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B I O D I V E R S I T A S
ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 24, Number 7, July 2023 E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Pages: 4161-4167 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240755
Diversity of wild edible fruits in the agroforestry area of Cigalontang
Village, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
NENDEN NUR SAYYIDAH KULSUM, RATNA SUSANDARINI♥
Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-274-580839,
♥email: ratna-susandarini@ugm.ac.id
Manuscript received: 19 June 2023. Revision accepted: 27 July 2023.
Abstract. Kulsum NNS, Susandarini R. 2023. Diversity of wild edible fruits in the agroforestry area of Cigalontang Village, Tasikmalaya,
Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4161-4167. Wild edible fruits are non-timber forest products that support the nutritional adequacy of
communities around the forest. Scientific inventory and documentation of wild fruit plant diversity are important to reveal local resources'
potential in supporting local communities food security. A study on wild edible fruits in the agroforestry area in Cigalontang Village
aimed to document the diversity of fruit plant species and traditional knowledge of the community on food plants available from the forest.
This study used semi-structured interviews with 63 respondents and guided fieldwork to identify natural habitats and collect specimens of
wild edible fruits. The results showed that people of Cigalontang Village commonly consumed 49 wild edible fruit species belonging to
27 families. Zingiberaceae and Moraceae were two families with the highest number of wild edible fruit species mentioned by the
respondents. All the fruits were consumed raw as fresh fruits, and some were known as ingredients for traditional medicine to treat minor
health complaints. The community discussed the use of wild edible fruits with a review of the nutritional content based on relevant
references. Results showed that the community used wild edible fruits for daily nutritional needs, not for sale. Both older and younger
generations shared knowledge about the diversity of wild edible fruit plants and were closely related to local traditions kept within the
frame of local wisdom. This knowledge, supported by local wisdom held by the community, is important to maintain the sustainability of
fruit plant diversity and its conservation.
Keywords: Ethnobotany, food security, forest, species diversity, traditional knowledge
INTRODUCTION
Food is a basic human need that can be fulfilled from
plants or animal sources. Foods from plant sources include
wild edible plants (WEP), which are important in providing
daily nutritional needs, especially for people who live near
forests. Wild edible plants are plant species that humans can
consume, commonly obtained from their natural habitat, and
have not undergone a domestication process or been
cultivated (Pradhan et al. 2020). Given that the knowledge
and use of WEP are often found among forest dwellers, the
term forest plant foods is sometimes applied to WEP. A
study by Ickowitz et al. (2016) on communities living close
to forests in 25 provinces in Indonesia showed an association
between patterns of consumption of food plants as sources
of micronutrients and types of forest use such as for
agroforestry of horticultural plants. In a broader aspect,
Majumdar and Datta (2009) mentioned that WEP as a non-
forest timber product provides benefits for communities
around forests, and the use of WEP has a positive impact on
preserving the diversity of food plant species, which also
protects the forest ecosystem for sustainable use.
Studies on food plants originating from forests and their
benefits for local communities are important in fulfilling
nutrition for the health and food security of communities
around forests. This issue has been mentioned by Ickowitz
et al. (2016), that forest products in the form of food
contribute to providing quality nutrition for people living
around the forest. Pradhan et al. (2020), in their review of
the potentials of wild edible plants, noted that WEP not only
functions in meeting the community's nutritional needs but
also has an important role in the socio-ecological field in
certain landscapes. In their research in Timor Leste, Erskine
et al. (2015) reported that WEP plays an important role in
maintaining food security, especially during the hard time of
harvest failure, and this kind of food was mainly obtained
from tuber-producing plants. Moreover, Harisha et al.
(2021) reported that wild food plants not only play a role in
meeting daily food needs but also play an important role in
maintaining food security and even as one of the pillars of the
economy of forest dwellers communities.
Among the WEP originating from forest areas, fruit is a
group of food categories that is widely used, and this led to
the recognition of the term wild edible fruits (WEF).
Concerns about fruit plants from forests are demonstrated by
studies on WEF reported from Indonesia in recent years.
Harianja et al. (2021) reported that the Batak Toba
community collected and used 29 species of WEF from the
forest adjacent to their settlement. They consumed fruits in
different ways, from being eaten raw, as a food flavoring,
processed fruit, and even used some fruits as traditional
medicine. Suwardi et al. (2022) documented 129 species of
WEF from six districts in Aceh Province, Indonesia, and
also noted the conservation status of these species.
