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Antibacterial Activity of Different Artemisia dracunculus Extracts Against Dental Caries-Related Pathogens
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the antibacterial properties of four types of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) extracts against two caries contributing bacteria, namely, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Methods: The extracts of A. dracunculus were prepared using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water solvents. In addition, the diameter of inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined, and finally, MTT (tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay) was used to analyze the cytotoxic effects of the extracts. Results: The well-diffusion method showed the antibacterial property of four tested extracts against bacteria. Methanol and water extracts made the highest inhibition zone diameters (P<0.001). This was true for both tested bacteria. The mIC of the methanol, water, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts were 0.78, 1.5, 3.1, and 1.5 mg/mL, as well as 0.78, 0.78, 1.5, and 1.5 mg/mL against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 0.78, 0.78, 1.56, and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The results provided a rational reason for the traditional use of A. dracunculus extracts against anti-caries-related bacteria. The methanolic extract demonstrated better activity, thus methanol can probably extract a wider range of plant compounds with antibacterial effects.
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The study evaluates the effect of Artemisia dracunculus essential oil (EO) on two pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus and Vero cell line. To evaluating the anti-biofilm potential of the EO, a microtiter-plate test (MtP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The quorum-sensing inhibitory properties were examined by QS-related gene expression at sub-MIC concentrations of Artemisia dracunculus EO. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole) test was used to determine the cytotoxicity potential of the EO against the Vero cell line and finally, the major components of the EOs were determined using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tested EO against S. Typhimurium and S. aureus were 2.5 and 1.25 μl/ml, respectively. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentration was 5 and 2.5 μl/ml for S. Typhimurium and S. aureus, respectively. Both MtP and SEM showed an acceptable inhibitory and disruption effect of the EO on the biofilm formation at Sub-MIC concentrations. Significant downregulation of luxS, pfs, and hld genes by treatment with MIC/2 concentration of A. dracunculus EO was observed. The IC50 value of A. dracunculus EO against Vero cells was 20 μl/ml. The main detected compound using GC–MS was estragole (methyl chavicol or tarragon) (64.94%). Anti-biofilm, QSI activity, and non-toxicity of A. dracunculus EO reported for the first time in this study propose the use of these plant compounds as alternatives to antibiotics and chemical additives.
Background:
Streptococcus mutans as an acid-generator of biofilm, sugar as a caries-conducive environment, and oral hygiene have been implicated as major etiological agents in dental caries. This study was designed to assess the association and impact of S. mutans, sugar consumption, and tooth brushing on decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) score in Iranian 20-30-year-old individuals and compare the effect of the three mentioned factors to find the most effective one.
Materials and methods:
In this cross-sectional study, 459 adults completed a Sugar Frequency Questionnaire and were examined for dental caries using DMFT index, sugar consumption level, and tooth brushing frequency per day. Saliva and plaque samples were collected, and the target population without Streptococcus sobrinus in their microbial oral community was selected using polymerase chain reaction technique. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression tests (α = 0.05).
Results:
Nearly 77.1% of the study population were harboring S. mutans. Mean DMFT of the population was 6.62. Mean comparison analysis showed that there is a strong relationship between S. mutans existence in mouth flora and DMFT scores (P < 0.0001). Multiple linear regression test showed higher percentage of S. mutans contribution (28.2%) in DMFT score changes than sugar consumption (3.6%) and tooth brushing (0.7%).
Conclusion:
This study provides a recent report from S. mutans frequency and DMFT score in Iranian adult population. It is also the first study that shows significantly higher impact of S. mutans in microbial population of mouth microflora on caries development than sugar consumption and oral hygiene. Accordingly, S. mutans screening program should be more highlighted in preventive strategies.
Background: The genus Artemisia has various medicinal effects. Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) is one of the species that belongs to the genus Artemisia, cultivated in Iran. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts and essential oil obtained from aerial parts of A. dracunculus. Methods: The total amounts of phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins as well as the antioxidant activity in the various extracts (methanol, dichlormethane, water, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts) of A. dracunculus were assessed by four different antioxidant activity tests (DPPH (2, 2'-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging, reducing power, ferrous chelating activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay). Vitamin C, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and quercetin were used as reference compounds. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-massspectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify the compositions of the essential oil. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and β-carotene bleaching (BCB) methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oil. Results: The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity among others in all methods. Estragole (57.1%) was the major component of the essential oil of the plant. The essential oil showed a weak activity in BCB test. Conclusions: The methanol extract showed the highest activity in all tests and was a rich source of antioxidants, with high level of polyphenolic content. © 2016, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.
