Development of The Physical Activity Learning through QR Code Android-based and Teaching Books for the Deaf

Abstract

Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era had a great influence on the preparation and implementation of technology-based physical activity learning strategies. Difficulties in conveying information and learning physical activity are still often found in the learning environment for children with special needs. This research aims to make a product and validate Physical Activity learning media using digital technology based on the Design and Build Technology of the Android Book Quick response (QR) Code Application. The way is adapted to the Physical Activity guide with a bar code system to explain the sequence of Physical Activity movements in improving the motor skills of deaf students through videos that will appear after scanning the QR code. The method used in this study is research & development. The data analysis technique used Microsoft Excel. The results of this study obtained optimal content validity values (Aiken V = 0.89). The internal validity values were average (r = 0.86). The next score was the reliability value using Cronbach's Alpha, which was 0.73. Learning instruments are valid and reliable. Therefore, the Physical Activity learning instrument using digital technology based on the QR Code Android Book Application Design Technology can be used as a medium of learning and training for students with special needs.

Full text

International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 11(3): 683-690, 2023 http://www.hrpub.org
DOI: 10.13189/saj.2023.110323
Development of the Physical Activity Learning through
QR Code Android-Based and Teaching Books
for the Deaf
Fahmil Haris1, Ilham1,*, Johanri Taufan2, Fauzan Aulia3, Gusril1, Anton Komaini1,
Nuridin Widya Pranoto1
1Department of Health and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
2Department of Special Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education , Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
3Department of Visual Communication Design, Faculty of Language and Art, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
Received February 14, 2023; Revised April 10, 2023; Accepted May 9, 2023
Cite This Paper in the Following Citation Styles
(a): [1] Fahmil Haris, Ilham, Johanri Taufan, Fauzan Aulia, Gusril, Anton Komaini, Nuridin Widya Pranoto,
"Development of the Physical Activity Learning through QR Code Android-based and Teaching Books for the Deaf,"
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 683 - 690, 2023. DOI:
10.13189/saj.2023.110323.
(b): Fahmil Haris, Ilham, Johanri Taufan, Fauzan Aulia, Gusril, Anton Komaini, Nuridin Widya Pranoto (2023).
Development of The Physical Activity Learning through QR Code Android-based and Teaching Books for the Deaf.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(3), 683 - 690. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2023.110323.
Copyright©2023 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Science and technology in the Industrial
Revolution 4.0 era had a great influence on the preparation
and implementation of technology-based physical activity
learning strategies. Difficulties in conveying information
and learning physical activity are still often found in the
learning environment for children with special needs. This
research aims to make a product and validate Physical
Activity learning media using digital technology based on
the Design and Build Technology of the Android Book
Quick response (QR) Code Application. The way is
adapted to the Physical Activity guide with a bar code
system to explain the sequence of Physical Activity
movements in improving the motor skills of deaf students
through videos that will appear after scanning the QR code.
The method used in this study is research & development.
The data analysis technique used Microsoft Excel. The
results of this study obtained optimal content validity
values (Aiken V = 0.89). The internal validity values were
average (r = 0.86). The next score was the reliability value
using Cronbach's Alpha, which was 0.73. Learning
instruments are valid and reliable. Therefore, the Physical
Activity learning instrument using digital technology
based on the QR Code Android Book Application Design
Technology can be used as a medium of learning and
training for students with special needs.
Keywords The Physical Activity Learning, QR Code
Android-Based, Teaching Books, The Deaf
1. Introduction
Physical activity learning for children with special needs
of development needs to be improved, not only for their
health and fitness but also for reducing communication
barriers between teachers and students [1]–[5]. Therefore,
the learning outcomes of physical activity for children with
special needs need to be accompanied by the existence of
technology. Teachers also need to understand the concepts
and characteristics that deaf children are not children with
mental retardation and low cognitive skill [6]. Deaf
children have a pretty good ability in terms of
understanding some information. Direct observations and
interviews with teachers from several special schools have
been carried out in Padang, Indonesia. When providing
information, the teacher does not use sign language as the
language of instruction in the learning process. It raises
multiple interpretations or ambiguous understandings for

