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Population Study of Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) in Bali Province, Indonesia
(Studi Populasi Tokek Rumah (Gekko gecko) di Provinsi Bali, Indonesia)
Ni Kadek Dita Cahyani1*, Kadek Andina Widiastuti2, Muhammad Fakhri Fauzan3, Quraisy
Zakky3, Ibnu Hibban Hartono4, Dimas Bayu Nur Ramadhan5, Awal Riyanto6, Amir Hamidy6
1)Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Central Java
2)Bali Natural Resources Conservation Agency, The Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bali,
Indonesia
3)Study Programme of Animal Bioscience, Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University
4)Study Programme of Islamic Business Management, Islamic Economics and Business Faculty, Tazkia,
Islamic University College
5)Biology Education Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jakarta State University
6)Laboratory of Herpetology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and
Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN)
Email: nkdcahyani@gmail.com
Received: May 2023, Accepted: August 2023
ABSTRACT
The tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) is known to be one of the species that plays an important role in the ecosystem,
especially in controlling pest populations (locusts, mosquitoes, crickets and moths). Tokay geckos also have a high
need for medical care purposes and pets. verexploitation and territorial conversion affect tokay gecko populations.
this research to conduct a survey and extrapolation of the gecko population in Bali province. The survey was done
through a visual survey of dating with three different methods; face-to-face video interview and meeting (IDVE),
direct eye contact (DVE) and habitat survey (HS). The survey was conducted in nine districts in Bali from December
2021 to January 2022 with a total of 20 survey points. The total sample area for this study is 56.84 hectare (ha) with
842 individuals of tokay geckos were recorded during the survey. Out of a total of 578,006 hectares area of the
province of Bali, about 54% of the total area is a potential area for tokay gecko habitat. The estimated number of
tokay geckos in Bali province from this study is 4 million individuals. Result habitat preferences of tokay geckos in
Bali province in this study are valuable baseline data for policy producer in determining tokay gecko catch quota.
Keywords: tokay gecko, population extrapolation, Bali, visual encounter survey
ABSTRAK
Tokek Rumah (Gekko gecko) dikenal sebagai salah satu spesies yang penting secara ekologi, misalnya sebagai
pengontrol hama belalang, jangkrik, nyamuk dan ngengat. Manfaat lain dari tokek rumah diantaranya adalah
sebagai obat tradisional dan hewan peliharaan. Pengambilan berlebih tokek rumah dan perubahan habitat
alaminya membuat populasi tokek rumah semakin terancam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan
perhitungan populasi tokek rumah di Provinsi Bali. Survey dilakukan dengan tiga metode berbeda; wawancara
dan pengamatan langsung atau interview and direct visual encounter (IDVE), pengamatan langsung atau direct
visual encounter (DVE), dan habitat survei atau habitat survey (HS). Survei dilakukan di sembilan kabupaten
dan kota di Bali mulai bulan Desember 2022 hingga Januari 2023 dengan total 20 titik pengamatan. Total area
yang diamati adalah 56,84 hektar (ha) dengan total individu yang diamati sebanyak 842 individu. Sebanyak
54% dari total area Provinsi Bali, merupakan daerah yang potensial menjadi habitat tokek rumah. Total
perkiraan populasi tokek rumah di Provinsi Bali mencapai 4 juta individu. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan
menjadi dasar acuan bagi pengambil kebijakan guna penentuan kuota pemanfaatan tokek rumah di Provinsi
Bali.
Kata Kunci: tokek rumah, populasi, Bali, visual encounter survey
DOI: 10.47349/jbi/19022023/125 Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 19(2): 125-133 (2023)
125
INTRODUCTION
The tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) is one of
the most common reptiles species distributed in
Northeast India, Southeast Asia, and Papua New
Guinea. The native habitat is in trees, cliffs in the
rainforest, and also found in housing or buildings
in the rural areas (Carranza & Arnold 2006;
Fauzan et al. 2022). The tokay gecko has
characteristics such as thick, cylindrical bodies,
with heads set apart from their necks. They have
gray coloration with red or black spots (McKay
2006). Generally, Tokay geckos has Snout Vent
Length (SVL) 25-35 cm and have a distinctive
sound so they have a local name in Bali as “Toke”.
