout their life cycle and migration may be the most limiting time of year (Sillett and
Holmes 2002), learning more about which habitats are important for migrants is critical to
effective management and conservation. Thus, the data we are gathering at these riparian oases
in eastern Idaho, both during spring and fall migration, are an important contribution to our
understanding of abundance, richness, stopover ecology, and migration timing. These data may
also be used to assess the relative suitability of Camas NWR for migrants – especially in
comparison to ongoing studies in southwestern Idaho but also to studies in other western riparian
habitats. In 2008, we aim to submit findings to a peer-reviewed journal to contribute to a better
understanding of migration ecology in western North America.
Though interpretation of results will be expanded (to include further comparisons to other studies
in the region) in the manuscript to be submitted in early 2008, here we touch on a few key
findings. As mentioned in the Results, this is the first quantitative spring migration study in
Idaho and we documented an abundance and diversity of migrants, most of whom showed an
ability to gain mass during stopover. Also, we documented a clear pattern of after-second-year
(at least two years since hatching) birds migrating earlier than second-year (one-year-old) birds.
Fall migration findings included the amazing abundance of Wilson’s Warblers and their ability
to gain mass in spite of huge densities of potential competitors. Similarly, we documented an
impressive abundance of many other species that also showed an ability to gain mass during
autumn stopover. We also added further evidence that adult flight feather molt strategy
significantly impacts age differences in fall migration timing (Carlisle et al. 2005b). Although
we did not investigate food availability, our findings that energetic condition changed in concert
for Orange-crowned and Wilson’s warblers (better in spring, especially spring 2006, than fall) as
well as the Catharus thrushes and Western Tanagers (better in fall than spring) suggests that
food availability and/or weather experienced along the migration route may have impacted
migrant condition differently in different years and seasons.
One concern in this study is the impact of non-native vegetation on migrants. We found high
migrant abundance and diversity at three riparian oases with mixed native/non-native vegetation
and, further, showed that majority of migrants were able to gain mass during stopover at Camas

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
40
NWR. This suggests that, either in spite of or with the help of non-native vegetation, migrants
are able to stopover successfully in these oases. Hudson (2000) examined fall migrant
abundance and diversity in willow (native) and Russian Olive (non-native) habitats in the
Columbia River basin and found that species richness was greatest in willow but that different
suites of species showed higher abundances in willow versus olive habitats. In particular, short-
distance migrants such as Yellow-rumped Warbler and White-crowned Sparrow, were more
common in Russian Olive whereas Neotropical migrant species such as Orange-crowned,
Yellow, and Wilson’s warblers, were more common in Willow habitats (Hudson 2000). These
data stress the importance of native riparian habitats but also suggest that Russian Olive habitats
can be important to certain migrant species. At Camas NWR, non-native species such as
Russian Olive and Siberian Pea provide much of the cover available to migrants during stopover
and their importance has been recognized. A systematic long-term approach has been
implemented to gradually replace the non-native vegetation with native trees and shrubs. An
important question that could be answered with future study is whether or not the non-native
species simply provide cover or whether they also provide needed food resources for migrants.
Lastly, at a meeting held at Camas NWR on October 30, 2006, it was decided to suspend the
mist netting portion of the study after spring 2007 due to a variety of concerns including funding
availability, USFWS (lack of) personnel concerns, and opposition to the mist netting from a
contingent of the Idaho birding community. Assuming continued habitat restoration occurs at
Camas NWR and/or there is sufficient interest, the goal is to resume mist netting by 2012 with
the idea of measuring potential response to restoration efforts and/or future migrant abundance,
richness, migration timing, and energetic condition on 5-year intervals (2-3 years on, 5 years
off), creating a 7-8 year on/off cycle. As regards the ‘on’ part of the cycle, 2 years is viewed as
an absolute minimum whereas 3 consecutive years, pending funding and logistical support,
would better allow us to account for annual fluctuations in analyses. An additional issue that
deserves consideration is that the addition of Camas NWR, or possibly a comparable site in the
region, to a small but growing list of long-term (> 10 years of effort) migration monitoring
stations in the West (that are working towards pooling data for answering larger-scale questions
about population trends of migratory birds, identification of critical stopover habitats, and more)
would be valuable since little other migration research is ongoing in the central Rocky
Mountains region. Not only would extending this study deliver valuable ecological data, it
would also continue to provide opportunities for public outreach/environmental education,
volunteer participation, and involvement of graduate and undergraduate students in the research
and monitoring.
Schoolchildren
watching as Jay
Carlisle extracts a
bird from net # 1
at Camas NWR.

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
41
Literature Cited
Carlisle, J. D., S. L. Stock, G. S. Kaltenecker, and D. L. Swanson. 2004. Habitat associations,
relative abundance, and species richness of autumn landbird migrants in southwestern Idaho.
Condor 106:549-566.
Carlisle, J. D., G. S. Kaltenecker, and D. L. Swanson. 2005a. Stopover ecology of autumn
landbird migrants in the Boise Foothills of southwestern Idaho. Condor 107:244-258.
Carlisle, J. D., G. S. Kaltenecker, and D. L. Swanson. 2005b. Molt strategies and age
differences in migration timing among autumn landbird migrants in southwestern Idaho.
Auk 122:1070-1085.
DeSante, D. F., and K. M. Burton. 1997. MAPS manual. Instructions for the establishment and
operation of stations as part of the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship Program.
Unpubl. Doc. Institute for Bird Populations, Point Reyes Station, California.
Dunn, E. H. 2001. Mass change during migration stopover: a comparison of species groups and
sites. Journal of Field Ornithology 72:419–432.
Helms, C. W., and W. H. Drury. 1960. Winter and migratory weight and fat: Field studies on
some North American buntings. Bird-Banding 31:1-40.
Hudson, S. E. 2000. Avian use of riparian areas in the mid-Columbia River basin during fall
migration. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 2005. Idaho Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation
Strategy. Idaho Conservation Data Center, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID.
http://fishandgame.idaho.gov/cms/tech/CDC/cwcs.cfm
Kjellen, N. 1994. Moult in relation to migration in birds - A review. Ornis Svecica 4:1-24.
Mulvihill, R. S., and C. Rimmer. 1997. Timing and extent of the molts of adult Red-eyed
Vireos (Vireo olivaceus) on their breeding and wintering grounds. Condor 99:73-82.
Pyle, P., S. N. G. Howell, R. P. Yunick, D. F. DeSante, and M. Gustafson. 1997. Identification
guide to North American passerines, Part I. Bolinas, CA: Slate Creek Press, P.O. Box 219,
94924.
Pyle, P. 1998. Eccentric first-year molt patterns in certain tyrannid flycatchers. Western Birds
29:29-35.
Ralph, C. J., G. R. Geupel, P. Pyle, T. E. Martin, and D. F. DeSante. 1993. Handbook of field
methods for monitoring landbirds. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-144. Albany, CA: Pacific
Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
42
Rich, T. D., C. J. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P. J. Blancher, M. S. W. Bradstreet, G. S. Butcher, D.
W. Demarest, E. H. Dunn, W. C. Hunter, E. E. Iñigo-Elias, J. A. Kennedy, A. M. Martell, A.
O. Panjabi, D. N. Pashley, K. V. Rosenberg, C. M. Rustay, J. S. Wendt, and T. C. Will.
2004. Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan. Cornell Lab of
Ornithology. Ithaca, NY. http://www.partnersinflight.org/cont_plan/.
Sillett, T. S., and R. T. Holmes. 2002. Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird
throughout its annual cycle. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:296–308.
Winker, K., D. W. Warner, and A. R. Weisbrod. 1992. Daily mass gains among woodland
migrants at an inland stopover site. Auk 109:853–862.

