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Abstract
The Da-Xiao Liangshan mountains are critical ecological function areas and essential ecological barriers in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. This study selected a total of six periods of land use land cover (LULC) data from 1995 to 2020, to estimate the ecosystem service value (ESV) and analyzed its spatiotemporal evolution and topographic gradient divergence. The results showed that: (1) The ESV increased by 1.1 billion yuan, with an increase rate of 1.47% from 1995 to 2020. Two time periods, 2005–2010 and 2015–2020, showed more significant increases than other periods. (2) The elevation and slope of mountainous areas determine the type of land use and further influence the spatial pattern of ESV. (3) Although woodland and grassland are the main land use types of the study area (more than 90%), the hydrological regulation function of the water area partially compensated for the impact of the encroachment of the built-up area on the ESV of grassland. (4) The spatial distribution of ESVs showed an inverted V-shaped characteristic as the topographic gradient increased, with the dominant position being the 5th topographic gradient zone. Finally, this study provided relevant recommendations for ecosystem protection and optimization. The findings of this study clarified the influence of topographical factors on the spatial differentiation of ESV and provided novel insights into ecosystem protection.
... Throughout the development process, prioritizing ecological protection, judicious resource utilization, and industrial structure optimization is crucial. Scholars have further delved into the development of these ecosystems, examining various models, strategies, and policy suggestions [6,7]. Ecosystem restoration involves actions like ecological and vegetation restoration, and soil enhancement to return the ecosystem to its near-natural state. ...
In this comprehensive chapter, we focus on the case study of a typical mountain meadow ecosystem within Wugong Mountain; and provide imperative aspects of protection, development, and restoration of such ecosystems. Firstly, the importance of protecting mountain meadow ecosystems was introduced. Mountain meadow ecosystems are an important component of global life support systems and ecosystems and are crucial to the global ecosystem. Secondly, the various challenges faced by mountain meadow ecosystems, including environmental degradation and disaster risks, were discussed, and special measures were also needed to adapt and mitigate climate change. Subsequently, a review was conducted on the research and protection of mountain meadow ecosystems, including research on vegetation biodiversity and the relationship between mountain soil and plant growth. In addition, the restoration of mountain meadow ecosystems was also discussed, including determining restoration goals, conducting comprehensive investigations of soil and environmental conditions, and determining vegetation planting methods. Finally, we explored the research on environmental carrying capacity in the process of sustainable development, including limiting development and developing sustainable tourism. In summary, we have systematically summarized the protection, development, and restoration of mountain meadow ecosystems, providing reference and inspiration for relevant research.
... Snow cover in high mountain areas has significant effects on regulating the exchange of heat between Earth's surface and the atmosphere, regional weather Changes in snow cover extent in the Central Taurus Mountains from 1981 to 2021 in relation to temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric teleconnections patterns, hydrological processes, terrestrial ecosystems, and socio-economic systems (Jost et al. 2007;Mankin and Diffenbaugh 2015;Hock et al. 2019;Jin et al. 2023). Snowmelt-derived surface water provides up to 1/8 of the world's drinking water and supports 1/4 of the global gross domestic product, hydropower generation, and irrigation. ...
The snow cover over the Taurus Mountains affects water supply, agriculture, and hydropower generation in the region. In this study, we analyzed the monthly Snow Cover Extent (SCE) from November to April in the Central Taurus Mountains (Bolkar, Aladağlar, Tahtali and Binboğa Mountains) from 1981 to 2021. Linear trends of snow cover season (November to April) over the last 41 years showed decreases in SCE primarily at lower elevations. The downward trend in SCE was found to be more pronounced and statistically significant for only November and March. SCE in the Central Taurus Mountains has declined about −6.3% per decade for 2500–3000 m in November and about −6.0% per decade for 1000–1500 m and 3000+ m in March over the last 41 years. The loss of SCE has become evident since the 2000s, and the lowest negative anomalies in SCE have been observed in 2014, 2001, and 2007 in the last 41 years, which are consistent with an increase in air temperature and decreased precipitation. SCE was correlated with both mean temperature and precipitation, with temperature having a greater relative importance at all elevated gradients. Results showed that there is a strong linear relationship between SCE and the mean air temperature (r = −0.80) and precipitation (r = 0.44) for all elevated gradients during the snow season. The Arctic Oscillation (AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Mediterranean Oscillation (MO) winter indices were used to explain the year-to-year variability in SCE over the Central Taurus Mountains. The results showed that the inter-annual variability observed in the winter SCE on the Central Taurus Mountains was positively correlated with the phases of the winter AO, NAO and MO, especially below 2000 m elevation.
The Lhasa River Basin forms an essential human settlement area in the southern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study employed ecosystem service value (ESV) evaluation model, terrain gradient grading, and Geodetector to analyze land use and ESV in the Lhasa River Basin from 1985 to 2020. The findings reveal that: (1) From 1985 to 2020, grassland was the dominant land use. There was a trend of grassland reduction and the expansion of other land types. (2) ESV has increased over the research period (with a total increase of 0.84%), with higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest. Grassland contributed the most to ESV, and climate regulation and hydrological regulation were the ecosystem services that contribute the most to ESV. (3) Natural factors like NDVI and altitude, as well as economic factors like population density and distance from roads, influenced the spatial differentiation of ESV, the explanatory power of NDVI reached up to 0.47. The interaction between factors had a greater impact than individual factors. These research results can provide theoretical support for national spatial planning and ecological environment protection in the Lhasa River Basin and other similar areas.