In the Balinese community, tokay geckos are
126
Cahyani dkk.
believed to bring good luck if they are present in a
house.
The tokay gecko has an important ecological
value. Tokay geckos have a role in maintaining the
balance of the ecosystem because geckos are
natural predators for insects which in some area
can be a pest for agricultures (Kurniati et al.
2023). At the same time, tokay gecko also
exported to several countries in Asia in dry
conditions for medical purposes (Bauer, 2009;
Njiman et al. 2012; Caillabet 2013; Kurniati 2019,
2023). Apart from being a medicinal commodity,
geckos are also demanded as pets and generally
mated with other types to get a unique animal. The
economical demand of this species will threaten
their population in the wild, since majority of the
animals were harvested from the wild (Ardiantoro
et al. 2021). The importance of the role of geckos
ecologically and its economic benefit causes the
need for populations study in their natural habitat.
This is important since Gekko gecko was
designated as a species included in the CITES
appendix II list in 2019.
Based on Kuriniati (2019; 2020), population
studies of tokay gecko were conducted by
interview and direct observation. The interview
method will allow us to get the information from
the people and also get information about the
house type, the surrounding habitat and also
information about local wisdom related with tokay
gecko. This information will be a basis for the
direct observation where the researcher can focus
to look at certain places around the area. The
extrapolation for population study also needs to
pay attention to some places that might not be the
choice for the tokay gecko, for example water
bodies, places with altitude more than 1000 m
above sea level. As for the catch limit, we have to
exclude the protected area including the protected
forest since it will forbid the catch.
The large number of export quota requests
for tokay geckos has caused the BKSDA to issue a
quota or catch limit for tokay geckos. In 2021
additional quotas were requested so that catch
permits are extended to several provinces in
Indonesia, including the Bali Province. For this
reason, we conduct this study to survey and
extrapolate the gecko population in Bali Province
and see the habitat preferences of tokay geckos in
Bali Province as baseline data for policy making in
determining catch quotas.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted through a visual
encounter survey (McDiarmid et al. 2012) in nine
regencies in Bali from December 2021 to January
2022 with a total of 20 survey points (Figure 1;
Table 1). The visual encounter survey was divided
into three different methods; interview and direct
visual encounter (IDVE), direct visual encounter
(DVE), and habitat survey (HS).
The IDVE method was conducted by
interviewing the respondent before conducting the
direct visual encounter method. The respondents
are the house owner in the sampling area. The
respondent was asked whether they experienced
any encounter with tokay geckos inside or outside
the house and tried to get information on the
possible number of individuals. The interview
results were used as a basis to conduct the direct
visual encounter method in the evening. We will
only survey the house with the possible present of
tokay gecko. The DVE method is the same as
IDVE except the surveyor did not include any
interviews before the visual census. The surveyor
will directly survey the outside or inside the
houses and count the number of the tokay gecko
encounter. The last method, HS, was conducted in
an area without any housing or buildings. It is
usually a small path of 10 meter length outside a
field or rice field. The surveyor will go through
this path and survey the trees and bushes on each
side of the path, and count the number of tokay
geckos encountered for a certain distance.
The data collected during the survey
includes the description of the habitat in
general, the number of houses surveyed, the
number of individual tokay geckos with direct
encounter methods, the total observation area,
and the picture of the tokay gecko that will be
uploaded into iNaturalist apps (https://
www.inaturalist.org).
The total of the observation area was pre-
determined using Google Earth (https://
earth.google.com/web/). Then the population
density (based on the interview or visual
encounter divided by the total observation area
was determined and later called “A” area. The
total area of each regency (called “a”) was
127
Population Study of Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) in Bali Province, Indonesia
determined using the data from the Central
Bureau of Statistics or Badan Pusat Statistik
(BPS, 2023) and then from that area, we also
determined the area that was not potential for
tokay gecko habitat (called “b”) including rice
field, protected forests, production forest, water
bodies (land aquaculture, ponds, lake, dams,
and rivers), and also mountains with elevation
more than 1,000 meters above the sea level. The
total area that has potential for tokay gecko
habitat was later called “B” area. The B area is the
total area of each regency (“a”) minus the area that
Figure 1. Map of sampling location for the population
study of tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) in Bali
Province, Indonesia, December 2021 - January
2022. The red dot represents the Direct Visual
Encounter (DVE), and the blue dot represents
the Habitat Survey (HS), and the yellow dot rep-
resents the Interview and Direct Visual Encoun-
ter (IDVE).