Meanwhile, Syamsuardi et al. (2022), in their study of WEF
in Kampar District, Riau, Indonesia, reported that 67 species
of wild edible fruits were used by people living in Bukit
Rimbang Bukit Baling Riau. These previous studies have an
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important issue in common: a concern about the preservation
of community knowledge on WEF and the suggestion that
the knowledge should be passed on to the younger
generation to maintain WEF sustainability in nature.
This study aims to document the diversity of fruit plants
found in agroforestry areas and to explore the knowledge of
the people of Cigalontang Village, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia,
in using fruit plants from the forest. This ethnobotanical
study is the first of its kind in the area. The results of this
study are important in revealing the potential of WEF in
supporting the nutritional adequacy of the local community
in Cigalontang Village, as well as providing information on
the diversity of fruit species in order to raise public concern
to preserve their existence in nature by protecting the plant's
natural habitat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study was conducted in Cigalontang Village,
Cigalontang Sub-district, Tasikmalaya District, West Java
Province, Indonesia. This village is located at 7°18'45”S
107°59'42”E-7°18'22”S 107°59'48”E (Figure 1), with an
altitude of more than 800 m asl. This village covers an area
of 537.6 hectares with a population of 3,904 people. Most of
the people of Cigalontang Village are farmers. The people
of Cigalontang Village have local wisdom or traditions that
are very well preserved, and one of the traditions related to
this study is that they do not go to the forest to gather food
plants on Mondays and Thursdays.
The village, located in the hills area with fertile soil and
abundant water, makes the people generally grow vegetables
in their yard and have a fish pond. Rice fields are also found
around the settlement. The vegetable garden and fish pond
are used to fulfill daily food needs. In addition, the
community generally takes food from agroforestry areas
where coffee is planted and managed independently by the
community. Forest areas where coffee agroforestry is
located are secondary forests of mixed vegetation with a
relatively open canopy. Several ditches are found in this
forest.
Data collection
The study was performed in two stages: interviews with
community representatives and field surveys of agroforestry
areas to collect plant species based on the data obtained from
interviews. The interviews and field surveys were carried
out from June to October 2022. The interview topic was wild
edible fruits consumed by the people of Cigalontang Village,
obtained from the coffee agroforestry area. Interviews were
conducted using a semi-structured method with a
questionnaire comprising closed and open questions. The
respondents who participated in the interview were 63
chosen using a combination of snowball and purposive
sampling methods.
Guided fieldwork was carried out in a secondary forest
frequently visited by the locals who planted coffee in
agroforestry areas and people who deliberately went to the
forest to collect wild food plants. The fieldwork was
conducted to collect plant materials mentioned by the
respondents in the interviews. The collected samples were
then preserved in herbarium collections as voucher
specimens for identification. Preparation of preserved
specimens referred to dos Santos et al. (2014). Species
identification was done based on observation of
morphological characteristics and accomplished using
taxonomic literature (Backer and van den Brink 1963;
Heyne 1987; Berg and Corner 2005; Steenis et al. 2006; Lim
2012), and plant specimen databases including Biodiversity
Heritage Library (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/),
Global Biodiversity Information Facility
(https://www.gbif.org/), World Flora Online
(http://www.worldfloraonline.org/). Verification of valid
species names was carried out in reference to Plants of the
World Online (https://powo.science.kew.org/). Species
identification and data analysis were accomplished from
November 2022 to January 2023. The data on species
diversity was then analyzed descriptively.
Figure 1. Location of Cigalontang Village, Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia
SUSANDARINI et al. – Wild edible fruits from Cigalontang, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
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Data analysis
This study was carried out using a combination of
interviews with local people followed by direct observation
and collection of plant materials in their habitat. The data
were analyzed qualitatively, accompanied by a literature
review regarding the nutritional content of selected fruit
species as scientific support for claiming their health
benefits.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The interviews and fieldwork results showed that 49
species of WEF belong to 27 families (Table 1).
Zingiberaceae, Moraceae, Arecaceae, Melastomataceae, and
Rosaceae were the top five families contributing to
providing WEF for the people of Cigalontang Village. Six
species of Zingiberaceae reported here were all in fruiting
season during the period of study (Figure 2).
Table 1. List of wild edible fruits in the agroforestry area of Cigalontang Village
Family
Species
Vernacular name
Plant habit
Actinidiaceae
Saurauia pendula Blume
Kileho
Tree
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera laurina Blume
Pari
Tree
Annonaceae
Annona muricata L.
Nangka walanda
Tree
Arecaceae
Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.
Kawung
Tree
Arecaceae
Metroxylon sagu Rottb.
Kirai
Tree
Arecaceae
Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss
Salak
Tree
Begoniaceae
Begonia longifolia Blume
Bungbrun
Herb
Clusiaceae
Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz
Munu
Tree
Cucurbitaceae
Zehneria odorata (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Benth.) M.D.Dwivedi,
A.K.Pandey & H.Schaef.