Alpine ecosystems play an important role in maintaining carbon sequestration, water balance, ecological security, biodiversity and human well-being. However, climate change and high-intensity human activities lead to the continuous degradation of vulnerable alpine ecosystems. Based on this, we reveal trends in ecosystem change in the Qilian Mountains of China on a 40-year scale and identify the primary driving factors of change in alpine ecosystems from the perspective of ecosystem service value (ESV) change, providing a more comprehensive picture of the interactions between human society and natural ecosystem. The results showed that more than 55 % of ecosystem types changed from 1980 to 2018, with forests, grasslands, glaciers and bare land being the most vulnerable ecosystems to disturbance, and forest and grassland ecosystems having significant ESV potential (43.99 % and 29.57 %, respectively). However, significant land use and land cover (LULC) changes over the last decade have led to a reduction in ESV stability in alpine ecosystems, where human activities have a more significant impact on ESV of sparse woodland, shrubland and grassland ecosystem at 2800–4000 m. The temperature rise had a more noticeable impact on the ESV of glaciers, alpine meadows and bare land ecosystems at 4000–5500 m. In the long terms, climate change and population growth will threaten the restoration and management of alpine ecosystems. Different ecological development strategies need to be adopted along the altitude, and the establishment of cross regional horizontal ecological compensation mechanism should be accelerated to promote the sustainable development of ecology and people’s livelihood in mountainous areas. The results of this study will provide relevant theoretical basis and reference for decision makers, and provide a model for scientific management and sustainable development of alpine ecosystem resources worldwide.
Optimizing the built environment helps alleviate the adverse impact of extreme heat on public health and sustainable urban development. To this end, this study measured the daily land surface temperature (LST) in August 2022 (when extreme heat occurred) in Chengdu and introduced the 3D street view characteristics extracted from street view images. By employing OLS and spatial regression models, we probed the combined effects of 2D and 3D built environments on LST and their relationships under disparate circle spaces. The results show that: (1) compared with the 2D built environment, the 3D built environment presents a superior impact on LST. (2) urban land use that is 3D, compact, and has a high-floor area ratio diminishes LST, as evidenced by the finding that floor area ratio (FAR) reduces LST, but building density enhances it. (3) the green view index exhibits a stronger cooling effect than green space areas. (4) the built environment beneath distinct circle spaces displays a spatially varying impact on LST. For example, FAR is positively correlated with LST in the urban center, while in the urban periphery, it is prominently negative. Our empirical findings are conducive to formulating strategies from both 2D and 3D built environments for the formation and implementation of healthy urban design and development.
Understanding the impact of land use change on ecosystem service values (ESV) will provide a valuable reference for the formulation and implementation of ecological restoration programs (ERPs) and land use policies. The Guizhou Province is a typical karst region with a fragile ecosystem in southwest China. During the past decades, multiple ERPs, especially the Grain for Green Program (GFGP), have been implemented in this region, which has resulted in dramatic land use change. However, how the ESV responded to land use change in Guizhou Province remains unclear. Moreover, few studies have addressed the response of ESV to different intensities of ERPs in the future. This study adopted the benefit transfer method to quantitatively evaluate the contributions of different land use transitions to ESV change in Guizhou Province from 2000 to 2020. Moreover, we designed three GFGP scenarios to explore the response of ESV to the intensity of GFGP and identify the priority areas. The results showed that the total ESV in Guizhou Province experienced a net increase of 10.64 billion USD from 2000 to 2020, which was mainly attributed to the expansion of forestland and water area. However, the transition from forestland to farmland resulted in a loss of 5.07 billion USD in ESV, accounting for 53.66% of the total ESV loss, which should receive enough attention. The total ESV will increase by 17.07 billion USD, 30.16 billion USD, and 48.58 billion USD under mild GFGP, moderate GFGP, and strong GFGP scenarios, respectively. The high-intensity GFGP enhanced the trade-off relationship between provision services and the other three kinds of services (i.e. regulating services, culture services, and habitant services). The moderate GFGP scenario (i.e. converting farmland on a slope greater than 20° into forestland) was the optimal intensity in Guizhou Province and Zunyi, Bijie, and Qiandongnan should be the priority areas to implement GFGP in the future. The trade-off relationship between ecosystem services should be taken into consideration and the suitable intensity of GFGP should be determined based on local characteristics in the formulation and implementation of GFGP. This study can provide references for formulating and optimizing ecological restoration policy in Guizhou Province.
Recently, indoor thermal comfort has received more scholarly attention than ever due to the COVID-19 pandemic and global warming. However, most studies on indoor thermal comfort in China concentrated on urban buildings in the east and north. The indoor thermal comfort of rural dwellers in southwest China is insufficiently investigated. Hence, this study assesses residents' indoor thermal comfort in a rural dwelling in Linshui, obtains the thermal neutral temperature of the rural area, and analyzes the thermal adaptation behavior of rural dwellers. The results reveal that the thermal neutral temperature of rural dwellers is 29.33°C (operative temperature), higher than that presented in previous studies based on the same climate region. Indoor thermal conditions in rural dwellings are relatively harsh, but various thermal adaptation behavior of rural dwellers significantly improve their ability to withstand the harsh conditions. When people live in an environment with a (relatively) constant climate parameter (e.g., humidity), their perception of that parameter seems compromised. Most rural dwellers are unwilling to use cooling equipment with high energy consumption. Therefore, more passive cooling measures are recommended in the design and renovation of rural dwellings.
Trade-offs between ecosystem services are measures of the degree to which the changing differences between the individual ecosystem services. Although changes in ecosystem service trade-offs are critical for forest ecosystem management, spatiotemporal changes in trade-offs are currently less studied, especially under the influence of ecological engineering implementation. Therefore this study explored the spatiotemporal changes and drivers of ecosystem service trade-offs in various forest types following the implementation of the natural forest conservation project (NFCP), with the example of the Greater Khingan Mountains. Spatial analyses, and root mean square error (RMSE) were applied to investigate spatiotemporal changes in trade-offs, and geodetector was employed to assess their driving factors. The results indicated that among all ecosystem service pairs from 1990 to 2020, the trade-offs between habitat quality and net primary productivity (NPP), NPP and soil conservation showed a growing trend. However, the trade-offs between habitat quality and water conservation, NPP and water conservation, and soil conservation and water conservation showed a declining trend. The ecosystem service trade-offs of coniferous (0.47) were higher than either broad-leaved (0.37) or shrubs (0.28). Moreover, changes in the ecosystem service trade-offs of all kinds of forests were spatially heterogeneous. The drivers with the greatest explanatory power in coniferous, broad-leaved, and shrubs were land use (22.68%), land use (15.19%), and NDVI (20.63%), respectively. Environmental factors contributed great mean explanatory power (62.27–71.67%) to the trade-offs than anthropogenic activity factors. Therefore, spatiotemporal changes and drivers of trade-offs in different forests should be contemplated when conducting subsequent ecological restoration programs in the future.