Figure 2 Maps of (A) sampling sites from habitat
survey (HS), (B) extrapolation of sampling
area from interview and direct visual en-
counter (IDVE), and (C) the visualization of
sampling points from iNaturalist apps.
Regency Location GPS Points
Elevation
(ASL)
Survey Date
Survey
Method
Jembrana Desa Tuwed 8°19’20.13” S, 114°32’03.25” E 12 January 12-13, 2022 DVE
Tabanan Desa Pacung 8°20’17.98”S, 115°11’21.19”E 803 January 06-08, 2022 DVE
Desa Antapan 8’19’14.77” S, 115’11’52.11” E 200 January 06-08, 2022 DVE
Desa Marga 8°27’00” S, 115°10’28” E 320 January 7, 2022 HS
Desa Perean 8°25’51” S, 115°11’54” E 404 January 7, 2022 HS
Badung Desa Adat Bualu 8°47’28.12” S, 115°13’21.16” E 4 January 9-10, 2022 IDVE
Desa Sedang 8°27’03” S, 115°10’27” E 324 January 6, 2022 HS
Gianyar Desa Padang Tegal 8°30?50.11? S, 115°15?50.36? E 183 January 6-7, 2022 DVE
Desa Ubud 8°30?26.00? S, 115°15?45.15? E 183 January 6-7, 2022 DVE
Desa Singapadu 8°35’27” S dan 115°15’00” E 84 January 4, 2022 HS
Desa Batubulan 8°34’45.94”S, 115°15’12.09”E 92 January 4, 2022 HS
Klungkung Desa Manduang 8°31’13.43” S, 115°23’26.61” E 156 January 10-11, 2022 DVE
Desa Pakse Bali 8°31’19.89”S, 115°23’45.04”E 138 January 10-11, 2022 DVE
Nusa Penida1 8°40’47.84” S, 115°31’00.80” E 32 January 5-7, 2022 DVE
Nusa Penida2 8°41’01.64” S, 115°31’04.76” E 57 January 5-7, 2022 DVE
Desa Bakas 8°31’46” S, 115°21’58” E 115 January 5, 2022 HS
Bangli Desa Taman Bali 8°30’12” S, 115°21’02” E 254 January 10-11, 2022 DVE
Karangasem Desa Tulamben 8°18”02.41” S, 115°36’44,72” E 22 December 15-16, 2022 IDVE
Buleleng Desa Sulanyah 8°11’48.07” S, 114°56’38.26” E 90 January 6, 2022 IDVE
Denpasar Desa Sanur Kaja 8°40’44.12” S, 115°15’19.92” E 11 January 20-21, 2022 IDVE
* Metres Above Sea Level
Table 1. The list of sampling locations, survey date, and the survey methods for the population study of tokay
gecko (Gekko gecko) in Bali Province, Indonesia, December 2021 - January 2022. The IDVE is abbrevi-
ation for Interview and Direct Visual Encounter; DVE is Direct Visual Encounter, and HS is Habitat
Survey.
128
Cahyani dkk.
does not have the potential to become a tokay
gecko habitat (“b”). The population estimation of
the tokay gecko is A x B area.
RESULTS
The total sampling area of this study is 56.84
ha, covering nine regencies in Bali Province,
Indonesia. The survey method was divided into
three methods, interview and direct visual
encounter (IDVE), direct visual encounter (DVE),
and habitat survey (HS) because of the difference
in habitat and condition in every sampling point.
There were a total of 20 sampling points, with four
sampling points observed with IDVE, 10 points
with DVE, and six points with HS method (Table
2). Overall, 525 houses or buildings were
surveyed, with 842 individuals of tokay gecko
listed from the direct encounters surveys.
Description of Study Locations
Bali is one of the provinces in Indonesia
which covers 578.006 ha area consisting of one
big Island, Bali, and several small neighboring
islands notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan,
and Nusa Ceningan. In general, Bali Province
consists of lowlands and mountains including
Mount Batur and Mount Agung, the highest
mountain in Bali with 3,000 meters above sea
level. Agriculture and tourism are two of the
economic foundations of Bali and to be the major
livelihood for Balinese people (BPS, 2023).