Bobontengan
Herb
Cucurbitaceae
Zehneria japonica (Thunb.) H.Y.Liu,
Naga Sukma
Liana
Cyperaceae
Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr.
Harashas
Herb
Ebenaceae
Diospyros blancoi A.DC.
Dawolo
Tree
Euphorbiaceae
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.
Huni
Tree
Euphorbiaceae
Glochidion borneense (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
Mareme
Shrub
Hypoxidaceae
Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) Kuntze
Congkok
Herb
Melastomataceae
Melastoma malabathricum L.
Harendong blekeh
Shrub
Melastomataceae
Miconia crenata (Vahl) Michelang.
Harendong bulu
Shrub
Melastomataceae
Medinilla eximia (Jack) Blume
Harendang
Tree
Mimosaceae
Calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (Meisn.) Barneby
Kaliandra beureum
Shrub
Mimosaceae
Zapoteca tetragona (Willd.) H.M.Hern.
Kaliandra bodas
Shrub
Moraceae
Ficus glumosa Delile
Amis mata
Shrub
Moraceae
Ficus variegata Blume
Kondang
Tree
Moraceae
Ficus racemosa L.
Loa
Tree
Moraceae
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
Nangka leuweung
Tree
Moraceae
Artocarpus glaucus Blume
Tiwu landu
Tree
Musaceae
Musa acuminata Colla
Cau kole
Herb
Myrsinaceae
Maesa ramentacea (Roxb.) A.DC.
Kipiit
Tree
Myrtaceae
Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston
Jambu aer
Tree
Myrtaceae
Psidium guajava L.
Jambu batu
Tree
Oleaceae
Olea europaea L.
Zaitun
Tree
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis barrelieri L.
Calincing
Herb
Passifloraceae
Passiflora foetida L.
Cermot
Herb
Passifloraceae
Passiflora quadrangularis L.
Markusa
Liana
Rosaceae
Rubus rosifolius Sm.
Arben gunung
Shrub
Rosaceae
Rubus fraxinifolius Poir.
Beberetean
Shrub
Rosaceae
Rubus moluccanus L.
Hareueus
Shrub
Smilacaceae
Smilax leucophylla Blume
Canar
Tree
Solanaceae
Physalis angulata L.
Cecendet
Herb
Solanaceae
Solanum americanum Mill.
Leunca kemir
Shrub
Tiliaceae
Muntingia calabura L.
Kersen
Tree
Schisandraceae
Kadsura scandence (Blume) Blume
Bunyur buut
Tree
Urticaceae
Dendrocnide stimulans (L.f.) Chew
Pulus
Tree
Urticaceae
Procris pedunculata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Wedd.
Uuyahan
Shrub
Zingiberaceae
Meistera aculeata (Roxb.) Škorničk. & M.F.Newman
Barahulu
Herb
Zingiberaceae
Amomum maximum Roxb.
Hangasa
Herb
Zingiberaceae
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.
Honje
Herb
Zingiberaceae
Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M.Sm.
Tepus
Herb
Zingiberaceae
Hornstedtia paludosa (Blume) K.Schum.
Pining
Herb
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe
Laja gowah
Herb
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Figure 2. Wild edible fruits from the Zingiberaceae family (insert: peeled or sliced fruits showing edible part). A. Meistera aculeata; B.
Amomum maximum; C. Etlingera elatior; D. Etlingera solaris; E. Alpinia malaccensis; F. Hornstedtia paludosa
Zingiberaceae is a plant family commonly harvested for
its rhizomes for food seasoning, but in this study, local
people also used Zingiberaceae fruits as food. Although this
situation was rarely reported, the study by Pitopang et al.
(2019) on the traditional use of Zingiberaceae by the
indigenous people of Lore Lindu National Park also noted
that the fruits of Etlingera acanthodes, a member of
Zingiberaceae, were consumed as food. Consuming the
fruits of Zingiberaceae plants is based on the knowledge that
these foods have medicinal properties, as reported by several
studies (Ernilasari et al. 2021; Ying et al. 2021; Xu et al.
2022). Phytochemical analysis by Juwitaningsih et al.
(2016) revealed the content of two pyrones compounds with
antibacterial activities from the fruit extract of A.
malaccensis, a giant Zingiberaceae herb bearing massive
fruits found in this study. The fruit of E. elatior or torch
ginger, which is very well known for its unique aromatic
flower commonly used as cooking ingredients, was reported
as having the highest flavonoid and phenolic content
compared to flowers and leaves, and thus having beneficial
antioxidant properties (Safrina et al. 2022).