Ecosystem services are essential for human well-being, but are currently facing many natural and anthropogenic threats. Modeling and mapping ecosystem services helps us mitigate, adapt to, and manage these pressures, but overall the field faces multiple major limitations. These include: 1) data availability, 2) understanding, estimation , and reporting of uncertainties, and 3) connecting socio-ecological aspects of ecosystem services. Recent technological advancements in machine learning coupled with rising availability of big data, offer an opportunity to overcome these challenges. We review studies utilizing machine learning and/or big data to overcome these limitations. We collect 56 papers that exemplify the current use of machine learning and big data to address the three identified gaps in the ecosystem service field. We find that although the use of these tools in ecosystem service research is relatively new, it is growing quickly. Big data can directly address data gaps, especially as new big data resources relevant to ecosystem service mapping become available (ex. social media data). Some properties of machine learning can also contribute to addressing data gaps in data sparse environments. Also, many machine learning algorithms can estimate and consider uncertainty, whereas big data can significantly increase sample size, reducing uncertainties in some situations. Some big data sources, like crowdsourced data, provide direct sources of social behaviors and preferences that relate to ecosystem service demand, thus allowing researchers to connect social and biophysical aspects of ecosystem services. Machine learning algorithms provide an effective and efficient tool for handling these large nonlinear socio-ecological datasets in tandem, giving researchers the ability to more realistically model and map ecosystem services without relying on oversimplified proxies or linear algorithms. Despite these opportunities, implementation is still lacking and limitations still hinder use.
The Grain for Green Project (GGP) has influenced Shaanxi Province’s land-use pattern, resulting in a shift in ecosystem service value (ESV). Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution of the pattern of land use and ESV in Shaanxi Province, before and after the project’s implementation, can give a theoretical foundation for regional land-use planning. For this study, we used the transfer matrix and the value equivalent approaches to investigate the influence of project implementation on the spatial distribution and evolution of patterns of land use and ESV in Shaanxi Province based on four periods of land-use data from 1990 to 2020. The results suggest the following: (1) Farmland, forestland, and grassland were the most common land-types in Shaanxi Province. Farmland, forestland, and grassland in Shaanxi Province were all altered dramatically over the research period due to the GGP. Farmland was turned mostly into forestland and grassland, and forestland and grassland areas progressively grew. (2) The ESVs in Shaanxi Province were USD 3802.82, 3814.90, 3836.20, and 3806.50 billion in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. The most value was supplied by hydrological management, while water resources provided the lowest value. Forestland and grassland were the most valuable land-types in high-value locations, whereas built-up land was the most valuable land-type in low-value areas. (3) While the GGP has increased the ESV of forestland and grassland, it has harmed the acreage of other land-types, resulting in a decline in the total ESV in Shaanxi Province.
Based on the DEM (digital elevation model) data and land use data from 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of habitat quality in Hubei Province were evaluated by the InVEST model (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) and GIS (Geographic Information System) spatial analysis method, and the topographic gradient effect on habitat quality was analyzed by regression analysis and terrain index. The spatial distribution of habitat quality in Hubei Province was quite different, and the overall level was high. High-quality habitats were mainly located in hilly regions and water areas, while low-level habitats are mainly distributed in agricultural areas and urban areas. From 2000 to 2020, the high-level habitats in Hubei Province tended to degenerate to low-level habitats, and the average habitat quality decreased slightly. The habitat quality in most areas of Hubei Province had no obvious change from 2000 to 2020, and the overall spatial features were "rising in the southeast and decreasing in the middle". With the elevation of the terrain grade, the number of county-level units with high-level habitat quality increased gradually, and the average habitat quality increased accordingly. From 2000 to 2020, the habitat quality of the first-class terrain improved, while the habitat quality of the other class terrain showed a downward trend. The results are helpful to discover the spatiotemporal change process of habitat quality in Hubei Province, and provide theoretical support for biodiversity conservation and land use planning in Hubei Province.
Wetland vegetation has experienced significant loss and degradation over the last few decades. Although volumes of studies involve wetlands, limited attention has been paid to the long-term changes and ecological values of inland lake wetlands in China. In this paper, land use/cover data of Dongting Lake wetland from 1995 to 2020 was generated based on Google Earth engine using Stacking algorithm. Subsequently, the spatial and temporal variation of wetland types was explored using dynamic analysis and correlation indices of land change. The main factors influencing the distribution of wetland vegetation were identified by Geodetector. Finally, the degree of impact of wetland changes on ecosystem service value was quantified based on the equivalence factor method. The results show that, in the past 25 years, wetland land use types had switched with each other more frequently, and a total of 294.94 km² of wetland area had been lost, mainly due to the shrinkage of water, reeds and sedge. The main factors affecting wetland distribution are population density, GDP, elevation and sunshine duration, and the interaction of the drivers is mostly linearly enhanced with no weakening effect. In addition, the ecosystem service value of wetlands showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, with a total loss of ¥87,000.99 million in wetland ESV. The results of the study can provide basic information and data for the preliminary work of planning and design, and demonstrate the importance of ecosystems in different regions. Based on the assessment results, it can provide an important basis for the construction of ecological security patterns and policy formulation for ecological civilization construction.
The Akbarieh Garden in Iran accommodates both pleasure and edible landscapes. In this study, visitor accessibility of the fruit trees of this garden was assessed using continuous and stop-motion walking modes. Results indicated that in the continuous walking mode, focus rested more on recognising the macro elements of the garden along the walkways; therefore, the edible landscape was not adequately considered. In the stop-motion mode, by stopping in successive landscape sequences, the edible landscape could be accessed. However, access to the edible landscape in Akbarieh Garden was limited by several factors. While the perimeter wall limited accessibility, spatial organisation of the garden along two walkways channelled visitors towards the pleasure landscape. In addition, an impenetrable green wall (boxwood) also limited access to the agricultural landscape. Thus, obstacles, longer walks, and the location of the edible landscape in the garden decreased the accessibility of fruit trees in this semi-public urban space.
