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Principle of Geographic Information Systems
Abstract and Figures
Provides a thorough, broad-ranging account of the theory and practice of GIS, which is suitable for students who are serious about mastering the subject.
Numerous and diverse real-world examples, with clear explanations of methodology, demonstrate the usefulness of GIS to solving practical problems and foster enhanced understanding.
End-of-chapter summaries, questions, and further reading allow students to check their understanding and explore the subject further.
An Online Resource Centre features additional resources for students and lecturers, enhancing the educational value of the text.
Figures - uploaded by Rachael Andrea McDonnell
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... Creating a map to show the severity of slums can help to better understand the extent of the problem and identify areas that need the most attention. Such a map can also be used to track the progress of slum upgrading efforts and evaluate their effectiveness in improving the living conditions of residents [13]. ...
... The district of Tiruchirappalli has an area of 4404 km 2 and is surrounded by other districts such as Salem, Namakkal, Perambalur, Ariyalur, Thanjavur, Pudukottai, Madurai, Sivagangai, Dindigul, and Karur. The city has 65 wards, out of which 11,12,13,16,17,18,22, 24, 32, and 34 do not have any slums. A significant portion of the population in Tiruchirappalli is served by slums, and the city's geographical location with access to the Kaveri River and its proximity to various other districts make it an important location for further development efforts. ...
This study examines the state of slums in Tiruchirappalli city, Tamil Nadu, India, with a particular focus on basic services and infrastructure. Utilizing GIS technology, the researchers conducted site visits and mapped the collected data to prioritize each slum based on the significance of essential infrastructure elements. Parameters such as toilet facilities, street lighting, and water availability were analyzed and ranked, following UN-Habitat guidelines, which categorized the wards into three groups: satisfactory, above satisfactory, and below satisfactory. The GIS software also facilitated the creation of models to predict future development needs based on current trends. The study provides valuable insights into the living conditions of slums in Trichy city, enabling the formulation and implementation of effective strategies for improvement. Emphasis is placed on addressing the below satisfactory wards to uplift their living conditions, while acknowledging the progress achieved in above satisfactory wards as potential models for successful interventions. This analysis contributes to understanding disparities and variations in slum conditions and guides efforts to enhance overall living conditions in slums.
... They are able to predict land blocks greater than the support. Geostatic algorithms can interpolate index functions using soft data, improving accuracy (Burrough, 1998). ...
Environmental noise can significantly degrade the quality of life of local residents having a negative impact on both their mental and physical health. Noise pollution exists in large urban centers. This study aimed at performing a mapping of noise level at the Historic Centre of the Municipality of Athens during the period May - August 2021 using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Noise levels was initially measured in the using an echo meter. By utilizing the Kriging spatial interpolation method, mapping of noise levels for the study area was carried out. Finally, a WebGIS application was created to present the main geospatial datasets produced from the study, allowing the same time some degree of interactivity between the user and the produced maps. All in all, results showed high sound levels of 65 - 75 dB in the road network and commercial areas. In contrast, in green spaces and archaeological sites, sound levels were lower with a range of 45 - 65 dB. The study provides useful information to policymakers in order to reduce the negative impact of noise pollution on residents' quality of life and health whereas the WebGIS developed allowed for a much wider dissemination of the key study findings a larger audience.
... This study selected a total of 38 environmental variables, including 19 climate variables, 17 soil variables, and 2 topographic variables, to predict the potential distribution of Tulipa iliensis (Table 1), Aspect was not selected as an environmental variable in this study, because "Aspect" is measured in degree, However, the modeling method does not understand that some two different values represent the same meaning, for example, 360°and 0°represent the same value, north [36,37]. Data on three paleoclimatic scenarios (Last-inter-glacial, Last-Glacial-Maximum, Mid-Holocene), current and future climate variables were obtained from the WorldClim 1.4 and WorldClim 2.0 databases (https://www. ...
... Then, we digitized the oil transmission lines using digital tools [14]. To extract slope information, we utilized the digital elevation model from the map [15]. For the hydrology section, to extract river routes from a DEM, the following steps were undertaken. ...