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
43
Appendix 1. Summary of volunteer contributions to IBO Camas NWR project, 2007.
2007 Full-time Volunteer Crew
Name
# Days
# Hours
Grade/Rate
$ Value
Jake Briggs 30 180 Biologist @ $29.06/hour $5,230.80
Dave Ewoldt 55 330 Biologist @ $29.06/hour $9,589.80
Dianne Parrott 55 330 Biologist @ $29.06/hour $9,589.80
Jereme Sommers 40 240 Biologist @ $29.06/hour $6,974.40
Carlos Valeris 60 360 Biologist @ $29.06/hour $10,461.60
Subtotal
240
1,440
$41,846.40
2007 Part-time Volunteers
Name
# Days
# Hours
Grade/Rate
$ Value
Dale Gentry 1 6 Biologist @ $29.06/hour $174.36
Tracey King 5 25 Technician @ $20.62/hr $515.50
Allison Martin 10 50 Technician @ $20.62/hr $1031
Theresa Mathis 10 50 Technician @ $20.62/hr $1031
Bryn Launer 2 10 Bio-Aid @ $14.15/hr $141.50
Subtotal
28
141
$2,893.36
Summary of 2007 Volunteer Contributions
Type of Volunteer Service #
Days
# Hours Grade/Rate $ Value
Labor: 6 Volunteers 241 1,446 Biologist @ $29.06/hour $42,020.76
Labor: 3 Volunteers 25 125 Technician @$20.62/hour $2,577.50
Labor: 1 Volunteer 2 10 Bio-Aid @ $14.15/hour $141.50
Subtotal
268
1,581
$44,739.76

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
44
Appendix 2. Capture results from four seasons (autumn migration 2005 and 2006 and spring
migration 2006 and 2007) of songbird mist netting at Camas NWR; Idaho Bird Observatory.
Species are listed in taxonomic order. Bold, italicized print = a species on the Idaho Bird
Records Committee ‘Review List’ and requiring a rare bird report (see Appendix 7 for photos of
review species).
SPECIES Autumn
2005
Autumn
2006
Spring
2006
Spring
2007
Total
Dates of Operation: 7/20-10/14
7/20-10/15
4/16-6/15 4/16-6/15
Sharp-shinned Hawk 11 19 1 0 31
American Kestrel 1 0 2 0 3
Solitary Sandpiper 0 1 0 0 1
Mourning Dove 2 6 6 4 18
Long-eared Owl 1 0 0 0 1
Northern Saw-whet Owl 0 0 1 0 1
Calliope Hummingbird 6 2 2 0 10
Rufous Hummingbird 17 6 0 0 23
Red-naped Sapsucker 6 2 5 2 15
Williamson’s Sapsucker 0 1 0 0 1
Downy Woodpecker 7 2 1 3 13
Hairy Woodpecker 0 0 0 1 1
Northern Flicker 9 6 0 1 16
Western Wood-Pewee 35 33 45 34 147
Olive-sided Flycatcher 0 1 1 3 5
Willow Flycatcher 65 43 69 73 250
Least Flycatcher 2 0 3 1 6
Hammond’s Flycatcher 119 82 15 18 234
Gray Flycatcher 1 0 2 0 3
Dusky Flycatcher 83 28 105 137 353
“Western” Flycatcher 11 19 5 25 60
Eastern Kingbird 6 5 5 2 18
Western Kingbird 0 1 1 0 2
Cassin’s Vireo 34 23 3 3 63
Red-eyed Vireo 6 11 4 2 23
Warbling Vireo 76 90 60 43 269
Loggerhead Shrike 3 0 0 0 3
Black-billed Magpie 10 1 3 0 14
Tree Swallow 0 0 2 1 3
Barn Swallow 0 1 0 0 1
Black-capped Chickadee 1 4 0 0 5
Mountain Chickadee 10 0 1 0 11
Red-breasted Nuthatch 9 0 20 0 29
Brown Creeper 4 1 6 1 12
Rock Wren 1 0 1 0 2
Marsh Wren 0 4 0 0 4
House Wren 94 18 41 16 169

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
45
Appendix 2 continued
SPECIES
Autumn
2005
Autumn
2006
Spring
2006
Spring
2007
Total
Winter Wren 2 2 0 0 4
Golden-crowned Kinglet 5 6 1 0 12
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 423 510 220 79 1232
Townsend’s Solitaire 5 0 25 2 32
Swainson’s Thrush 10 11 118 191 330
Hermit Thrush 131 229 348 376 1084
Veery 3 1 1 7 12
Wood Thrush 0 0 0 1 1
American Robin 54 21 96 73 244
Gray Catbird 14 9 20 32 75
Sage Thrasher 0 2 0 0 2
Cedar Waxwing 0 3 15 0 18
European Starling 0 1 28 11 40
Tennessee Warbler 1 2 0 0 3
Orange-crowned Warbler 336 216 24 16 592
Nashville Warbler 17 13 4 0 34
Virginia’s Warbler 0 1 1 1 3
Yellow Warbler 159 129 97 86 471
Chestnut-sided Warbler 2 2 0 0 4
“Audubon’s” Warbler 73 40 66 27 206
“Myrtle” Warbler 2 15 9 1 27
Yellow-rumped Warbler
(subspecies undetermined)
1 1 11 3 16
Townsend’s Warbler 10 18 3 0 31
Magnolia Warbler 0 0 0 1 1
Black-throated Gray Warbler 0 0 2 0 2
Blackpoll Warbler
0 1 0 0 1
Black-throated Blue Warbler
0 1 0 0 1
Black-and-White Warbler 1 1 0 1 3
MacGillivray’s Warbler 243 319 134 142 838
Connecticut Warbler 2 0 0 0 2
Wilson’s Warbler 1845 1834 283 257 4219
Northern Waterthrush 20 12 12 7 51
Ovenbird 0 1 4 1 6
American Redstart 7 11 1 1 20
Common Yellowthroat 4 7 12 5 28
Yellow-breasted Chat 1 0 5 4 10
Western Tanager 43 62 201 59 365
Spotted Towhee 1 0 2 0 3
Green-tailed Towhee 3 0 2 1 6
Chipping Sparrow 28 215 1 4 248
Brewer’s Sparrow 10 100 1 0 111
Clay-colored Sparrow
0 1 0 0 1
Vesper Sparrow 0 1 0 0 1