Global warming and rapid urbanization have exacerbated the urban heat island effect. Urban parks contribute to alleviating such an effect and achieving the “carbon emission peak before 2030” and “carbon neutrality before 2060” goals of China. Their popularity is considerably influenced by human thermal comfort. However, limited thermal comfort studies have been conducted in the hot-summer and cold-winter region of China. This study examines human thermal comfort in different landscapes of an urban park in Chengdu and determines the thermal benchmarks. A machine learning (random forest) analysis shows that human thermal sensation is affected by different meteorological factors in different seasons. In addition, the influences of landscape space on human thermal comfort in different seasons have considerable differences. Residents prefer strong solar radiation in winter but fast wind speed in summer. UTCI (universal thermal climate index) is better than PET (physiological equivalent temperature) for outdoor thermal comfort assessment in the study area. This study serves as a valuable baseline and technical reference, contributing to sustainable urban park design.
Earthquake preparedness can reduce casualties and economic losses caused by earthquakes effectively. Existing literature confirms that people's knowledge and perception of earthquakes can affect their actions concerning earthquake preparedness greatly. However, studies have mostly focused on developed countries. Meanwhile, China, particularly its rural regions, has been neglected. In addressing this deficiency, this study examines 5 counties and 10 villages that were seriously affected by the 2008 Wenchuan (Sichuan) earthquake. Using an on-site survey of residents, earthquake perceptions and their impact on disaster preparedness behavior were examined empirically. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and random-effect logistic regression analysis were used. The results reveal that two factors considerably influence disaster preparedness behavior. First, residents with autonomous earthquake information access tend to be more prepared. Second, residents who are more sensitive about earthquakes (high perceived risk of occurrence) tend to be more prepared for earthquakes. Evidently, knowledge and awareness of earthquakes have a positive impact on the disaster preparedness of residents living in rural earthquake-prone regions. Consequently, government agencies should enhance the earthquake education of local residents as part of the national effort to mitigate the adverse effects of future earthquakes.
China’s river basin ecosystems are facing serious environmental and structural fragmentation problems. However, there are no complete ecological redlines specifically for watershed ecological conservation. This study considers the Xiangjiang River Basin (XJRB) to propose a framework delineating the ecological redline area (ERA) on a watershed scale and highlights policy recommendations. It combines several evaluating indicators for coupling the response mechanism between human demand and ecological protection. Overall, the water supply in the XJRB meets the social demand. However, water supply in some places, such as the core area of Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration and the Hengyang urban area, is still insufficient. This study considers ecosystem service functions, ecological sensitivities, and social needs and estimates the ERA of the XJRB to be 36,057 km², accounting for 38% of the total watershed. The key ecological functional areas account for 60% of the total redline area and are concentrated in the upper reaches. Compared with the current method conducted at the national and administrative level, the redline area defined in this study by the sub-basin scale exhibits better connectivity and integrity. Moreover, the study can help ensure an accurate placement of the ecological redline while also providing an important reference for redline delineation of other river basins.
Discussing the spatiotemporal change characteristics of slope cultivated land use transition influenced by various factors in karst trough valley area is of great importance and can help in regional food security and ecological restoration. High-resolution images (0.53 m) of 2005, 2010, and 2017 and a digital elevation model as the data source were verified through a field survey. We calculated the relevant dynamic change index and used the transfer matrix and kernel density estimation to reveal the spatial temporal transition characteristics and spatial agglomeration of slope cultivated land in the trough valley area of Guizhou Province, China. Results show that the utilization of slope cultivated land is mainly dominated by gentle and oblique slope cultivated lands. From 2005 to 2017, the dynamic degree changes of slope cultivated land show their own characteristics and differences. The transition of slope cultivated land is mainly based on rural residential land, town land, fruit land, tea land, shrubland, grassland, and forested land, the transfer space is distributed in the flat position of three trough valleys, and the change in density agglomeration during 2010–2017 is higher than that during 2005–2010. Six change modes are found in the temporal and spatial variations of slope cultivated land. The difference distribution of natural factors in elevation, hydrogeology, and soil type directly leads to the significant difference in the spatial and temporal distributions of slope cultivated land. The utilization function of slope cultivated land shows diversification with the improvement of social economy and the implementation of human policies in trough valley areas.
This study develops an augmented geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to analyze the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations through the incorporation of Geodetector analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The modeling approach we propose allows an effective identification of important PM2.5 drivers and their spatial variation. Geodetector analysis is used to select predictor variables that truly affect the dependent variable, and PCA is adopted to eliminate multicollinearity among the variables. The spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations within the Pearl River Delta region, China, is analyzed using the augmented GWR model. The augmented GWR model has an obvious advantage of parsimony. Moreover, it significantly outperforms the traditional regression model.
Ecosystem services (ES) are highly impacted by human-induced land-use change. Progressive urbanization and agricultural land abandonment in Western Europe necessitate assessments of future land-change impacts on ES to ensure sustainable service management. The present study aims at evaluating future demand and supply of three key services (flood protection, nearby recreation and biodiversity) in the mountainous region of Vorarlberg, Austria. We mapped the ES for the referenced time step 2016 and two scenarios for 2050, assuming the continuation of current land-change trends and pressure on landscape development. Results for the referenced landscape in 2016 show the highest ES supply for intermediate levels, while ES supply was low in the lowlands and valley bottoms and in high-elevation areas. We found a high positive correlation of ES with the distribution of forested areas. In contrast, service demand was highest in low-elevation areas and decreased with increasing elevation. This indicates that densely settled and intensively used agricultural areas currently suffer from ES undersupply. The projected future development of land use showed an increase in both supply and demand of the selected ES. The overall service supply increased more than the respective demand due to some reforestation of open land. As forests were found to be important synergistic areas for overall service provision, we expect decreasing demand on related services. Locally, demand was found to exceed the supply of ES, especially in the densely populated Rhine valley-requiring further policy interventions. Such ES-related information may contribute to regional policy making and ensure the long-term provision of ESs for future generations. Citation: Sauter I, Kienast F, Bolliger J, et al. (2019) Changes in demand and supply of ecosystem services under scenarios of future land use in Vorarlberg, Austria. Journal of Mountain Science 16(12). https://doi.