The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant potential and phytochemical analysis of Artemisia dracunculusas as well as its antibacterial and antifungal effects (individually or in combination with Coriandrum sativum and Plantago major) “in vitro”. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and anthocyanin content were determined through spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant potential was determined calorimetrically for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The disk diffusion method and hole-plate diffusion method were used to assess the diameter of the inhibition zone. The pour plate method was adopted to determine the susceptibility of the pathogenic strains against Artemisia dracunculusas extract. The broth microdilution and agar dilution methods were employed to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration. The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration was measured using the wells in which no turbidity/color change was observed. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was also determined for the extracts. The chemical composition of Artemisia dracunculusas essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that IC50 of A. dracunculus was 65.4 μg/ml, Total phenolic content was equal to 24.10 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content was 20 mg QE/g. The major components included p-Allylanisole (84.00%), Ocimene (E)-beta (7.46%), Ocimene (Z)-beta (6.24%) and Limonene (1.42%), respectively. The extract of A. dracunculus exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against fungi with an average inhibition zone of 14.70 mm. All bacteria (except Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcu aureus) were more resistant than Candida albicans. Regarding the checkerboard data, 10 FICIs (≤0.5) showed the synergistic effect, whereas eight FICIs (>0.5 to 1) indicated the additive effect.
Statement of the problem:
Dental caries is one the most prevalent diseases that affects humans throughout their lives. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is recognized as the most important microorganism during tooth cariogenicity. Reducing this germ in oral cavity can reduce the rate of tooth decays in humans.
Purpose:
The present study compared the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Peganum harmala L. seeds and 0.2% chlorhexidine on S. mutans.
Materials and method:
Agar diffusion technique and micro broth dilution method were employed to test the antimicrobial effects of these two agents on S. mutans. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of ethanolic extract of P. harmala was studied on Vero cells by MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium dye) colorimetric method. The data were analyzed with descriptive methods.
Results:
Concentrations of 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/mL of the extract made inhibition zones of bacterial growth around the wells; but, lower concentrations could not inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Besides, the antimicrobial effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine was more than 50 mg/mL of the extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract on S. mutans was 1.83±0.6 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 4.3±1 mg/mL. The MIC and MBC for 0.2% chlorhexidine were reported to be 0.19 mg/mL, and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. The extract concentrations more than 0.5 mg/mL were toxic and caused more than 50% Vero cell death.
Conclusion:
Despite the remarkable antimicrobial effects of high concentrations of P. harmala on S. mutans, high cell toxicity of this plant would restrict its in vivo therapeutic use.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat the emergence of the microbial resistance. Therefore, a greater attention was paid on antimicrobial activity screening and evaluating methods. Several bioassays are well known and commonly used such as disk-diffusion, well diffusion and broth or agar dilution, but others are not widely used such as flow cytofluorometric and bioluminescent methods because they require specified equipment and further evaluation for reproducibility and standardization, even if they can provide a rapid results of the antimicrobial agent’ effects and a better understood of their impact on the viability and cell damage inflicted to the tested microorganism. In this present review article, an exhaustive list of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and detailed information on their advantages and limitations are reported.
Mutans streptococci (Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus) are considered to be major etiologic agents of dental caries. Using a polymerase chain reaction method, we detected those bacteria from 145 outpatients (6-30 years old) with intellectual disabilities (ID) and their presence was compared with the incidence of dental caries.
Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites in subjects with a sterile toothbrush. A dental examination was performed to determine the number of decayed and filled teeth (DFT score) in permanent dentition using the WHO caries diagnostic criteria. A Mann-Whitney U-test was employed to compare the caries scores between combinations of the bacteria, and with a Wilcoxon rank test used to compare caries scores between the baseline and after 1 year.
