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Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina

Authors:

Abstract

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High-risk plants, plant products and other objects’. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by bare root plants of Malus domestica grafted on rootstocks of either Malus domestica or Malus sylvestris imported from Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Bosnia and Herzegovina. All pests associated with the commodities were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this opinion. One protected zone quarantine pest, Erwinia amylovora, fulfilled all relevant criteria and was selected for further evaluation. For E. amylovora, special requirements are specified in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Based on the information provided in the Dossier, these specific requirements for E. amylovora are not met.
SCIENTIFIC OPINION
ADOPTED: 19 September 2023
doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8315
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from
Bosnia and Herzegovina
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH),
Claude Bragard, Paula Baptista, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Paolo Gonthier,
Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod,
Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell,
Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Emilio Stefani, Hans-Hermann Thulke,
Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Lucia Zappal
a, Andrea Lucchi, Pedro G
omez,
Gregor Urek, Umberto Bernardo, Giovanni Bubici, Anna Vittoria Carluccio, Michela Chiumenti,
Francesco Di Serio, Elena Fanelli, Cristina Marzach
ı, Agata Kaczmarek and
Jonathan Yuen
Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk
assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as High-
risk plants, plant products and other objects. This Scientic Opinion covers plant health risks posed by
bare root plants of Malus domestica grafted on rootstocks of either Malus domestica or Malus sylvestris
imported from Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), taking into account the available scientic information,
including the technical information provided by Bosnia and Herzegovina. All pests associated with the
commodities were evaluated against specic criteria for their relevance for this opinion. One protected
zone quarantine pest, Erwinia amylovora, fullled all relevant criteria and was selected for further
evaluation. For E. amylovora, special requirements are specied in Commission Implementing
Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Based on the information provided in the Dossier, these specic
requirements for E. amylovora are not met.
©2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH on behalf of
European Food Safety Authority.
Keywords: apple, European Union, pathway risk assessment, plant health, plant pest, quarantine
Requestor: European Commission
Question numbers: EFSA-Q-2022-00160, EFSA-Q-2023-00686
Correspondence: plants@efsa.europa.eu
EFSA Journal 2023;21(10):8315www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal
Panel members: Claude Bragard, Paula Baptista, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo
Gonthier, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven
Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L
Reignault, Emilio Stefani, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan
Yuen and Lucia Zappal
a.
Declarations of interest: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert
contributing to an EFSA scientic assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu.
Acknowledgements: EFSA wishes to acknowledge the contribution of Spyridoula Dimitropoulou.
Suggested citation: EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health), Bragard, C., Baptista, P.,
Chatzivassiliou, E., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C. S.,
Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H.-H., Van
der Werf, W., Civera, A. V., Zappal
a, L., ... Yuen, J. (2023). Commodity risk assessment of Malus
domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina. EFSA Journal,21(10), 134. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.
efsa.2023.8315
ISSN: 1831-4732
©2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH on behalf of
European Food Safety Authority.
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The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety
Authority, a European agency funded by the European Union.
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2023;21(10):8315
Table of contents
Abstract...................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by European Commission ........................................ 4
1.1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2. Terms of Reference ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference.......................................................................................... 4
2. Data and methodologies ................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Data provided by the Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for Plant Health Protection, Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Economic Relations ............................................................................................. 6
2.2. Literature searches performed by EFSA............................................................................................ 6
2.3. Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.1. Commodity data............................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.2. Identication of pests potentially associated with the commodity ....................................................... 7
2.3.3. Listing and evaluation of risk mitigation measures............................................................................. 8
3. Commodity data............................................................................................................................. 8
3.1. Description of the commodity.......................................................................................................... 8
3.2. Description of the production areas ................................................................................................. 9
3.3. Production and handling processes .................................................................................................. 9
3.3.1. Growing conditions......................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.2. Source of planting material ............................................................................................................. 10
3.3.3. Production cycle ............................................................................................................................. 10
3.3.4. Pest monitoring during production ................................................................................................... 11
3.3.5. Post-harvest processes and export procedure ................................................................................... 11
4. Identication of pests potentially associated with the commodity ....................................................... 11
4.1. Selection of relevant EU-quarantine pests associated with the commodity .......................................... 11
4.2. Selection of other relevant pests (non-regulated in the EU) associated with the commodity ................. 16
4.3. Overview of interceptions................................................................................................................ 16
5. Risk mitigation measures ................................................................................................................ 16
5.1. Risk mitigation measures applied in Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................................................. 16
5.2. Evaluation of the application of specic measures in Bosnia and Herzegovina ..................................... 18
6. Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 19
References.................................................................................................................................................. 19
Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Appendix A Web of Science All Databases Search String .............................................................................. 21
Appendix B Excel le with the pest list of Malus domestica .......................................................................... 34
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
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1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by European
Commission
1.1.1. Background
The new Plant Health Regulation (EU) 2016/2031
1
, on the protective measures against pests of
plants, has been applied from December 2019. Provisions within the above Regulation are in place for
the listing of high risk plants, plant products and other objects(Article 42) on the basis of a
preliminary assessment, and to be followed by a commodity risk assessment. A list of high risk plants,
plant products and other objectshas been published in Regulation (EU) 2018/2019
2
. Scientic
opinions are therefore needed to support the European Commission and the Member States in the
work connected to Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, as stipulated in the terms of reference.
1.1.2. Terms of Reference
In view of the above and in accordance with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002
3
, the
Commission asks EFSA to provide scientic opinions in the eld of plant health.
In particular, EFSA is expected to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in the
relevant Implementing Act as High risk plants, plant products and other objects. Article 42,
paragraphs 4 and 5, establishes that a risk assessment is needed as a follow-up to evaluate whether
the commodities will remain prohibited, removed from the list and additional measures will be applied
or removed from the list without any additional measures. This task is expected to be on-going, with a
regular ow of dossiers being sent by the applicant required for the risk assessment.
Therefore, to facilitate the correct handling of the dossiers and the acquisition of the required data
for the commodity risk assessment, a format for the submission of the required data for each dossier
is needed.
Furthermore, a standard methodology for the performance of commodity risk assessmentbased
on the work already done by Member States and other international organizations needs to be set.
In view of the above and in accordance with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, the
Commission asks EFSA to provide scientic opinion in the eld of plant health for Malus domestica
from Bosnia and Herzegovina taking into account the available scientic information, including the
technical dossier provided by Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health (hereafter referred to as the Panel) was requested to conduct a
commodity risk assessment of M. domestica from Bosnia and Herzegovina following the Guidance on
commodity risk assessment for the evaluation of high-risk plant dossiers (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019).
The EU quarantine pests that are regulated as a group in the Commission Implementing Regulation
(EU) 2019/2072 were considered and evaluated separately at species level.
Annex II of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 lists certain pests as non-European
populations or isolates or species. These pests are regulated quarantine pests. Consequently, the
respective European populations, or isolates, or species are non-regulated pests.
Annex VII of the same Regulation, in certain cases (e.g. point 32) makes reference to the following
countries that are excluded from the obligation to comply with specic import requirements for those
non-European populations, or isolates, or species: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canary Islands, Faeroe Islands, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Moldova,
1
Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against
pests of plants, amending Regulations (EU) 228/2013, (EU) 652/2014 and (EU) 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of
the Council and repealing Council Directives 69/464/EEC, 74/647/EEC, 93/85/EEC, 98/57/EC, 2000/29/EC, 2006/91/EC and
2007/33/EC. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, pp. 4104.
2
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 of 18 December 2018 establishing a provisional list of high risk plants,
plant products or other objects, within the meaning of Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 and a list of plants for which
phytosanitary certicates are not required for introduction into the Union, within the meaning of Article 73 of that Regulation
C/2018/8877. OJ L 323, 19.12.2018, pp. 1015.
3
Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general
principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in
matters of food safety. OJ L 31, 1.2.2002, pp. 124.
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Russia (only the following parts: Central Federal
District (Tsentralny federalny okrug), Northwestern Federal District (Severo Zapadny federalny okrug),
Southern Federal District (Yuzhny federalny okrug), North Caucasian Federal District (Severo-Kavkazsky
federalny okrug) and Volga Federal District (Privolzhsky federalny okrug), San Marino, Serbia,
Switzerland, T
urkiye, Ukraine and the United Kingdom (except Northern Ireland
4
). Most of those
countries are historically linked to the reference to non-European countriesexisting in the previous
legal framework, Directive 2000/29/EC.
Consequently, for those countries,
i) any pests identied, which are listed as non-European species in Annex II of Implementing
Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 should be investigated as any other non-regulated pest.
ii) any pest found in a European country that belongs to the same denomination as the pests
listed as non-European populations or isolates in Annex II of Implementing Regulation (EU)
2019/2072, should be considered as European populations or isolates and should not be
considered in the assessment of those countries.
Pests listed as Regulated Non-Quarantine Pest(RNQP)in Annex IV of the Commission
Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, and deregulated pests (i.e. pests which were listed as
quarantine pests in the Council Directive 2000/29/EC and were deregulated by Commission
Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072) were not considered for further evaluation.
In its evaluation the Panel:
Checked whether the information provided by the applicant (Administration Bosnia and
Herzegovina for Plant Health Protection, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations) in
the technical dossier (hereafter referred to as the Dossier) was sufcient to conduct a
commodity risk assessment. When necessary, additional information was requested.
Selected the relevant union EU-regulated quarantine pests and protected zone quarantine
pests (as specied in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
5
, hereafter
referred to as EU quarantine pests) and other relevant pests present in Bosnia and
Herzegovina and associated with the commodity.
Assessed whether the applicant country implements specic measures for Union quarantine
pests for which specic measures are in place for the import of the commodity from the
specic country in the relevant legislative texts for emergency measures (https://ec.europa.eu/
food/plant/plant_health_biosecurity/legislation/emergency_measures_en); the assessment was
restricted to whether or not the applicant country applies those measures. The effectiveness of
those measures was not assessed.
Assessed whether the applicant country implements the special requirements specied in
Annex VII (points 1101) and Annex X of the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/
2072 targeting Union quarantine pests for the commodity in question from the specic country.
Assessed the effectiveness of the measures described in the dossier for those Union quarantine
pests for which no specic measures are in place for the import of the commodity from the
specic applicant country and other relevant pests present in applicant country and associated
with the commodity.
Risk management decisions are not within EFSAs remit. Therefore, the Panel provided a rating
based on expert judgement regarding the likelihood of pest freedom for each relevant pest given the
risk mitigation measures claimed to be implemented by the Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for
Plant Health Protection, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations.
4
In accordance with the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the
European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, and in particular Article 5(4) of the Protocol on Ireland/
Northern Ireland in conjunction with Annex 2 to that Protocol, for the purposes of this Annex, references to Member States
include the United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland.
5
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 of 28 November 2019 establishing uniform conditions for the
implementation of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and the Council, as regards protective measures
against pests of plants, and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 690/2008 and amending Commission Implementing
Regulation (EU) 2018/2019, OJ L 319, 10.12.2019, p. 1279.
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
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2. Data and methodologies
2.1. Data provided by the Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for
Plant Health Protection, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic
Relations
The Panel considered all the data and information (hereafter called the Dossier) provided by the
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for Plant
Health Protection in February 2022, including the additional information provided by the Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for Plant Health
Protection in July 2023 after EFSAs request. The Dossier is managed by EFSA.
The structure and overview of the Dossier is shown in Table 1. The number of the relevant section
is indicated in the opinion when referring to a specic part of the Dossier.
The data and supporting information provided by the Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for
Plant Health Protection formed the basis of the commodity risk assessment.
2.2. Literature searches performed by EFSA
Literature searches in different databases were undertaken by EFSA to complete a list of pests
potentially associated with M. domestica and M. sylvestris. The following searches were combined: (i)
a general search to identify pests of M. domestica and M. sylvestris in different databases and (ii) a
tailored search to identify whether these pests are present or not in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the
EU. The searches were run between 13 January 2023 and 27 March 2023. No language, date or
document type restrictions were applied in the search strategy.
The search strategy and search syntax were adapted to each of the databases listed in Table 2,
according to the options and functionalities of the different databases and CABI keyword thesaurus.
As for Web of Science, the literature search was performed using a specic, ad hoc established
search string (see Appendix B). The string was run in All Databaseswith no range limits for time or
language lters. This is further explained in Section 2.3.2.
Table 1: Structure and overview of the Dossier
Dossier
section Overview of contents Filename
1.0 Technical dossier Dossier_Malus_Bosnia_ARES-241276-Annexe.docx
Production_and_control_of_Apple_seedlings_ARES-
241276-Lettre.docx
2.0 Pest list Dossier_Malus_Bosnia_ARES-241276-Annexe.docx
3.0 Additional information provided by Bosnia
and Herzegovina in August 2023
Bosnia Malus domestica reply
Table 2: Databases used by EFSA for the compilation of the pest list associated to Malus domestica
Database Platform/Link
Aphids on World Plants https://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/C_HOSTS_AAIntro.htm
CABI Crop Protection Compendium https://www.cabi.org/cpc/
Database of Insects and their Food Plants https://www.brc.ac.Bosnia and Herzegovina/dbif/hosts.aspx
Database of the Worlds Lepidopteran
Hostplants
https://www.nhm.ac.BosniaandHerzegovina/our-science/data/
hostplants/search/index.dsml
EPPO Global Database https://gd.eppo.int/
EUROPHYT https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/europhyt/
Leaf-miners https://www.leafmines.co.BosniaandHerzegovina/html/plants.
htm
Nemaplex https://nemaplex.ucdavis.edu/Nemabase2010/
PlantNematodeHostStatusDDQuery.aspx
Plant Pest Information Network https://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/resources/
registers-and-lists/plant-pest-information-network/
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Additional searches, limited to retrieve documents, were run when developing the opinion. The
available scientic information, including previous EFSA opinions on the relevant pests and diseases
(see pest data sheets in Appendix A) and the relevant literature and legislation (e.g. Regulation (EU)
2016/2031; Commission Implementing Regulations (EU) 2018/2019; (EU) 2018/2018 and (EU) 2019/
2072) were taken into account.
2.3. Methodology
When developing the opinion, the Panel followed the EFSA Guidance on commodity risk assessment
for the evaluation of high-risk plant dossiers (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019).
In the rst step, pests potentially associated with the commodity in the country of origin (EU-quarantine
pests and other pests) that may require risk mitigation measures were identied. The EU non-quarantine
pests not known to occur in the EU were selected based on evidence of their potential impact in the EU.
After the rst step, all the relevant pests that may need risk mitigation measures were identied.
In the second step, the proposed risk mitigation measures for each relevant pest were evaluated in
terms of efcacy or compliance with EU requirements as explained in Section 1.2.
A conclusion on the likelihood of the commodity being free from each of the relevant pest was
determined and uncertainties identied using expert judgements.
2.3.1. Commodity data
Based on the information provided by Bosnia and Herzegovina, the characteristics of the
commodity were summarised.
2.3.2. Identication of pests potentially associated with the commodity
To evaluate the pest risk associated with the importation of M. domestica from Bosnia and
Herzegovina a pest list was compiled. The pest list is a compilation of all identied plant pests
associated with M. domestica, M. pumila and M. sylvestris based on (1) information provided in the
technical Dossier, (2) additional information provided by Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for
Plant Health Protection, (3) as well as on searches performed by the Panel. The search strategy and
search syntax were adapted to each of the databases listed in Table 4, according to the options and
functionalities of the different databases and CABI keyword thesaurus.