This paper qualitatively examined urbanization impacts at an eco-regional scale by analyzing landscape pattern and ecosystem service value changes in four eco-regions in the Hang-Jia-Hu region (China): the Hang-Jia-Hu Plains agricultural eco-region (region 1), the Tianmu Mountain forest eco-region (region 2), the Hangzhou urban eco-region (region 3), and the Qiandao Lake watershed forests-wetlands eco-region (region 4). Our results showed that the four eco-regions exhibited a similar urbanization process of rapid population growth, economic development and urban expansion. The considerable urban expansion led to a loss of 8.5 billion RMB yuan ecosystem service values per year on average between 1994 and 2003. The problems associated with urbanization were namely that the level of the landscapes within regions 1, 2, and 3 became increasingly more diverse, irregular, fragmented and isolated. Region 4 presented the opposite trend. Multivariate regression further qualitatively explored the dynamics of landscape changes in response to urbanization as well as the interactions between landscape pattern and ecosystem service values. It was found that landscape fragmentation, configuration and diversity, which were induced by urbanization, could significantly impair the provisions of ecosystem services. By discussing the inside meaning of the obtained regression models, we also discussed some implications for landscape planning. Our results highlighted the significance of joint application of landscape metric analysis and ecosystem service values assessment in landscape planning.
Based on a comprehensive analysis of various classifications of natural resource values, we summarized an ecological economic value system of constructed wetland (CW) ecosystems for treating eutrophic water. Using the CW located at the Hangzhou Botanical Garden as an example, the contingent valuation method (CVM) and shadow project approach (SPA) were applied to estimate the economic values of CW system ecosystem services. The CVM estimated a value of 800,000 yuan (yuan: Chinese Currency, 7.6 yuan = 1 USD as of August, 2007) as the total economic value of the CW in a twenty year period. Meanwhile, the SPA calculated a value of 23.04 million yuan as the total economic value of the CW in a twenty year period. It is determined that compared to the CVM, the SPA provides a more approximate value of the true monetary value of the Hangzhou Botanical Garden CW. This study could fill the gap of knowledge and provide a benchmark when evaluating constructed ecosystem services and help policy makers to promote the development of constructed wetlands in China.
Urban sprawl significantly impacts ecosystem services and functions. The exact impacts, however are difficult to quantify and are often neglected in policy making. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducive to clarifying the ecological and environmental changes caused by urbanization. The objective of this study is to investigate variations in ecosystem services in response to land use changes during urbanization. The aim is to provide useful information and advice for policy makers concerned with sustainable development. Shenzhen, one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in China, is selected as the study area. A fast evaluation method for ecological service values based on land use change was proposed and applied to the city for 1996, 2000 and 2004. The total value of ecosystem services in Shenzhen was 2776.0Â million Yuan in 1996, 2911.4Â million Yuan in 2000 and 2544.7Â million Yuan in 2004 respectively, with a decrease of 231.3Â million Yuan from 1996 to 2004 mainly due to the decreasing areas of woodland, wetland and water body. The combined ecosystem service value of woodland, wetland, water body and orchard was over 90% of the total value. Water supply and waste treatment were the top two service functions with high service value, contributing about 40% of the total service value. The results suggest that a reasonable land use plan should be made with emphasis on protecting wetland, water body and woodland, which have the highest ecosystem service value.
Extreme environmental disturbances induced by organic contaminated sites impose serious impacts on soil microbiomes. However, our understanding of the responses of the core microbiota and its ecological roles in organic contaminated sites is limited. In this study, we took a typical organic contaminated site as an example and investigated the composition and structure, assembly mechanisms of core taxa and their roles in key ecological functions across soil profiles. Results presented that core microbiota with a considerably lower number of species (7.93%) than occasional taxa presented comparatively high relative abundances (38.04%) yet, which was mainly comprised of phyla Proteobacteria (49.21%), Actinobacteria (12.36%), Chloroflexi (10.63%), and Firmicutes (8.21%). Furthermore, core microbiota was more influenced by geographical differentiation than environmental filtering, which possessed broader niche widths and stronger phylogenetic signals for ecological preferences than occasional taxa. Null modelling suggested that stochastic processes dominated the assembly of the core taxa and maintained a stable proportion along soil depths. Core microbiota had a greater impact on microbial community stability and possessed higher functional redundancy than occasional taxa. Additionally, the structural equation model illustrated that core taxa played pivotal roles in degrading organic contaminants and maintaining key biogeochemical cycles potentially. Overall, this study deepens our knowledge of the ecology of core microbiota under complicated environmental conditions in organic contaminated sites, and provides a fundamental basis for preserving and potentially utilizing core microbiota to maintain soil health.
Rapid urbanization has exacerbated land use transformation, which in turn has affected ecosystem service value (ESV). Clarifying the spatial association between land use change (LUC) and ESV is of relevance to the development of policies for sustainable land development and ecosystem service (ES) management. In this paper, taking Hubei Province as an example, the biomass coefficient, resource scarcity coefficient and socioeconomic adjustment coefficient are introduced to improve the ESV assessment model, and then the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and ESV from 2000 to 2020 are analyzed. Furthermore, the coupling coordination degree (CCD) between land use intensity and ESV was explored through a CCD model. The results show that (1) land use in Hubei Province changed significantly from 2000 to 2020, mainly in cropland and built-up land. (2) The change in ESV showed a fluctuating upward trend, with an increase of 71.30%, and the spatial differences generally decreased, showing a spatial pattern of “low in the center and high in the surroundings”. (3) All individual ESVs first decreased and then increased, with regulating services and supporting services contributing more to ESV and hydrological regulation, maintenance of biodiversity and soil conservation being the top three ecosystem functions with high service value. (4) The CCD between ESV and land use intensity in Hubei Province and its cities (prefecture and forest area) decreased and then increased, being at the lowest and highest values in 2005 and 2020, respectively. This paper revealed the spatiotemporal evolution process of LUC and ESV in Hubei Province and their coupling coordinated relationship, which can provide effective guidance for the formulation of interzonal ES maintenance policies to reconcile the conflicts between land use and ecosystem management.
