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Secured Energy Aware Projected 5G Network Architecture for Cumulative Performance in Advance Wireless Technologies
Abstract
Wireless Networks are known to be susceptible from different energy consumption issues and enormous algorithms are devised so far to improve the lifetime of sensor networks. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the classical approaches that is adopted in many wireless implementations along with the variants of LEACH to escalate the overall life of nodes as well as ne twork. Underwater Sensor Network or Acoustic Network (UWSN / UWAN) is a type of wireless network that is deployed under the ocean to monitor the movements of enemy or specific corporate purposes. The UWSN are having their base stations at the ships to keep a nd log the signals from underwater sensor nodes (USN). Such nodes are difficult to track physically and once their lifetime is over because of energy depletion, there is need to redeploy these nodes. To improve the lifetime of such underwater network, a novel and energy efficient approach of population based optimization is used in this research work with integration of soft computing. In this approach, the behavior of the bees in selecting their heads is adopted to form the dynamic cluster head in underwater wireless networks. It is found from the results that the bee colony based energy optimization approach is better as compared to the traditional approach in terms of multiple parameters.
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Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is a promising paradigm to provide cloud-computing capabilities in close proximity to mobile devices in fifth-generation (5G) networks. In this paper, we study energy-efficient computation offloading mechanisms for MEC in 5G heterogeneous networks. We formulate an optimization problem to minimize the energy consumption of the offloading system, where the energy cost of both task computing and file transmission are taken into consideration. Incorporating the multi-access characteristics of the 5G heterogeneous network, we then design an Energy-Efficient Computation Offloading (EECO) scheme, which jointly optimizes offloading and radio resource allocation to obtain the minimal energy consumption under the latency constraints. Numerical results demonstrate energy efficiency improvement of our proposed EECO scheme.
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios, millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed, which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
Two important issues have arisen in 5G wireless communications: spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. The existing wireless communication architectures and technologies may not be able to address these two issues at the same time for 5G multi-tier networks where users in different tiers have different priorities for channel access. In this article, we first present the motivation for our proposal of a new paradigm of integrated spectrum and energy harvesting for 5G wireless networks, in which spectrum and energy resources are efficiently collected and intelligently managed. Then we present an integrated spectrum and energy harvesting 5G architecture for dealing with current challenges. After that, based on the proposed architecture, we provide integrated spectrum and energy control mechanisms for typical 5G networks. Finally, we propose a cooperative medium access control scheme for heterogeneous 5G networks that attracts cooperative sensing participants with heterogeneous energy harvesting capabilities. Illustrative results demonstrate significant energy and spectrum efficiency for 5G wireless networks.
The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
5G networks are expected to achieve gigabit-level throughput in future
cellular networks. However, it is a great challenge to treat 5G wireless
backhaul traffic in an effective way. In this article, we analyze the wireless
backhaul traffic in two typical network architectures adopting small cell and
millimeter wave commmunication technologies. Furthermore, the energy efficiency
of wireless backhaul networks is compared for different network architectures
and frequency bands. Numerical comparison results provide some guidelines for
deploying future 5G wireless backhaul networks in economical and highly
energy-efficient ways.
Wireless networking has witnessed an explosion of interest from consumers in recent years for its applications in mobile and personal communications. As wireless networks become an integral component of the modern communication infrastructure, energy efficiency will be an important design consideration due to the limited battery life of mobile terminals. Power conservation techniques are commonly used in the hardware design of such systems. Since the network interface is a significant consumer of power, considerable research has been devoted to low-power design of the entire network protocol stack of wireless networks in an effort to enhance energy efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of recent work addressing energy efficient and low-power design within all layers of the wireless network protocol stack.