Among all subjects, S. mutans and S. sobrinus were possessed by 78.7 and 83.5 %, respectively, while 13.1 % were positive for S. mutans alone, 17.9 % for S. sobrinus alone, and 65.6 % for both organisms, with 3.4 % were negative for both. The mean DFT score of subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus at after 1 year was significantly higher than that of those positive for S. mutans alone (P < 0.01). The increase in caries increment was also significantly greater in subjects with both bacteria detected (P < 0.001).
Our results indicate that patients with ID harboring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significantly higher incidence of dental caries than those with S. mutans alone.
Determination of the relative amounts of mutans streptococcus in both saliva and plaque and to study its correlation with dental caries in children.
The study comprised of 60 children aged 3-8 years divided into 2 groups (30 children in each): Group A- Children with more than 4 carious teeth and Group B- Children without caries. Saliva and plaque was collected from children of both the groups with the help of Dentocult SM strip test kit (Orion Diagnostic). Following incubation, mutans streptococcus scores (from 0 to 3) in each individual was evaluated and compared between both the groups.
On comparing the two groups, mean ± SD of saliva score and plaque score was 2.40 ± 0.675 and 2.40 ± 0.621 respectively in group A, whereas it was 0.60 ± 0.498 and 0.83 ± 0.531 in children of group B showing a significant correlation (p = < 0.001) between mutans streptococci scores in both saliva and plaque and dental caries experience.
There is a direct and strong co-relation between the salivary and plaque mutans streptococcus counts and caries activity in children aged 3-8 years. Key words:Mutans streptococci, dentocult, dental caries.
Background: The search on natural plant compounds revealed that those compounds can be used for the elimination of oral biofilms as a substitute of current chemical based treatments and is becoming of increasing interest. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the biofilm inhibitory effect and disruptive efficacy of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) extracts. Materials and Methods: Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and the components were analyzed by gas chromatography mass-spectroscopy. Biofilm assessments were carried out on four oral pathogens and a mixed culture containing Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined on planktonic cells and crystal violet assays performed to assess the biofilm inhibition and disruption amount. Results: No inhibitory effect was observed on F. nucleatum biofilms (P > 0.05). Significant disruptive properties on A. actinomycetemcomitans at values lower than the MIC (3.90 mu g/mL) was detected (P < 0.05). Shiitake mushroom oil had significant inhibitory and disruptive effects on P. gingivalis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, S. mutans and multispecies biofilms were inhibited at the same concentrations (15.60-32.25 mu g/mL). Conclusions: Shiitake essential oil is an effective anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm agent on important oral pathogens and has a possible therapeutic potential as an oral anti-biofilm agent.
Many members of the genus Satureja have aromatic and medicinal characteristics. Objectives.
The purpose of the present work was to determine cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of S. intermedia CA Mey (Lamiaceae) on two human cancerous cell lines and its in vitro inhibitory effects against 11 pathogenic bacteria and fungi as well.
The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by combination of capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. The in vitro toxicological study was based on the MTT cytotoxicity assay and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was studied according to the disc diffusion method and MIC value.
Thymol (34.5%), γ-terpinene (18.2%) and ρ-cymene (10.5%) were the main components of the essential oil. The toxicological study on 5637 and KYSE cell lines showed IC50 values of 156 μg/ml. The essential oil exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity on tested bacteria and fungi.
From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that the essential oil of S. intermedia and its major constitutes are interesting in antibacterial and anticancer applications.
The antibacterial activities of ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform, and acetone extracts of four plant species were studied. The dried extracts of the whole plant of Artemisia absinthium (Compositae/Asteraceae) and Urtica dioica (Urticaceae), flowering plants of Fumaria officinalis (Papaveraceae/Fumariaceae) and the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae/Lamiaceae) were tested in vitro against 12 bacterial species and strains by the agar diffusion method. Bacillus brevis FMC 3, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Bacillus subtilis IMG 22, Bacillus subtilis var. niger ATCC 10, Micrococcus luteus LA 2971, Mycobacterium smegmatus RUT, Escherichia coli DM, Listeria monocytogenes SCOTT A, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus thermophilus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 P 41797 were used in this investigation. The results indicated that neither the whole plant extracts of Urtica dioica nor Fumaria officinalis showed antibacterial activity against the test micro-organisms. All the extracts of the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis showed various inhibitory effects (7-16 mm/20 µl inhibition zone), except the acetone extract against Yersinia enterocolitica. The whole plant ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of Artemisia absinthium inhibited some of the test micro-organisms (8-16 mm/20 µml inhibition zone).