Ecosystem service valuation (ESV) has become a widely recognized means of orienting decision-making about environmental management. However, the economic valuation methods with primary data are complicated and time-consuming. Motivated by widely used land cover-based (using ecosystem services per unit area as a proxy) or productivity-based valuation approaches, this study determines the feasibility and reliability of an approach for rapid ESV modeling using a limited number of indicators. The ecosystem service cascade shows that indicators representing ecosystem structure and function are critical for ESV. We selected productivity (net primary productivity [NPP]) and biodiversity (with Shannon–Wiener index class [SIC] as a proxy) as the key predictors. Taking China’s forest ecosystems as an example, we conducted a literature search to collect primary valuation data following a standardized procedure, and a total of 847 value estimates for 11 regulating services were used for predictive modeling. We set up the initial regression models incorporating four additional qualitative context variables. A strong hierarchical lasso was used to identify the interaction items within them, and 10-fold cross-validation was performed to select the optimal model. The results show that at least one variable has a significant effect on the final model for each ecosystem service. Five models yielded an R² value of > 70 %, and four others yielded an R² value of approximately 50 %. Nine models included both NPP and SIC, but these two indicators did not necessarily have a dominant effect. Our approach was also found to greatly improve the performance of models using single-indicator-based proxies. We conclude that this valuation approach based on productivity and biodiversity achieves a new balance of rapidity and accuracy for ESV and can be used to redesign the application of unit value transfer to improve the validity of ESV under certain budget or data constraints.
Geographic and temporal patterns of ecosystem service value (ESV) and their dynamic coupling response to human activity and climate change are critical for allocating land resources and maintaining healthy ecosystems in the loess hills. Based on five phases of land use data and climate data in Yan'an from 2000 to 2020, our study utilized the value-equivalent method and statistical analysis to systematically reveal the spatio-temporal dynamics of human activity and climate change, as well as their coupled driving mechanisms on ESV, and to establish and optimize synergy/trade-off strategies between them. The findings revealed that land use degree diminished between 2000 and 2020, population distribution increasingly widened. The precipitation fluctuated and increased, but the dryness trend persisted. Significant contributions were made by regulating services, supporting services, grassland, and forest to the interannual total ESV, which grew steadily at a rate of 6.89 % and reached 722.59 trillion in 2020. The total geographical distribution pattern of ESV was unstable, with a medium level of aggregation (0.02–0.06 trillion) in the northern districts and counties and a high level of aggregation (0.06–0.08 trillion) in the southwest and southeast on the grid scale of 1 km × 1 km. ESV had a highly significant synergistic relationship with annual precipitation (AP), but it showed pronounced trade-offs with population density (PD), comprehensive index of land use degree (LUI) and annual mean surface temperature (AMT). Simultaneously, there were profound synergies between the value of regulating, supporting, and cultural services. ESV was primarily positively governed by AP extremely negatively regulated by the synergistic effect of LUI and PD, the optimal regulatory thresholds of LUI, PD and AP for ESV levels of ≥0.06 trillion on the grid scale of 1 km × 1 km were 260, 30,000–50,000 people km⁻², and 400–520 mm, respectively. Essentially, controlling the land use degree, expanding farmland and water areas, and stimulating climate humidification were crucial synergistic/trade-off strategies for further balancing and enhancing the value of various ecosystem service functions in sustainable ecological restoration of Yan'an.
Analyzing and evaluating ecosystem services value of coastal wetland can provide theoretical basis and technical support for ecological environment protection, local economic development and relevant policy formulation. Based on social economy characteristics and ecological environment factors, the ecosystem services value of the Linghekou wetland in 2019 was evaluated by the functional value approach and the equivalent factor approach, the results were 3.17 × 10⁸ dollars and 1.87 × 10⁸ dollars. By analyzing and comparing the results, the equivalence factor approach is more suitable for assessing the ecosystem services value of the Linghekou wetland. Equivalent factor approach was applied to evaluate ecosystem services value of the Linghekou wetland in 2005, 2009, 2015, 2019 for a better understanding of changes for ecosystem services value with respective value was 2.06 × 10⁸ dollars, 2.12 × 10⁸ dollars, 1.41 × 10⁸ dollars and 1.87 × 10⁸ dollars, overall tendency is upward then downward later, followed by a slow increase. Regulation services took the highest proportion among all functions, respective percentage was 35.92%, 35.85%, 34.04% and 34.76% in 2005, 2009, 2015 and 2019 with an average percentage was 35.14%, which is the leading function of the Linghekou wetland.
Social capital in the form of social resources or social networks is one of the most important livelihood capital of farmers, which can increase the labor productivity of poor households and increase income. It is important to explore the reasons underlying the livelihood strategy choices of farmers from the perspective of social capital under China’s rural revitalization strategy. In this study, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, a poverty-stricken mountainous area in southwestern China, was selected as the case study area, and multivariable linear regression models were constructed to analyze the influence of social capital on livelihood strategies. The results are as follows: (1) Individual social capital had a positive effect on non-agricultural livelihood strategies. On average, with a one-unit increase in individual social capital, the ratio of farmers’ non-agricultural income to total productive income (Income_Rto) increased by 0.002% and 0.062%, respectively. Collective social capital, with the Peasant Economic Cooperation Organization (PECO) as the carrier, had a negative effect on the non-agricultural livelihood strategies of farmers; on average, with a one-unit increase in PECO, Income_Rto decreased by approximately 0.053%. However, this effect was only significant in the river valley area. (2) The income differences among the different livelihood strategy types were explained by the livelihood strategy choices of farmers. As non-agricultural work can bring more benefits, the labor force exhibited one-way migration from villages to cities, resulting in a lack of the subject of rural revitalization. It is necessary to implement effective measures to highlight the role of PECO in increasing agricultural income for farmers. Finally, based on the above conclusions, policy recommendations with respect to livelihood transformation of farmers and rural sustainable development are discussed.