The scientic name of the host plants (M. domestica (synonym M. pumila) and M. sylvestris) was
used when searching in the EPPO Global database and CABI Crop Protection Compendium. The same
strategy was applied to the other databases excluding EUROPHYT and Web of Science.
EUROPHYT was consulted by searching for the interceptions associated to commodities imported
from Bosnia and Herzegovina, at species level, from 1998 to May 2020 and TRACES for interceptions
Database Platform/Link
Scalenet https://scalenet.info/associates/
Spider Mites Web https://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb/advanced.php
USDA ARS Fungal Database https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.
cfm
Web of Science: All Databases (Web of Science
Core Collection, CABI: CAB Abstracts, BIOSIS
Citation Index, Chinese Science Citation
Database, Current Contents Connect, Data
Citation Index
Web of Science
https://www.webofknowledge.com
FSTA, KCI-Korean Journal Database, Russian
Science Citation Index, MEDLINE
SciELO Citation Index, Zoological Record)
World Agroforestry https://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprole.php?
Spid=1749
GBIF https://www.gbif.org/
Fauna Europaea https://fauna-eu.org/
EFSA List of Non-EU viruses and viroids of
Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L.,
Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L..
https://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/efsajournal/pub/5501
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from June 2020 to June 2023. For the pests selected for further evaluation a search in the EUROPHYT
and/or TRACES was performed for the interceptions from the whole world, at species level.
The search strategy used for Web of Science Databases was designed combining common names
for pests and diseases, terms describing symptoms of plant diseases and the scientic and common
names of the commodity. All the pests already retrieved using the other databases were removed from
the search terms in order to be able to reduce the number of records to be screened.
The established search string is detailed in Appendix Aand was run on 3 to 7 July 2023.
The titles and abstracts of the scientic papers retrieved were screened and the pests associated with
M. domestica and M. sylvestris were included in the pest list. The pest list was eventually further
compiled with other relevant information (e.g. EPPO code per pest, taxonomic information,
categorisation, distribution) useful for the selection of the pests relevant for the purposes of this opinion.
The compiled pest list (see Microsoft Excel
®
le in Appendix B) includes all identied pests that use
M. domestica or M. sylvestris as host. According to the Interpretation of Terms of Reference.
The evaluation of the compiled pest list was done in two steps: rst, the relevance of the EU-
quarantine pests was evaluated (Section 4.1); second, the relevance of any other plant pest was
evaluated (Section 4.2).
2.3.3. Listing and evaluation of risk mitigation measures
Since the Panel did not identify any relevant pest for this Opinion (see Sections 4.1 and 4.2), the
proposed risk mitigation measures were listed without undergoing subsequent evaluation. Likewise,
due to the absence of pests an expert knowledge elicitation on pest freedom was not performed.
3. Commodity data
3.1. Description of the commodity
According to the Dossier the commodities considered to be imported into EU from Bosnia and
Herzegovina are:
Single bare root plants, 1 or 2 year old (after grafting and/or budding), of M. domestica
(Figure 1).
Bundles of 10 bare root plants, 1 or 2 year old (after grafting and/or budding), of M. domestica.
The two commodities can be grafted on rootstocks of M. domestica or M. sylvestris.
As presented in the Dossier 1 year old plants destined for export must have three well-developed roots
with a minimum length of 25 cm, a minimum height of 1 m, the minimum diameter of the lower part of the
plant of 10 mm and the cross-sectional area of the scion must be at least 40% of the rootstock cross-
sectional area. Two year old plants must have at least 34 properly formed primary branches, straight and
smooth stem, well-developed root system and the minimum cross-sectional area of the scion is 80%.
Plants are transported in dormant stage without fruits or leaves.
Figure 1: Pictures of the commodity as provided by Bosnia and Herzegovina; Left bundle of 1 year
old apple plants (T1) in dormant stage, right 2 year old apple plant (T3) in dormant stage
(see Section 3.3.3 for details). ©Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for Plant Health
Protection, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations
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3.2. Description of the production areas
According to the Dossier and additional information provided, in Bosnia and Herzegovina there are
two main planting material production regions (Figure 2): northern part (L i
zev
ce polje and Posavina)
and southern part of the country (Neretva valley and Popovo polje). There are 46 registered nurseries
in Bosnia and Herzegovina (38 in Republika Srpska (RS) and eight in Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (FB
IH)). Currently, only three registered nurseries have exported to EU and non-EU
countries in the last 3 years (all from RS), and 17 potential exporting nurseries have continuous yearly
production of planting material.
The three mentioned nurseries (location 1, 2 and 3, Figure 2) are located within a radius of about
20 km, and the dominant crop in the surrounding areas and in the entire region is cereals.
Nurseries that produce apple plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina have a mixed structure of
production. Other than apples, the most common species are pear and plum, and other species
(cherry, sour cherry, peach, apricot, quince, hazelnut, walnut, chestnut, raspberry, strawberry,
blackberry, chokeberry, currant, blueberry) are produced in small quantities. No other information
about the plants growing outside and within the nurseries was provided.
Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Food Safety Authority
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
3.3. Production and handling processes
3.3.1. Growing conditions
As provided in the submitted Dossier, plants are grown in open elds. Plants are grafted on site or
moved indoors for grafting and after are replanted in the eld. The growing medium used for the
production is soil (according to the ISPM 40, FAO, 2017).
Figure 2: Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina and location of current and potential exporting nurseries
(picture provided by Bosnia and Herzegovina). ©Administration Bosnia and Herzegovina for
Plant Health Protection, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations
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The soil tests are the obligatory prerequisite for establishment of the nursery production in Bosnia
and Herzegovina.
3.3.2. Source of planting material
According to the Dossier, propagation materials are supplied from the mother plants in Bosnia and
Herzegovina as some nurseries have their own mother plants. Additionally, mother plants are supplied
from nurseries from the EU.
3.3.3. Production cycle
The production cycle as described in the Dossier is as follow:
The apple planting material considered to be imported in the EU from BIH (1 or 2 year old bare
root plants) is ready for selling in late autumn. Production process for planting differs on the following:
1) The grafting / budding methods Whip-and-Tongue Graft is the most used grafting method;
T and Chip budding is used equally,
2) The grafting site The grafting on site or grafting indoors and then planting in the eld,
3) One or two-three years of production: 1 year plants spend 1 or 2 years in the eld;
kneipping the grafted plants after rst year in the eld to produce 2-year plants and
4) Source of scions and rootstocks imported from EU, region or nurserys own mother
plantation.
There are three prevailing technologies of fruit plant production performed in BIH, with the
production cycle of one or two seasons (Table 3):
1) T1 1-year-old budded fruit plants (two seasons in the eld during three or two calendar
years),
2) T2 1-year-old grafted fruit plants (1 year in the eld) and
3) T3 2-year-old grafted Knip-baumfruit plants (2 year in the eld during three or two
calendar years).
Table 3: An example of the production cycle in Bosnia and Herzegovina as provided in the Dossier
T3 2-year-old grafted fruit plants production process (branched Knip-baumplants)
Year
before
AugustDecember Plot selection, soil analysis, soil precultivation.
Crop rotation is a must (the plots already used for nursery production are not
used now).
For each establishment the plot history should be provided -for at least 4 years
before the production, and there should not be any orchards in the same plot.
1st
growing
season
February Grafting. Storage in cold until planting.
MarchApril Irrigation system installation.
Planting the grafted rootstocks.
Fertigation, pest control and protection.
MaySeptember Maintaining of the site and plants (irrigation, soil cultivation, fertigation, pest
control and protection); stripping tape removal; tying of plants to bamboo or
wire. First ofcial control by authorised institution and inspection (June).
September/October Second ofcial control by authorised institution and inspection.
Plot selection, soil analysis, soil precultivation (plot for 2nd season)
October/December Taking out the plants from soil, classifying and replanting the 1st class of plants
on the new plot for the 2nd season.
2nd
growing
season
January/February Shortening of plants on 70 cm above ground level.
AprilSeptember Tying of plants to bamboo or wire.
Maintaining of the site and plants (irrigation, soil cultivation, fertigation, pest
control and protection).
1st ofcial control by authorised institution and inspection (June).
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3.3.4. Pest monitoring during production
According to the Dossier regular control of production in nurseries is carried out twice a year based
on the Law on Planting Material and Plant Health Law.
The rst ofcial supervision of plants, rootstocks and mother trees is performed during the
vegetation from mid-June to the end of July.
The second ofcial supervision is performed before the uprooting of plants and rootstocks
(autumnearly winter), and for mother trees before removing the scions.
Plant health inspections of propagating material are carried out during the growing season to
determine the presence of disease and pests at a time when the symptoms can be observed and
recorded.
Additionally, when establishing new nurseries, the inspection of the site is carried out regarding the
spatial isolation conditions and soil analysis for the presence of harmful nematodes that may cause
economic loss.
All plants are produced only in registered nurseries under ofcial inspections.
The sanitary status of the fruit plants is controlled by the producers, by the authorised institutions,
as well as via ofcial inspection controls.
The whole production process is under ofcial control and there are ofcial records of the
production surveillance. The procedures and protocols for the commodity Apple planting material are
in line with EPPO Standards PM 4/27 (1) certication scheme on pathogen-tested material of Malus,
Pyrus and Cydonia; PM 3/76 (1) Trees of Malus,Pyrus,Cydonia and Prunus spp. inspection of places
of production and PM 3/72 (1) Elements common to inspection of places of production, area-wide
surveillance, inspection of consignments and lot identication.
The authorised person must, on the basis of a visual inspection, check that the propagating material is
free from harmful organisms and diseases that affect quality and whether there are signs or symptoms of
such organisms and diseases that reduce the use value of propagating material and fruit plants.
The authorised person carefully walks between the rows of plants and looks for the symptoms of
harmful organisms and diseases, then records the number of plants on which the symptoms of
harmful organisms and diseases have been noticed.
3.3.5. Post-harvest processes and export procedure
The post-harvest and export procedure usually takes place between October and December, when
young plants are taken out from the eld. Soil is removed from roots by shaking, plants are ranked for
storage or delivering, washed and packed.
The planting material during transport and in the store is kept in conditions (rack, refrigeration,
etc.) to preserve its quality and protect from damage. Planting material intended for export is packed
either individually or in bundles of 10 pieces, and the root of each bundle is protected with plastic lm.
Seedlings for export are transported in closed trunks.
4. Identication of pests potentially associated with the commodity
The search for potential pests associated to M. domestica (old name M. pumila) and M. sylvestris
rendered 1,996 species (see Microsoft Excel
®
le in Appendix B).
4.1. Selection of relevant EU-quarantine pests associated with the
commodity
The EU listing of union quarantine pests and protected zone quarantine pests (Commission
Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072) is based on assessments concluding that the pests can
enter, establish, spread and have potential impact in the EU.
T3 2-year-old grafted fruit plants production process (branched Knip-baumplants)
September/October 2nd ofcial control by authorised institution and inspection.
Defoliation treatments.
Labelling.
October to
December
Taking out the young plants from soil, shaking the soil from roots, ranking for
storage or delivering, washing, packaging, transportation.
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A total of 56 EU-quarantine species that are reported to use M. domestica and/or M. sylvestris as
host plants were evaluated (Table 4) for their relevance of being included in this opinion.
The relevance of an EU-quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that:
a) the pest is present in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
b) M. domestica and/or M. sylvestris is a host of the pest.
c) one or more life stages of the pest can be associated with the specied commodity.
Pests that fullled all criteria were selected for further evaluation.
Table 4presents an overview of the evaluation of the 56 EU-quarantine pest species that are
reported to use M. domestica and/or M. sylvestris as a host; they were included in the Dossier
submitted by Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Administration of Bosnia and
Herzegovina for Plant Health Protection in regards of their relevance for this Opinion.
One species (Erwinia amylovora) known to use M. domestica as host, associated with the
commodity and present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was selected for further evaluation.
Since special requirements or emergency measures are specied for M. domestica with regards to
E. amylovora, in Appendix X, item 9 of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 the
evaluation for this pest consisted of checking whether or not the exporting country applies these
measures.
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Table 4: Overview of the evaluation of the 56 EU-quarantine pest species known to use M. domestica and/or M. sylvestris as a host plant for their
relevance for this opinion
No. Pest name according to EU legislation
(a)
EPPO
code Group
Pest present in
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Malus domestica and/or M.
sylvestris conrmed as a
host (reference)
Pest can be
associated with
the commodity
(b)
Pest
relevant for
the
opinion
1Acleris minuta ACLRMI Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
2Anastrepha ludens ANSTLU Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
3Anastrepha serpentina as Anastrepha spp. ANSTSE Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
4Anoplophora chinensis ANOLCN Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
5Anoplophora glabripennis ANOLGL Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
6Anthonomus quadrigibbus TACYQU Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
7 Apple fruit crinkle viroid AFCVD0 Viroids No data PC, EPPO NA No
8 Apple necrotic mosaic virus APNMV0 Viruses No EPPO, CABI, PC NA No
9Apriona cinerea APRICI Insects No EPPO NA No
10 Apriona germari APRIGE Insects No EPPO NA No
11 Bactrocera dorsalis DACUDO Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
12 Bactrocera jarvisi as Bactrocera spp. BCTRJA Insects No CABI NA No
13 Bactrocera neohumeralis as Bactrocera spp. BCTRNE Insects No Data CABI NA No
14 Bactrocera tryoni as Bactrocera spp. DACUTR Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
15 Bactrocera zonata DACUZO Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
16 Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai PHYOPI Fungi No EPPO NA No
17 Carposina sasakii CARSSA Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
18 Ceratitis quilicii as Ceratitis spp. CERTQI Insects No EPPO NA No
19 Ceratitis rosa as Ceratitis spp. CERTRO Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
20 Cherry rasp leaf virus CRLV00 Viruses No PC, CABI, EPPO NA No
21 Conotrachelus nenuphar CONHNE Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
22 Cryphonectria parasitica ENDOPA Fungi Yes CABI No No
23 Erwinia amylovora ERWIAM Bacteria Yes EPPO, CABI, Dossier Yes Yes
24 Eurhizococcus brasiliensis EURHBR Insects No Data CABI NA No
25 Grapholita inopinata CYDIIN Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
26 Grapholita packardi LASPPA Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
27 Grapholita prunivora LASPPR Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
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No. Pest name according to EU legislation
(a)
EPPO
code Group
Pest present in
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Malus domestica and/or M.
sylvestris conrmed as a
host (reference)
Pest can be
associated with
the commodity
(b)
Pest
relevant for
the
opinion
28 Gymnosporangium asiaticum as
Gymnosporangium spp.
GYMNAS Fungi No EPPO NA No
29 Gymnosporangium clavipes as Gymnosporangium
spp.
GYMNCL Fungi No EPPO, CABI NA No
30 Gymnosporangium globosum as
Gymnosporangium spp.
GYMNGL Fungi No EPPO, CABI NA No
31 Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae as
Gymnosporangium spp.
GYMNJV Fungi No EPPO, CABI NA No
32 Gymnosporangium yamadae as
Gymnosporangium spp.
