No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Map functions to facilitate situational awareness during emergency events
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
COP Common situational understanding SA RPD model SMM A B S T R A C T The concepts of Situational Awareness (SA) and Common Operational Picture (COP) are closely related and well-acknowledged to be crucial factors for effective emergency management. In multi-agency operations, such as extreme weather events, the involved first responders manage the event with different mandates, objectives, and tools which can make it challenging to build a COP. Effective collaboration requires a common situational understanding , based on knowledge about each other's responsibilities and tasks, mutual respect and trust, as well as common communication tools for emergency communication and information sharing. This paper argues that the COP serves as a basis for deciding on further action, and thus represents a first stage in the process of establishing common situational understanding among the involved actors. The empirical basis for the study includes interviews with Norwegian emergency management stakeholders, analysis of audio-logs, and review of public documents. Based on the analysis we present a framework comprising activities and processes involved in establishing a COP as a basis for common situational understanding.
Smart grids provide a key driver for smart city development. The smart city power supply data visualization can realize the power characteristic information of various attributes and operating states in the online monitoring data of massive power equipments in a graphical and visual presentation, which provides a powerful guarantee for timely and effective monitoring and analysis of equipment operating status. However, with the rapid development of smart cities, the complexity of urban power data and the ever-increasing amount of data hinder the power managers’ understanding and analysis of the power supply situation. Based on the smart city power supply data, a novel visual analysis system ElectricVis for urban power supply situation is proposed, which can interactively analyze large-scale urban power supply data. ElectricVis reduces the difficulty of understanding urban power supply situations by adopting novel visual graphic designs and time patterns that display power data in multiple scales. ElectricVis also provides different visual views and interaction methods for interrelated hierarchical data in urban power data, which is critical for detecting the cause of anomalous data. Finally, we evaluated our system through case studies and analysis by power experts.
People need to understand the kinds of disaster information available from the
multiple participants involved and respond to complex situations in disaster
management. This paper presents a method of constructing common operational
pictures to achieve situation awareness during disaster response among the
emergency response agencies. The method of common operational pictures is
featured with the visualization and collaborative work of current undergoing
response measures and future state prediction provided by computational disaster
models. It was visualized by integrating base map, disaster influence, future state
prediction and resource allocation supported by GIS technologies. The technical
architecture was realized with GIS services and data fusion technologies in a
network centric system.
Keywords: GIS, common operational pictures, disaster response, collaborative
work.
This paper summarizes multiple perspectives of the common operational picture (COP) in military and
civilian crisis management domains viewed from three vantage points: historical, conceptual, and practical.
The term COP extends prior research on large group displays to describe a visual representation of tactical,
operational, and strategic information intended to generate situation awareness. We present four strata of
interest to formulate an innovative conceptual framework of the COP based on user-team needs: structure,
representation, processes, and management. This conceptual framework is applied as part of a review of
recent and ongoing projects that examines current research gaps in the application of geographic
information systems (GIS) to international humanitarian response.
Unlabelled:
The concept of common operational pictures (COPs) is explored through the application of social network analysis (SNA) and agent-based modelling to a generic search and rescue (SAR) scenario. Comparing the command structure that might arise from standard operating procedures with the sort of structure that might arise from examining information-in-common, using SNA, shows how one structure could be more amenable to 'command' with the other being more amenable to 'control' - which is potentially more suited to complex multi-agency operations. An agent-based model is developed to examine the impact of information sharing with different forms of COPs. It is shown that networks using common relevant operational pictures (which provide subsets of relevant information to groups of agents based on shared function) could result in better sharing of information and a more resilient structure than networks that use a COP.
Practitioner summary:
SNA and agent-based modelling are used to compare different forms of COPs for maritime SAR operations. Different forms of COP change the communications structures in the socio-technical systems in which they operate, which has implications for future design and development of a COP.
W artykule przedstawione zostały problemy modelowania, projektowania i integracji systemów wspomagania dowodzenia. Omówione zostały w szczególności zagadnienia teleinformatycznej platformy integracji rozproszonych systemów dowodzenia oraz wymiany danych w rozproszonej symulacji działań bojowych, metody wspomagania dowodzenia w procesie planowania działań operacyjnych, metody tworzenia i udostępniania jednolitego obrazu pola walki. Pracę kończy opis przykładowego systemu wspomagania decyzji na potrzeby zautomatyzowanych systemów dowodzenia SZ RP oraz wnioski wynikające z przeprowadzonej analizy dotyczące w szczególności sieciocentrycznych aspektów w systemach wspomagania decyzji na potrzeby zautomatyzowanych systemów dowodzenia.