Surveys were conducted in 20 locations in
nine regencies with different types of habitat in
Bali Province (Table 1). The survey location in
Buleleng Regency, Gianyar, Badung and
Denpasar were characterized by a densely
populated area. The housing type was dominated
by permanent houses with a concrete wall. There
were not many open spaces such as rice fields or
open fields. The houses were closed to each other
and usually separated by a street or an alley.
The survey locations in Tabanan, Bangli,
Klungkung, Jembrana Regency are characterized
by small clusters of housing with rice fields and
also open fields. Although most of the houses
were built with bricks and concrete, some people
still use “Gedeg” (a mat woven from strips of
bamboo) as a wall. The house ceiling usually
opens as you still can see the wooden structure of
the house roof. Those are some of the perfect
habitats for tokay geckos. At the back of the house,
we usually found a green field with a couple of big
trees and bushes. The tree species were plumeria
(Plumeria sp.), banana (Musa sp.), Ficus sp.,
cassava (Manihot sp.), lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus) and Brassica sp. Tokay geckos were
also spotted on the plumeria trees in the house
yard. During the habitat survey, we also
observed the tokay geckos at the trees next to
the rice field, such as Ficus sp., Cocos nucifera,
Musa sp., and Saccharum officinarum
(sugarcane).
The other survey locations, such as
Karangasem Regency and Nusa Penida Island
have a different habitat characterization. The
survey in Karangasem Regency (Desa Muntig)
was located in a village next to the beach. The
location was arid, with the typical dry soil and
not so many trees. The study found the
individual tokay gecko in the coconut tree
(Cocos nucifera) that spread across the
shoreline. Nusa Penida Island has the same
characteristic with Desa Muntig in Karangasem.
Nusa Penida is a small island in southeast Bali
with a total area of 19.272 Ha. The tokay gecko
found in Nusa Penida were usually in the
housing and also in a couple of tree such as
Gliricidia sepium (leguminous tree belonging to
the family Fabaceae and in Indonesia known as
‘Gamal”), coconut tree (Cocos nucifera), and
papaya (Carica papaya).
Figure 3. Different habitats of tokay gecko (Gekko
gecko) in Bali, (A) house roof, (B) inside the
house, (C) and (D) the house wall made of con-
crete or wood.
129
Population Study of Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) in Bali Province, Indonesia
Table 2. The results from interview and observation for the population study of tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) in
Bali Province, Indonesia, December 2021 - January 2022.
Remarks: The IDVE is abbreviation for Interview and Direct Visual Encounter; DVE is Direct Visual Encounter, and HS
is Habitat Survey.
Regency
Survey
Date
Location
Survey
Method
Number of
House
Surveyed
Number of
Tokay geckos
from the
Interviews
Numer of House
with Tokay
gecko from the
Intervew
Number of Tokay
geckos from the
Observation
Survey
Area (Ha)
Density
from the
Interview
Density from
the
Observation
Jembrana
12-Jan-22
Ds. Tuwed
DVE
45
43
34
58
6.94
Total
45
43
34
58
6.94
6.20
8.36
Tabanan
6-Jan-22
Ds. Pacung
DVE
9
24
7
17
0.75
6-Jan-22
Ds. Antapan
DVE
26
80
14
40
1.42
7-Jan-22
Ds. Antapan
DVE
39
52
13
22
1.92
8-Jan-22
Ds. Antapan
DVE
25
0
21
36
2.42
7-Jan-22
Ds. Marga
HS
0
0
0
24
2.31
7-Jan-22
Ds. Perean
HS
0
0
0
15
0.77
Total
99
156
55
154
9.59
16.27
16.06
Badung
9-Jan-22
Ds. Adat Bualu
IDVE
86
115
63
55
9.43
6-Jan-22
Ds. Sedang
HS
0
0
0
46
1.96
Total
86
115
63
101
11.39
10.10
8.87
Gianyar
6-Jan-22
Ds. Padang
Tegal
DVE
46
48
11
21
3.52
7-Jan-22
Ds. Ubud
DVE
22
25
11
22
0.54
4-Jan-22
Ds. Singapadu
HS
0
0
0
26
2.37
4-Jan-22
Ds. Batubulan
HS
0
0
0
4
0.22