GYMNYA Fungi No EPPO, CABI NA No
33 Homalodisca vitripennis HOMLTR Insects No EPPO NA No
34 Lopholeucaspis japonica LOPLJA Insects No EPPO, CABI, Scalenet NA No
35 Lycorma delicatula LYCMDE Insects No EPPO NA No
36 Margarodes greeni MARGGR Insects No EPPO NA No
37 Margarodes vitis MARGVI Insects No EPPO NA No
38 Naupactus leucoloma GRAGLE Insects No EPPO NA No
39 Oemona hirta OEMOHI Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
40 Phyllosticta solitaria PHYSSL Fungi No EPPO, CABI NA No
41 Phymatotrichopsis omnivora PHMPOM Fungi No EPPO, CABI NA No
42 Popillia japonica POPIJA Insects No EPPO NA No
43 Prodiplosis longila PRDILO Insects No EPPO NA No
44 Rhagoletis pomonella RHAGPO Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
45 Saperda candida SAPECN Insects No EPPO NA No
46 Scirtothrips aurantii SCITAU Insects No data NA No
47 Scirtothrips dorsalis SCITDO Insects No CABI NA No
48 Spodoptera eridania PRODER Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
49 Spodoptera frugiperda LAPHFR Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
50 Spodoptera litura PRODLI Insects No Lepidopteran database, CABI NA No
51 Temperate fruit decay-associated virus TFDAV0 Viruses No Data PC NA No
52 Tobacco ringspot virus TRSV00 Viruses No EPPO, PC NA No
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No. Pest name according to EU legislation
(a)
EPPO
code Group
Pest present in
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Malus domestica and/or M.
sylvestris conrmed as a
host (reference)
Pest can be
associated with
the commodity
(b)
Pest
relevant for
the
opinion
53 Tomato ringspot virus TORSV0 Viruses No PC, CABI NA No
54 Trirachys sartus AELSSA Insects No EPPO, CABI NA No
55 Xiphinema americanum sensu stricto XIPHAA Nematode No Data NA No
56 Xiphinema rivesi (non-EU populations) XIPHRI Nematode No CABI NA No
(a): Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072.
(b): NA Not assessed.
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4.2. Selection of other relevant pests (non-regulated in the EU)
associated with the commodity
The information provided by Bosnia and Herzegovina, integrated with the search EFSA performed,
was evaluated in order to assess whether there are other potentially relevant pests of M. domestica
present in the country of export. For these potential pests that are non-regulated in the EU, pest risk
assessment information on the probability of entry, establishment, spread and impact is usually
lacking. Therefore, these pests were also evaluated to determine their relevance for this opinion based
on evidence that:
a) the pest is present in Bosnia and Herzegovina;
b) the pest is (i) absent or (ii) has a limited distribution in the EU;
c) M. domestica and/or M. sylvestris is a host of the pest;
d) one or more life stages of the pest can be associated with the specied commodity;
e) the pest may have an impact in the EU.
Pest species were excluded from further evaluation when at least one of the conditions listed above
(ae) was not met. Details can be found in Appendix B(Microsoft Excel
®
le).
There were no pests that fullled the above listed criteria and consequently no pests were selected
for further evaluation.
Based on the information collected, 1,942 potential pests (non-EU quarantine) known to be
associated with the species commodity were evaluated for their relevance to this Opinion. The species
were excluded from further evaluation when at least one of the conditions listed above (ae) was not
met. Details can be found in Appendix B(Microsoft Excel
®
le). None of the evaluated EU non-
quarantine pests was selected for further evaluation.
4.3. Overview of interceptions
Data on the interception of harmful organisms on plants of M. domestica can provide information
on some of the organisms that can be present on M. domestica despite the current measures taken.
According to EUROPHYT, online (accessed on 20 April 2023) and TRACES, online (accessed on 28 July
2023) there were no interceptions of plants for planting of M. domestica from Bosnia and Herzegovina
destinated to the EU Member States due to presence of harmful organisms between the years 1998
and the 2023 (July).
5. Risk mitigation measures
Since the Panel did not identify any relevant pest associated with the evaluated commodity, the
proposed risk mitigation measures were not further evaluated. However, an overview of the risk
mitigation measures, as described in the Dossier, is reported in the following section.
5.1. Risk mitigation measures applied in Bosnia and Herzegovina
With the Dossier and additional information provided by Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Panel
summarised the risk mitigation measures (see Table 5) that are proposed in the production nurseries.
Table 5: Overview of proposed risk mitigation measures for Malus domestica plants designated for
export to the EU from Bosnia and Herzegovina
No. Risk mitigation
measure (name) Implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1 Certied material Apple planting material can be produced only by a legal entity or entrepreneur.
Producers keep all records of production and marketing for 5 years.
If the propagating material meets the prescribed requirements the certicates on
varieties purity and quality and plant health condition followed by Certicate on
propagating material production are issued.
In the case of planting material, it must be conrmed that the genus or type of
material is correct and that the identity and purity are in accordance with the
variety. Since it is difcult to determine this visually, the emphasis is on checking
of the documentation on the origin of the material for reproduction.
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No. Risk mitigation
measure (name) Implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2 Phytosanitary
certicates
The origin, quality and health status of plants and the origin and quantity of
reproductive material used for plant production are controlled by eld inspection
(twice in the vegetation) and control of documentation in the nursery.
Planting material may be placed on the market if it meets the requirements in
terms of quality, prescribed category, health status (in accordance with the
regulations on plant health); packaging and labelling. The producer is obliged to:
ensure that the planting material meets the prescribed requirements,
constantly monitor the production of planting material in accordance with
the plan,
implement measures to ensure compliance of planting material with the
prescribed requirements (especially with regard to maintenance of nursery areas
and protection against harmful organisms),
keep records of supervision and implemented measures,
enable ofcial or inspection control, allow sampling and inform the
phytosanitary inspector on the occurrence or suspicion of the occurrence of
quarantine harmful organisms at the place of production.
3 Cleaning and
disinfection of
facilities, tools and
machinery
No specic information on this measure is provided in the Dossier
4 Rouging and pruning No specic information on this measure is provided in the Dossier
5 Pesticide application,
biological and
mechanical control
Pesticides are applied when needed according to regulations in BiH. Regular
agro-technical measures, including the application of pesticides, are mandatory
in the nurseries.
6 Surveillance and
monitoring
Apple planting material is under permanent surveillance and monitoring in all
nurseries. The whole production process is under ofcial control and there are
ofcial records of the production surveillance. The procedures and protocols for
the commodity Apple planting material are in line with EPPO Standards PM 4/
27 (1) certication scheme on pathogen-tested material of Malus,Pyrus and
Cydonia; PM 3/76 (1) Trees of Malus,Pyrus,Cydonia and Prunus spp.
inspection of places of production, and PM 3/72 (1) Elements common to
inspection of places of production, area-wide surveillance, inspection of
consignments and lot identication.
Two o f cial controls are performed on apple planting material, both by
authorised institution and phytosanitary inspection. The rst ofcial supervision
of plants, rootstocks and mother trees is performed during the vegetation from
mid-June to the end of July. The second ofcial supervision is performed before
the uprooting of plants and rootstocks (autumn-early winter), and for mother
trees before removing the scions from the mother trees. Plant health inspections
of propagating material are carried out during the growing season to determine
the presence of disease and pests at time when the symptoms can be observed
and recorded.
The rst ofcial inspection checks the documentation on the origin of the
material used for the declared production, and the visual inspection and
assessment checks the declared quantity with the actual situation in the eld, as
well as the general condition of the planting material in the eld.
During the last ofcial control, the quantity of planting material by species,
varieties, clones (if necessary), rootstocks and categories that meet the
conditions for placing on the market is determined by counting, either the whole
quantity or a certain percentage determined by the principle of a representative
sample, and these data are entered in the record.
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5.2. Evaluation of the application of specic measures in Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Annex X of the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 species a list of plants,
plant products and other objects, originating from third countries, along with the corresponding special
requirements for their introduction into the Unions territory or Protected Zones.
According to the above mentioned Annex special measures are required for the import of the
commodity from Bosnia and Herzegovina related to E. amylovora. As presented in the Dossier,
including the supplementary information, the Panel concludes that the exporting country does not fully
meet the specic requirements for a certicate regarding E. amylovora. At least two inspections are
mentioned, and the timing could be interpreted as the most appropriate time, though not in full
agreement with the timeframes mentioned in the legislation.
Details of the buffer zone were uncertain, and it remains unclear whether it was ofcially
designated, and if it fulls the minimum size requirement of 50 km
2
. Additionally, information
regarding testing for latent infections was lacking.
Given the fact that E. amylovora is present in BIH and there are no pest free areas in BIH the Panel
assumes that the exported material has to full option (d) of Annex X point 9:
No. Risk mitigation
measure (name) Implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina
7 Sampling and
laboratory testing
Authorised phytosanitary laboratories perform sampling and laboratory testing
for the presence of harmful organisms in accordance with the general need and
special monitoring programs. Regular reporting on performed activities is carried
out within the time limits prescribed by the annual programmes, and
extraordinary reporting in case of detection of the presence of a harmful
organism is performed in accordance with the rulebook, after which the Ministry
and phytosanitary inspection are notied.
Harmful organisms are monitored by:
visual inspection of plants during eld visits;
using traps;
laboratory observations;
using computer forecasting models.
Alerts on the presence of observed harmful organisms are disseminated through
the website of the Department.
After nishing the laboratory testing, the laboratory issues a Report on
laboratory analysis with a specic unique number and date and submits the
Report to the competent inspector or authorised person who signed the Order.
For certain harmful organisms, in case of suspicion of their presence, the
authorised Laboratory issues an Emergency Report on suspected occurrence and
submits the Report to the competent Inspector. A copy of this Report is urgently
sent to the Ministry, which is responsible to inform the BIH Administration.
After completion of the conrmation test, the Laboratory issues a nal Report on
conrmation test and submits it to the competent inspector, and additionally a
nal Report on conrmation test, with photos and a description of methodology,
is sent to responsible Ministry.
Authorised laboratories also co-operate in the preparation and implementation of
surveys of harmful organisms.
8 Root washing After uprooting
9 Refrigeration and
temperature control
After grafting in February plants are placed in cold storage until planting in
MarchApril
10 Pre-consignment
inspection
The authorised person must, on the basis of a visual inspection, check that the
propagating material of fruit and fruit seedlings is free from harmful organisms
and diseases that affect quality, and whether there are signs or symptoms of
such organisms and diseases.
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(d) the plants have been produced, or, if moved into a buffer zone, kept and maintained for a
period of at least 7 months, including the period from 1 April to 31 October of the last complete cycle
of vegetation, on a eld:
(i) located at least 1 km inside the border of an ofcially designated buffer zoneof at least
50 km
2
, where host plants are subject to an ofcially approved and supervised control regime
established at the latest before the beginning of the complete cycle of vegetation, preceding the last
complete cycle of vegetation, with the object of minimising the risk of E. amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al.
being spread from the plants grown there,
(ii) which has been ofcially approved, as well as the buffer zone, before the beginning of the
complete cycle of vegetation preceding the last complete cycle of vegetation, for the cultivation of
plants under the requirements laid down in this point;
(iii) which, as well as the surrounding zone of a width of at least 500 m, has been found free from
E. amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al. since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation, at
ofcial inspection carried out at least: twice in the eld at the most appropriate time, i.e. once in the
period from June to August and once from August to November; and once in the said surrounding
zone at the most appropriate time, i.e. from August to November and
(iv) from which plants were ofcially tested for latent infections in accordance with an appropriate
laboratory method on samples ofcially drawn at the most appropriate period.
In the dossier details on the implementation of the buffer zone are not provided and it remains
unclear whether it was ofcially designated, and if it fulls the minimum size requirement of 50 km
2
(as required in point d(i)).
In the dossier it is stated that at least two inspections are carried out. It is uncertain if these
inspections are carried out at the most appropriate time, as specied in point d iii of the legislation.
Additionally, information regarding testing for latent infections was lacking (point d iv).
As presented in the Dossier, including the supplementary information, the Panel concludes that the
exporting country does not fully meet the specic requirements as specied in Annex X point 9
regarding E. amylovora.
6. Conclusions
After a thorough analysis of the Dossier on M. domestica, the Panel concludes that one pest is
identied to be present in Bosnia and Herzegovina and considered to be potentially associated with
single or bundled bare root plants of M. domestica imported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and
relevant for the EU.
The Panel concludes that for E. amylovora, the exporting country does not meet the specic
requirements for a certicate regarding this pest.
References
CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International), online. CABI Crop Protection Compendium. Available
online: https://www.cabi.org/cpc/ [Accessed: 17 February 2023].
EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health), 2019. Guidance on commodity risk assessment for the evaluation of
high risk plants dossiers. EFSA Journal 2019;17(4):5668, 20 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5668
EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), online. EPPO Global Database. Available
online: https://gd.eppo.int/ [Accessed: 17 February 2023].
EUROPHYT, online. European Union Notication System for Plant Health Interceptions EUROPHYT. Available
online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/plant_health_biosecurity/europhyt/index_en.htm [Accessed: 28 July
2023].
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 1995. ISPM (International standards for
phytosanitary measures) No 4. Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas. Available online: https://
www.ippc.int/en/publications/614/
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2017. ISPM (International standards for
phytosanitary measures) No. 40. International movement of growing media in association with plants for
planting. FAO, Rome. Available online: https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/84342/
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2023. ISPM (International standards for
phytosanitary measures) No. 5. Glossary of phytosanitary terms. FAO, Rome. Available online: https://www.
ippc.int/en/publications/622/
TRACES-NT, online. TRAde Control and Expert System. Available online: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/tracesnt
[Accessed: 28 July 2023].
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 19 EFSA Journal 2023;21(10):8315
Abbreviations
BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina
CABI Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
EKE Expert Knowledge Elicitation
EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FUN Fungi
INS Insect
ISPM International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures
NEM Nematode
PLH Plant Health
PRA Pest Risk Assessment
RNQPs Regulated Non-Quarantine Pests
Glossary
Control (of a pest) Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population
(FAO, 1995, 2023).
Entry (of a pest) Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present, or present
but not widely distributed and being ofcially controlled (FAO, 2023).
Establishment (of a pest) Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after
entry (FAO, 2023).
Impact (of a pest) The impact of the pest on the crop output and quality and on the
environment in the occupied spatial units.
Introduction (of a pest) The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment (FAO, 2023).
Measures Control (of a pest) is dened in ISPM 5 (FAO 2023) as Suppression,
containment or eradication of a pest population(FAO, 1995). Control
measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance.
Supporting measures are organisational measures or procedures
supporting the choice of appropriate risk mitigation measures that do not
directly affect pest abundance.
Pathway Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest (FAO, 2023).
Phytosanitary measures Any legislation, regulation or ofcial procedure having the purpose to
prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests or to limit the
economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests (FAO, 2023).
Protected zone A Protected zone is an area recognised at EU level to be free from a
harmful organism, which is established in one or more other parts of the
Union.
Quarantine pest A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby
and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and
being ofcially controlled (FAO, 2023).
Regulated non-quarantine
pest
A non-quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the
intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact
and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing
contracting party (FAO, 2023).
Risk mitigation measure A measure acting on pest introduction and/or pest spread and/or the
magnitude of the biological impact of the pest should the pest be
present. A risk mitigation measure may become a phytosanitary
measure, action or procedure according to the decision of the risk
manager.
Spread (of a pest) Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area
(FAO, 2023).
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Appendix A Web of Science All Databases Search String
In the table below the search string used in Web of Science is reported. In total, 412 papers were
retrieved. Titles and abstracts were screened, and 17 pests were added to the list of pests (see
Appendix B).