Moraceae, the second family contributing the highest
number of WEF in this study, was represented by five
species. While A. heterophyllus and A. glaucus were widely
known for their delicious fruits, three species of Ficus,
namely F. glumosa, F. variegata, and F. racemosa were less
known for their edible fruits. Ficus recemosa fruits contain
nutrients that are good for health, including carotenoid,
lycopene, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and considerable
amounts of minerals (Bhogaonkar et al. 2014). The
Moraceae family, a group of plants with some species used
as WEF in Aceh Province, was mentioned by Suwardi et al.
(2022). Similarly, Syamsuardi et al. (2022), who explored
WEF in eight villages in the Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling
Riau area, reported that Moraceae was the family that
contributed the most to providing WEF with a total of 10
species. Another study showing that species belonging to the
Moraceae family were widely used as food was reported by
Abera et al. (2022) in Ethiopia.
The Melastomataceae family, which contributes three
WEF species to the local community of Cigalontang Village,
has long been recognized for its delicious edible fruits
among the three species reported in this study. Medinilla
eximia, formerly known as M. speciosa is the most widely
known, and many studies have revealed the nutritional
content and properties of the fruit. A study by Sa'adah et al.
(2019) showed that M. speciosa fruit extract has a high
anthocyanin content, making it an antioxidant and
immunostimulant potential. Meanwhile, a study by Sari et
al. (2018) on the potential of M. malabathricum fruits
showed that the ripe fruits of this species contain various
compounds with antioxidant properties. Miconia crenata,
the third species documented as WEF from the
Melastomataceae family, is famous among forest dwellers
for its purple-black, sweet fruits. A phytochemical-based
ethnomedicinal review of the genus Miconia by da Silva et
al. (2022) described several health benefits of species in this
genus, which showed analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, antiparasitic, and antibacterial properties.
Meanwhile, Rosaceae is a family with three species of Rubus
A
B
C
D
E
F
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widely known by the people of Cigalontang Village as a
source of WEF. Rubus ripe fruits with beautiful red color,
which taste sweet and fresh, are often picked to be eaten
directly by people during their activity in the forest. The
nutritional content of five Rubus species was reported by
Surya et al. (2018), which showed that Rubus fruits contain
high fructose, high vitamin C, and a variety of
micronutrients that are good for maintaining general health.
Representatives of WEF from Cigalontang comprising
species from various families are displayed in Figure 3.
A number of studies have demonstrated the role of WEF
in providing nutritious foods for local communities. Paul et
al. (2020), in their study of an ethnic community in
Bangladesh, documented 49 WEF species and noted that
these fruits played an important role as a source of nutrition
for the local community. A recent study by Abera et al.
(2022) showed that fruit was the most preferred category
among the various categories of wild edible plants because
it tastes good and can be eaten directly. The WEF obtained
by the people of Cigalontang Village from the agroforestry
forest area are all eaten raw.
Figure 3. Wild edible fruits found in the agroforestry area of Cigalontang Village (insert: close-up fruit). A. Rubus rosifolius; B. Rubus
moluccanus; C. Miconia crenata; D. Maesa ramentacea; E. Passiflora quadrangularis; F. Garcinia dulcis; G. Ficus glumosa; H. Ficus
variegata; I. Curculigo capitulata; J. Procris pedunculata; K. Smilax leucophylla; L. Begonia longifolia
A
D
E
C
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
B
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Consuming fresh fruit has the advantage that its
nutritional content is still intact, compared to processed or
cooked fruits. Processing fruits by cooking causes a decrease
in their nutritional content, especially reducing the
polyphenol content by five percent (Ellong et al. 2015).
Results of a study by Shan et al. (2019) showed that WEF
was generally eaten raw, and it was reported that
consumption of WEF might overcome some problems
related to the health of the digestive organs.
In addition to providing nutrition for local communities,
the use of WEF by people who live around the forest can
encourage their conservation in order to maintain the
existence of these plants for communities around the forest.
Sardeshpande and Shackleton (2019) noted that the
community most widely used WEF among various types of
non-forest timber products. In this case, WEF is not only
playing a role in providing nutritious food, but also some of
its species are useful as medicinal ingredients and
commodities that support the economy of the forest
dwellers. The same concern was expressed by Paul et al.
(2020) that documenting the diversity of wild edible fruits
and traditional knowledge within the community living
close to forests is very important to maintaining sustainable
use of wild edible fruits, as well as to building awareness of
the community around the forest to protect the habitat of
wild fruit plants.