This study integrated geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing technology to identify areas around pipelines that are more susceptible to corrosion having the Kurdistan pipeline as a case study. Geospatial data are used to target factors such as rainfall, temperature, rivers, and minerals which increase the corrosion rate. Spatial data such as, the direction of slope, rainfall, proximity to rivers, and minerals, were collected and analyzed; maps were created for every individual factor to visualize their distribution. By overlaying these maps, regions that are at higher risk of corrosion were identified, which can be prioritized for further investigation or preventive measures. This paper’s findings are significant for oil and gas industries, including pipeline operators and designers as corrosion can lead to devastating consequences. The novelty of this study is to identify areas along the pipeline at higher risk of corrosion through the application of geospatial information systems and remote sensing. This methodology holds immense potential for industries looking to proactively prevent corrosion through the implementation of preventative maintenance, monitoring programs, and the application of protective coatings and inhibitors. The results of this research demonstrate that environmental data, GIS, and remote sensing can predict corrosion in oil pipelines, offering valuable insights for better managing corrosion risk.
... However, considering that specific modeling procedures were implemented separately for flow and slide, the SPI predictor was excluded for the slide model, while the TWI variable was excluded from the flow model. The first derivative of elevation [38] Speed of the water and potential underlying rupture surfaces [6,27] N Cosine of aspect (direction in which the slope degrades more rapidly) [39] Seasonal wet/dry cycles of soils [40] E Sine of aspect (direction in which the slope degrades more rapidly) [39] Seasonal wet/dry cycles of soils [40] PLN The second derivative of elevation, computed along the horizontal plane [41] Activation and propagation of landslides [42] PRF The second derivative of elevation, computed along the direction of the highest slope gradient [41] The direction of flow [42] TWI Calculated as ln[A/tanβ], where A and β, computed on each cell, corresponds to the area of upslope drained cells and the slope gradient, respectively [43] Potential infiltration or saturated soil thickness [6,27] SPI Natural logarithm of the catchment area multiplied by the tangent of the slope gradient [44] Proxy of the intensity of surface water erosion [6] LITO Original geological map Physical-mechanical properties of rocks [27] USE CORINE land cover (2018) ...
In statistical landslide susceptibility evaluation, the quality of the model and its prediction image heavily depends on the quality of the landslide inventories used for calibration. However, regional-scale inventories made available by public territorial administrations are typically affected by an unknown grade of incompleteness and mapping inaccuracy. In this research, a procedure is proposed for verifying and solving such limits by applying a two-step susceptibility modeling procedure. In the Torto River basin (central-northern Sicily, Italy), using an available regional landslide inventory (267 slide and 78 flow cases), two SUFRA_1 models were first prepared and used to assign a landslide susceptibility level to each slope unit (SLU) in which the study area was partitioned. For each of the four susceptibility classes that were obtained, 30% of the mapping units were randomly selected and their stable/unstable status was checked by remote analysis. The new, increased inventories were finally used to recalibrate two SUFRA_2 models. The prediction skills of the SUFRA_1 and SUFRA_2 models were then compared by testing their accuracy in matching landslide distribution in a test sub-basin where a high-resolution systematic inventory had been prepared. According to the results, the strong limits of the SUFRA_1 models (sensitivity: 0.67 and 0.57 for slide and flow, respectively) were largely solved by the SUFRA_2 model (sensitivity: 1 for both slide and flow), suggesting the proposed procedure as a possibly suitable modeling strategy for regional susceptibility studies.
... A comprehensive fully integrated Pavement Maintenance and Management Systems (PMMS), is a comprehensive system and able to reconstruction, restoration and maintenance the pavements (Burrough, 1986; Al-Ajami 015). The best road preservation projects were important to enhance the quality and reduce the cost and provide the most benefit to the society. ...
Nowadays, all data and information management is conducted in integrated digital form. The same goes for inventory management of road maintenance to ensure the updated road information. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a powerful application and able to analyse and store all the geospatial data. The objective of this study is to identify the physical condition of the roads in UKM based on information from the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, to produce spatial data storage of road distresses and to analyse the frequency of road distress in UKM. This study was carried out in the field and a desktop study. The results of the study proved that there is road damage occurring repeatedly in the same location yearly. The results from UAV found that in a period of one year, the types of distresses decrease from 11 types to 5 types, where patching is the highest occurring road distress. Lingkungan Ilmu indicates the highest number of road distress occurring along the period at 63 distresses in 2015 and 15 distresses in 2016. All the recorded information can be stored easily by using geospatial technology. This study shows that UAV and GIS are utilisable in maintaining road inventory management.