Web of Science
All databases
TOPIC:
#1 (Malus domestica" OR M. Domestica" OR apple tree$)
#1(Malus sylvestrisOR M. sylvestrisOR crab apple tree$)
#1 (Malus pumila" OR M. pumila" OR apple tree$)
AND
TOPIC:
AND #2 for Nematodes
(pathogen* OR nematod* OR damag* OR vector OR root knotOR root-knotOR root tip
OR cyst$ OR daggerOR plant parasitic" OR root feedingOR root$ feedingOR plant
$parasitic" OR root lesion$OR damage$ OR infestation$ OR symptom* OR pest$ OR
disease$ OR infecti*)
AND #2 for Bacteria&Phytoplasmas
(pathogen* OR pathogenic bacteria OR mycoplasma* OR bacteri* OR phytoplasma* OR
disease$ OR infecti* OR damag* OR symptom* OR pest$ OR host plant$ OR host-plant$ OR
host OR decline$ OR dieback* OR die back*OR die-back*OR wilt$ OR wilted OR canker OR
witch* OR yellowing OR leafroll OR bacterial gall OR crown gall OR spot OR blast)
AND #2 for Fungi
(pathogen*OR fung*OR oomycet*OR myce*OR disease$OR infecti*OR
damag*OR symptom*OR pest$OR vectorOR host plant$OR host-plant$OR
hostOR root lesion$OR decline$OR infestation$OR damage$OR dieback*OR
die back*OR die-back*OR blight$OR wilt$OR wiltedOR cankerOR scab$OR
rotOR rotsOR rottenOR damping offOR damping-offOR smutOR mouldOR
mold)
AND #2 for Insects&Mites
(insect$ OR mite$ OR malaise OR aphid$ OR curculio OR thrip$ OR cicad$ OR miner$ OR
borer$ OR weevil$ OR plant bug$OR spittlebug$ OR moth$ OR mealybug$ OR cutworm$
OR pillbug$ OR
root feeder$OR caterpillar$ OR foliar feeder$OR root feeder$)
AND #2 for Viruses&Viroids
(pathogen* OR virus* OR viroid* OR disease$ OR infecti* OR damag* OR symptom* OR pest
$ OR decline$ OR infestation$ OR damage$ OR virosis OR canker OR blister$ OR mosaic OR
leaf curlOR latent)
NOT
TOPIC:
(diabet*OR heavy metal$OR pollut*OR weatherOR propert*OR probesOR
spectr*ORantioxidant$OR transformationORmusca" OR RNAOR musca
domestica" OR peelORresistanceOR geneOR DNAOR secondary plant metabolite$
OR metabolite$ORcatechinORepicatechinOR rutinOR phloridzinOR chlorogenic
acidOR caffeic acidOR phenolic compoundsOR qualityOR appearanceOR
postharvestOR antibacterialOR abioticOR storageORpollin*OR ethyleneOR
thinningORfertil*OR mulchingOR nutrient$OR pruningOR human virusOR
animal disease$OR plant extractsOR immunologicalOR puried fractionOR
traditional medicineOR medicineOR mammal$OR bird$OR human disease$)
NOT
TOPIC:
(Abraxas grossulariata" OR Absidia macrospora" OR Acanalonia conica" OR Acanthococcus
lagerstroemiaeOR Acanthopsyche biparsOR Acetobacter acetiOR Acetobacter
pasteurianusOR Acherontia atroposOR Achlya conspicua" OR Acleris cristana" OR
Acleris mbriana" OR Acleris lipsiana" OR Acleris minuta" OR Acleris rhombana" OR Acleris
senescensOR Acleris variegana" OR Acremonium charticola" OR Acremonium kilienseOR
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Acremonium maliOR Acremonium sclerotigenumOR Acrobasis indigenella" OR Acrobasis
obtusella" OR Acrobasis tricolorella" OR Acrocercops malicola" OR Acronicta alniOR
Acronicta psiOR Acronicta rumicisOR Acronicta tridensOR Actias artemisOR Actias
seleneOR Aculus schlechtendaliOR Adalia decempunctata" OR Adoretus versutusOR
Adoxophyes orana" OR Adoxophyes orana fasciata" OR Aeolothrips collarisOR Aglenchus
whitusOR Aglia tauOR Agonum dorsaleOR Agrilus maliOR Agriopis bajaria" OR
Agriotes sputatorOR Agrobacterium tumefaciensOR Agrotis ipsilonOR Agrotis
segetumOR Allocotaphis quaestionisOR Allophyes oxyacanthaeOR Alnetoidia alnetiOR
Alsophila aescularia" OR Alternaria alternata" OR Alternaria alternata f. sp. maliOR
Alternaria arborescensOR Alternaria brassicaeOR Alternaria dumosa" OR Alternaria
eureka" OR Alternaria frumentiOR Alternaria grossulariaeOR Alternaria humicola" OR
Alternaria infectoria" OR Alternaria kordkuyana" OR Alternaria maliOR Alternaria malicola"
OR Alternaria malorumOR Alternaria pomicola" OR Alternaria tenuisOR Alternaria
tenuissima" OR Amara aulica" OR Amaranthus blitumOR Amaranthus palmeriOR
Ambrosiella hartigiiOR Ampedus cinnabarinusOR Amphipyra pyramidea" OR
Amphitetranychus viennensisOR Amyelois transitella" OR Amylostereum sacratumOR
Anacamptodes ephyraria" OR Anarsia lineatella" OR Anastrepha dissimilisOR Anastrepha
fraterculusOR Anastrepha grandisOR Anastrepha ludensOR Anastrepha obliqua" OR
Anastrepha serpentina" OR Anastrepha suspensa" OR Anatis ocellata" OR Ancylis
achatana" OR Ancylis tineana" OR Anisandrus disparOR Anomis ava" OR Anophococcus
insignisOR Anoplophora chinensisOR Anoplophora glabripennisOR Antaeotricha
leucillana" OR Antheraea assamensisOR Antheraea pernyiOR Antheraea polyphemusOR
Antheraea royleiOR Anthocoris confususOR Anthocoris nemoralisOR Anthonomus
humeralisOR Anthonomus pediculariusOR Anthonomus piriOR Anthonomus pomorum
OR Anthonomus quadrigibbusOR Antrodia serialisOR Anuraphis farfaraeOR Aonidiella
aurantiiOR Apate monachusOR Aphanofalx maliOR Aphidounguis maliOR Aphis
aurantiiOR Aphis citricidusOR Aphis craccivora" OR Aphis eugeniaeOR Aphis fabae
OR Aphis gossypiiOR Aphis odinaeOR Aphis pomiOR Aphis spiraecola" OR Aphis
spiraephaga" OR Aphodius granariusOR Aphrodes bicinctusOR Aphthona euphorbiae
OR Aploneura ampelina" OR Aplosporella maliOR Apocheima cinerariumOR Apocheima
pilosaria" OR Apodachlya brachynema" OR Apolygus lucorumOR Aporia crataegiOR
Aposphaeria fuscomaculansOR Apple associated luteovirusOR Apple chat fruit agentOR
Apple chat fruit diseaseOR Apple chlorotic leaf spot virusOR Apple dimple fruit viroid
OR Apple fruit crinkle viroidOR Apple geminivirus 1OR Apple green crinkle agentOR
Apple green crinkle associated virusOR Apple green crinkle diseaseOR Apple green
crinkle-associated virusOR Apple hammerhead viroidOR Apple hammerhead viroid RNA"
OR Apple hammerhead viroid-like circular RNA" OR Apple latent spherical virusOR Apple
luteovirus 1OR Apple mosaic virusOR Apple necrotic mosaic virusOR Apple ringspot
agentOR Apple ringspot diseaseOR Apple rough skin agentOR Apple rubbery wood
OR Apple rubbery wood agentOR Apple rubbery wood phytoplasma" OR Apple rubbery
wood virus 1OR Apple rubbery wood virus 2OR Apple scar skin viroidOR Apple scar
skin viroid-C" OR Apple star crack agentOR Apple stem grooving virusOR Apple stem
pitting virusOR Apricot latent virusOR Apriona cinerea" OR Apriona germariOR Apriona
rugicollisOR Apterona crenulella" OR Apterygida albipennisOR Aptus mirmicoidesOR
Archips argyrospila" OR Archips argyrospilusOR Archips breviplicanusOR Archips
crataeganusOR Archips fuscocupreanusOR Archips podana" OR Archips podanusOR
Archips rosana" OR Archips subsidiaria" OR Archips termiasOR Archips xylosteanusOR
Arctia caja" OR Argyresthia bonnetella" OR Argyresthia conjugella" OR Argyresthia
curvella" OR Argyresthia ivella" OR Argyrotaenia citrana" OR Argyrotaenia ljungiana" OR
Argyrotaenia velutinana" OR Aristotelia pudibundella" OR Armiliaria mellea" OR Armillaria
limonea" OR Armillaria luteobubalina" OR Armillaria mellea" OR Armillaria novae-zelandiae
OR Armillaria tabescensOR Armillariella mellea" OR Armillariella tabescensOR Ascochyta
maliOR Ascochyta malvicola" OR Ascochyta piricola" OR Ascochyta pirina" OR Ascochyta
pyricola" OR Aspergillus awamoriOR Aspergillus clavatusOR Aspergillus elegansOR
Aspergillus avusOR Aspergillus foetidusOR Aspergillus fumigatusOR Aspergillus niger
OR Aspergillus sclerotiorumOR Aspergillus terreusOR Aspergillus ustusOR Aspergillus
versicolorOR Aspergillus wentiiOR Aspidiotus neriiOR Astala confederata" OR
Asterococcus murataeOR Asteromella maliOR Asteromella pomiOR Asymmetrasca
decedensOR Athelia bombacina" OR Athelia rolfsiiOR Athous haemorrhoidalisOR
Atractotomus maliOR Aulacaspis rosaeOR Aulacorthum solaniOR Aurantiporus ssilis
OR Aureobasidium pullulansOR Auricularia mesenterica" OR Auriculariopsis ampla" OR
Automeris io ioOR Automeris zephyria" OR Bacchisa fortuneiOR Bacillus cereusOR
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Bacillus subtilisOR Bactrocera aquilonisOR Bactrocera dorsalisOR Bactrocera jarvisi
OR Bactrocera neohumeralisOR Bactrocera tryoniOR Bactrocera zonata" OR Bagrada
hilarisOR Basidioradulum radula" OR Basilarchia archippusOR Basilarchia arthemisOR
Basilarchia lorquiniOR Batia lunarisOR Batia unitella" OR Bemisia tabaciOR
Berkeleyomyces basicola" OR Berkleasmium moriformeOR Bionectria ochroleuca" OR
Biscogniauxia mandshurica" OR Biscogniauxia marginata" OR Biscogniauxia repanda" OR
Bispora antennata" OR Bjerkandera adusta" OR Blackberry chlorotic ringspot virusOR
Blastobasis decolorella" OR Blastodacna atra" OR Blastodacna vinolentella" OR Boeremia
exigua var. exigua" OR Bohemannia pulverosella" OR Bonagota salubricola" OR
Boreostereum radiatumOR Botryodiplodia juglandicola" OR Botryodiplodia malorumOR
Botryodiplodia theobromaeOR Botryosphaeria berengeriana" OR Botryosphaeria
berengeriana f.sp. pyricola" OR Botryosphaeria dothidea" OR Botryosphaeria iberica" OR
Botryosphaeria kuwatsukaiOR Botryosphaeria lutea" OR Botryosphaeria obtusa" OR
Botryosphaeria parva" OR Botryosphaeria prava" OR Botryosphaeria quercuumOR
Botryosphaeria ribisOR Botryosphaeria ribis f. chromogena" OR Botryosphaeria ribis var.