The local community also knows a number of WEF
species as ingredients for traditional medicine, such as Z.
japonica, M. malabathricum, M.eximia, M. crenata, P.
angulata, A. dealbatum, H. paludosa, and E. elatior. The
benefits people commonly obtain from using fruit for
traditional medicine come from its nutritional content,
especially phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals
(Neudeck et al. 2012). The use of wild fruits as traditional
medicine has also been reported in ethnobotanical studies
from various regions, including by Geng et al. (2016) and
Sachula et al. (2020). The use of fruit from the forest to treat
common health problems was found in the Toba Batak
community, as Harianja et al. (2021) reported. The use of
WEF as a medicinal ingredient was scientifically justified by
the content of several compounds with antioxidant activity,
as reported by Shan et al. (2019), which examined the
phenolic, flavonoid, and flavonol content of 20 WEF
species. Zehneria japonica, known by the local community
as a sacred plant and believed to be efficacious for treating
various internal diseases, has also been known as a plant
with antitumor properties by people in the Philippines as
mentioned by Roldan et al. (2018) who reported leaves
extract of this species contains alkaloids, anthrones,
flavonoids, and sterols which have cytotoxic and angio
suppressive biological activity. Melastoma malabathricum
fruits are known to contain flavonoids, terpenoids,
phenolics, and tannins, which are efficacious as antioxidants
against the effects of free radicals and are therefore declared
to have potential as herbal tea ingredients that are safe for
consumption (Sari et al. 2018). Medinilla eximia fruits,
which are purplish, are known to be rich in anthocyanins,
and a study by Sa'adah et al. (2020) showed that fruit extracts
of this species have potent antioxidant activity. Meanwhile,
plants from the genus Miconia have various health benefits,
as da Silva et al. (2022) summarized by acting as
antioxidants, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and
antiparasitic, which come from various secondary
metabolites compounds, especially the phenolic groups.
Results of this study showed that the people of
Cigalontang Village take fruit from the forest for daily
consumption and are not used as a commodity to be sold in
the market. This result is similar to the report of Majumdar
and Datta (2009) in India which states that WEF plants are
non-forest timber products that do not have a formal market.
The same situation is reported by Harianja et al. (2021) in
that the Batak Toba community uses fruit species from the
forest for their own consumption and not for sale. The same
situation was also described by Harisha et al. (2021) that the
people who live in the Malai Madeshawara Hills wildlife
sanctuary area use food plants obtained from the forest for
their daily needs and not for sale, or in other words, the
community obtains non-monetary benefits from food plants
naturally available in the forest.
The interviews with village residents of various age
groups, educational strata, and livelihoods showed that the
older and younger generations shared knowledge about
WEF. Respondents were generally able to name 20 to 30
WEF species. Respondents have this knowledge from
personal experience, observations of family daily life, and
knowledge from older people. Knowledge about WEF that
is well maintained across generations shows a good transfer
of knowledge within the Cigalontang Village community,
created partly by the environment close to forests where a
wealth of food crops are available to support daily nutrition.
Amente (2017) found the same condition, which noted that
the maintenance of traditional knowledge about wild edible
plants is partly due to the reliance and the practice of passing
on knowledge from older to younger generations. The
important role of traditional knowledge about wild edible
plants in raising public awareness to preserve their existence
is emphasized by Liao et al. (2018). The role of forests in
providing food for the people who live around them has been
mentioned by Ickowitz et al. (2016) based on data modeling
in 25 provinces in Indonesia regarding food consumption
patterns and types of forest vegetation cover, which found
that there is a strong association between forest types and the
area with tree-dominated land cover such as agroforestry,
with the frequency of consumption of micronutrient-rich
foodstuffs.
The results of this study indicate that the agroforestry
area in Cigalontang Village, which consists of a secondary
forest located near settlements, has a high diversity of wild
edible fruits to support the local community's quality diet by
providing nutritious food sources. The wealth of wild edible
fruits in the study also holds the potential for the
development of further research, especially on medicinal
plants. The knowledge of the people of Cigalontang Village
across generations regarding wild edible fruits is still well
preserved and worthy of maintaining. Based on the results
of this study and previous reports on the same topic, one
general conclusion is that the significance of the WEF
inventory is to provide information on its diversity in nature
before its presence declines due to deforestation and land
conversion. This information is essential for the younger
SUSANDARINI et al. – Wild edible fruits from Cigalontang, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
4167
generation to become aware and care about the diversity of
WEF around where they live so that imported fruits do not
erode the existence of WEF.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is part of the first author's thesis, and some of
the research activities were funded by Lecturer and Student
Collaboration Research Grant year 2023 from the Faculty of
Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,
granted for the second author as the thesis supervisor.
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