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
46
Appendix 2 continued
SPECIES
Autumn
2005
Autumn
2006
Spring
2006
Spring
2007
Total
Lark Sparrow 1 1 0 0 2
Savannah Sparrow 0 1 0 0 1
Song Sparrow 9 26 2 9 46
Lincoln’s Sparrow 27 47 21 16 111
“Gambel’s” White-crowned
Sparrow
102 76 14 8 200
“Mountain” White-crowned
Sparrow
0 20 15 12 47
White-crowned Sparrow
(subspecies undetermined)
0 2 0 0 2
White-throated Sparrow 0 2 1 0 3
“Oregon” Junco 109 147 7 8 271
“Pink-sided” Junco 1 13 9 0 23
Dark-eyed Junco
(subspecies undetermined)
10 13 7 0 30
Black-headed Grosbeak 38 17 16 12 83
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 2 1 0 0 3
Lazuli Bunting 19 58 16 14 107
Brown-headed Cowbird 2 1 20 5 28
Bullock’s Oriole 24 19 8 21 72
Western Meadowlark 0 0 1 0 1
Brewer’s Blackbird 1 0 4 5 10
Red-winged Blackbird 1 0 3 3 7
Yellow-headed Blackbird 0 0 6 0 6
Common Grackle 0 0 3 0 3
American Goldfinch 25 17 12 17 71
Pine Siskin 0 1 0 0 1
House Finch 0 6 1 0 7
House Sparrow 1 0 2 1 4
Unidentified songbird * 0 0 0 1 1
TOTAL CAPTURES
4458
4676 2325 1891 13,350
TOTAL NET HOURS
4021.2
4312.2 2580.6 2868.5 13,782.5
CAPTURE RATE
(Captures per net hour)
1.109 1.084 0.901 0.659 0.969
# OF SPECIES
71
74 73 56 99
* A ‘small, drab’ passerine released accidentally at net by an inexperienced volunteer.

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 47
Appendix 3. Captures by net location for all species captured as part of the 2005-07 migration study at Camas National Wildlife
Refuge. Includes only first-time captures; excludes captures where net number was not recorded. Species listed in alphabetical order.
Net Number
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 total
American Goldfinch 7 2 3 2 16 2 7 11 14 7 71
American Kestrel 1 2 3
American Redstart 2 2 1 3 4 5 1 2 20
American Robin 37 13 29 21 15 21 16 40 24 27 243
Barn Swallow 1 1
Blackpoll Warbler 1 1
Black-and-White Warbler 1 1 1 3
Black-billed Magpie 1 1 4 2 6 14
Black-capped Chickadee 1 2 1 1 5
Black-headed Grosbeak 8 5 3 5 8 7 1 17 14 15 83
Brewer’s Blackbird 1 1 4 2 2 10
Brewer’s Sparrow 3 7 7 3 2 11 70 7 110
Brown Creeper 2 1 2 1 4 2 12
Brown-headed Cowbird 8 2 2 7 2 5 2 1 29
Black-throated Blue Warbler 1 1
Black-throated Gray Warbler 1 1 2
Bullock’s Oriole 3 3 4 5 7 5 7 14 16 8 72
Calliope Hummingbird 2 2 2 2 2 1 11
Cassin’s Vireo 5 1 1 5 12 6 15 5 4 8 62
Cedar Waxwing 10 6 1 17
Chestnut-sided Warbler 1 1 1 1 4
Chipping Sparrow 2 2 11 2 22 7 5 15 165 15 246
Clay-colored Sparrow 1 1
Common Grackle 1 2 3
Common Yellowthroat 1 1 2 2 8 1 6 4 1 2 28
Connecticut Warbler 1 1 2
Downy Woodpecker 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 13
Dusky Flycatcher 36 16 12 27 62 12 59 61 40 28 353

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 48
Appendix 3 continued
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 total
Dark-eyed Junco a 13 52 54 11 25 4 15 76 54 19 323
Oregon subspecies 9 42 49 8 22 4 14 64 43 16 271
Pink-sided subspecies 1 6 1 1 1 1 2 7 3 23
Eastern Kingbird 2 2 6 3 2 2 1 18
European Starling 1 3 8 5 3 4 2 14 40
Golden-crowned Kinglet 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 12
Gray Catbird 8 6 3 7 6 1 13 7 9 14 74
Gray Flycatcher 1 2 3
Green-tailed Towhee 1 2 1 1 1 6
Hairy Woodpecker 1 1
Hammond’s Flycatcher 26 21 14 8 17 9 33 33 19 53 233
Hermit Thrush 157 59 40 118 51 86 91 217 171 89 1079
House Finch 5 2 7
House Sparrow 1 1 1 1 4
House Wren 14 19 4 17 15 19 11 17 25 27 168
Lark Sparrow 2 2
Lazuli Bunting 7 17 6 6 9 2 10 23 12 14 106
Least Flycatcher 2 1 2 1 6
Lincoln’s Sparrow 5 6 2 7 21 3 9 21 26 8 108
Loggerhead Shrike 1 1 1 3
Long-eared Owl 1 1
Magnolia Warbler 1 1
MacGillivray’s Warbler 70 66 48 106 133 71 96 110 87 52 839
Marsh Wren 4 4
Mountain Chickadee 1 5 1 4 11
Mourning Dove 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 4 18
Nashville Warbler 4 1 9 5 6 4 5 34
Northern Flicker 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 4 17
Northern Saw-whet Owl 1 1
Northern Waterthrush 2 2 5 3 6 7 7 12 7 51
Olive-sided Flycatcher 4 1 5