Total
68
73
22
73
6.65
10.97
10.97
Klungkung
10-Jan-22
Ds. Manduang
DVE
0
75
74
111
2.35
11-Jan-22
Ds. Manduang
DVE
0
0
3
4
0.27
11-Jan-22
Ds. Pakse Bali
DVE
0
0
5
18
0.59
5-Jan-22
Nusa Penida1
DVE
17
11
17
34
0.50
6-Jan-22
Nusa Penida2
DVE
29
18
29
36
3.02
5-Jan-22
Ds. Bakas
HS
0
0
0
32
1.29
Total
46
104
128
235
8.02
12.97
29.31
Bangli
10-Jan-22
Ds. Taman Bali
DVE
0
92
57
97
2.57
11-Jan-22
Ds. Taman Bali
DVE
0
38
27
43
2.48
Total
0
130
84
140
5.05
25.74
27.72
Karangasem
15-Dec-21
Ds. Tulamben
IDVE
61
48
29
28
4.03
15-Dec-21
Ds. Tulamben
IDVE
6
12
3
23
0.76
Total
67
60
32
51
4.79
12.52
10.64
Buleleng
7-Jan-22
Ds. Sulanyah
IDVE
80
84
64
18
3.9
Total
80
84
64
18
3.9
21.54
4.62
Denpasar
21-Jan-22
Ds. Sanur Kaja
IDVE
34
19
10
12
0.5
Total
34
19
10
12
0.5
38.00
24.00
130
Cahyani dkk.
traditional medicine (Su et al. 2020; Mardiastuti
et al. 2021). The demand for tokay gecko
exports from Indonesia is increasing. The
BKSDA (Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam
or Natural Resources Conservation Agency) as
the institution authorized to regulate animal and
plant regulations in Indonesia needs to calculate
the population of geckos in several places in
Indonesia, including Bali Province. Sampling
activities were conducted from December 2021
to January 2022. Sampling was carried out in
nine districts in Bali with 20 location points
with a total sampling area of 56.84 ha (Table 3).
The survey was conducted using three methods,
namely interview and direct visual encounter
(IDVE), direct visual encounter (DVE), and
habitat survey (HS). The population density of
the tokay gecko in 9 districts in Bali varies
greatly depending on regional conditions. The
total estimation of the tokay gecko population in
Bali Province from this study is 4 million
individuals. This is an important matter for
policy making on export and use of tokay
geckos in Indonesia, especially in the province
of Bali.
In general, the difference in gecko density
in several locations in Bali is due to different
habitat types from the observation area. Some of
the locations selected were densely populated,
but some were areas with less dense housing
and more trees. The type of building is also an
influential factor. Houses that are still
traditionally built are generally an option for
tokay geckos, rather than modern housing. The
type of traditional house in Bali that has an open
ceiling is one of the reasons for the large
number of tokay geckos observed, including
several locations with many eggs.
The Bali island has a total land area
approximately 578,000 ha with a population
density of 774/km2 (BPS 2023). There are
about 46% of the total area of Bali Island that is
considered not potential and is not included in
the calculation or extrapolation of the tokay
gecko population. These areas include land
aquaculture, ponds, lakes, dams, and rivers.
Some areas or cities in Bali become residential
and economic centers, such as the cities of
Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar. However, some
areas on the Bali island are dominated by
The Population of Gekko gecko in Bali Province
The results of tokay gecko’s population
estimation shows different density between
sampling locations and between regency. The
highest density from direct observation is in
Klungkung Regency (29 individuals per ha),
meanwhile the lowest 4.62 individuals per ha in
Kabupaten Buleleng. When we compare the
density between interview and direct observation,
there is not much difference, except in Klungkung,
Buleleng, and Denpasar (Table 3). In Klungkung,
the interview resulted in the high number of tokay
geckos compared with direct observation,
meanwhile in Buleleng dan Denpasar, the
results from the interview showed lowest in
density compared with direct observation (Table
3).