Underwater communication systems have drawn the attention of the research community in the last 15 years. This growing interest can largely be attributed to new civil and military applications enabled by large-scale networks of underwater devices (e.g., underwater static sensors, unmanned autonomous vehicles (AUVs), and autonomous robots), which can retrieve information from the aquatic and marine environment, perform in-network processing on the extracted data, and transmit the collected information to remote locations. Currently underwater communication systems are inherently hardware-based and rely on closed and inflexible architectural design. This imposes significant challenges into adopting new underwater communication and networking technologies, prevent the provision of truly-differentiated services to highly diverse underwater applications, and induce great barriers to integrate heterogeneous underwater devices. Software Defined Networking, recognized as the next-generation networking paradigm, relies on the highly flexible, programmable, and virtualizable network architecture to dramatically improve network resource utilization, simplify network management, reduce operating cost, and promote innovation and evolution. In this paper, a software-defined architecture, namely SoftWater, is first introduced to facilitate the development of the next-generation underwater communication systems. More specifically, by exploiting the network function virtualization (NFV) and network virtualization concepts, SoftWater architecture can easily incorporate new underwater communication solutions, accordingly maximize the network capacity, can achieve the network robustness and energy efficiency, as well as can provide truly differentiated and scalable networking services. Consequently, the SoftWater architecture can simultaneously support a variety of different underwater applications, and can enable the interoperability of underwater devices from different manufacturers that operate on different underwater communication technologies based on acoustic, optical, or radio waves. Moreover, the essential network management tools of SoftWater are discussed, including reconfigurable multi-controller placement, hybrid in-band and out-of-band control traffic balancing, and utility-optimal network virtualization. Furthermore, the major benefits of SoftWater architecture are demonstrated by introducing software-defined underwater networking solutions, including the throughput-optimal underwater routing, SDN-enhanced fault recovery, and software-defined underwater mobility management. The research challenges to realize the SoftWater are also discussed in detail.
In a conventional cellular system, devices are not allowed to directly communicate with each other in the licensed cellular bandwidth and all communications take place through the base stations. In this article, we envision a two-tier cellular network that involves a macrocell tier (i.e., BS-to-device communications) and a device tier (i.e., device-to-device communications). Device terminal relaying makes it possible for devices in a network to function as transmission relays for each other and realize a massive ad hoc mesh network. This is obviously a dramatic departure from the conventional cellular architecture and brings unique technical challenges. In such a two-tier cellular system, since the user data is routed through other users?? devices, security must be maintained for privacy. To ensure minimal impact on the performance of existing macrocell BSs, the two-tier network needs to be designed with smart interference management strategies and appropriate resource allocation schemes. Furthermore, novel pricing models should be designed to tempt devices to participate in this type of communication. Our article provides an overview of these major challenges in two-tier networks and proposes some pricing schemes for different types of device relaying.
Mobile services based on 4G LTE services are steadily expanding across global markets, providing subscribers with the type of responsive Internet browsing experience that previously was only possible on wired broadband connections. With more than 200 commercial LTE networks in operation as of August 2013 [1], LTE subscriptions are expected to exceed 1.3 billion by the end of 2018 [2]. LTE??s rapid uptake, based on exponential growth in network data traffic, has opened the industry??s eyes to an important reality: the mobile industry must deliver an economically sustainable capacity and performance growth strategy; one that offers increasingly better coverage and a superior user experience at lower cost than existing wireless systems, including LTE. This strategy will be based on a combination of network topology innovations and new terminal capabilities. Simple network economics also require that the industry??s strategy enable new services, new applications, and ultimately new opportunities to monetize the user experience. To address these pressing requirements, many expert prognosticators are turning their attention to future mobile broadband technologies and standards (i.e., 5G) as well as evolutions of the 3GPP??s existing LTE standard and IEEE 802.11 standards.
The fourth generation wireless communication systems have been deployed or are soon to be deployed in many countries. However, with an explosion of wireless mobile devices and services, there are still some challenges that cannot be accommodated even by 4G, such as the spectrum crisis and high energy consumption. Wireless system designers have been facing the continuously increasing demand for high data rates and mobility required by new wireless applications and therefore have started research on fifth generation wireless systems that are expected to be deployed beyond 2020. In this article, we propose a potential cellular architecture that separates indoor and outdoor scenarios, and discuss various promising technologies for 5G wireless communication systems, such as massive MIMO, energy-efficient communications, cognitive radio networks, and visible light communications. Future challenges facing these potential technologies are also discussed.
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