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 49
Appendix 3 continued
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 total
Orange-crowned Warbler 42 63 52 37 174 23 45 33 72 47 588
Ovenbird 1 2 1 2 6
Pine Siskin 1 1
Red-breasted Nuthatch 4 1 3 1 2 9 5 3 28
Red-eyed Vireo 2 1 7 6 2 1 3 1 23
Red-naped Sapsucker 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 3 15
Red-winged Blackbird 2 2 2 1 7
Rock Wren 1 1 2
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 1 1 1 3
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 208 88 51 107 257 100 124 107 105 82 1229
Rufous Hummingbird 1 1 2 1 5 7 1 2 1 21
Sage Thrasher 1 1 2
Savannah Sparrow 1 1
Sharp-shinned Hawk 5 2 3 2 1 3 9 2 4 31
Solitary Sandpiper 1 1
Song Sparrow 1 2 3 13 2 6 3 9 7 46
Spotted Towhee 1 2 3
Swainson’s Thrush 55 21 15 50 30 21 29 39 34 34 328
Tennessee Warbler 2 1 3
Townsend’s Solitaire 3 1 8 14 7 33
Townsend’s Warbler 1 2 3 5 3 4 1 9 3 31
Tree Swallow 1 2 3
Veery 1 2 2 3 3 1 12
Vesper Sparrow 1 1
Virginia’s Warbler 2 1 3
Warbling Vireo 18 4 9 17 69 23 45 15 29 39 268
Western Flycatcher 9 1 1 1 4 5 11 10 9 8 59
Western Kingbird 1 1 2
Western Meadowlark 1 1
Western Tanager 5 2 2 20 70 47 57 20 48 93 364
Western Wood-pewee 10 8 3 5 23 34 19 14 12 18 146

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 50
Appendix 3 continued
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 total
White-crowned Sparrow a 4 16 35 24 49 16 9 26 51 19 249
Gambel’s subspecies 1 11 25 18 46 14 8 18 45 13 199
Mountain subspecies 1 3 10 4 3 1 4 4 1 31
White-throated Sparrow 1 2 3
Williamson’s Sapsucker 1 1
Willow Flycatcher 15 17 7 20 54 13 58 34 18 14 250
Wilson’s Warbler 241 243 330 599 718 448 468 383 444 334 4208
Winter Wren 1 1 1 1 4
Wood Thrush 1 1
Yellow Warbler 20 29 20 28 186 46 49 31 35 22 466
Yellow-breasted Chat 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 10
Yellow-headed Blackbird 1 1 3 1 6
Yellow-rumped Warbler a 5 4 1 6 82 17 19 18 47 50 249
Audubon’s subspecies 5 3 1 6 64 16 14 15 40 41 205
Myrtle subspecies 1 10 5 3 2 6 27
Total 1077 821 805 1310 2269 1111 1386 1510 1771 1243 13,303
Empidonax Flycatchers 88 56 34 56 138 39 161 139 89 103 903
Warblers 387 411 467 789 1331 621 702 594 720 522 6,544
‘Non-Wilson’s’ Warblers 146 168 137 190 613 173 234 211 276 188 2,336
Sparrows 24 80 113 51 139 36 47 154 380 75 1,099
Catharus Thrushes 212 81 57 170 84 107 123 257 205 123 1,419
Vireos 23 7 10 23 88 35 62 21 36 48 353
a Includes individuals not identified to subspecies

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 51
Appendix 4. Captures by net location and season for all species with ≥ 100 individuals captured as part of the 2005-07 migration
study at Camas National Wildlife Refuge. Only first-time captures are included and captures where net not recorded were excluded.
Species listed in alphabetical order.
Net Number
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 total
American Robin
spring 35 12 20 15 9 15 12 20 11 20 169
fall 2 1 9 6 6 6 4 20 13 7 74
Brewer’s Sparrow
spring 1 1
fall 3 7 7 3 1 11 70 7 109
Chipping Sparrow
spring 1 3 1 5
fall 2 2 10 2 22 7 5 15 162 14 241
Dark-eyed Junco
spring 6 8 2 3 2 4 3 3 31
fall 7 44 52 11 22 4 14 72 51 16 293
Dusky Flycatcher
spring 22 10 3 20 45 7 34 55 30 16 242
fall 14 6 9 7 17 5 25 6 10 12 111
Hammond’s Flycatcher
spring 5 2 1 1 4 4 7 2 7 33
fall 21 19 14 7 16 5 29 26 17 46 200
Hermit Thrush
spring 129 37 20 96 37 49 30 142 113 67 720
fall 28 22 20 22 14 37 61 75 58 22 359
House Wren
spring 2 2 7 3 6 7 5 9 15 56
fall 12 17 4 10 12 13 4 12 16 12 112
Lazuli Bunting
spring 2 5 1 3 1 2 9 4 3 30
fall 5 12 5 6 6 1 8 14 8 11 76
Lincoln’s Sparrow
spring 2 2 1 2 7 1 5 7 5 5 37
fall 3 4 1 5 14 2 4 14 21 3 71
MacGillivray’s Warbler
spring 32 20 18 45 29 18 30 36 30 18 276
fall 38 46 30 61 104 53 66 74 57 34 563

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 52
Appendix 4 continued
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 total
Orange-crowned Warbler
spring 1 2 4 3 10 4 4 2 3 6 39
fall 41 61 48 34 164 19 41 31 69 41 549
Ruby-crowned Kinglet
spring 25 15 17 23 65 27 39 28 41 19 299
fall 183 73 34 84 192 73 85 79 64 63 930
Swainson’s Thrush
spring 54 20 14 47 28 21 26 36 29 32 307
fall 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 2 21
Warbling Vireo
spring 5 1 5 8 24 13 16 4 8 19 103
fall 13 3 4 9 45 10 29 11 21 20 165
Western Tanager
spring 4 2 2 16 50 40 40 12 22 71 259
fall 1 4 20 7 17 8 26 22 105
Western Wood-pewee
spring 4 5 2 3 16 11 12 11 7 7 78
fall 6 3 1 2 7 23 7 3 5 11 68
White-crowned Sparrow
spring 1 4 4 6 2 8 2 6 8 9 50
fall 3 12 31 18 47 8 7 20 43 10 199
Willow Flycatcher
spring 11 9 6 12 29 7 29 22 12 5 142
fall 4 8 1 8 25 6 29 12 6 9 108
Wilson’s Warbler
spring 46 24 34 78 55 65 54 70 76 38 540
fall 195 219 296 521 664 383 414 313 368 296 3669
Yellow Warbler
spring 3 2 5 9 83 22 18 18 18 4 182
fall 17 27 15 19 103 24 31 13 17 18 284
Yellow-rumped Warbler
spring 4 1 1 6 46 11 7 10 17 14 117
fall 1 3 36 6 12 8 30 36 132

