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Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology (2024) 262:983–990
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-023-06276-x
MINI REVIEW
Circadian rhythm, ipRGCs, anddopamine signalling inmyopia
LichengLi1 · YangYu1 · ZihaoZhuang1 · QiWu2 · ShuLin2,3 · JianminHu1,4
Received: 22 June 2023 / Revised: 1 October 2023 / Accepted: 9 October 2023 / Published online: 21 October 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023
Abstract
Myopia, a common ophthalmic disorder, places a high economic burden on individuals and society. Genetic and environmental
factors influence myopia progression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. This paper reviews recent
advances in circadian rhythm, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), and dopamine (DA) signalling in
myopia and proposes the hypothesis of a circadian rhythm brain retinal circuit in myopia progression. The search of relevant
English articles was conducted in the PubMed databases until June 2023. Based on the search, emerging evidence indicated that
circadian rhythm was associated with myopia, including circadian genes Bmal1, Cycle, and Per . In both humans and animals,
the ocular morphology and physiology show rhythmic oscillations. Theoretically, such ocular rhythms are regulated locally and
indirectly via the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which receives signal from the ipRGCs. Compared with the conventional retinal gan-
glion cells, ipRGCs can sense the presence of light because of specific expression of melanopsin. Light, together with ipRGCs and
DA signalling, plays a crucial role in both circadian rhythm and myopia. In summary, regarding myopia progression, a circadian
rhythm brain retinal circuit involving ipRGCs and DA signalling has not been well established. However, based on the relation-
ship between circadian rhythm, ipRGCs, and DA signalling in myopia, we hypothesised a circadian rhythm brain retinal circuit.
Keywords Myopia· Circadian rhythm· ipRGCs· Dopamine signalling
Introduction
Myopia or near-sightedness is a refractive error [1]. Glob-
ally, an estimated 4.758 billion and 938 million people may
be affected by myopia and high myopia, respectively, by
Key messages
What is known:
Myopia places a high economic burden on individuals and society.
What is new:
Genetic and environmental factors are known to influence myopia progression; however, the underlying mechanisms
remain unelucidated.
This paper reviews recent advances in circadian rhythm, ipRGCs and dopamine signalling in myopia.
We propose the existence of a circadian rhythm brain retinal circuit in myopia progression, based on the relationship
between circadian rhythm, ipRGCs, and dopamine signalling.
Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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