Interoperability of C4ISR systems mainly in NATO Joint Operations has been one of crucial tasks. For many years research projects, organisations, workgroups have been analyzing and developing unified models in the domain of representing conflict scenarios including asymmetric threat and high intensity operations. The most mature standard designed for system interoperability is the JC3IEDM, which was developed based on several NATO C4I models and extended using the semantics of MIL-STD-2525 and APP-6A standards. Representing battlefield scenarios in form of pure relational data requires additional rendering mechanism to present the situation picture, which can further be reused by the decision makers. The purpose of this work is to describe the development process of JC3IEDM and APP-6A ontologies and designed model mappings. Analysis of both standards directly realized that transformation of data structures is not the modeling goal itself. The descriptions provided within the models carry the semantics as domain values for attributes, and business rules stating their valid combinations. Through detailed review of both standards, it was possible to identify missing descriptions both in JC3 and APP-6A and most of all describe the similarities further used as a source for definition of ontology class constructors and SWRL rules. During the development phase many strategies for designing ontology were verified and tested to obtain the most suitable for model mapping procedures. Produced models in conducted research have been applied as knowledge bases for decision support tools providing several combat scenarios, uploaded into operational JC3 database, which was then the source for migrating them into semantic model. Ontology processing services using mapping rules transformed instances of battlespace objects into symbology domain, identifying the APP-6A signs codes used by the distributed Common Operational Picture tools. Prototype subsystem, developed as proof of concept, renders the battlespace scenario based on identified semantic bridges between the JC3IEDM (used for reflecting detailed information on the battlefield) and symbology standard.
Multimedia presentations that combine verbal and visual information are increasingly becoming important methods for communicating geographic information. This article discusses literature related to cognitive load theory (CLT) and offers ideas on how this theory might be used for geography education and research. By considering the limitations of the human mind, CLT offers geographers a way to assess critical components of the spatial learning processes. Methods for measuring cognitive load and reducing overloads are discussed within a map context. It is argued that managing the cognitive load experienced by learners is the key to representing geographic information.
Situation awareness, and how systems can be designed to support it appropriately, have been a focus of study in dynamic, safety critical contexts such as aviation. The work reported here extends the study of situation awareness into the domain of emergency medical dispatch (EMD). The study was conducted in one of the largest ambulance services in the world. In this study, we encountered development and exploitation of situation awareness, particularly among the more senior EMD operators called allocators. In this paper we describe the notion of a 'mental picture' as an outcome of situation awareness, how an awareness of the situation is developed and maintained, the cues allocators attend to, and the difficulties they face in doing so. One of the key characteristics of ambulance control is that relatively routine behaviour is periodically interspersed with incidents that demand much higher levels of attention, but that the routine work must still be completed; operators exhibit contrasting levels of situation awareness for the different kinds of incidents. Our findings on situation awareness are related to those of others, particularly Endsley and Wickens. The observations and interviews enable us to propose high-level requirements for systems to support appropriate situation awareness, to enable EMD staff to complete their work effectively.
This paper presents a theoretical model of situation awareness based on its role in dynamic human decision making in a variety of domains. Situation awareness is presented as a predominant concern in system operation, based on a descriptive view of decision making. The relationship between situation awareness and numerous individual and environmental factors is explored. Among these factors, attention and working memory are presented as critical factors limiting operators from acquiring and interpreting information from the environment to form situation awareness, and mental models and goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as important mechanisms for overcoming these limits. The impact of design features, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation on operator situation awareness is addressed, and a taxonomy of errors in situation awareness is introduced, based on the model presented. The model is used to generate design implications for enhancing operator situation awareness and future directions for situation awareness research.
This paper studies, designs and implements a new type of emergency decision support system that aims to improve the decision-making of emergency managers in crisis situations by connecting them to new, multiple data sources. The system combines event-driven and model-driven architectures and is dedicated to crisis cells. After its implementation, the system is evaluated using a realistic crisis scenario, in terms of its user interfaces, its ability to interpret data in real time and its ability to manage the 4Vs of Big Data. The input events correspond to traffic measurements, water levels, water flows, water predictions and flow predictions made available by French official services. The main contributions of this study are: (i) the connection between a complex event processing engine and a graph database containing the model of the crisis situation and (ii) the continuous updating of a common operational picture for the benefit of emergency managers. This study could be used as a framework for future research works on decision support systems facing complex, evolving situations.