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 53
Appendix 5. Captures by height in net (levels 1 through 5; 1 being closest to ground and 5 being the top level) for all species
captured as part of the 2005-07 migration study at Camas National Wildlife Refuge. Only first-time captures are included and
captures where net level not recorded excluded. Species listed in alphabetical order.
Species 1 2 3 4 5 total
American Goldfinch 6 21 17 14 8 66
American Kestrel 2 1 3
American Redstart 3 4 6 1 6 20
American Robin 54 56 58 35 40 243
Barn Swallow 1 1
Blackpoll Warbler 1 1
Black-and-White Warbler 2 1 3
Black-billed Magpie 3 5 3 3 14
Black-capped Chickadee 1 3 1 5
Black-headed Grosbeak 14 11 23 20 15 83
Black-throated Blue Warbler 1 1
Black-throated Gray Warbler 1 1 2
Brewer’s Blackbird 1 3 3 3 10
Brewer’s Sparrow 18 24 27 17 24 110
Brown Creeper 3 2 4 1 2 12
Brown-headed Cowbird 3 5 6 8 7 29
Bullock’s Oriole 9 19 18 16 10 72
Calliope Hummingbird 1 2 6 1 1 11
Cassin’s Vireo 9 12 20 11 10 62
Cedar Waxwing 2 2 9 2 2 17
Chestnut-sided Warbler 1 2 1 4
Chipping Sparrow 54 53 56 46 33 242
Clay-colored Sparrow 1 1
Common Grackle 1 1 1 3
Common Yellowthroat 4 6 10 4 4 28
Connecticut Warbler 1 1 2
Dark-eyed Junco 49 59 75 68 71 322
Downy Woodpecker 2 3 5 3 13

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 54
Appendix 5 continued
Species 1 2 3 4 5 total
Dusky Flycatcher 65 82 73 81 51 352
Eastern Kingbird 1 5 2 5 5 18
European Starling 4 9 12 7 8 40
Golden-crowned Kinglet 1 5 4 2 12
Gray Catbird 17 26 16 10 5 74
Gray Flycatcher 1 1 1 3
Green-tailed Towhee 4 2 6
Hairy Woodpecker 1 1
Hammond’s Flycatcher 40 48 47 45 52 232
Hermit Thrush 351 297 234 126 70 1,078
House Finch 1 1 2 2 1 7
House Sparrow 1 1 2 4
House Wren 34 58 35 28 12 167
Lark Sparrow 1 1 2
Lazuli Bunting 12 24 32 21 17 106
Least Flycatcher 2 1 2 1 6
Lincoln’s Sparrow 29 38 20 13 7 107
Loggerhead Shrike 2 1 3
Long-eared Owl 1 1
MacGillivray’s Warbler 225 220 188 123 75 831
Magnolia Warbler 1 1
Marsh Wren 2 1 1 4
Mountain Chickadee 3 3 2 3 11
Mourning Dove 4 5 3 2 3 17
Nashville Warbler 6 12 6 5 5 34
Northern Flicker 2 7 5 2 1 17
Northern Saw-whet Owl 1 1
Northern Waterthrush 15 15 12 4 5 51
Olive-sided Flycatcher 1 1 1 2 5
Orange-crowned Warbler 97 122 124 119 117 579
Ovenbird 4 2 6

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 55
Appendix 5 continued
Species 1 2 3 4 5 total
Pine Siskin 1 1
Red-breasted Nuthatch 3 8 6 5 6 28
Red-eyed Vireo 2 7 2 9 3 23
Red-naped Sapsucker 1 5 2 3 4 15
Red-winged Blackbird 1 2 2 2 7
Rock Wren 1 1 2
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 1 2 3
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 122 232 279 324 268 1,225
Rufous Hummingbird 1 6 4 5 5 21
Sage Thrasher 1 1 2
Savannah Sparrow 1 1
Sharp-shinned Hawk 7 9 9 4 29
Solitary Sandpiper 1 1
Song Sparrow 11 12 12 7 4 46
Spotted Towhee 1 1 1 3
Swainson’s Thrush 101 91 69 44 23 328
Tennessee Warbler 3 3
Townsend’s Solitaire 3 10 6 4 7 30
Townsend’s Warbler 1 6 11 7 6 31
Tree Swallow 1 1 1 3
Veery 3 5 3 1 12
Vesper Sparrow 1 1
Virginia’s Warbler 1 1 1 3
Warbling Vireo 21 60 78 61 47 267
Western Flycatcher 11 12 7 12 17 59
Western Kingbird 1 1 2
Western Meadowlark 1 1
Western Tanager 64 69 86 77 63 359
Western Wood-pewee 19 25 25 36 37 142
White-crowned Sparrow 46 47 66 53 37 249
White-throated Sparrow 1 2 3

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 56
Appendix 5 continued
Species 1 2 3 4 5 total
Williamson’s Sapsucker 1 1
Willow Flycatcher 48 56 53 47 40 244
Wilson’s Warbler 791 892 997 797 703 4,180
Winter Wren 1 2 1 4
Wood Thrush 1 1
Yellow Warbler 74 84 105 102 90 455
Yellow-breasted Chat 2 2 5 1 10
Yellow-headed Blackbird 2 1 2 5
Yellow-rumped Warbler 30 34 62 60 61 247
Total 2533 2950 3074 2531 2115 13,203
19.2% 22.3% 23.3% 19.2% 16.0%
Empidonax Flycatchers 167 199 183 187 160 896
18.6% 22.2% 20.4% 20.9% 17.9%
Warblers 1254 1397 1529 1229 1073 6,482
19.3% 21.6% 23.6% 19.0% 16.6%
Sparrows 213 236 258 205 179 1,091
19.5% 21.6% 23.6% 18.8% 16.4%
Catharus Thrushes 455 393 306 170 94 1,418
32.1% 27.7% 21.6% 12.0% 6.6%
Vireos 32 79 100 81 60 352
9.1% 22.4% 28.4% 23.0% 17.0%