chromogena" OR Botryosphaeria rosaceaeOR Botryosphaeria sarmentorumOR
Botryosphaeria sinensia" OR Botryosphaeria sinensisOR Botryosphaeria stevensiiOR
Botryotinia fuckeliana" OR Botrytis cinerea" OR Botrytis maliOR Brachionycha sphinxOR
Brachycaudus carduiOR Brachycaudus helichrysiOR Brahmina coriacea" OR Brevipalpus
californicusOR Brevipalpus obovatusOR Brevipalpus phoenicisOR Bryobia angustisetis
OR Bryobia giannitsensisOR Bryobia graminiumOR Bryobia graminumOR Bryobia
macedonica" OR Bryobia piliensisOR Bryobia praetiosa" OR Bryobia rubrioculusOR
Bryobia ulmophila" OR Bryobia vasiljeviOR Bucculatrix pomifoliella" OR Burkholderia
cepacia" OR Butlerela eustaceiOR Byturus tomentosusOR Cacoecimorpha pronubana"
OR Cacopsylla maliOR Cacopsylla melanoneura" OR Cacopsylla picta" OR Cacopsylla
pyrisuga" OR Cactodera chaubattia" OR Cadophora luteo-olivacea" OR Cadophora
malorumOR Cadophora novi-eboraciOR Cadra cautella" OR Caliroa cerasiOR Callisto
coffeella" OR Callisto denticulella" OR Calliteara horseldiiOR Calliteara pudibunda" OR
Calonectria kyotensisOR Calonectria morganiiOR Caloptilia zachrysa" OR Calothyriopsis
maliOR Camarosporium karsteniiOR Camarosporium maliOR Camarosporium
multiformeOR Campylomma verbasciOR Candidatus Liberibacter europaeusOR
Candidatus Phytoplasma asterisOR Candidatus Phytoplasma maliOR Candidatus
Phytoplasma pruniOR Candidatus Phytoplasma solaniOR Candidula intersecta" OR
Cantharis lateralisOR Cantharis livida" OR Cantharis rustica" OR Capnodium citriOR
Carcina quercana" OR Carnation mottle virusOR Carnation ringspot virusOR
Carpophilus mutilatusOR Carposina sasakiiOR Cenangium tuberculiformeOR
Cenopalpus pulcherOR Cephalosporium carpogenumOR Cephalosporium roseumOR
Cephalothecium roseumOR Cerambyx cerdoOR Cerambyx scopoliiOR Ceratitis
capitata" OR Ceratitis malgassa" OR Ceratitis quiliciiOR Ceratitis rosa" OR Ceratostomella
maliOR Cercospora beticola" OR Cercospora hyalina" OR Cercospora maliOR
Cercospora malvarumOR Cercospora pyriOR Ceresa alta" OR Ceroplastes ceriferusOR
Ceroplastes eugeniaeOR Ceroplastes oridensisOR Ceroplastes japonicusOR
Ceroplastes pseudoceriferusOR Ceroplastes rubensOR Cerrena unicolorOR Cerura
vinula" OR Chaetocnema aridula" OR Chaetocnema connisOR Chaetocnema hortensis
OR Chaetomium funicola" OR Chaetomium globosumOR Chaetomium trilateraleOR
Chaetosphaeronema coonsiiOR Chalastospora gossypiiOR Cheiromycella chomatospora"
OR Cherry leaf roll virusOR Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virusOR Cherry rasp leaf virus
OR Chilecomadia valdiviana" OR Chilocorus renipustulatusOR Chinavia hilarisOR
Chionaspis furfura" OR Chlidaspis asiatica" OR Chloroclysta siterata" OR Chloroclystis
rectangulata" OR Chloroclystis v-ata" OR Chondrostereum purpureumOR Choreutis
melophaga" OR Choreutis pariana" OR Choristoneura rosaceana" OR Chrysobothris
femorata" OR Chrysobothris maliOR Chrysomphalus aonidumOR Chrysomphalus
dictyospermiOR Chrysoperla carnea" OR Chrysoperla harrisiiOR Chymomyza amoena"
OR Cicinobolus humuliOR Cilix glaucata" OR Cirsium arvenseOR Cistella maliOR
Cladosporium carpophilumOR Cladosporium cladosporioidesOR Cladosporium
dendriticumOR Cladosporium elatumOR Cladosporium elegantulumOR Cladosporium
fumagoOR Cladosporium herbarumOR Cladosporium macrocarpumOR Cladosporium
malorumOR Cladosporium potebniaeOR Cladosporium pseudocladosporioidesOR
Cladosporium sphaerospermumOR Cladosporium stenosporumOR Cladosporium
transchelii var. viridi-olivacearumOR Clarkeulia bourquiniOR Clathrospora diplospora" OR
Cleorodes lichenaria" OR Clepsis consimilana" OR Clepsis spectrana" OR Climacodon
septentrionalisOR Clitocybe monadelpha" OR Clitocybe tabescensOR Clonostachys
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rosea" OR Clover yellow mosaic virusOR Clytus arietisOR Cnephasia communana" OR
Cnephasia pasiuana" OR Cnestus mutilatusOR Coccinella septempunctata" OR Coccura
comariOR Coccus hesperidum hesperidumOR Cochliobolus cynodontisOR Colaspis
brunnea" OR Coleophora anatipennella" OR Coleophora coracipennella" OR Coleophora
hemerobiella" OR Coleophora pruniella" OR Coleophora prunifoliaeOR Coleophora
serratella" OR Coleophora siccifolia" OR Coleophora spinella" OR Coleophora violacea" OR
Collarispora valgourgensisOR Colletotrichum acerbumOR Colletotrichum acutatumOR
Colletotrichum aenigma" OR Colletotrichum alienumOR Colletotrichum asianumOR
Colletotrichum clavatumOR Colletotrichum oriniaeOR Colletotrichum fragariaeOR
Colletotrichum fructi OR Colletotrichum fructicola" OR Colletotrichum fructigenumOR
Colletotrichum fructusOR Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesOR Colletotrichum godetiaeOR
Colletotrichum kahawaeOR Colletotrichum kahawae subsp. ciggaroOR Colletotrichum
karstiOR Colletotrichum karstiiOR Colletotrichum limetticola" OR Colletotrichum melonis
OR Colletotrichum noveboracenseOR Colletotrichum nymphaeaeOR Colletotrichum
paranaenseOR Colletotrichum rhombiformeOR Colletotrichum salicisOR Colletotrichum
siamenseOR Colletotrichum theobromicola" OR Colletotrichum tropicaleOR Collybia
druceiOR Colocasia coryliOR Colotois pennaria" OR Comstockaspis perniciosa" OR
Coniella fragariaeOR Coniella musaiaensis var. hibisciOR Coniochaeta fasciculata" OR
Coniochaeta velutina" OR Coniophora puteana" OR Coniosporium maliOR Coniothecium
chomatosporumOR Coniothyrium armeniacaeOR Coniothyrium convolutumOR
Coniothyrium cydoniaeOR Coniothyrium fuckeliiOR Coniothyrium olivaceumOR
Coniothyrium pirinumOR Coniothyrium tirolenseOR Conistra rubiginea" OR Conogethes
punctiferalisOR Conoplea sphaerica" OR Conotrachelus nenupharOR Conyza
bonariensisOR Conyza canadensisOR Cordana musaeOR Coriolopsis gallica" OR
Coriolus hirsutusOR Coriolus velutinusOR Coriolus versicolorOR Coriolus zonatusOR
Cornu aspersumOR Corticium centrifugumOR Corticium galactinumOR Corticium
koleroga" OR Corticium litschaueriOR Corticium salmonicolorOR Corticium stevensiiOR
Corticium utriculicumOR Coryneum foliicola" OR Coryneum longistipitatumOR
Corythucha arcuata" OR Coslenchus areolatusOR Cosmia pyralina" OR Cosmia trapezina"
OR Cossus cossusOR Cotinis nitida" OR Crepidotus fulvotomentosusOR Crisicoccus
matsumotoiOR Cristulariella moricola" OR Crocallis elinguaria" OR Croesia holmiana" OR
Cryphonectria parasitica" OR Cryptoblabes gnidiella" OR Cryptocoryneum condensatumOR
Cryptosporiopsis corticola" OR Cryptosporiopsis curvispora" OR Cryptosporiopsis
malicorticisOR Cryptosporiopsis perennansOR Ctenopseustis obliquana" OR Cucumber
mosaic virusOR Cucurbitaria acervata" OR Cuscuta japonica" OR Cydia janthinana" OR
Cydia lobarzewskiiOR Cydia molesta" OR Cydia pomonella" OR Cydia prunivorana" OR
Cylindrocarpon albumOR Cylindrocarpon angustumOR Cylindrocarpon candidumOR
Cylindrocarpon decumbensOR Cylindrocarpon destructansOR Cylindrocarpon didymum
OR Cylindrocarpon heteronema" OR Cylindrocarpon heteronemumOR Cylindrocarpon
liriodendriOR Cylindrocarpon macrodidymumOR Cylindrocarpon magnusianumOR
Cylindrocarpon maliOR Cylindrocarpon obtusisporumOR Cylindrocarpon obtusiusculum
OR Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatumOR Cylindrocladium oridanumOR Cylindrocladium
scopariumOR Cylindrosporium pomiOR Cyphella marginata" OR Cyphellophora sessilis
OR Cystostereum murrayiOR Cytospora ambiensOR Cytospora calvillaeOR Cytospora
carphosperma" OR Cytospora ceratosperma" OR Cytospora chrysosperma" OR Cytospora
cincta" OR Cytospora leucosticta" OR Cytospora leucostoma" OR Cytospora maliOR
Cytospora mali-sylvestrisOR Cytospora melnikiiOR Cytospora microspora" OR Cytospora
nivea" OR Cytospora parasitica" OR Cytospora personata" OR Cytospora pistaciaeOR
Cytospora rubescensOR Cytospora sacculusOR Cytospora schulzeriOR Dacrymyces
minorOR Dactylonectria pauciseptata" OR Daedalea biennisOR Daedalea confragosa"
OR Daedalea unicolorOR Dafa formosella" OR Dahlica inconspicuella" OR Daldinia
childiaeOR Daldinia concentrica" OR Daldinia gelatinosa" OR Daldinia loculata" OR
Daldinia occidentalisOR Daldinia vernicosa" OR Dapple apple viroidOR Dasineura mali
OR Datana integerrima" OR Datana majorOR Datana ministra" OR Delottococcus
aberiaeOR Deltinea bourquiniOR Dematophora necatrixOR Dendrophoma pulvis-
pyriusOR Dendrophora erumpensOR Dendrophora versiformisOR Dendrothele
griseocana" OR Dendrothele tetracornisOR Dendryphiella vinosa" OR Deraeocoris
lutescensOR Deraeocoris ruberOR Devriesia pseudoamericana" OR Diabrotica speciosa"
OR Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata" OR Diapleella coniothyriumOR
Diaporthe actinidiaeOR Diaporthe ambigua" OR Diaporthe amygdaliOR Diaporthe
cotoneastriOR Diaporthe cynaroidisOR Diaporthe eresOR Diaporthe foeniculina" OR
Diaporthe infecunda" OR Diaporthe maliOR Diaporthe malorumOR Diaporthe nobilis
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OR Diaporthe oxeOR Diaporthe perniciosa" OR Diaporthe pomigena" OR Diaporthe
seraniaeOR Diaporthe virgiliaeOR Diaspidiotus africanusOR Diaspidiotus ancylusOR
Diaspidiotus forbesiOR Diaspidiotus juglansregiaeOR Diaspidiotus kaussariiOR
Diaspidiotus maraniOR Diaspidiotus ostreaeformisOR Diaspidiotus perniciosusOR
Diaspidiotus prunorumOR Diaspidiotus pyriOR Diatrype stigma" OR Diatrypella favacea"
OR Dichomeris ligulella" OR Dichroplus elongatusOR Dickeya dadantiiOR Dicranotropis
hamata" OR Dictyna civica" OR Didesmococcus unifasciatusOR Didymella aliena" OR
Didymella glomerata" OR Didymella macrostoma" OR Didymella maliOR Didymella
pomorumOR Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifoliiOR Didymosphaeria variabileOR Diloba
caeruleocephala" OR Dinemasporium strigosumOR Diplazon laetatoriusOR Diplocarpon
coronariaeOR Diplocarpon maliOR Diplocarpon mespiliOR Diplococcium asperumOR
Diplodia bulgarica" OR Diplodia griffoniOR Diplodia intermedia" OR Diplodia malorum
OR Diplodia maura" OR Diplodia mutila" OR Diplodia natalensisOR Diplodia
pseudodiplodia" OR Diplodia pseudoseriata" OR Diplodia sapinea" OR Diplodia
sarmentorumOR Diplodia seriata" OR Dipodascus geotrichumOR Diptacus
gigantorhynchusOR Discosia barrusiiOR Discostroma corticola" OR Dissoconium
aciculareOR Dissoconium eucalyptiOR Dissoconium maliOR Dissoconium proteaeOR
Ditula angustiorana" OR Ditylenchus myceliophagusOR Diurnea fagella" OR Dothiorella
gregaria" OR Dothiorella iberica" OR Dothiorella maliOR Dothiorella mali var. fructusOR
Dothiorella sarmentorumOR Dromius quadrimaculatusOR Drosicha contrahensOR
Drosicha corpulenta" OR Drosicha maskelliOR Drosicha stebbingiiOR Drosicha
turkestanica" OR Drosophila immigransOR Drosophila lativittata" OR Drosophila
melanogasterOR Drosophila simulansOR Drosophila suzukiiOR Dynaspidiotus abietis
OR Dynaspidiotus britanicusOR Dynaspidiotus britannicusOR Dysaphis afnisOR
Dysaphis anthrisciOR Dysaphis anthrisci majkopica" OR Dysaphis armeniaca" OR
Dysaphis brachycyclica" OR Dysaphis brancoiOR Dysaphis brancoi ssp. malina" OR
Dysaphis brancoi ssp. rogersoniOR Dysaphis buniiOR Dysaphis chaerophylliOR
Dysaphis chaerophyllina" OR Dysaphis devecta" OR Dysaphis ava" OR Dysaphis gallica"
OR Dysaphis malidauciOR Dysaphis meridialisOR Dysaphis mordvilkoiOR Dysaphis
orientalisOR Dysaphis physocaulisOR Dysaphis plantaginea" OR Dysaphis pyriOR
Dysaphis radicola" OR Dysaphis sibirica" OR Dysaphis ziniOR Dysmicoccus brevipesOR
Dysmicoccus debregeasiaeOR Dysmicoccus wistariaeOR Ectoedemia atricollisOR
Ectoedemia spinosella" OR Ectomyelois ceratoniaeOR Ectropis crepuscularia" OR
Edwardsiana crataegiOR Edwardsiana rosaeOR Elegia inconspicuella" OR Elsinoe piri
OR Elsinoe pyriOR Elsino
e pyriOR Emex australisOR Emex spinosa" OR Empoasca
decipiensOR Empoasca fabaeOR Empoasca vitisOR Enarmonia axyridisOR
Enarmonia formosana" OR Encoelia rhenana" OR Endomyces maliOR Endomycopsis
maliOR Ennomos autumnaria" OR Entoleuca callimorpha" OR Entomosporium mespiliOR
Eotetranychus ancora" OR Eotetranychus carpiniOR Eotetranychus carpini ssp. Carpini
OR Eotetranychus clitusOR Eotetranychus frostiOR Eotetranychus lewisiOR
Eotetranychus pruniOR Eotetranychus prunicola" OR Eotetranychus sexmaculatusOR
Eotetranychus smithiOR Eotetranychus uncatusOR Eotetranychus willametteiOR
Epicallima formosella" OR Epicoccum granulatumOR Epicoccum nigrumOR Epidiaspis
leperiiOR Epinotia signatana" OR Epiphyas postvittana" OR Epirrita dilutata" OR
Epitrimerus pyriOR Epitrix pubescensOR Erannis defoliaria" OR Erigone atra" OR
Eriogaster lanestrisOR Eriophyes pyriOR Eriosoma lanigerumOR Eriosoma
lanuginosumOR Erthesina fulloOR Erwinia amylovora" OR Erysiphe heracleiOR
Erysiphe malvaeOR Erythricium salmonicolorOR Eudemis porphyrana" OR Eudocima
fullonia" OR Eulecanium kunoenseOR Eulecanium nocivumOR Eulecanium rugulosum
OR Eulecanium tiliaeOR Eulogia ochrifrontella" OR Eumacaria latiferrugata" OR
Eupithecia insigniata" OR Euproctis chrysorrhoea" OR Eurhizococcus brasiliensisOR
European mountain ash ringspot-associated virusOR Eurytetranychus ulmiOR Eurytoma
schreineriOR Eutetranychus africanusOR Eutetranychus orientalisOR Eutypa cremea"
OR Eutypa lata" OR Eutypa lejoplaca" OR Eutypella citricola" OR Eutypella prunastriOR
Euwallacea fornicatus sensu latoOR Euwallacea fornicatus sensu strictoOR Euzophera
bigella" OR Euzophera pinguisOR Euzophera semifuneralisOR Exapion fuscirostreOR
Exidia recisa" OR Exidia thuretiana" OR Exochomus quadripustulatusOR Fabraea
maculata" OR Fagocyba cruenta" OR Ferrisia virgata" OR Fibulorhizoctonia psychrophila"
OR Fieberiella oriiOR Filago gallica" OR Filenchus ruatusOR Flammulina velutipesOR
Fomes annosusOR Fomes applanatusOR Fomes fomentariusOR Fomes igniariusOR
Fomes pinicola" OR Fomes pomaceusOR Fomitopsis pinicola" OR Forcula auricularia"
OR Formica cunicularia" OR Formica pratensisOR Formica rubarbisOR Frankliniella
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australisOR Frankliniella occidentalisOR Fumago graminisOR Fumago vagansOR
Fusarium acuminatumOR Fusarium apiogenumOR Fusarium avenaceumOR Fusarium
camptocerasOR Fusarium compactumOR Fusarium crookwellenseOR Fusarium
culmorumOR Fusarium decemcellulareOR Fusarium gibbosumOR Fusarium graminum
OR Fusarium incarnatumOR Fusarium lateritiumOR Fusarium lateritium var.