684 Development of the Physical Activity Learning through QR Code Android-Based and Teaching Books for the Deaf
deaf students. Therefore, it becomes an important issue to
be studied.
Teachers’ incompetence in using sign language during
the teaching and learning activity [7]–[9] can cause
non-uniform information provided. The non-uniform
physical activities provided will not optimally increase the
ability of motor skills in sports activities. Therefore, it is
feared to cause a lack of physical fitness and disrupt the
health of deaf students [10]–[12]. It is even more worrying
if a serious injury happens and cannot be handled carefully
and appropriately if a deaf child misunderstands the
instruction from books or teachers. Tendency of the use of
learning media that is starting to be noticed in the world of
education is media with Android-based technology.
Android technology-based learning media have been
widely used in education [13]–[15]. Therefore, researchers
are trying to provide a solution by innovating the findings
of the Design and Build of the Android Book QR Code
Application developed by a previous media development
research team. The team successfully used Augmented
Reality (AR) technology [16] in Pencak silat lectures in
2021 about Physical Activity for deaf children in the form
of daily sign language for deaf children based on Design
Technology Build a QR Code Android Book App. The
technology is a digital information combination of models,
images, video, and audio exhibited by competent experts in
conveying sign language in virtual visuals and video
through digital multimedia media. QR Code Android Book
aims to blend reality with virtual environments, enabling
users to interact with physical and digital objects.
By utilizing the QR Code Android Book technology,
books used for conventional learning media are expected to
be added to their functions with Android QR Code media
on mobile devices. QR Code stands for Quick Response
Code, or it can be interpreted as a code with a fast response.
QR Code is an easily scanned two-dimensional barcode
through QR Code reader software. Along with the
development of the times. The use of QR Code-based
technology has been widely used in everyday life. In 2022,
the industrial revolution 4.0 implemented this technology
more in everyday life. QR Code stores large amounts of
data in the long term. Besides, it is cheap to be used
anywhere. QR Codes can store quite a large amount of data.
The data for numeric characters reaches 7089 characters,
4296 characters for alphanumeric, 2953 bytes for binary,
and 1817 characters for kanji. It is superior to Augmented
Reality (AR) so that it is more precise and friendly to use
that it becomes a novelty compared to previous
applications, which were limited in storage and creation of
learning material content [4]. The design and technology
development of the Qr Code Android Book application is a
combination of digital information including models,
images, video and audio demonstrated by proficient
experts in the transmission of the language of signs in
virtual visuals and videos via digital media.
Qr Code Android Book aims to mix reality with virtual
environments, allowing users to interact with physical and
digital objects. The different levels of understanding of
students with special needs (Deaf) require teachers to be
creative in conveying learning material to their students.
This method enhances the function of conventional books
by being equipped with markers and sign language
movement props multimedia. With the animation of the
Physical Activity movement technique, it is hoped that
users (Deaf) can feel how easy and fast the QR Code
application is rather than manual understanding. The
Android-based Physical Activity learning application that
can be installed on mobile devices simplifies the
education process. The type of research being developed
is media development research. As for research and
development R&D procedures. The QR Code Android
Book that has been compiled is then validated by experts
so that the content and appearance are appropriate.
Therefore, the material is well conveyed and can be
understood by students. Therefore, this research aims to
make a product and validate Physical Activity learning
media using digital technology based on the Design and
Build Technology of the Android Book QR Code
Application.
2. Methods
The method used in this study is research &
development using the borg and gall design: (1) data
collection; (2) planning; (3) Development; (4) Design
validation; (5) Design revisions; (6) Product Trials; (7)
Product revisions; (8) Usage Trials; (9) Product revisions;
(10) Mass production [17]. There were 6 experts to
evaluate the program and guideline book.
The stages/procedures carried out are determining the
components of the tool, designing and creating the
instrument, expert validation and testing the instrument,
as well as product revision in the form of book learning
media equipped with bar code technology based on QR
code books. The scope, stages of activities, and the flow
of an implementation of the QR code book-based learning
media design research are shown in the following
diagram.