Ecosystem services can be enhanced through ecological restoration, industrial structure adjustment, land-use optimization, and agricultural and forestry ecosystem transformation. The ecosystem services in hilly and mountainous areas of southern China are crucially needed to be enhanced since these regions are important ecological functional zones in China. However, due to its large area, it is not possible to simultaneously upgrade the ecosystem services for all areas, and therefore, priority areas need to be selected to individually upgrade the ecosystem service function. In this study, via an approach of combining remote sensing, geographic information system, and spatial statistics, we identify the priority areas that need to be upgraded based on the analysis of ecological sensitivity, importance of ecosystem service function, and decreased degree in ecosystem services. For five counties in hilly and mountainous areas of southern China, only less than 2% of the total area was identified as the first priority area; its land-use compositions were analyzed and recommendations on how to enhance ecosystem service were suggested. This approach overcomes the conflict and contradiction issues associated with identifying priority areas in previous studies and solves the problems of high cost or difficult implementation of priority areas.
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important ecological function area in the world, but its ecosystem is very fragile owing to the alpine environment. Owing to varying landforms exhibiting significant spatial differences in terms of temperature, light, soil and water conservation capacity, topography largely determines the spatial distribution of ecosystem services in areas with complex natural conditions. Studying the impact of topography on ecosystem services is important for efficient land use and ecosystem management. However, the effects of topography on ecosystem services have rarely been studied in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, using land use data from 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, the ecosystem services value (ESV) of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was estimated, and its spatiotemporal variation characteristics were analyzed using the ESV equivalent factor method. Spatial autocorrelation was introduced to analyze the spatial dependency between ecosystem services and topography. The results showed that the ESV of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau decreased from $1,700,028 million in 1980 to $16,560.38 million in 1990 and then steadily increased to $1,678,294 million in 2020. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the average ESV was mainly characterized by high values in the southeast region and low values in the northwest region. The ESV exhibited different geographical distributions and temporal variation characteristics across the topographic gradient, and a significant spatial dependence was observed between the average ESV and topography. Hence, priority should be given to the ecological protection of high-altitude areas, such as high mountain valley regions of the plateau.
Recent studies on fine-scale spatial variations of urban air temperature revealed that urban environments are urban heat "archipelagos", rather than "islands,” and there are locations with higher temperatures which suffer more intensive urban heat, and people in these areas are likely to experience greater heat stress and health risks. However, study of this phenomenon is limited because of insufficient air temperature data at the fine scale. This study attempted to quantify the heterogeneity of air and land surface temperature (LST), and their relationship in a fine-scale urban environment using field-measured air temperature and Landsat 8-based LST data. We found: (1) there was a strong thermal heterogeneity at the fine scale even between the measurement points on the edges of a large urban park. The maximum temperature difference reached 4.2°C for air temperature and 8°C for LST in the study area. (2) Air and surface temperatures were positively correlated. However, their cool and hot spots did not always overlap in space. (3) air temperature is more complex than LST, and more parameters in the urban environment can influence air temperature. (4) Urban landscape and climatological parameters can enhance the applicability of LST as a proxy for air temperature from 39% to 57%. The results have theoretical and practical implications for identifying the locations on a fine scale with extreme heat and attracting the attention of urban planners to take adoption measures.
Understanding the trade-offs among ecosystem services (ESs) at multiple scales is a key challenge to effective environmental management. However, the scale effect of ESs trade-offs in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has received little attention. This study investigated the scale effects of ESs trade-offs in Bailongjiang Watershed (BLJW), a typical transitional ecotone from the Loess Plateau to the Tibetan Plateau with multiple ESs, intensive human activities and frequent geological disasters in the Eastern Margin of the QTP, China. Four key ESs including food supply (FS), soil conservation (SC), water conservation (WC), and habitat quality (HQ) in BLJW in 1990, 2002, and 2016 were mapped to analyze the scale effects at the watershed, county, and township scales. The results indicated varying scale-related temporal and spatial relationships among FS, SC, WC, and HQ. The trade-offs between FS-SC and FS-WC initially increased and then decreased during 1990–2002 and 2002–2016, respectively, while the trade-offs between SC-WC, SC-HQ, HQ-WC, and HQ-FS first decreased and then increased at the same period. The magnitudes of the trade-offs among the four ESs are in the order of watershed scale > township scale > county scale. Among the major land-use types in BLJW, the trade-offs between WC-FS and between HQ-FS in farmland and grassland were higher than those of other land uses. There is a strong trade-off between SC-HQ in forestland and a weak trade-off between SC-WC in farmland and grassland. The trade-offs between the six ESs pairs varied and were scale-dependent mainly due to spatial heterogeneity in the landscape and in human activities. Understanding the ESs trade-offs at the watershed, county, and township scales provides a scientific basis for the formulation of environmental management strategies at appropriate spatial scales. At the BLJW watershed scale, more attention should be paid on farmland and grassland planning and its management, also, forestland should be enlarged if possible. At the county and township scales, land consolidation and planning should be paid more attention to develop ecological agricultural tourism and multi-functional landscapes for strategic spatial planning and integrated watershed management.
The determination of spatiotemporal variation in ecosystem service value and its drivers is fundamental to ecosystem service management and decision-making. This paper selects a typical oasis irrigation district in the arid regions of northwest China as the research object. Using the benefit transfer method to evaluate the ecosystem service value variation caused by land use and land cover change and characteristics of its spatial distribution based on multi-temporal land use and land cover data sets (1977, 1987, 1997, 2007, 2017). Meanwhile, the contributions of factors driving ecosystem service value and their interactions were explored using geographical detector. The results showed the following: 1) The land use and land cover structure was stable from 1977 to 2017, and the overall ecosystem service value increased slightly. The services provided by the oasis ecosystem dominated the fluctuations in ecosystem service value throughout the study region. 2) Ecosystem service value exhibited a strong positive spatial autocorrelation. The high values were concentrated in the oasis area in the north of the study area, while the low values mainly appeared in the desert ecosystem. 3) The land use degree and human activity intensity index of human factors are the main factors leading to the differentiation of ecosystem service value. Synergized interactions among human activities, changes in landscape patterns, and natural factors produced the spatial differentiation in ecosystem service value of the study region. The results suggest that in future decision-making for ecosystem management, the direction of human activities within the ecological environment should be controlled. Improve the diversity of patches, reduce the degree of landscape fragmentation, improve the ecosystem service function of LULC, optimize the allocation of ecological landscape resources.