fructigenumOR Fusarium moniliformeOR Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinansOR
Fusarium oxysporumOR Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatasOR Fusarium proliferatum
OR Fusarium pseudograminearumOR Fusarium roseumOR Fusarium scirpiOR
Fusarium semitectumOR Fusarium solaniOR Fusarium stilboidesOR Fusarium
tricinctumOR Fusicladium alopecuriOR Fusicladium asperatumOR Fusicladium
dendriticumOR Fusicladium pomiOR Fusicladium pyrorumOR Fusicoccum aesculiOR
Fusicoccum luteumOR Fusicoccum microspora" OR Fusicoccum pyrorumOR Galinsoga
parviora" OR Galinsoga quadriradiata" OR Ganoderma applanatumOR Ganoderma
curtisiiOR Ganoderma lucidumOR Gastropacha quercifolia" OR Geastrumia
polystigmatisOR Gelechia rhombella" OR Gelis areatorOR Geotrichum candidumOR
Gibberella acuminata" OR Gibberella avenacea" OR Gibberella baccata" OR Gibberella
moricola" OR Gibberella tricincta" OR Gliocladium virideOR Globisporangium
heterothallicumOR Globisporangium irregulareOR Globisporangium paroecandrumOR
Globisporangium rostratumOR Globisporangium sylvaticumOR Globisporangium
ultimumOR Globodera rostochiensisOR Gloeocystidiellum sacratumOR Gloeodes
pomigena" OR Gloeopeniophorella sacrata" OR Gloeophyllum trabeumOR Gloeoporus
dichrousOR Gloeosporium albumOR Gloeosporium cingulatumOR Gloeosporium
fructigenumOR Gloeosporium malicorticisOR Gloeosporium rufomaculansOR Glomerella
acutata" OR Glomerella cingulata" OR Glomerella cingulata var. minorOR Glomerella
miyabeana" OR Glomerella rubicola" OR Glomerella rufomaculansOR Glomus constrictum
OR Glomus deserticola" OR Glomus etunicatumOR Glomus fasciculatumOR Glomus
geosporumOR Glomus mosseaeOR Glonium parvulumOR Gluconobacter oxydansOR
Glutinium macrosporumOR Glyphium corrugatumOR Golovinomyces cichoracearumOR
Gonatobotrys simplexOR Grammoptera rucornisOR Graphiphora augurOR Graphium
albumOR Grapholita funebrana" OR Grapholita inopinata" OR Grapholita molesta" OR
Grapholita packardiOR Grapholita prunivora" OR Graphosoma lineatumOR Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpa" OR Guepinia spathularia" OR Guignardia pyricola" OR Gymnopilus spectabilis
OR Gymnosporangium asiaticumOR Gymnosporangium clavariiformeOR
Gymnosporangium clavipesOR Gymnosporangium confusumOR Gymnosporangium
cornutumOR Gymnosporangium globosumOR Gymnosporangium juniperiOR
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianaeOR Gymnosporangium juniperinumOR
Gymnosporangium libocedriOR Gymnosporangium miyabeiOR Gymnosporangium nidus-
avisOR Gymnosporangium tremelloidesOR Gymnosporangium yamadaeOR Gypsonoma
minutana" OR Hadrotrichum populiOR Haematostereum rugosumOR Halyomorpha
halysOR Halyomorpha mista" OR Haplosporella ailanthiOR Haplosporella malorumOR
Haptoncus luteolusOR Harmonia axyridisOR Harmonia quadripunctata" OR Hedya
dimidioalba" OR Hedya nubiferana" OR Hedya ochroleucana" OR Hedya pruniana" OR
Helicobasidium mompa" OR Helicobasidium purpureumOR Helicogloea pellucida" OR
Helicotylenchus dihystera" OR Heliotropium europaeumOR Helminthosporium papulosum
OR Helminthosporium pyrorumOR Hemerobius humulinusOR Hemiberlesia lataniaeOR
Hemiberlesia rapaxOR Hemicycliophora koreana" OR Hemicycliophora theinemanniOR
Hendersonia cydoniaeOR Hendersonia lignicola" OR Hendersonia maliOR Hendersonia
piricola" OR Hendersoniella lignicola" OR Hendersonula toruloidea" OR Herculia fulvocilialis
OR Heterobasidion annosumOR Heterobasidion annosum sensu latoOR Heterobasidion
parviporumOR Heterocampa guttivitta" OR Heterocrasa expansalisOR Heterodera
mediterranea" OR Heterodera zeaeOR Heteroderes rufangulusOR Heteroporus biennis
OR Heterosporium maculatumOR Himacerus apterusOR Hirneola auricula-judaeOR
Holcocerus arenicolusOR Holotrichia longipennisOR Homalodisca vitripennisOR
Homona coffearia" OR Homona magnanima" OR Hop stunt viroidOR Hoplocampa brevis
OR Hoplocampa testudinea" OR Hormodendrum cladosporioidesOR Houjia pomigena" OR
Houjia yanglingensisOR Howardia biclavisOR Hyalarcta huebneriOR Hyalomyzus
eriobotryaeOR Hyalophora cecropia" OR Hyalopterus pruniOR Hyalopus pruinosusOR
Hydnum ciliolatumOR Hydnum mucidumOR Hydnum ochraceumOR Hydnum
setosumOR Hydriris ornatalisOR Hymenochaete agglutinansOR Hymenochaete
corrugata" OR Hyphantria cunea" OR Hyphodontia gossypina" OR Hyphodontia quercina"
OR Hyphodontia spathulata" OR Hypholoma incertumOR Hypholoma sublateritiumOR
Hypocala subsatura" OR Hypomecis punctinalisOR Hypoxylon atropunctatumOR
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Hypoxylon howeianumOR Hypoxylon mediterraneumOR Hypoxylon perforatumOR
Hypoxylon rubiginosumOR Hypoxylon serpensOR Hysterium pulicareOR
Hysterographium subrugosumOR Hysteropatella prostiiOR Icerya aegyptiaca" OR
Icerya seychellarumOR Illosporium malifoliorumOR Ilyonectria liriodendriOR
Ilyonectria radicicola" OR Incurvaria pectinea" OR Inonotus hispidusOR Iphiclides
podaliriusOR Iridopsis larvaria" OR Irpex lacteusOR Irpex tulipiferaeOR Ischnoderma
resinosumOR Ischyja manlia" OR Itame coortaria" OR Itoplectis maculatorOR Janus
compressasOR Janus compressusOR Jattaea microtheca" OR Jattaea tumidula" OR
Labedera proxima" OR Lacanobia oleracea" OR Lacanobia subjuncta" OR Lacanobia
thalassina" OR Lachnella alboviolascensOR Lachnella anomala" OR Lambertella corni-
marisOR Lamoria anella" OR Laotho
e populiOR Lasiodiplodia brasilienseOR
Lasiodiplodia brasiliensisOR Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromaeOR Lasiodiplodia
theobromaeOR Lasiosphaeria ovina" OR Lasius nigerOR Laspeyria exula" OR Latoia
vivida" OR Laxitextum bicolorOR Leiopus nebulosusOR Lenzites betulina" OR Lenzites
sepiaria" OR Lenzites trabea" OR Lenzites tricolor var. daedalea" OR Lenzites vialisOR
Lepidium draba" OR Lepidosaphes conchiformisOR Lepidosaphes conchyformisOR
Lepidosaphes coreana" OR Lepidosaphes cupressiOR Lepidosaphes malicola" OR
Lepidosaphes pistaciaeOR Lepidosaphes ulmiOR Lepidosaphes ussuriensisOR
Lepidosaphes yamahoiOR Lepiota naucina" OR Leptinotarsa decemlineata" OR
Leptodontidium elatiusOR Leptodontium elatiusOR Leptographium alneumOR
Leptosphaeria concentrica" OR Leptosphaeria coniothyriumOR Leptosphaeria
mandshurica" OR Leptothyrium pomiOR Lepus europaeusOR Leucoptera malifoliella" OR
Leucoptera scitella" OR Leucostoma cinctumOR Leucostoma personiiOR Leucostoma
persooniiOR Lewia infectoria" OR Libertella blepharisOR Limothrips denticornisOR
Lindingaspis rossiOR Lithophane hepatica" OR Lochmaeus manteoOR Lomographa
temerata" OR Longidorus elongatusOR Longidorus fangiOR Longidorus pisiOR
Longistigma xizangensisOR Lonicera japonica" OR Lophiostoma compressumOR
Lophiostoma holmiorumOR Lophiostoma subcorticaleOR Lophiostoma vicinumOR
Lophium mytilinumOR Lopholeucaspis japonica" OR Loxostege sticticalisOR Lycia
rachelaeOR Lycia ursaria" OR Lycorma delicatula" OR Lygocoris communisOR Lygocoris
pabulinusOR Lymantria disparOR Lymantria mathura" OR Lymantria monacha" OR
Lymantria obfuscata" OR Lymantria umbrosa" OR Lyonetia clerkella" OR Lyonetia
prunifoliella" OR Lyonetia prunifoliella malinella" OR Lyonetia speculella" OR
Maconellicoccus hirsutusOR Macrodactylus subspinosusOR Macrophoma kawatsukaiOR
Macroplodia cinerea" OR Macrosiphum chukotenseOR Macrosiphum euphorbiaeOR
Macrosiphum rosaeOR Macrothylacia rubiOR Magdalis barbicornisOR Magdalis
rucornisOR Magicicada septendecimOR Mahasena yuna" OR Malacosoma americana"
OR Malacosoma americanumOR Malacosoma disstria" OR Malacosoma indicumOR
Malacosoma neustria" OR Malacosoma parallela" OR Malus domestica virus A" OR
Mamestra brassicaeOR Marasmius pyrinusOR Margarodes greeniOR Margarodes vitis
OR Marmara elotella" OR Marmara pomonella" OR Marssonia coronariaeOR Marssonina
coronaria" OR Marssonina maliOR Massaria excussa" OR Massaria pyriOR Medicago
lupulina" OR Megaloceroea recticornisOR Megalopyge albicollisOR Megaplatypus
mutatusOR Melanaspis inopinata" OR Melanaspis tenebricosa" OR Melanchra persicariae
OR Melanconium fuligineumOR Melanomma coniothyriumOR Melanopsamma improvisa"
OR Melanopsamma pomiformisOR Meloidogyne arenaria" OR Meloidogyne ethiopica" OR
Meloidogyne hapla" OR Meloidogyne incognita" OR Meloidogyne javanica" OR Meloidogyne
maliOR Meloidogyne natalieiOR Melolontha melolontha" OR Merlinius koreanusOR
Merulius tremellosusOR Mesochorus iwatensisOR Mesolecanium nigrofasciatumOR
Mesosa nebulosa" OR Metaseiulus occidentalisOR Metathrinca rosaria" OR Metcalfa
pruinosa" OR Meyernychus emeticaeOR Microcera larvarumOR Microcyclospora mali OR
Microcyclospora malicola" OR Microcyclospora pomicola" OR Microcyclospora tardicrescens
OR Microcyclosporella maliOR Microdiplodia microsporella" OR Microsphaeropsis
ochracea" OR Microsphaeropsis olivacea" OR Microthyriella rubiOR Microtus arvalisOR
Miresa clarissa" OR Misumena vatia" OR Mollisia caespiticia" OR Molorchus umbellatarum
OR Monilia cinerea f. americana" OR Monilia fructigena" OR Monilia polystroma" OR
Monilia urediniformisOR Monilia yunnanensisOR Monilinia fructicola" OR Monilinia
fructigena" OR Monilinia fruticola" OR Monilinia laxa" OR Monilinia laxa f.sp. maliOR
Monilinia maliOR Monilinia mumeicola" OR Monilinia polystroma" OR Monilinia
yunnanensisOR Monochaetia maliOR Monochaetia unicornisOR Monodictys melanopa"
OR Moodna ostrinella" OR Morchella esculenta" OR Morganella longispina" OR Morganella
pseudospinigera" OR Morrisonia confusa" OR Mucor mucedoOR Mucor piriformisOR
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Mucor pyriformisOR Mucor racemosusOR Mycena citricolorOR mycoplasma-like
organismsOR Mycosphaerella pomacearumOR Mycosphaerella pomiOR Mycosphaerella
punctiformisOR Mycosphaerella pyriOR Mycosphaerella sentina" OR Mycosphaerella
tulasneiOR Mycothyridium lividumOR Myriangium asterinosporumOR Myrmecridium
schulzeriOR Myxosporium corticola" OR Myxosporium microspermumOR Myzus ornatus
OR Myzus persicaeOR Naenia typica" OR Nattrassia mangiferaeOR Naupactus
leucoloma" OR Naupactus xanthographusOR Nearctaphis bakeriOR Nectria cinnabarina"
OR Nectria coccinea" OR Nectria coccinea var. faginata" OR Nectria discophora" OR
Nectria ditissima" OR Nectria galligena" OR Nectria haematococca" OR Nectria ochroleuca"
OR Nectria peziza" OR Nectria pseudotrichia" OR Nectria purtoniiOR Nectria sanguinea"
OR Nectria vulpina" OR Nemania serpensOR Nematocampa resistaria" OR Nematogonum
aurantiacumOR Nematoloma fasciculareOR Neocosmospora euwallaceaeOR
Neocosmospora metavoransOR Neocucurbitaria cava" OR Neofabraea actinidiaeOR
Neofabraea alba" OR Neofabraea brasiliensisOR Neofabraea corticola" OR Neofabraea
kienholziiOR Neofabraea malicorticisOR Neofabraea perennansOR Neofabraea
vagabunda" OR Neofusicoccum algerienseOR Neofusicoccum australeOR Neofusicoccum
italicumOR Neofusicoccum luteumOR Neofusicoccum nonquaesitumOR Neofusicoccum
parvumOR Neofusicoccum ribisOR Neofusicoccum stellenboschiana" OR Neofusicoccum
viticlavatumOR Neonectria candida" OR Neonectria ditissima" OR Neonectria galligena"
OR Neonectria macrodidyma" OR Neonectria radicicola" OR Neonectria ramulariaeOR
Neopheosia fasciata" OR Neosphaleroptera nubilana" OR Nigrospora sphaerica" OR
Nipaecoccus viridisOR Nippolachnus piriOR Nitschkia parasitansOR Nola confusalis
OR Nola cucullatella" OR Nummularia discincola" OR Nummularia discreta" OR Nymphalis
polychlorosOR Nymphalis vaualbumOR Nysius vinitorOR Obrium cantharinumOR
Ochroporus ossatusOR Ochropsora ariaeOR Ochropsora sorbiOR Ochrospora ariae
OR Odites malivora" OR Odites ricinella" OR Odontia spathulata" OR Odontota dorsalis
OR Oedothorax apicatusOR Oemona hirta" OR Oenopia conglobata" OR Oidium
conspersumOR Oidium farinosumOR Oidium pirinumOR Oiketicus kirbyiOR Oiketicus
platensisOR Oiketicus toumeyiOR Oligocentria semirufescensOR Oligonychus
biharensisOR Oligonychus litchiiOR Oligonychus newcomeriOR Oligonychus sayediOR
Oligonychus yothersiOR Omphalotus oleariusOR Oncopodiella robusta" OR Oospora
maliOR Oospora otophila" OR Oothecium indicumOR Operophtera bruceata" OR
Operophtera brumata" OR Ophiostoma novo-ulmiOR Ophiostoma quercusOR
Ophiostoma roborisOR Ophiostoma stenocerasOR Opisthograptis luteolata" OR Oreana
unicolorella" OR Orgyia antiqua" OR Orgyia leucostigma" OR Orgyia mixta" OR Orgyia
recensOR Oribius destructorOR Oribius inimicusOR Orientus ishidaeOR Orthosia
cerasiOR Orthosia cruda" OR Orthosia hibisciOR Orthosia incerta" OR Orthotydeus
californicusOR Orthotylus marginalisOR Osmia cornifronsOR Ostrinia nubilalisOR
Ostrinia obumbratalisOR Otiorhynchus cribricollisOR Otiorhynchus raucusOR Otthia
amica" OR Otthia spiraeaeOR Oulema gallaeciana" OR Oulema melanopusOR Ovatus
crataegariusOR Ovatus insitusOR Ovatus malisuctusOR Oxalis latifolia" OR Oxalis pes-