In this study, the antibacterial effect of essential oil of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was evaluated in culture media and Iranian white cheese.
The tarragon essential oil (EO) obtained by the steam distillation method and its antibacterial activity was evaluated in 96-well microtiter plates containing brain heart infusion broth. The enumeration of S. aureus and E. coli in cheese samples were carried out on the following media: Baired parker agar for S.aureus, incubated at 37°C for 24 h; and MacConkey sorbitol agar for E. coli, incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Iranian white cheese was produced from fresh and whole pasteurized cow milk (2.5%). Bacteria (10(3) cfu/mL) were inoculated to different batches. Cheese was treated with different concentrations of EO (15 and 1500 µg/mL) and separated into four parts in an equal manner. The sensory evaluation was done by a panel of four judges.
According to the results obtained, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli and S. aureus were 2500 and 1250 µg/mL, respectively. Also, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the mentioned microorganisms were 5000 and 2500 µg/mL, respectively. All the EO concentrations for each bacteria result in reducing bacterial count of cheese samples compared to control (P<0.05). Also, with increasing concentration of EO in cheese samples, the bacterial count was reduced further (P<0.05).
Based on our findings, tarragon essential oil has antibacterial effect on two important pathogen bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) and can be applied as a preservative in foods such as cheese.
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are known to be associated with the development of dental caries. In this study these bacteria were detected in pre-school children (each with primary dentition, age range 3-5 years, n = 60) using a PCR method, and then their presence was compared with the incidence of dental caries over a 1-year period. Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites using a sterile toothbrush. Dental examinations at the beginning of the study (baseline) and after 1 year were also performed to determine decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) scores using WHO caries diagnostic criteria. The prevalences of S. mutans and S. sobrinus across all the subjects were 61.7% and 56.6%, respectively; 13 subjects (21.7%) were positive for S. mutans alone, 10 (16.6%) were positive for S. sobrinus alone and 24 (40.0%) were positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, whereas 13 (21.7%) were negative for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus. dmft scores of subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus at baseline and after 1 year were significantly higher than of those positive for S. mutans alone at the same stages (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). The caries incremental increase was also significantly greater in those with both bacteria detected (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that pre-school children harbouring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significantly higher incidence of dental caries than those with S. mutans alone.
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus have been implicated as the primary causative agents of dental caries in humans. This study aimed to screen the antibacterial activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Ginger against mentioned bacteria and investigate chemical constituents of the extracts, and their activity against some drug targets in S. mutans.
Antimicrobial tests including biofilm inhibition, time-kill kinetics, and adherence inhibition alongside cytotoxicity of extracts, were assessed. A molecular networking technique was used to find chemical constituents of the extracts. Molecular docking analysis on the Schrodinger package was applied to identify the binding interactions of the compounds to targeted enzymes.
Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Different compounds including polyphenols, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, and reducing sugars dereplicated from Ginger extracts. The binding affinity of ligands with free hydroxyl groups was better than other ligands against all tested enzymes.
This study introduces a wide range of Z. officinal extracts compounds to be used in different drug discovery studies. Some Ginger compounds with high affinity to investigated enzymes can be considered as candidate compounds for anti-caries drug development studies.
Streptococcus mutans is associated with dental caries. A cariogenic biofilm, in particular, has been studied extensively for its role in the formation of dental caries. Herbal extracts such as Cudrania tricuspidata, Sophora flavescens, Ginkgo biloba, and Betula Schmidtii have been used as a folk remedy for treating diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of herbal extracts against normal oral streptococci, planktonic and biofilm of S. mutans. Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, and S. mutans were cultivated with brain heart infusion broth and susceptibility assay for the herbal extracts was performed according to the protocol of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Also, S. mutans biofilm was formed on a polystyrene 12-well plate and 8-well chamber glass slip using BHI broth containing 2% sucrose and 1% mannose after conditioning the plate and the glass slip with unstimulated saliva. The biofilm was treated with the herbal extracts in various concentrations and inoculated on Mitis-Salivarius bacitracin agar plate for enumeration of viable S. mutans by counting colony forming units. Planktonic S. mutans showed susceptibility to all of the extracts and S. mutans biofilm exhibited the highest level of sensitivity for the extracts of S. flavescens. The normal oral streptococci exhibited a weak susceptibility in comparison to S. mutans. S. oralis, however, was resistant to all of the extracts. In conclusion, the extract of S. flavescens may be a potential candidate for prevention and management of dental caries.