Interview data shows that most of the
respondents were not afraid of geckos. Overall
the number of tokay geckos based on interviews
is lower than the actual observation. This might
be because the respondent over-estimated the
number of tokay geckos in their house. Most of
the respondents also said that they do not intend
to kill the tokay gecko in their house because
they believe that tokay gecko will bring good
luck if it is present in a house.
The extrapolation results were based on the
total sampling area in every regency. The
regency with the widest area is Buleleng with a
total 136,000 ha. Meanwhile the smallest area is
Denpasar with 12,700 ha (Table 3). Based on
the total area, Buleleng regency is the one with
the highest potency for tokay gecko habitat and
Denpasar is the lowest potency. From the total
of 578,006 ha area of Bali’s province, the
potential habitat for tokay gecko is 309,547 ha
or about 54% of the total area of Bali Province.
Based on that data, the highest number of tokay
geckos were estimated in Tabanan regency with
a total estimated 866,784 individuals and the
lowest is in Denpasar with 230,846 individuals.
The total estimation of the tokay gecko
population in Bali Province from this study is 4
million individuals (Table 3).
DISCUSSIONS
The tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) is one of
the reptiles that is widely used for pets and
131
Population Study of Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) in Bali Province, Indonesia
Table 3. The population estimation of tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) in Bali Province, Indonesia, December 2021 - January 2022.
Rege ncy Jembrana Tabanan Badung Gianyar Klungkung Bangli Karangasem Buleleng Denpasar Total
Total are of Regency (Ha) (a) 84.180,00 101.388,00 41.862,00 36.800,00 31.500,00 49.071,00 83.954,00 136.473,00 12.778,00 578.006,00
Total not-potential habitat area for house geckos (b)
- Agricultural Area 6.758,00 21.089,00 9.938,00 14.320,00 3.779,00 2.876,00 7.151,00 10.335,00 2.409,00 78.655,00
- Forest Area 43.370,13 10.196,82 1.717,73 0,00 1.048,50 9.341,28 20.907,21 51.927,15 734,50 139.243,32
- Total water area 1.419,08 500,56 1.407,65 202,26 22,02 2.017,80 6.765,00 1.043,72 15,90 13.393,99
- Mountain Area 0,00 15.630,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 13.992,50 7.544,00 0,00 0,00 37.166,50
Total potential habitat area (B = a-b) 32.632,79 53.971,62 28.798,62 22.277,74 26.650,48 20.843,42 41.586,79 73.167,13 9.618,60 309.547,19
Survey Results
- Total Observation Area 6,94 9,6 11,39 6,65 8,02 5,05 4,79 3,9 0,5 56,84
- Number of House Geckos from the Interviews 43 156 115 73 104 130 60 84 19 784,00
- Number of House Geckos from the Observation 58 154 101 73 235 140 51 18 12 842,00
- Average population density from interview results A' 6,20 16,27 10,10 10,97 12,97 25,74 12,52 21,54 38,00 154,30
- Average population density from direct observation A 8,36 16,06 8,87 10,97 29,31 27,72 10,64 4,62 24,00 140,54
Population Estimation based on Interview (A' x B ) 202.191,64 878.118,26 290.767,45 244.386,81 345.592,26 536.563,29 520.666,61 1.575.907,42 365.506,80 4.959.700,53
Population Estimation based on Observation (A x B)
272.723,61 866.784,22 255.369,68 244.386,81 781.125,57 577.837,39 442.483,45 337.694,45 230.846,40 4.009.251,55
132
Cahyani dkk.
(Plumeria sp.). Areas that have a lot of trees
have more potential for geckos compared to
densely populated housing. With a total area of
578,000 Ha and the potential habitat of the
gecko around 309,547 Ha, the estimated
population of the tokay gecko in the province of
Bali is 4 millions individuals or 140 individuals
per ha. This study is very important as a basis
for policy making regarding the quota for
capturing tokay geckos as one of the export
commodities, as well as one of the important
animals in the ecological system in nature.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
N.K.D.C, K.A.W, M.F.F, Q.Z, I.H.H, and
B.N.R were sample collector and analysed the
data and wrote the manuscript. A.R and A.H
supervised all the process.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We want to thank the head of Balai
Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA) Bali,
Bapak Agus Budi Santosa, all the BKSDA staff,
and all the surveyors who have made a big
contribution for this study.
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