capraeOR Oxyna parietina" OR Oxyporus latemarginatusOR Oxyporus populinusOR
Oxyporus similisOR Pachysphinx modesta" OR Paecilomyces niveusOR Palaeolecanium
bituberculatumOR Palomena prasina" OR Pammene rhediella" OR Pandemis cerasana" OR
Pandemis heparana" OR Pandemis pyrusana" OR Panellus serotinusOR Panellus stipticus
OR Panonychus citriOR Panonychus inca" OR Panonychus lishanensisOR Panonychus
ulmiOR Pantoea agglomeransOR Pantomorus cervinusOR Papilio eurymedonOR
Papilio glaucusOR Papilio rutulusOR Pappia ssilisOR Paraboeremia putaminumOR
Paraconiothyrium fuscomaculansOR Paradevriesia pseudoamericana" OR
Paraphaeosphaeria concentrica" OR Paraphoma radicina" OR Parasaissetia nigra" OR
Paratachardina pseudolobata" OR Paratrichodorus porosusOR Paratylenchus microdorus
OR Paratylenchus nainianusOR Paratylenchus variabilisOR Parlatoreopsis chinensisOR
Parlatoreopsis longispina" OR Parlatoreopsis pyriOR Parlatoria cinerea" OR Parlatoria
crypta" OR Parlatoria desolatorOR Parlatoria oleaeOR Parlatoria pergandiiOR
Parlatoria pittosporiOR Parlatoria proteusOR Parlatoria theaeOR Parlatoria
yanyuanensisOR Parornix geminatella" OR Parornix petiolella" OR Parornix
quadripunctella" OR Parornix scoticella" OR Parthenolecanium cerasifexOR
Parthenolecanium corniOR Parthenolecanium corni corniOR Parthenolecanium glandi
OR Parthenolecanium persicaeOR Pasiphila rectangulata" OR Paspalum urvilleiOR
Patellaria atrata" OR Peach latent mosaic viroidOR Pear blister canker viroidOR
Pellicularia koleroga" OR Peltaster cerophilusOR Peltaster fructicola" OR Peltaster
gemmiferOR Peltosphaeria pustulansOR Pempelia heringiiOR Penicillium
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aurantiogriseumOR Penicillium biourgeianumOR Penicillium brevicompactumOR
Penicillium candidumOR Penicillium carneumOR Penicillium chrysogenumOR
Penicillium communeOR Penicillium crustosumOR Penicillium cyclopiumOR Penicillium
digitatumOR Penicillium expansumOR Penicillium frequentansOR Penicillium glabrum
OR Penicillium glaucumOR Penicillium griseofulvumOR Penicillium islandicumOR
Penicillium mali-pumilaeOR Penicillium martensiiOR Penicillium novae-zelandiaeOR
Penicillium olivinovirideOR Penicillium paneumOR Penicillium polonicumOR Penicillium
puberulumOR Penicillium ramulosumOR Penicillium rugulosumOR Penicillium solitum
OR Penicillium urticaeOR Penicillium verrucosumOR Penicillium viridicatumOR
Peniophora cinerea" OR Peniophora lyciiOR Peniophora violaceolivida" OR Pennisetum
clandestinumOR Pentatoma rupesOR Perenniporia fraxinea" OR Peridroma saucia" OR
Pesotum piceaeOR Pestalotia breviseta" OR Pestalotia concentrica" OR Pestalotia hartigii
OR Pestalotia maliOR Pestalotia malicola" OR Pestalotia malorumOR Pestalotia
mangifolia" OR Pestalotia montellica" OR Pestalotiopsis japonica" OR Pestalotiopsis
maculansOR Pestalotiopsis malicola" OR Pestalotiopsis steyaertiiOR Pestalotiopsis
versicolorOR Petiveria alliacea" OR Petrobia hartiOR Petrobia latensOR Petunia
asteroid mosaic virusOR Peyronellaea musaeOR Pezicula alba" OR Pezicula corticola" OR
Pezicula corylina" OR Pezicula malicorticisOR Pezicula neocinnamomea" OR Pezicula
polygona" OR Pezicula pruinosa" OR Pezicula sepiumOR Peziza corticola" OR Peziza
regalisOR Peziza repanda" OR Pezizella oenotheraeOR Phacidiella discolorOR
Phacidiopycnis malorumOR Phacidiopycnis washingtonensisOR Phacidium lacerumOR
Phaedon cochleariaeOR Phaeoacremonium aleophilumOR Phaeoacremonium angustius
OR Phaeoacremonium australienseOR Phaeoacremonium austroafricanumOR
Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanicumOR Phaeoacremonium geminumOR
Phaeoacremonium inatipesOR Phaeoacremonium iranianumOR Phaeoacremonium
italicumOR Phaeoacremonium longicollarumOR Phaeoacremonium minimumOR
Phaeoacremonium mortoniaeOR Phaeoacremonium parasiticumOR Phaeoacremonium
proliferatumOR Phaeoacremonium prunicola" OR Phaeoacremonium scolytiOR
Phaeoacremonium subulatumOR Phaeoacremonium viticola" OR Phaeodothis winteriOR
Phaeosporis catacrypta" OR Phaeothecoidiella illinoisensisOR Phaeothecoidiella
missouriensisOR Phalera bucephala" OR Phalera avescensOR Phanerochaete
salmonicolorOR Phellinus alniOR Phellinus conchatusOR Phellinus igniariusOR
Phellinus pomaceusOR Phellinus robustusOR Phenacoccus acerisOR Phenacoccus
graminicola" OR Phenacoccus madeirensisOR Phenacoccus transcaucasicusOR
Phialophora malorumOR Phialophora sessilisOR Philodromus albidusOR Philodromus
cespitumOR Phlebia radiata" OR Phlyctaena vagabunda" OR Phlyctema vagabunda" OR
Phlyctinus callosusOR Pholiota adiposa" OR Pholiota aurivella" OR Pholiota squarrosa" OR
Phoma ambigua" OR Phoma bismarckiiOR Phoma coonsiiOR Phoma enteroleuca" OR
Phoma enteroleuca var. enteroleuca" OR Phoma epicoccina" OR Phoma fuliginea" OR
Phoma glomerata" OR Phoma herbarumOR Phoma jolyana" OR Phoma macrostoma" OR
Phoma macrostoma var. incolorata" OR Phoma macrostoma var. macrostoma" OR Phoma
maliOR Phoma pomiOR Phoma pomorumOR Phoma pomorum var. pomorumOR
Phoma putaminumOR Phoma pyrina" OR Phoma radicina" OR Phoma rubefaciensOR
Phoma violacea" OR Phomopsis ambigua" OR Phomopsis cotoneastriOR Phomopsis
fukushiiOR Phomopsis maliOR Phomopsis oblonga" OR Phomopsis perniciosa" OR
Phomopsis prunorumOR Phomopsis theicola" OR Phomopsis truncicola" OR Phomopsis
velata" OR Phorodon humuliOR Phragmatobia fuliginosa" OR Phratora laticollisOR
Phycita roborella" OR Phyllachora pomigena" OR Phyllactinia maliOR Phyllactinia suffulta"
OR Phyllobius argentatusOR Phyllobius oblongusOR Phyllobius pyriOR Phyllocoptes
goniothoraxOR Phyllonorycter blancardella" OR Phyllonorycter corylifoliella" OR
Phyllonorycter crataegella" OR Phyllonorycter cydoniella" OR Phyllonorycter elmaella" OR
Phyllonorycter ganodesOR Phyllonorycter gerasimoviOR Phyllonorycter gerasimowiOR
Phyllonorycter hapalotoxa" OR Phyllonorycter hostisOR Phyllonorycter malella" OR
Phyllonorycter mespilella" OR Phyllonorycter ringoniella" OR Phyllosticta angulata" OR
Phyllosticta briardiOR Phyllosticta briardiiOR Phyllosticta clypeata" OR Phyllosticta
limitata" OR Phyllosticta maliOR Phyllosticta persicaeOR Phyllosticta pirina" OR
Phyllosticta prunicola" OR Phyllosticta pyrina" OR Phyllosticta solitaria" OR Phyllosticta
tumanensisOR Phyllotopsis nidulansOR Phyllotreta cruciferaeOR Phyllotreta nigripes
OR Phyllotreta undulata" OR Phyllotreta vittula" OR Phymatotrichopsis omnivora" OR
Phymatotrichum omnivorumOR Physalospora cydoniaeOR Physalospora malorumOR
Physalospora mutila" OR Physalospora obtusa" OR Physalospora rhodina" OR
Physatocheila dumetorumOR Physatocheila smreczynskiiOR Phytocoris ulmiOR
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Phytomyza heringiana" OR Phytophthora amnicola-chlamydospora" OR Phytophthora
arecaeOR Phytophthora boehmeriaeOR Phytophthora cactorumOR Phytophthora
cambivora" OR Phytophthora capsiciOR Phytophthora cinnamomiOR Phytophthora
citricola" OR Phytophthora citrophthora" OR Phytophthora cryptogea" OR Phytophthora
drechsleriOR Phytophthora fragariaeOR Phytophthora gonapodyidesOR Phytophthora
gregata" OR Phytophthora hibernalisOR Phytophthora lacustrisOR Phytophthora
medicaginisOR Phytophthora megasperma" OR Phytophthora megasperma var.
megasperma" OR Phytophthora nicotianaeOR Phytophthora palmivora" OR Phytophthora
palmivora var. palmivora" OR Phytophthora parasitica" OR Phytophthora plurivora" OR
Phytophthora rosacearumOR Phytophthora sansomeana" OR Phytophthora syringaeOR
Phytoplasma aurantifolia" OR Phytoplasma maliOR Phytoplasma pyriOR Phytoptus pyri
OR Phytopythium vexansOR Pilophorus perplexusOR Pimpla contemplatorOR
Pithomyces chartarumOR Planococcus citriOR Planococcus cusOR Planotortrix
excessana" OR Plasmopara viticola" OR Platynota avedana" OR Platynota idaeusalisOR
Platynota stultana" OR Plemyria rubiginata" OR Plenodomus fuscomaculansOR
Pleochaeta maliOR Pleomassaria maliOR Pleospora alternariae f. fusca" OR Pleospora
fructicola" OR Pleospora herbarumOR Pleospora herbarum var. citrorumOR Pleospora
maliOR Pleospora scrophulariaeOR Plesiocoris rugicollisOR Pleurophoma cava" OR
Pleurophorus caesusOR Pleurotus corticatusOR Pleurotus dryinusOR Pleurotus
ostreatusOR Pleurotus ulmariusOR Plocamaphis gyirongensisOR Poa annua" OR
Pochazia shantungensisOR Podosphaera clandestina" OR Podosphaera clandestina var.
clandestina" OR Podosphaera leucotricha" OR Podosphaera oxyacanthaeOR Podosphaera
pannosa" OR Pogonocherus hispidulusOR Pogonocherus hispidusOR Polydrusus
sericeusOR Polygonum aviculareOR Polyopeus pomiOR Polyopeus purpureusOR
Polyphylla fulloOR Polyporus admirabilisOR Polyporus adustusOR Polyporus albellus
OR Polyporus albidusOR Polyporus badiusOR Polyporus biennisOR Polyporus caesius
OR Polyporus ciliatusOR Polyporus distortusOR Polyporus ssilisOR Polyporus
galactinusOR Polyporus gilvusOR Polyporus hirsutusOR Polyporus lacteusOR
Polyporus leptocephalusOR Polyporus pubescensOR Polyporus resinosusOR Polyporus
spumeusOR Polyporus spumeus var. malicola" OR Polyporus squamosusOR Polyporus
sulphureusOR Polyporus tulipiferaeOR Polyporus variusOR Polyporus versicolorOR
Polystictus versicolorOR Popillia japonica" OR Poria ambigua" OR Poria ferruginosa" OR
Poria pannocincta" OR Poria spissa" OR Poria tenuisOR Poria tenuis var. pulchella" OR
Poria tenuis var. tenuisOR Potebniamyces pyriOR Pratylenchus fallaxOR Pratylenchus
hippeastriOR Pratylenchus loosiOR Pratylenchus manaliensusOR Pratylenchus
neglectusOR Pratylenchus penetransOR Pratylenchus scribneriOR Pratylenchus
thorneiOR Pratylenchus vulnusOR Pristiphora abbreviata" OR Pristiphora maesta" OR
Prociphilus caryae ssp. tchiiOR Prociphilus crataegicola" OR Prociphilus kuwanaiOR
Prociphilus oriensOR Prociphilus piniOR Prociphilus sasakiiOR Prodiplosis longila" OR
Proeulia auraria" OR Proeulia chrysopterisOR Propolomyces versicolorOR Propylea
quatuordecimpunctata" OR Prosoeuzophera impletella" OR Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
OR Psallus ambiguusOR Psathyrella candolleana" OR Pseudaspidoproctus hyphaeniacus
OR Pseudaulacaspis pentagona" OR Pseudexentera maliOR Pseudocercospora maliOR
Pseudocercosporella pomiOR Pseudococcus calceolariaeOR Pseudococcus comstockiOR
Pseudococcus longispinusOR Pseudococcus maritimusOR Pseudococcus scatoterraeOR
Pseudococcus viburniOR Pseudomonas cichoriiOR Pseudomonas uorescensOR
Pseudomonas syringaeOR Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulansOR Pseudomonas
syringae pv. syringaeOR Pseudomonas viridiava" OR Pseudoveronaea ellipsoidea" OR
Pseudoveronaea obclavata" OR Psorosina hammondiOR Psylla maliOR Psylla
melanoneura" OR Psylliodes chrysocephala" OR Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata" OR
Pterochloroides persicaeOR Ptilodon capucina" OR Ptycholoma lecheana" OR Ptycholoma
lecheanumOR Puccinia heterospora" OR Pulcherricium caeruleumOR Pullularia pullulans
OR Pulvinaria loralaiensisOR Pulvinaria regalisOR Pulvinaria vitisOR Punctularia
strigosozonata" OR Puyllobius pyriOR Pycnoporus cinnabarinusOR Pycnoporus
coccineusOR Pyrenochaeta furfuracea" OR Pyrenochaeta maliOR Pyrolachnus pyriOR
Pyropolyporus fomentariusOR Pythium abappressoriumOR Pythium acanthophoronOR
Pythium afertileOR Pythium arrhenomanesOR Pythium debaryanumOR Pythium
echinulatumOR Pythium gracileOR Pythium helicandrumOR Pythium indigoferaeOR
Pythium intermediumOR Pythium irregulareOR Pythium mamillatumOR Pythium
middletoniiOR Pythium minusOR Pythium paroecandrumOR Pythium polytylumOR
Pythium rostratumOR Pythium spinosumOR Pythium splendensOR Pythium
torulosumOR Pythium ultimumOR Pythium ultimum var. ultimumOR Pythium vexans
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OR Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformisOR Quadraspidiotus pyriOR Radulum aterrimumOR
Ramichloridium apiculatumOR Ramichloridium luteumOR Ramichloridium maliOR
Ramphus oxyacanthaeOR Ramphus pulicariusOR Ramularia eucalyptiOR Ramularia
macrospora" OR Ramularia magnusiana" OR Ramularia maliOR Ramularia malicola" OR
Ramularia vizellaeOR Recurvaria leucatella" OR Recurvaria nanella" OR Resseliella
oculiperda" OR Retithrips syriacusOR Rhagium bifasciatumOR Rhagium mordaxOR
Rhagoletis completa" OR Rhagoletis pomonella" OR Rhagoletis tabellaria" OR Rhagoletis
zephyria" OR Rhizobium radiobacterOR Rhizobium rhizogenesOR Rhizoctonia solaniOR
Rhizopus nigricansOR Rhizopus oryzaeOR Rhizopus stoloniferOR Rhodococcus
turanicusOR Rhopalosiphum insertumOR Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthaeOR
Rhopalosiphum padiOR Rhopobota unipunctana" OR Rhynchites aequatusOR
Rhynchites auratusOR Rhynchites bacchusOR Rhynchites pauxillusOR Ribautiana
debilisOR Ricania speculumOR Richardia brasiliensisOR Roesleria hypogaea" OR