In crises, the actors and teams which constitute the response organization have to perceive, produce, and share situational information efficiently. This need can be supported through methods such as common operational pictures or crowdsourcing. What is common to both of these methods is that the amount of available situational information increases quickly. The large amount of situational information causes the problem of information overload, preventing the response actors from quickly perceiving the situational information relevant to each actor’s context. This slows the actors’ response times and may cause preventable losses, such as deaths. A solution which reduces the problem of information overload has been developed in this research through a process of imitating the cognitive processes of situational awareness creation. First, a conceptual model of the structures and processes of situational awareness was developed. That explains how the problem of information overload is avoided in the cognitive processes of situational awareness creation. This conceptual model is then imitated in the development of a concept of a context-aware common operational picture which supports actors’ need to perceive relevant situational information. The concept of a context-aware common operational picture is compared with a concept of a common operational picture. The concept of a shared information framework and technology (a common operational picture which is not context-aware) and the videos filmed of using it in the Multinational Experiment 5 campaign are utilized as a case of common operational pictures.
Recent crisis situations have revealed various insufficiencies in existing technologies and policies for effective crisis management. In the field of cartography, these have highlighted the lack of guidelines, standards and symbols to design maps specially adapted for communication in crisis management – particularly from the cartographer’s perspective. Our intent here is to examine the concept and value of cartographic communication model in the specific environment of crisis management. Based on the definition of cartographic communication and visualization, an attempt is made to distinguish the roles of crisis management maps, in order to differentiate between situations in which crisis participants use them as means of communication, and those in which they serve as tools to assist visual thought processes. On the selected cartographic examples, we aim to show that the successful cartographic displays have a defined structure, and that it is necessary to take into account the principles of cartographic design in order to achieve the effective communication of information.
The Stay Centered project at Technische Universitat Chemnitz has the goal to improve the overall security of air traffic controllers. Therefore, we attempt to empirically comprehend the usual controller workspace and their dyadic team structure. Within this context, the following paper describes actual interfaces and visualization, discusses recent research within this field and outlines the project's intention.
An examination is made of the theoretical relationship between the processes of map use and of map making, in which the map is regarded as a communication system. This has developed from practical work originally done with regard to a series of school atlases in Czechoslovakia. A Commission on 'Cartographic Information' is recommended.
The response efforts in emergency operation need to be fast and efficient. Actors from different fields have to cooperate in dynamic and complex environments and still in an efficient manner. In order to perform, the shared situation awareness of the response organization needs to be as good as possible. The purpose of our research was to identify the factors that affect the formation of shared situation awareness in search and rescue operations. The research is based on the theories of information, communication, and trust. The data collection was performed during a search and rescue exercise held in Finland in 2009 and included both observation and questionnaires. As a result we have defined the critical information needs for cooperation, a method for describing the communication, and the components of system trust. Emergency organizations can use the results in the development of their response activities.
In emergency management, collaborative decision-making usually involves collaborative sense-making of diverse information by a group of experts from different knowledge domains, and needs better tools to analyze role-specific information, share and synthesize relevant information, and remain aware of the activities of others. This paper presents our research on the design of a collaborative sense-making system to support team work. We propose a multi-view, role-based design to help team members analyze geo-spatial information, share and integrate critical information, and monitor individual activities. Our design uses coordinated maps and activity visualization to aid decision-making as well as group activity awareness. The paper discusses design rationale, iterative design of visualization tools, prototype implementation, and system evaluation. Our work can potentially improve and extend collaborative tasks in emergency management.
This paper describes the development and assessment of a scaled world simulation – NeoCITIES Geo-tools. The simulation and interface components were developed with the aim of improving team cognition, collaboration and performance by drawing on theoretical perspectives of visual analytics, perceptual anchoring and knowledge management. Qualitative evaluations of the simulation as well as quantitative evaluations of two key features – layer management tool and spatially annotated chat – are also discussed.