Aims: The objective of this research was to determine the antimicrobial activity of conventional and high-intensity ultrasound-assisted (HI-US) solvent-extracted Thai spices, including ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose), fingerroot (Bosenbergia pandurata Holtt) and turmeric (Curouma longa Linn).
Methods and Results: Extracts were obtained using hexane, isopropanol and a 7 : 3 isopropanol : hexane mixture as solvents with and without HI-US. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assayed against four strains each of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 using an agar dilution assay. Application of HI-US did not alter antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium, but antilisterial activity of some HI-US spice extracts decreased. Solvent type affected antimicrobial efficacy of extracts with hexane producing the least antimicrobial activity. Fingerroot extracted with isopropanol–hexane and without HI-US had the best antilisterial effect while HI-US–isopropanol fingerroot extract had the greatest antimicrobial efficacy against S. Typhimurium.
Conclusions: Application of HI-US reduced time of extraction to 5 min, compared with the 24 h required for conventional extraction and maintained antimicrobial activity against Salmonella but slightly reduced activity against Listeria.
Significance and Impact of the Study: HI-US in combination with proper solvent selection may offer a new tool to optimize extraction of spice essential oil for use as antimicrobial agents, and reduce processing time and costs.
Traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and Panax notoginseng (PN) have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases in the clinics. To better understand their mechanisms of pharmacological actions, the in vitro antioxidant activities of extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (ESM) and extract of Panax notoginseng (EPN) were evaluated with different antioxidant testing systems. Their activities of scavenging superoxide anion radicals, DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, chelating Ferrous ion, and ferric ion reducing power were assessed. The results showed that the mechanisms of their antioxidant effects were distinct and diverse. ESM possessed strong reducing power and high scavenging activities against free radicals including superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, but a weaker scavenging activity for hydrogen peroxide. ferrous ion chelating activity of ESM was undetectable at the tested concentrations. In contrary, EPN exhibited strong ferrous ion chelating activity and high scavenging activities against hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and a weak activity against superoxide anion and DPPH free radicals. EPN did not show any ferric ion reducing power. Since their antioxidant mechanisms are complementary, the combined use of ESM and EPN might be even more beneficial. These antioxidant properties of SM and PN are likely part of the reasons that they are effective in the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases.
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are known to be associated with dental caries in humans.
We used a polymerase chain reaction method to detect S. mutans and S. sobrinus in 128 Japanese schoolchildren and then compared their presence with the dental caries experience.
Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites with a sterile toothbrush, and dental examinations were performed to determine the numbers of decayed and filled teeth in primary (dft) and permanent (DFT) dentition using the WHO caries diagnostic criteria. Fisher's PLSD test was employed to compare caries scores between combinations of the detected bacteria.
Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus were present in 38.3% and 68.0%, respectively, whereas 14.8% were positive for S. mutans alone, 44.5% for S. sobrinus alone, and 23.5% for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, with 17.2% negative for both. The DFT, dft, and total (DFT + dft) scores for subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus were significantly higher than those positive for S. mutans alone (P < 0.05, in triplicate).
These results suggest that schoolchildren harbouring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significant higher dental caries experience in both permanent and primary teeth as compared to those with S. mutans alone.
Medicinal plants are nature's gift to human beings to make disease free healthy life, and play a vital role to preserve our health. They are believed to be much safer and proven elixir in the treatment of various ailments. The genus Artemisia (Astraceae) consists of about 500 species, occurring throughout the world. The present review comprises the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and therapeutic potential of various species of Artemisia.
The aim of this this review is to bring together most of the available scientific research conducted on the genus Artemisia, which is currently scattered across various publications. Through this review the authors hope to attract the attention of natural product researchers throughout the world to focus on the unexplored potential of Artemisia species.