Roesleria subterranea" OR Roestelia fenzeliana" OR Rosellinia necatrixOR Rosellinia
radiciperda" OR Rotylenchulus reniformisOR Rotylenchus montanusOR Rubus ellipticus
OR Russellaspis pustulans pustulansOR Rutstroemia rhenana" OR Saissetia oleae oleae
OR Salicicola kermanensisOR Saperda candida" OR Saperda scalarisOR Sarcinella
heterospora" OR Sarcodontia crocea" OR Sarcodontia setosa" OR Sarocladium kilienseOR
Sarocladium liquanensisOR Sarocladium maliOR Saturnia pavonia" OR Saturnia pyri
OR Schistocerca gregaria" OR Schizoneurella indica" OR Schizophyllum alneumOR
Schizophyllum communeOR Schizotetranychus schizopusOR Schizotetranychus smirnovi
OR Schizothyrium jamaicenseOR Schizothyrium perexiguumOR Schizothyrium pomiOR
Schizura concinna" OR Schizura leptinoidesOR Schizura unicornisOR Scirtothrips
dorsalisOR Sclerophoma endogenospora" OR Sclerophoma maliOR Scleroramularia
abundansOR Scleroramularia henaniensisOR Scleroramularia pomigena" OR
Scleroramularia shaanxiensisOR Scleroramularia shaaxiensisOR Sclerotinia fructicola" OR
Sclerotinia fructigena" OR Sclerotinia fruticola" OR Sclerotinia kenjiana" OR Sclerotinia
laxa" OR Sclerotinia maliOR Sclerotinia sclerotiorumOR Sclerotium delphiniiOR
Sclerotium rolfsiiOR Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphiniiOR Scolicosporium pedicellatumOR
Scolytus amygdaliOR Scolytus maliOR Scolytus rugulosusOR Scutellospora pellucida"
OR Scutylenchus baluchiensisOR Scytinostroma galactinumOR Scytinostroma protrusum
subsp. protrusumOR Seimatosporium fusisporumOR Seimatosporium lichenicola" OR
Senecio vulgarisOR Septobasidium pseudopedicellatumOR Septocylindrium aderholdii
OR Septocylindrium radicola" OR Septoria piricola" OR Septoria pyriOR Septoria pyricola"
OR Sesia bembeciformisOR Setaria viridisOR Sibine trimacula" OR Siphoninus
phillyreaeOR Smerinthus ocellata" OR Solanum carolinenseOR Sophonia orientalisOR
Spencermartinsia plurivora" OR Sphaeria bisphaerica" OR Sphaeria microtheca" OR
Sphaerolecanium prunastriOR Sphaeropsis maliOR Sphaeropsis malorumOR
Sphaeropsis pyriputrescensOR Sphaeropsis sapinea" OR Sphaerotheca pannosa" OR
Sphaerotheca pomorumOR Sphinx perelegansOR Sphrageidus similisOR Spilocaea
pomiOR Spilococcus pacicusOR Spilonota ocellana" OR Spilosoma lubricipeda" OR
Spilosoma luteumOR Spodoptera eridania" OR Spodoptera frugiperda" OR Spodoptera
littoralisOR Spodoptera litura" OR Spodoptera praeca" OR Sporidesmajora
pennsylvaniensisOR Sporidesmium asperumOR Sporidesmium fructigenumOR
Sporobolomyces pararoseusOR Sporobolomyces roseusOR Sporocadus maliOR
Sporonema oxycocciOR Sporotrichum malorumOR Spulerina astaurota" OR
Stagonospora biformisOR Stagonospora prominula" OR Stauropus fagiOR
Stegonsporium megasporiumOR Stellaria media" OR Stemphylium botryosumOR
Stemphylium chrysanthemicola" OR Stemphylium congestumOR Stemphylium congestum
var. minorOR Stemphylium globuliferumOR Stemphylium graminisOR Stemphylium
ilicisOR Stemphylium simmonsiiOR Stemphylium vesicariumOR Stenocorus meridianus
OR Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla" OR Stenotus binotatusOR Stephanitis pyriOR Stereum
albobadiumOR Stereum complicatumOR Stereum erumpensOR Stereum gausapatum
OR Stereum hirsutumOR Stereum murrayiOR Stereum purpureumOR Stereum
versiformeOR Stigmella desperatella" OR Stigmella incognitella" OR Stigmella
magdalenaeOR Stigmella malella" OR Stigmella oxyacanthella" OR Stigmella pomella" OR
Stigmella pomivorella" OR Stigmella pulverosella" OR Stigmella sorbiOR Stigmina
carpophila" OR Stigmina negundinisOR Stigmina pallida" OR Stilbella aciculosa" OR
Stilbella avescensOR Strasseria carpophila" OR Strasseria geniculata" OR Strelitziana
maliOR Strickeria kochiiOR Strickeria obducensOR Suturaspis archangelskyaeOR
Swammerdamia pyrella" OR Synanthedon hectorOR Synanthedon myopaeformisOR
Synanthedon scitula" OR Syndemis musculana" OR Takahashia japonica" OR Tanymecus
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dilaticollisOR Tanymecus palliatusOR Taphrina bullata" OR Tapinoma nigerrimumOR
Taraxacum ofcinale complexOR Teichospora cruentula" OR Teichospora seminuda" OR
Teichospora zabriskieana" OR Temnostethus pusillusOR Temperate fruit decay associated
virusOR Tetranychus arabicusOR Tetranychus canadensisOR Tetranychus cinnabarinus
OR Tetranychus desertorumOR Tetranychus fraterOR Tetranychus kanzawaiOR
Tetranychus lambiOR Tetranychus ludeniOR Tetranychus mcdanieliOR Tetranychus
mexicanusOR Tetranychus neocaledonicusOR Tetranychus pacicusOR Tetranychus
schoeneiOR Tetranychus turkestaniOR Tetranychus urticaeOR Tetranychus viennensis
OR Tetrops praeustusOR Tettigonia viridissima" OR Thaumatotibia leucotreta" OR
Thelonectria lucida" OR Thrips angusticepsOR Thrips avusOR Thrips hawaiiensisOR
Thrips imaginisOR Thrips majorOR Thrips obscuratusOR Thrips tabaciOR
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformisOR Tilletiopsis pallescensOR Timocratica albella" OR
Tischeria malifoliella" OR Tobacco mosaic virusOR Tobacco necrosis virusOR Tobacco
ringspot virusOR Tomato black ring virusOR Tomato bushy stunt virusOR Tomato
ringspot virusOR Torula herbarumOR Torymus druparumOR Trachycera advenella" OR
Trametes gallica" OR Trametes gallica var. trogiiOR Trametes hirsuta" OR Trametes
malicola" OR Trametes ochracea" OR Trametes pubescensOR Trametes versicolorOR
Trametes zonata" OR Trematosphaeria communisOR Trichiura crataegiOR Trichoderma
harzianumOR Trichoderma koningiiOR Trichoderma virideOR Trichodorus viruliferus
OR Trichoferus campestrisOR Trichosea ludica" OR Trichoseptoria fructigena" OR
Trichothecium roseumOR Tripospermum acerinumOR Tripospermum camelopardusOR
Tripospermum myrtiOR Trirachys holosericeusOR Trirachys sartusOR Tropinota hirta"
OR Truncatella angustata" OR Truncatella laurocerasiOR Tryblidiella rufula" OR
Trypetoptera punctulata" OR Trypodendron domesticumOR Trypodendron signatumOR
Tubercularia vulgarisOR Tulare apple mosaic virusOR Tylenchus areolatusOR
Tylenchus neozelandicusOR Tylenchus ruatusOR Tylenchus whitusOR Tympanis alnea"
OR Tympanis conspersa" OR Tympanis malicola" OR Typhlocyba pomaria" OR Typhlocyba
quercusOR Typhlodromus khosrovensisOR Tyromyces caesiusOR Tyromyces
ssiliformisOR Ulocladium consortialeOR Ulotricha egregalisOR Urophorus humeralis
OR Uwebraunia communeOR Uwebraunia dekkeriOR Valsa ambiensOR Valsa
americana" OR Valsa amphibola" OR Valsa ceratosperma" OR Valsa cincta" OR Valsa
leucostoma" OR Valsa maliOR Valsa mali var. maliOR Valsa mali var. pyriOR Valsa
malicola" OR Valsa melastoma" OR Valsa nivea" OR Valsa papyriferaeOR Valsa persoonii
OR Valsaria insitiva" OR Valsella melastoma" OR Valsella papyriferaeOR Venturia
asperata" OR Venturia inaequalisOR Venturia pyrina" OR Verticillium albo-atrumOR
Verticillium dahliaeOR Vibidia duodecimguttata" OR Vitula serratilineella" OR Vryburgia
viatorOR Wallemia sebiOR Watabura nishiyaeOR Xanthochrous hispidusOR Xestia c-
nigrumOR Xestia ditrapeziumOR Xiphinema americanumOR Xiphinema
diversicaudatumOR Xiphinema indexOR Xiphinema pachtaicumOR Xiphinema rivesi
OR Xylaria corniformisOR Xylaria curta" OR Xylaria longiana" OR Xylaria maliOR Xylaria
polymorpha" OR Xyleborinus attenuatusOR Xyleborinus saxeseniiOR Xyleborus dispar
OR Xylena nupera" OR Xylena vetusta" OR Xylobolus subpileatusOR Xylochora
nigropunctata" OR Xylosandrus crassiusculusOR Xylosandrus germanusOR Xylotrechus
chinensisOR Xylotrechus namanganensisOR Xysticus kochiiOR Yponomeuta malinellus
OR Yponomeuta padella" OR Ypsolopha horridella" OR Ypsolopha scabrella" OR
Zamopsyche commentella" OR Zasmidium angulareOR Zetiasplozna thuemeniiOR
Zeuzera coffeaeOR Zeuzera pyrina" OR Zygina ammigera" OR Zygina schneideriOR
Zygophiala cryptogama" OR Zygophiala cylindrica" OR Zygophiala emperoraeOR
Zygophiala jamaicensisOR Zygophiala qianensisOR Zygophiala tardicrescensOR
Zygophiala wisconsinensisOR Aspidiotus hederaeOR Hemiberlesia latania" OR Icerya
purchasiOR Kilifa acuminata" OR Lepidosaphes beckiiOR Lepidosaphes gloveriiOR
Lepidosaphes pallidula" OR Maconellicoccs hirsutusOR Mycetaspis personata" OR
Russellaspis pustulansOR Coccophagus scutellarisOR Aphytis lingnanensisOR Aphytis
mytilaspidisOR Aphytis chrysomphaliOR Leptomastix ava" OR Pteroptrix aegyptica" OR
Neoplatycerus kemticusOR Leptomastidea abnormisOR Metaphycus asterolecaniiOR
Edwardsiana quettensisOR Tydeus shabestariensisOR Typhlodromus pyri OR
Typhlodromus cotoneastriOR Caleptrimerus baileyiOR Candida famata" OR Cerambyx
duxOR Molothrognathus kurdistaniensisOR Carabus graecus morioOR Carabus
coriaceusOR Calathus cinctusOR Calathus syriacusOR Laemostenus kirschenhoferiOR
Zabrus kraatziOR Amara aenea OR Amara apricaria" OR Amara convexiuscula" OR
Amara crenata OR Amara cursitansOR Amara eurynota" OR Amara ovata" OR Amara
proxima" OR Odotoncarus asiaticusOR Dixus eremita OR Dixus obscurusOR Acinopus
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laevigatusOR Ophonus battusOR Semiophonus signaticornisOR Pseudoophonus
griseusOR Pseudoophonus rupesOR Harpalus hospes armenusOR Harpalus albanicus
OR Harpalus caspiusOR Harpalus distinguendusOR Harpalus oblitusOR Harpalus
serripesOR Harpalus smaragdinusOR Brachinus ejaculansOR Brachinus explodensOR
Thrips meridionalisOR Riptortus pedestrisOR Ooencyrtus nezaraeOR Gryon
japonicumOR Orgya gonostigma" OR Stigmaeus marandiensisOR Eupalopsellus prasadi
OR Stigmaeus sabooriiOR Eustigmaeus setiferusOR Metaphidippus aeneolusOR Eris
marginata" OR Tutelina similisOR Salticus scenicusOR Spirembolus mundusOR
Pityohyphantes rubrofasciatusOR Cheiracanthium inclusumOR Philodromus spectabilis
OR Philodromus rufusOR Philodromus speciosusOR Apollophanes margareta" OR
Tibellus oblongusOR Theridion lawrenceiOR Theridion differensOR Theridion
californicumOR Theridion cmurariumOR Theridion neomaxicanumOR Dipoena nigra"
OR Dctyna peragrata" OR Xysticus loculpesOR Tetragnatha laboriosa OR Araneus
diadematusOR Araniella displicata" OR Metepeira grandiosa" OR Anyphaena pacicata"
OR Leuronychus parvulusOR Oxyopes scalarisOR Haplocampa testudinea" OR
StaphylinidaeOR Phytoseius kassasini OR Bucculatrix malivorella" OR Aphytis
maculicornisOR da leggereOR Argyrotaenia sphaleropa" OR Typhlodromus sub-solidus
OR Parascolothrips priesneriOR Aeolesthes sarta" OR Renocis brittainiOR Renocis
commixtusOR Coenorhinus pauxillusOR Lygus lineolarisOR Heterocordylus malinusOR
Lygidea mendaxOR Agistemus eschneri OR Amblyseius fallaciOR Typhlodromus
caudiglansOR Blepharidopterus provancheriOR Hyponomeuta malinella")
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Appendix B Excel le with the pest list of Malus domestica
Appendix Bcan be found in the online version of this output (in the Supporting
informationsection).
Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina
www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 34 EFSA Journal 2023;21(10):8315
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Article
Full-text available
Article 42 of the European Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, on the protective measures against pests of plants, introduces the concept of ‘high risk plants, plant products and other objects’ that are identified on the basis of a preliminary assessment to be followed by a commodity risk assessment. Following a request of the European Commission, this Guidance was developed to establish the methodology to be followed when performing a commodity risk assessment for high risk commodities (high risk plants, plant products and other objects). The commodity risk assessment performed by EFSA will be based on the information provided by the National Plant Protection Organisations of non-EU countries requesting a lifting of import prohibition of a high risk commodity. Following international standards on pest risk analysis, this Guidance describes a two-step approach for the assessment of pest risk associated with a specified commodity. In the first step, pests, associated with the commodity, that require risk mitigation measures are identified. In the second step, the overall efficacy of proposed risk reduction options for each pest is evaluated. A conclusion on the pest-freedom status of the commodity is achieved. The method requires key uncertainties to be identified.
TRAde Control and Expert System
  • Online Traces-Nt
Union Notification System for Plant Health Interceptions -EUROPHYT
  • Online Europhyt
  • European
EUROPHYT, online. European Union Notification System for Plant Health Interceptions -EUROPHYT. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/plant_health_biosecurity/europhyt/index_en.htm [Accessed: 28 July 2023].