The research presented in this chapter is part of the project called Dynamic Geovisualization in Crisis Management (GEOKRIMA
– Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, 2005–2011). The project is focused on the use of existing data, verification of
the data’s timeliness and integrity, analysis of the data’s qualitative features, interpretation, presentation and implementation
of its accessibility to the users who are crisis management personnel. The chapter revolves around contextual visualisation
that is designed, above all, for the regional Operational and Informational Centre of Integrated Rescue System. The goal is
to offer maps in a form and structure that leads to a higher efficiency and a clearer communication process between the dispatching
and rescue squads. The system of map keys consists of topography in four versions and two thematic contexts (one for monitoring
and one for the incident). The topography is designed to be used in all crisis situations that are defined by the National
Security Council. The thematic content aims to monitor the transport of dangerous goods. The final proposal of the map key
is a compact system where colours and shapes are the leading attributes that knit groups of symbols together. Individual symbols
are stored in SVG format (compatible with SLD standard) to be used through WMS.
Insight provenance – a historical record of the process and rationale by which an insight is derived – is an essential requirement in many visual analytics applications. Although work in this area has relied on either manually recorded provenance (for example, user notes) or automatically recorded event-based insight provenance (for example, clicks, drags and key-presses), both approaches have fundamental limitations. Our aim is to develop a new approach that combines the benefits of both approaches while avoiding their deficiencies. Toward this goal, we characterize users' visual analytic activity at multiple levels of granularity. Moreover, we identify a critical level of abstraction, Actions, that can be used to represent visual analytic activity with a set of general but semantically meaningful behavior types. In turn, the action types can be used as the semantic building blocks for insight provenance. We present a catalog of common actions identified through observations of several different visual analytic systems. In addition, we define a taxonomy to categorize actions into three major classes based on their semantic intent. The concept of actions has been integrated into our lab's prototype visual analytic system, HARVEST, as the basis for its insight provenance capabilities.
Papirkart er viktigst – men savner digital fellesløsning [Paper maps are most important – but lack a common digital solution]
- S Røed-Bottenvann
- Røed-Bottenvann S.
Nå får operasjonssentralene nytt kartsystem [The operation centers are now getting a new map system]
- E Inderhaug
- Inderhaug E.
Inderhaug, E. (2018). Nå får operasjonssentralene nytt kartsystem [The operation centers are now getting a new map
system]. Politiforum. https://www.politiforum.no/na-faroperasjonssentralene-nytt-kartsystem/148804
Map-based interfaces for common operational picture
- T Opach
- J K Rød
- B E Munkvold
- J Radianti
- K Steentveit
- L O Grottenberg
- Opach T.
Opach, T., Rød, J. K., Munkvold, B. E., Radianti, J.,
SteenTveit, K., & Grottenberg, L. O. (2020). Map-based
interfaces for common operational picture. In
A. L. Hughes, F. McNeill, & C. Zobel (Eds.), Proceedings
of the 17th international conference on information systems
for crisis response and management (pp. 506-516).
Nyheter fra locus public safety
- S Furland
Håndbok for redningstjenesten. Systembeskrivelse - prinsipper - verdier (Nivå 1) [Handbook for the rescue service. System description - principles - values
- S Solberg
Solberg, S. (2018). Håndbok for redningstjenesten.
Systembeskrivelse -prinsipper -verdier (Nivå 1)
[Handbook for the rescue service. System descriptionprinciples -values]. Hovedredningssentralen. https://
www.hovedredningssentralen.no/wp-content/uploads/
2018/09/Den-norske-redningstjenesten.pdf
The main characteristics of cartographic communication as a part of theoretical cartography
- L Ratajski
- Ratajski L.
Nyheter fra locus public safety. https:// docplayer.me/1198196-Nyheter-fra-locus-public-safety
- S Furland
- D Gotz
- M X Zhou
Furland, S. (2013). Nyheter fra locus public safety. https://
docplayer.me/1198196-Nyheter-fra-locus-public-safety.
html
Gotz, D., & Zhou, M. X. (2009). Characterizing users' visual
analytic activity for insight provenance. Information
Visualization, 8(1), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1057/ivs.2008.31
The main characteristics of cartographic communication as a part of theoretical cartography. International Yearbook of Cartography
- L Ratajski
Ratajski, L. (1978). The main characteristics of cartographic
communication as a part of theoretical cartography.
International Yearbook of Cartography, 18, 21-32.
Papirkart er viktigst -men savner digital fellesløsning
- S Røed-Bottenvann
Røed-Bottenvann, S. (2018). Papirkart er viktigst -men savner digital fellesløsning [Paper maps are most importantbut lack a common digital solution].