This review has been compiled using references from major databases such as Chemical Abstracts, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, PubMed, King's American Dispensatory, Henriette's Herbal Homepage, Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
An exhaustive survey of literature revealed that the different species of Artemisia have a vast range of biological activities including antimalarial, cytotoxic, antihepatotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity. Some very important drug leads have been discovered from this genus, notably artemisinin, the well known antimalarial drug isolated from the Chinese herb Artemisia annua. Terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, caffeoylquinic acids, sterols and acetylenes constitute major classes of phytoconstituents of the genus.
Various species of Artemisia seems to hold great potential for in-depth investigation for various biological activities, especially their effects on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems.
The essential oil of Artemisia annua aerial parts, consisting of camphor (44%), germacrene D (16%), trans-pinocarveol (11%), beta-selinene (9%), beta-caryophyllene (9%) and artemisia ketone (3%), was screened for its antimicrobial activity. The essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of tested Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus hirae and both tested fungi. This oil has shown an antioxidant activity equivalent to 18% of the reference compound (alpha-tocopherol).
Polygonum cuspidatum has been used in Korean folk medicine to improve oral hygiene. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of methanol extract from root of P. cuspidatum (MEP) on bacterial viability and the virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.
To test the effects of MEP on bacterial viability, we determined the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against 20 bacterial strains, including S. mutans and S. sobrinus, using a micro-dilution assay. In case of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, the assays for time-kill and bacterial growth rate at sub-MIC concentrations were also performed. To determine effects of the extract on the virulence factors of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, the assays for sucrose-dependent adherence, water-insoluble glucan formation, glycolytic acid production, and acid tolerance were performed at sub-MIC levels. Phytochemical analysis for constituents of MEP was carried out.
MEP showed a broad antibacterial range (MIC 0.5-4 mg/ml). The MBC was two to four times higher than the MIC. The time-kill curves showed S. mutans and S. sobrinus were significantly killed after 1h of incubation. At sub-MIC levels, doubling times of S. mutans and S. sobrinus dose-dependently increased up to 211% and 123%, respectively. At sub-MIC levels, MEP also showed inhibitory effects on the virulence factors of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in a dose-dependent fashion. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, sterol/terpenes, tannins, flavonoids, and carbohydrates.
These data indicate that MEP has inhibitory effects on bacterial viability at higher concentrations (> or =MIC) and the virulence factors of S. mutans and S. sobrinus at sub-MIC concentrations, suggesting that it might be useful for the control of dental plaque formation and subsequent dental caries formation.
Members of the Artemisia genus are important medicinal plants found throughout the world. Arteminolides A-D (1-4), isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia, have an inhibitory activity on farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase; EC 2.5.1.29) in in vitro assay. This study was carried out with the purpose of validating anti-tumor effects of the compounds in human tumor cells and mouse xenograft model. The arteminolides inhibited tumor cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, arteminolide C (3) blocked in vivo growth of human colon and lung tumor xenograft without the loss of body weight in nude mice.
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a very popular dry fruit in the world being consumed in different form and presentations. In the present work, three hazelnut cultivars (cv. Daviana, Fertille de Coutard and M. Bollwiller) produced in Portugal, were characterized in respect to their chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity. The samples were analysed for proximate constituents (moisture, fat, crude protein, ash), nutritional value and fatty acids profile by GC/FID. Antioxidant potential was accessed by the reducing power assay, the scavenging effect on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and beta-carotene linoleate model system. Their antimicrobial capacity was also checked against Gram positive (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungi (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans). Results showed that the main constituent of fruits was fat ranging from 56% to 61%, being the nutritional value around 650 kcal per 100 g of fruits. Oleic was the major fatty acid varying between 80.67% in cv. F. Coutard and 82.63% in cv. Daviana, followed by linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Aqueous hazelnut extract presented antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent way, in general with similar behaviour for all cultivars. Hazelnut extracts revealed a high antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria (MIC 0.1 mg/mL) showing a good bioactivity of these fruits.
A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation
- N N Azwanida
Azwanida NN. A review on the extraction methods use
in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation.
Med Aromat Plants. 2015;4(3):196. doi: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000196.