International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 11(3): 683-690, 2023 685
Figure 1. Research Flowchart
Meanwhile, the validity and reliability of
technology-based motor activity learning media based on
QR code books on improving the motor skills of deaf
students are determined by using experts' judgment in the
form of the Aiken V formula. The data were from the
experts' judgment evaluation forms. The measurable
achievement indicators in this study are the validity and
reliability values of learning media products.
Therefore, the research questions in this study are: 1)
How is the design of Qr code android book
technology-based learning media for the deaf (someone
with hearing impaired) in improving motor skills?; 2) How
is the validity and reliability of Qr Code Android
Technology-Based Learning Media Books for the Deaf in
enhancing motor skills?
Starting
Needs Analysis
Interview
Observation
Study of
literature
Designing model
Constructing Validation Instrument
Expert Validation
Large Group Trial and Revision III
Effectiveness Test
Pre – test
Treatment
Post – test
Product Finalization
Dissemination and Implementation
Preparing outputs and reports
Finish

686 Development of the Physical Activity Learning through QR Code Android-Based and Teaching Books for the Deaf
3. Result
3.1. Design
Product Design
The design of instructional media is designed by
analyzing and designing variations of motor skill games
from the model developed. The nine variations of the
exercises include tidying up toys, jumping, climbing, going
up and down stairs, jumping sideways, carrying glasses,
throwing balls, throwing and catching balloons, and hitting
the pillow. All movement skills games are delivered
through a book with a QR code in sign language. It will be
directly connected to the video presentation in sign
language for deaf people.
The flowchart for the development of adaptive physical
education learning media prototypes uses Barcodes that
have been adjusted to the final revision to see the product
more clearly in figure 2.
Figure 1. Product Design Development Flowchart
Figure 3. Product Bar Code and Video

International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 11(3): 683-690, 2023 687
Figure 4. Cover of the Teaching Books
3.2. Validity and Reliability
The validity of the product was from six experts'
judgment, with details, two experts on children with
special needs, two people from lecturers with Doctoral
qualifications, and two motor skills experts with professor
and Doctoral qualifications. The experts selected to
validate the developed model are competent in their
respective fields and know both academically and in media
and learning science. Of the nine variations made, two
variations of the game were inappropriate. Thus, the
remaining variations of the exercise were eight variations
of the game. Expert data collection uses a questionnaire
with indicators of substance, language, presentation,
design, and physical book. Furthermore, content validity
analysis uses the Aiken V technique [18], [19], with an
average V score = of 0.89. Clearer details can be seen in
table 1.
The internal validity was carried out with n = 15 deaf
participants. The average correlation value was obtained
(0.86). Then, the reliability value calculated using SPSS 25
result using a clearer Cronbach Alpha can be seen in table
2. Table 1. Content Validity
Criteria and Categorical Cores Aiken’s V Score
Legality 0.92
Norm 0.91
Substance 0.88
Language 0.80
Presentation 0.91
Design 0.93
Book Appearance 0.89
Table 2. Reliability Score by Using Cronbach’s Alpha
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s Alpha N of Item
0.730 15
Based on the reliability value in table 2, the score for
Cronbach's Alpha [20] is 0.73, which means that the