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
57
Appendix 6. Detailed results from point count surveys by year and season.
Appendix 6.1. Species detected ≥ 10 times (at one or more sites) within a 75 m radius during
standardized 10 minute point counts during fall migration (July – October) 2005 at Camas NWR
(120 counts), Market Lake WMA (16 counts), and Mud Lake WMA (28 counts). Species are
listed in descending order of total abundance for Camas NWR.
Common Name Scientific Name Breeding # Individuals detected
Status * Camas Market Mud
NWR Lake Lake
European Starling Sturnus vulgaris br 785 2 20
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla pure 230 22 21
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata pure 165 21 30
American Robin Turdus migratorius br 101 11 43
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula pure 88 7 7
Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia br 83 32 18
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis pure 81 10 15
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina pure 69 16 14
Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia mix 69 14 10
Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus br 65 0 0
American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis br 64 2 4
Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor br 60 0 0
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus br 56 3 5
MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei pure 50 15 15
Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis br 50 0 0
House Wren Troglodytes aedon br 49 2 8
Western Wood-pewee Contopus sordidulus mix 44 0 4
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys pure 36 16 7
Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata pure 34 1 0
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus mix 31 5 12
American Kestrel Falco sparverius br 31 0 0
Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura br 30 2 0
Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis br 26 0 8
Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus mix 25 0 0
Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens br 21 1 4
Swainson’s Hawk Buteo swainsoni br 21 0 0
Bullock’s Oriole Icterus bullockii mix 18 1 0
Hammond’s Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii pure 16 1 4
Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus mix 15 3 1
Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena mix 15 0 0
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis pure 14 0 1
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana pure 11 0 3
Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis pure 11 0 0
Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta br 10 1 8
Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli pure 10 0 2
* Describes predominant use of these areas: ‘br’ = predominantly breeds at these sites;
‘mix’ = includes a mixture of passage migrants and breeders; ‘pure’ = only occurs as a
passage migrant

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
58
Appendix 6.2. “Pure” migrant species detected within a 75 m radius during standardized 10
minute point counts during fall migration (July – October) 2005 at Camas NWR, Market Lake
WMA, and Mud Lake WMA. Species are listed in descending order of total abundance for
Camas NWR and are shown in comparison to capture totals from mist-netting at Camas NWR.
Common Name Scientific Name # Individuals # Individuals detected
captured Camas Market Mud
at Camas NWR Lake Lake
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla 1841 230 22 21
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata 76 165 21 30
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula 423 88 7 7
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis 120 81 10 15
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina 29 69 16 14
MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei 239 50 15 15
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys 102 36 16 7
Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata 337 34 1 0
Hammond’s Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii 119 16 1 4
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis 9 14 0 1
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 43 11 0 3
Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis 6 11 0 0
Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli 10 10 0 2
Townsend’s Warbler Dendroica townsendi 10 9 0 6
Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus 0 9 0 0
Townsend’s Solitaire Myadestes townsendi 5 7 1 0
Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus 11 7 0 0
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri 83 6 2 0
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum 0 5 1 5
Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii 27 5 0 3
Cooper’s Hawk Accipiter cooperii 0 5 0 1
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus 131 4 2 1
Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa 5 4 0 0
Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla 17 4 0 0
Brewer’s Sparrow Spizella breweri 10 3 1 0
American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla 7 3 0 0
Cassin’s Finch Carpodacus cassinii 0 3 0 0
Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus 0 2 0 1
Rufous Hummingbird Selaphorus rufus 17 2 0 0
Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii 65 2 0 0
Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides 0 2 0 0
Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis 20 1 2 0
Brown Creeper Certhia americana 4 1 0 0
Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope 6 1 0 0
Cassin’s Vireo Vireo cassinii 34 1 0 0
Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis 14 1 0 0
Lewis’ Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis 0 1 0 0
Merlin Falco columbarius 0 1 0 0
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 0 1 0 0
Veery Catharus fuscescens 3 0 0 1

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
59
Appendix 6.3. Species detected ≥ 10 times (at one or more sites) within a 75 m radius during
standardized 10 minute point counts during spring migration (April – June) 2006 at Camas NWR
(70 counts), Market Lake WMA (55 counts), and Mud Lake WMA (70 counts). Species are
listed in descending order of total abundance for Camas NWR.
Common Name Scientific Name Breeding # Individuals detected
Status * Camas Market Mud
NWR Lake Lake
European Starling Sturnus vulgaris br 335 35 118
American Robin Turdus migratorius br 245 194 252
Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia br 105 130 53
Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus br 83 1 6
Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura br 67 52 156
Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor br 63 1 479
Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia mix 61 135 151
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata pure 54 41 73
American Kestrel Falco sparverius br 49 0 0
Bullock’s Oriole Icterus bullockii mix 48 27 83
Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus br 47 21 97
Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis br 40 4 0
Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater br 38 41 106
House Wren Troglodytes aedon br 37 28 76
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula pure 34 15 23
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana pure 32 32 97
American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis br 30 33 36
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus pure 26 1 0
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus br 25 5 37
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla pure 25 21 12
Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus mix 24 18 45
Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus mix 20 12 10
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina pure 18 5 19
Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens br 17 0 8
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus mix 17 2 14
Western Wood-pewee Contopus sordidulus mix 17 3 25
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri pure 14 2 5
Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena mix 14 9 15
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys pure 14 91 5
Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta br 14 27 28
Townsend’s Solitaire Myadestes townsendi pure 12 12 1
Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus br 11 46 52
Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis br 10 1 9
MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei pure 7 2 15
Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii pure 5 7 22
Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus br 2 0 16
Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia mix 2 29 59
N. Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis pure 0 0 36
* Describes predominant use of these areas: ‘br’ = predominantly breeds at these sites; ‘mix’ =
includes a mixture of passage migrants and breeders; ‘pure’ = only occurs as a passage migrant

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
60
Appendix 6.4. “Pure” migrant species detected within a 75 m radius during standardized 10
minute point counts during spring migration (April – June) 2006 at Camas NWR, Market Lake
WMA, and Mud Lake WMA. Species are listed in descending order of total abundance for
Camas NWR and are shown in comparison to capture totals from mist-netting at Camas NWR.
Common Name Scientific Name # Individuals # Individuals detected
captured Camas Market Mud
at Camas NWR Lake Lake
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata 86 54 41 73
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula 220 34 15 23
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 201 32 32 97
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus 348 26 1 0
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla 280 25 21 12
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina 1 18 5 19
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri 105 14 2 5
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys 29 14 9 5
Townsend’s Solitaire Myadestes townsendi 25 12 12 1
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum 15 8 5 6
MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei 135 7 2 15
Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata 24 7 4 4
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis 20 6 2 0
Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii 68 5 7 22
Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus 118 4 7 2
Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis 20 3 2 5
Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii 21 3 0 1
Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis 12 3 0 0
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis 23 3 1 1
Cooper’s Hawk Accipiter cooperii 0 2 0 0
Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus 0 2 0 0
Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla 4 2 0 3
Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis 5 1 1 1
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 4 1 1 1
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea 0 1 0 0
Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens 6 1 1 0
White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis 1 1 0 0
Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus 0 1 0 0
Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus 1 0 1 0
Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope 2 0 1 0
Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus 3 0 1 6
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 1 0 1 2
Cassin’s Vireo Vireo cassinii 3 0 0 2
Bank Swallow Riparia riparia 0 0 0 2
Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina 0 0 0 1
Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli 1 0 0 2
Townsend’s Warbler Dendroica townsendi 3 0 0 3
American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla 1 0 0 1
Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus 2 0 0 1