... Although Geographical Information System (GIS) is defined based on different aspects like database used, structure, organizational set up; it is summarized as GIS is an integrated suite of computer-based tools that accommodate input data, its processing, display, and output of location based data. The definition adapted from (Burrough, 1986;Eastman, 2001;Burrough and McDonnel, 1998) shows two main points: ...
... Although Geographical Information System (GIS) is defined based on different aspects like database used, structure, organizational set up; it is summarized as GIS is an integrated suite of computer-based tools that accommodate input data, its processing, display, and output of location based data. The definition adapted from (Burrough, 1986;Eastman, 2001;Burrough and McDonnel, 1998) shows two main points: ...
Water is one of the most critical resources of nature that sustains life both in natural and artificial ecosystems. The uneven spatiotemporal distribution of water resources is one of the vital factors responsible for various anthropogenic pressures (e.g., pollution) we are facing in the 21st century. Due to our imperfect knowledge about the distribution of water resources, it has become incumbent that spatial information techniques are used for understanding the root causes behind the degradation of our water resources. Satellite remote sensing provides essential data to map water resources, hydrology flux measurement, monitoring drought, and flood inundation. The geographic information system (GIS) provides the best tools for modeling and assessing water resources for drought flood risk management. Sustainable exploitation of water resources requires planning and control methods that allow incorporating a large number of spatial and temporal variables. Because of its features, GIS seems to be the most suitable tool to aid in managing water resources available. GIS and modeling can make an essential contribution to integrated water resources management: indeed, given the scarcity of public health and environmental data, some form of modeling tends to be a prerequisite. Even in the absence of a complete understanding of the processes and relationships involved or sufficient data, the construction of flow charts and mind maps can help develop an appreciation of the issues and help build consensus among the various stakeholders. GIS has influenced the development and implementation of a hydrological model at several different levels. GIS has been used to address water supply, water quality, and stormwater management problems and allows users to run more traditional lumped models more efficiently and include at least some degree of spatial effects by partitioning the entire watershed into smaller subwatershed. GIS has been used to transform what was originally a specific model into a spatially distributed model. GIS is used for a variety of input models and comparing the model output with field data to improve the scientific basis of policy and the critical water quality management plan. Management of water resources is crucial as we look for ways to build environmentally and socially sustainable societies and lifestyles. In some cases, we need to find new methods to alter water resources supply and demand. In other cases, we need to find an effective strategy that is faster and more effective in identifying pollution sources. GIS can contribute to solving the problems in each of these things. The GIs technology can help guide the implementation of water resources policies and promote a more efficient allocation of natural resources and the fair and the community as we strive to achieve the above goals. “GIScience for the sustainable management of water resources” contains chapters from eminent researchers and experts. Sustainable exploitation of water resources requires planning and control methods that allow the incorporation of a large number of spatial and temporal variables. Because of its features, GIS seems to be the most suitable tool to aid in the management of water resources available. GIS and modeling have the potential to make an essential contribution to integrated water resources management: indeed, given the scarcity of public health and environmental data, some form of modeling tends to be a prerequisite. The primary target audience is urban planners, environmentalists, policymakers, ecologists, researchers, academicians, students, and professionals in the fields of remote sensing, civil engineering, social science, computer science, and information technology. The primary focus of this book is to replenish the gap in the available literature on the subject by bringing the concepts, theories, and experiences of the specialists and professionals in this field jointly. The editors have worked hard to bring the best literature in this field in a book form for helping the students, researchers, and policymakers develop a complete understanding of the vulnerabilities and solutions to the whole environmental system. This publication is ideally designed for urban planners, environmentalists, policymakers, ecologists, researchers, academicians, students, and professionals in remote sensing, civil engineering, social science, computer science, and information technology. The book is based on clear conceptual understanding, internationally acclaimed authorship, the latest research on the subject, understanding the hydrology spatially while providing a holistic treatise on water science and its management. We hope the book shall do service to the humanity that it was intended to be meant. We acknowledge the help of all the reviewers who tirelessly read chapters and sent suggestions to authors that greatly enhanced their quality and prospective reach. Special thanks to Dr. Neelu Gera, Dr. Muhammad Muslim, and Dr. Muzamil Amin for their valuable suggestions during the book's proofreading. Finally, we thank our families who supported us in thick and thin at each stage of our lives; nothing would have been possible without their help and support.