688 Development of the Physical Activity Learning through QR Code Android-Based and Teaching Books for the Deaf
instrument rate has sufficient inter-rater reliability.
The detailed results of this study are that of the nine
variations of the motor skill games created, two of the
game variations were declared inappropriate. Therefore,
the remaining exercise variations were eight game
variations. However, the guidebook as the product in this
study was validated. The results of the assessment from the
guidebook are calculated by the percentage formula as
follows:
Percentage = (score obtained)/(maximum score) x 100%
Furthermore, the percentage value of each part can be
seen in the table as follows:
Table 3. Book Validity Test Criteria Ideal Percentage (%) Results
Ideal Percentage (%) Criteria
0 ≤ V < 20 Invalid
20 ≤ V < 40 Less valid
40 ≤ V < 60 Valid enough
60 ≤ V < 80 Valid
80 ≤ V < 100 Very Valid
The results of the validity test that has been carried out
are valid for all criteria. The Legality criteria obtained the
maximum percentage. The calculation was 48/48 x 100% =
100%. The calculation results were obtained 100%, with
very valid criteria. The Norm criteria show the same result.
Percentage = (score obtained)/(maximum score) x 100%.
Percentage = 24/24 x 100% = 100%. Therefore, it was also
very valid. Similarly, the material or substance criteria
obtained 95% percentage, with calculation: Percentage =
114/120 x 100% = 95%. The calculation results obtained
95%, and it still belongs to very valid criteria. The
calculation of the Language criteria Percentage was 64/72
x 100% = 83%. This number still goes to very valid criteria.
Among others criteria, the presentation gets the lowest
score. The percentage was 74/66 x 100% = 77%.
Calculation results obtained 77%, with valid criteria. The
Book Cover Design criteria were also very valid
Percentage = 90/96 x 100% = 94%, and it belongs to valid
criteria. Similar to the presentation, Book Content/Page
Design also obtained valid criteria. The calculation was
Percentage = 113/144 x 100% = 78%. The last one is
Printed Book Physical Design. The calculation was
Percentage = 94/96 x 100% = 98%. Calculation results
obtained 98%, with valid criteria. Thus, all criteria of the
product validity test are valid.
4. Discussion
Many studies have been conducted and have proven that
QR Code-based media on Android has a very effective
potential to assist in the learning process. Based on the
validity and reliability tests result, the next step was a small
group trial. This research produces an effective, efficient,
and varied learning model that should increase endurance,
technical skill, and motivation in motor training student.
Previous research results show that QR code-based media
on Android have a very effective potential to help in the
learning process.
In 2018, the researchers conducted research titled
Development of Audio-visual Media-Based Motor
Learning Models for Elementary School Students in
Kuranji Padang District and continued development of
research materials titled Development of Media
Implementation of Digital Augmented Reality (AR)
Technology- Based on Learning Media in Pencak Silat
Topics in faculty of sports science [19].
The book was validated by the judgments of six experts.
They are two experts on children with special needs from
lecturers with Doctoral qualifications and two motor skills
experts with professor and Doctoral qualifications. The
experts selected to validate the developed model are
competent in their respective fields and know both
academically in media and learning science. Two out of the
nine variations of motor skills games were declared
inappropriate. Therefore, the eight remaining variations of
the game were exercise variations. Expert data collection
uses a questionnaire with substance, language, presentation,
design, and book appearance indicators. Furthermore,
content validity was analyzed using the Aiken V technique
[18], [19], with an average V score of 0.89. Meanwhile, the
reliability value in table 2, the Cronbach's Alpha score [20]
is 0.73, which means that the instrument rate has a
sufficient inter-rater reliability value.
Effective, efficient, and varied learning media model is
obligatory in motor skills training [21], [22]. Effective and
efficient training will help the teacher/instructor during the
learning process [23]. With one physical activity exercise,
two training objectives can be achieved. Besides
improving motor skills, it also increases agility and
physical fitness. In addition, varied exercises will make
children more motivated in learning sports. However,
different exercises will also increase the enthusiasm of deaf
children in undergoing the learning process to improve
their motor skills. This research is very useful for related
parties such as teachers, lecturers, trainers and practitioners
in schools specializing in the conduct of movement
orientation within the limits of students with special needs
to accelerate the development of the world of national
education. The limitation of this research is that it has not
carried out several other stages of development research,
namely, product trials, product revisions, usage trials, and
mass production. Even so, there were 6 experts (expert
practitioners, academic experts, and media experts to
evaluate the program and guideline book The process of
welcoming children with special needs requires varied and
interesting motor training to improve the physical activity
abilities of deaf children who have limitations so that they
do not get bored while learning, especially endurance
training that lasts a long time. Then this learning model can
be a solution later.

International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 11(3): 683-690, 2023 689
5. Conclusion
The learning instrument was valid and reliable.
Therefore, the Physical Activity learning instrument using
digital technology based on the QR Code Android Book
Application Design Technology can be used as a medium
of learning and training for students with special needs.
This research is useful for physical education teachers,
parents, school institutions, especially for improving the
motor skills of children with special needs.
Acknowledgement
The Author would like to thank to the Lembaga
Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (LPPM)
Universitas Negeri Padang for funding this work with a
contract number: 238/UN35.13/LT/2022.
Conflict Interest
We have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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