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 61
Appendix 6.5. Species detected ≥ 10 times (at one or more sites) within a 75 m radius during
standardized 10 minute point counts during fall migration (July – October) 2006 at Camas NWR
(110 counts), Market Lake WMA (40 counts), and Mud Lake WMA (63 counts). Species are
listed in descending order of total abundance for Camas NWR.
Common Name Scientific Name Breeding # Individuals detected
Status * Camas Market Mud
NWR Lake Lake
European Starling Sturnus vulgaris br 402 1 64
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla pure 209 64 77
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina pure 165 76 19
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata pure 127 42 155
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula pure 115 83 40
American Robin Turdus migratorius br 109 94 49
American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis br 83 39 29
MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei pure 80 32 46
Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia mix 73 61 39
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus br 64 4 30
Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura br 46 22 28
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys pure 45 48 31
Western Wood-pewee Contopus sordidulus mix 41 8 31
Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena mix 37 16 5
Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor br 34 0 2
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis pure 32 19 20
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana pure 32 1 2
Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata pure 29 16 16
Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii pure 29 9 8
Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus pure 29 0 0
Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis br 25 6 2
House Wren Troglodytes aedon br 24 5 26
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica mix 24 2 1
Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus mix 23 1 5
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus mix 22 21 17
Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia br 22 53 34
Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens br 21 1 8
Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus br 12 1 0
American Kestrel Falco sparverius br 17 0 0
Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus mix 14 6 10
Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia mix 13 9 16
Bullock’s Oriole Icterus bullockii mix 13 8 7
Hammond’s Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii pure 12 7 3
Brewer’s Sparrow Spizella breweri pure 10 11 7
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus pure 7 23 2
Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapilla pure 5 4 20
Townsend’s Warbler Dendroica townsendii pure 4 4 11
Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta br 2 13 13
Common Yellowthroat Geothlypus trichas mix 2 10 1
Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus pure 2 27 0
* Describes predominant use of these areas: ‘br’ = predominantly breeds at these sites; ‘mix’
= includes a mixture of passage migrants and breeders; ‘pure’ = only occurs as a passage
migrant

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR – 62
Appendix 6.6. “Pure” migrant species detected within a 75 m radius during standardized 10
minute point counts during fall migration (July – October) 2006 at Camas NWR, Market Lake
WMA, and Mud Lake WMA. Species are listed in descending order of total abundance for
Camas NWR and are shown in comparison to capture totals from mist-netting at Camas NWR.
Common Name Scientific Name # Individuals # Individuals detected
captured Camas Market Mud
at Camas NWR Lake Lake
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla 1831 209 64 77
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina 215 165 76 19
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata 56 127 42 155
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula 510 115 83 40
MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei 316 80 32 46
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys 98 45 48 31
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 62 32 1 2
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis 168 32 19 20
Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata 217 29 16 16
Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii 47 29 9 8
Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus 1 29 0 0
Hammond’s Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii 82 12 7 3
Brewer’s Sparrow Spizella breweri 100 10 11 7
Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla 13 8 1 4
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri 28 7 2 4
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus 228 7 23 2
Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis 2 6 1 4
Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii 44 4 1 5
Cassin’s Vireo Vireo cassinii 22 4 0 2
Townsend’s Warbler Dendroica townsendi 18 4 4 11
Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus 1 4 5 0
Cassin’s Finch Carpodacus cassinii 0 4 0 1
Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus 19 3 3 3
‘Western’ Flycatcher Empidonax spp. 19 3 0 0
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum 3 3 2 5
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 11 2 0 0
Townsend’s Solitaire Myadestes townsendi 0 2 4 1
Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis 9 2 3 2
Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus 2 2 27 0
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis 0 2 0 4
American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla 11 2 0 0
Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis 12 2 0 0
Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo chlorurus 0 2 1 0
Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus 0 1 0 0
Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope 2 1 0 0
Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa 6 1 0 2
Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus 11 1 0 0
Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum 0 1 0 0
Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes 2 1 0 0
Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus 0 1 0 0
Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina 2 1 0 0
Black-throated Gray Warbler Dendroica nigrescens 0 1 0 0
Orchard Oriole * Icterus spurius 0 1 0 0

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White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis 2 0 4 2
Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura 0 0 1 0
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 1 0 1 1
Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii 0 0 1 0
Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus 0 0 1 0
Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula 0 0 0 1
* This would be a first record for Idaho; seen and heard well.

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Appendix 6.7. Species detected ≥ 10 times (at one or more sites) within a 75 m radius during
standardized 10 minute point counts during spring migration (April – June) 2007 at Camas NWR
(70 counts), Market Lake WMA (15 counts), and Mud Lake WMA (21 counts). Species are
listed in descending order of total abundance for Camas NWR.
Common Name Scientific Name Breeding # Individuals detected
Status * Camas Market Mud
NWR Lake Lake
European Starling Sturnus vulgaris br 257 9 39
American Robin Turdus migratorius br 191 54 67
Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura br 110 17 46
Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia mix 91 36 41
Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus br 61 0 4
Bullock’s Oriole Icterus bullockii mix 61 13 38
Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis br 56 1 12
Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia br 56 22 6
Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater br 55 28 32
American Kestrel Falco sparverius br 49 0 0
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata pure 48 6 34
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus br 42 2 8
Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus br 35 7 38
Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus mix 34 1 12
Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor br 32 1 133
Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus mix 30 0 1
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla pure 30 4 6
American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis br 30 3 40
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina pure 27 5 5
House Wren Troglodytes aedon br 26 2 21
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus mix 23 1 5
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus pure 22 5 3
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri pure 18 4 1
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana pure 17 7 4
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys pure 16 5 2
Gray Partridge Perdix perdix br 15 0 0
Western Wood-pewee Contopus sordidulus mix 15 1 0
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula pure 14 3 20
Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia mix 14 1 21
Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena mix 12 2 3
Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta br 10 6 12
Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapilla br 9 0 13
Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus br 0 11 17
* Describes predominant use of these areas: ‘br’ = predominantly breeds at these sites;
‘mix’ = includes a mixture of passage migrants and breeders; ‘pure’ = only occurs as a
passage migrant