Editors
Gowhar Meraj
Shruti Kanga
Majid Farooq
Suraj Kumar Singh
Sudhanshu
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) or simply Drones, were first utilized for military purposes prior to World War I. With the popularity of its technology, UAVs are now being utilized for photography, cinema, sports, precision agriculture, and mining. UAVs in mining allow professionals to collect data from wide territories that are typically difficult to access, with outstanding cost/benefit ratio, operational time and reduced manpower. The aircraft’s capabilities include reconnaissance of the area, generation of Digital Terrain and Elevation Models (MDTs and MDEs), and monitoring of mining operations. Despite all of the advantages provided by UAVs, there is tremendous space for technological advancement. It is still a new tool that is heavily reliant on ideal climatic conditions, and without an RTK (Real Time Kinematic) station, the error in the coordinates can approach the magnitude of dozens of meters. For these reasons, more conservative miners and government agencies continue to be skeptical of UAV use. This study showed that, when combined with appropriate processing, data gathered with UAVs can produce results comparable to traditional approaches in less time and at comparable prices.
This study proposes an empirical methodology for modelling and mapping the air temperature (mean maximum, mean and mean minimum) and total precipitation, all of which are monthly and annual, using geographical information systems (GIS) techniques. The method can be seen as an alternative to classical interpolation techniques when spatial information is available. The geographical area used to develop and apply this model is Catalonia (32000 km 2 , northeast Spain). We have developed a multiple regression analysis between these meteorological variables as the dependent ones, and some geographical variables (altitude (ALT), latitude (LAT), continentality (CON), solar radiation (RAD) and a cloudiness factor (CLO)) as the independent ones. Data for the dependent variables were obtained from meteorological stations, and data for the independent variables were elaborated from a 180 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM). Multiple regression coefficients (b n) were used to build final maps, using digital layers for each independent variable, and applying basic GIS techniques. The results are very satisfactory in the case of mean air temperature and mean minimum air temperature, with coefficients of determination (R 2) between 0.79 and 0.97, depending on the month; in the case of mean maximum air temperature, R 2 ranges between 0.70 and 0.89, while in the case of precipitation, it ranges between 0.60 and 0.91.
The ongoing debate in GIS regarding the relative merits of vector versus raster representations of spatial information is usually couched in technical terms. Yet the technical question of the most appropriate data structure begs the philosophical question of the most appropriate conceptualization of geographic space. The paper confronts this latter question in the context of the opposition between the object and field views of space. I suggest that GIS can turn a rather dry debate into a source of insights regarding the nature of its subject matter by learning from how people actually experience and deal with the geographic world. Human cognition indeed appears to make use of both the object and field views, but at different geographic scales, and for different purposes. These observations suggest a list of desiderata for the next round of thinking about spatial representation in GIS.
Space is defined here as a relation on a set of objects. Different types of space may be created, depending upon how this relation is defined; Euclidean distance is perhaps the simplest example. This chapter begins by reviewing such concepts of space and then considering what is meant by the term "spatial object'. Different categories of such objects are discussed and the varying types of attributes or data that can be associated with those objects are examined. Having looked at standard concepts of distance some consideration is given to other measures of spatial proximity, such as time distance. The need to visualize spaces defined by different types of relation is addresed and examples are presented of map transformations (such as cartograms). -Author
Geographic information is acquired according to several different underlying models of geographic space. Any meaning inherent within a dataset is intrinsically connected to the model by which it was captured. A design is presented for an integrated geographic information system offering a number of distinct views onto geographic space, of varying degrees of abstraction, to support the needs of an expanded user base. An architecture for such a system is developed by an extension of the traditional three layer architecture used in database design. The movement of data from one level of abstraction to another is formalized by a series of dataset and model transformations operating between four different geographic data models. From this formalism, a functional taxonomy of GIS operations is developed.