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Appendix 6.8. “Pure” migrant species detected within a 75 m radius during standardized 10
minute point counts during spring migration (April – June) 2007 at Camas NWR, Market Lake
WMA, and Mud Lake WMA. Species are listed in descending order of total abundance for
Camas NWR and are shown in comparison to capture totals from mist-netting at Camas NWR.
Common Name Scientific Name # Individuals # Individuals detected
captured Camas Market Mud
at Camas NWR Lake Lake
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata 32 48 6 34
Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla 257 30 4 6
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina 4 27 5 5
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus 376 22 5 3
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri 133 18 4 1
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 59 17 7 4
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys 20 16 5 2
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula 79 14 3 20
Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii 73 8 0 0
Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus 191 8 0 1
MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei 142 6 0 2
Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii 15 5 0 0
Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis 33 4 0 2
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 1 4* 0 0
Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata 16 3 0 0
Hammond’s Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii 18 2 0 0
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis 8 2 1 1
Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus 1 2 0 0
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum 0 2 5 0
Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus 0 2 0 0
Cassin’s Finch Carpodacus cassinii 0 2 0 0
Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis 7 1 0 2
Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas 5 1 1 0
Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens 4 1 0 0
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 3 1 0 0
Townsend’s Solitaire Myadestes townsendi 2 1 0 0
Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus 1 0 0 1
Brewer’s Sparrow Spizella breweri 0 1 0 0
Cooper’s Hawk Accipiter cooperii 0 1 0 0
Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula 0 1 0 0
Summer Tanager Piranga rubra 0 0 1 0
Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus 0 0 1 0
Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides 0 0 0 1
Black-throated Gray Warbler Dendroica nigrescens 0 0 0 1
* Four detections of the same bird.

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Appendix 7. Photos of Idaho Birds Records Committee ‘review list’ species captured at Camas
NWR.
Least Flycatcher
Sep 16, 2005. Jay Carlisle.
Tennessee Warbler
Oct 6, 2005. Jay Carlisle.
Wood Thrush
May 19, 2007. Carlos Valeris.

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
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Appendix 7 continued
Blackpoll Warbler
Sep 12, 2006. Erin Kiely.
(including a view of the feet and undertail)
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Sep 11, 2006. Erin Kiely.
Magnolia Warbler
May 18, 2007. Carlos Valeris.

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
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Appendix 7 continued
Clay
-
colored Sparrow
(right),
along with Chipping (left) and
Brewer’s Sparrows (center).
Aug 14, 2006. Erin Kiely.
Connecticut Warbler
(2 individuals)
Aug 30, 2005. Craig Fosdick (below).
and Sep 14, 2005. Jay Carlisle (left).
These represent the first two records of
this species in Idaho.
Chestnut-sided Warbler
Aug 22, 2006. Erin Kiely.

IBO Fall Migration Monitoring at Camas NWR –
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Appendix 7 continued
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Aug 30, 2005. Graham Fairhurst.

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Appendix 8. Specific details of native tree and shrub plantings at Camas NWR in 2005 and
2007.
Appendix 8a. Tree and shrub species planted during Earth Day Celebration on April 22-23,
2005.
Species Scientific Name Size* / Age Quantity
Blue Elderberry Sambucus cerulea 2 gallon 10
Black Hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 1 gallon 53
Chokecherry Prunus virginia 1 gallon 42
2 years old 50
Silver Buffaloberry Shepherdia argentea 2 years old 25
Skunkbush Sumac Rhus trilobata 5” 161
Wood’s Rose Rosa woodsii 1 gallon 3
5” 34
Red Osier Dogwood Cornus sericea 1 gallon 6
American Plum Prunus americana 2 years old 25
Appendix 8b. Trees and shrubs planted during spring and fall 2007.
Species Scientific Name Size* / Age Quantity
Yellow Willow Salix lutea combination § 5 coppices planted
Whiplash Willow Salix lasiandra 5 gallon 5 coppices planted
Peachleaf Willow Salix amygdaloides 5 gallon 6 coppices planted
Black Cottonwood
Populus balsamifera spp. trichocarpa 10 gallon 6 coppices planted
Plains Cottonwood Populus deltoides variable ‡ a handful (transplanted)
* Size refers to actual size of a sapling (i.e. 5”) or the size of the container in which it was
transported (i.e. 1 gallon).
§ A combination of 5 gallon and 5’ burlap clumps were used for each coppice.
‡ Several of various sizes were transplanted (with minor success) with a goal of more quickly
replacing some of the overstory trees being lost.

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Appendix 9. GPS coordinates (WGS 1984) for mist nets and point count survey locations
at Camas NWR, Market Lake WMA, and Mud Lake WMA.
Appendix 9.1. GPS coordinates for mist nets at Camas NWR.
Mist Net Number West North
1 112° 15′ 48.37″ 43° 58′ 00.22″
2 112 15 49.70 43 57 58.96
3 112 15 50.90 43 57 55.86
4 112 15 49.38 43 57 56.07
5 112 15 50.91 43 57 45.81
6 112 15 52.76 43 57 46.78
7 112 15 58.37 43 57 46.17
8 112 16 01.08 43 57 48.52
9 112 16 01.61 43 57 49.32
10 112 16 04.12 43 57 49.40
Appendix 9.2. GPS coordinates for point count survey stations at Camas NWR.
Point Count Station Number West North
1 112° 16′ 08.95 43° 57′ 49.05″
2‡ 112 16 02.64 43 57 46.68
3 112 15 54.58 43 57 46.29
4 112 15 51.06 43 58 01.36
5‡ 112 15 46.63 43 58 07.20
6‡ 112 15 42.24 43 57 57.48
7 112 15 36.58 43 58 02.44
8‡ 112 15 59.34 43 57 52.53
9‡ 112 15 52.96 43 57 55.32
10 112 15 49.08 43 57 50.71
Restoration* Point Count
Station Number West North
1 112° 15′ 54.90″ 43° 57′ 50.15″
2 112 15 57.28 43 57 46.48
3 112 16 07.14 43 57 46.98
4 112 16 15.64 43 57 46.30
5 112 16 27.66 43 57 43.27
‡ Stations 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 were chosen as representative and widely-spaced locations for
continued monitoring into the future and to serve as controls for comparison with the five newly-
established restoration point count stations (see next note*).
* Five point count stations adjacent to recent plantings for monitoring bird use of restored areas
in the coming years.

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Appendix 9 continued
Appendix 9.3. GPS coordinates for point count survey stations at Market Lake WMA.
Point Count Station Number West North
1 112° 07′ 16.8 43° 44′ 31.2″
2 112 07 08.8 43 44 31.0
3 112 10 26.2 43 47 56.6
4 112 10 32.1 43 48 01.9
5 112 10 13.1 43 48 05.0
Appendix 9.4. GPS coordinates for point count survey stations at Mud Lake WMA.
Point Count Station Number West North
1 112° 21′ 23.0 43° 53′ 42.5″
2 112 21 20.5 43 53 36.3
3 112 21 28.4 43 53 35.4
4 112 23 16.5 43 53 55.6
5 112 23 27.7 43 53 48.7
6 112 23 35.3 43 54 00.6
7 112 23 42.1 43 54 03.9