Natural vegetation plays a vital role in ecosystem services, while anthropogenic land-use change causes extensive damage to natural vegetation, decreasing ecosystem services, and impacting human well-being. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish protected areas and implement vegetation protection measures. Ecosystem services depend on the vegetation type and terrain, but this topic has not been considered in detail in policy implementations. In this study, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model was used to evaluate water yield, carbon storage, soil conservation, and water purification in the Chuan-Dian ecological shelter. Statistical methods were applied to analyze the differences in ecosystem services of different vegetation types and determine spatial variations in ecosystem services along terrain (altitude, slope, landform relief, and terrain niche) gradients. The results showed that ecosystem services differed for different vegetation types, and natural forests provided higher ecosystem services than other vegetation types, except for water yield. The rational allocation of forests, shrubs, and grasses and the implementation of organic agriculture and agroforestry systems are important measures to ensure sustainable economic and ecological development. We used the ordered weighted average method to select priority conservation areas based on ecosystem services. The priority conservation areas can play an important role in vegetation management in mountainous regions. This study provides new perspectives for vegetation protection and sustainable development in large-scale mountain areas.
Zhangye serves as a good case for studying ecological services because of its fragile ecological environment and its ecological importance. Using land use data from 1987, 2000 and 2016 as well as the modified ecosystem service value (ESV) equivalent, the ESV was estimated and its spatial and temporal changes and gradient differentiation characteristics were analyzed by dividing the studied region into a grid of 3 km×3 km in size. The results showed that from 1987 to 2016, the ESV in Zhangye increased by 564 million Yuan, with the mountainous areas in the south and the desert areas in the north being stable. The ESV of central oasis areas with concentrated human acti-vities significantly changed. Forests contributed to most of the ESVs. Water regulation value was the strongest among all the individual ESVs. The ESV showed strong spatial dependence. Based on the spatial pattern of the two aggregated poles, it shaped three "flower arrangement" clusters, including Ganzhou District, Yanzhi Mountain, and Jingtie Mountain. The ESV distribution showed a topographic differentiation as the value decreased from the Qilian Mountains to the plain oasis, and further to the desert areas. The linear correlation of the terrain and the ESV was negative. As the increasing elevation gradient, the ESV showed a "decreased-increased-decreased" trend, while and it had a "decreased-stable-decreased" in the increasing slope gradient. Overall, the ESV presented two turning zones on the terrain gradient, indicating that both the piedmont zone and the oasis desert transition zone acted as transition zones of the ESV. Areas with the strongest ESV were distributed in the low slope and low terrain relief zones, and the development of oases in flat terrain areas were strongly constrained by water resources.
Gannan region, an important ecological barrier in southern China, is a typical mountain-hill area in Jiangxi Province, China, and its ecological protection is of great significance. In this study, using data of 5-year intervals from 1990 to 2015, land-use types and ecosystem service value in Gannan region were evaluated on the basis of the terrain gradient by using remote-sensing, geographic information technology, and spatial statistical methods. In addition, human interference and spatial correlation with ecosystem service value were investigated using the grid method. The results showed that (1) the proportion of forests increased as the terrain gradient increased, and the other types of land use have gradually decreased, especially forest and farmland. (2) The ecosystem service value in the Gannan region declined over the study period, and per unit area ecosystem service value reduced as the terrain gradient increased. Especially, terrain gradient 1, where the terrain index is between 0.2164 and 0.6826, was extremely decreased. (3) Spatial analysis of human interference grading showed that 90% of high human interference was distributed in the area of terrain gradient 1, where the terrain features are low altitude and low slope, and only 10% were scattered in other gradients. (4) Significant spatial aggregation distributions were observed between ecosystem service value and human interference in Gannan region, and the high-low aggregation was mainly distributed in 8 counties, namely, Dayu County, Nankang City, Ganzhou City, Xinfeng County, Ruijin City, Huichang County, Xingguo County, and Yudu County. The low-high aggregation was mainly distributed in Chongyi County and Shangyou County. The ecosystem service value and its spatial response to human interference were analyzed on the basis of the terrain gradient in Gannan region, and the results provided a theoretical basis and decision support mechanism for the rational layout and protection of ecological land in the hilly areas of southern China.
Using land use data in the year 1995, 2005 and 2014, this study estimated the ecosystem service value (ESV) in each county located in the middle reach of Yangtze River and analyzed its spatiotemporal variation features and terrain gradient effects based on "the equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services in China". The results showed that ESV in the middle reach of Yangtze River was generally higher in mountainous area but lower in plain region, with an obvious terrain gradient effect. Specifically, the relationship of the relief degree of land surface (RDLS) and the ESV showed significant logarithm function at county scale with a high curve fitting degree of 0.53. The ESV increased from 400.35×104 yuan·km-2 to 554.57×104 yuan·km-2 with the increasing RDLS (grade 1-5) in 2014. During 1995-2004, the ecosystem service value variation changed from decreasing to stable with the increases of the RDLS. With a perspective of ecosystem service values, the value of food production and waste treatment service value decreased with the increase of the RDLS, while the others increased in general, such as the production of raw materials and gas regulation service value, because of the influences of dynamic land use structure in varied topography and distinct dominant ecosystem services from different land types.
Spatial-temporal changes of ESV in Xiangxi region based on terrain
- Y Z Chen
- Y Xiao
- S Q Sun
- YZ Chen
Distribution and variation analysis of mountain ecosystem based on topographic gradient in Huailai County of Hebei Province
- C Xu
- C Li
- T Z Zhang
Spatial pattern of land use along the terrain gradient of county in Songnen High Plain: A case study of Bayan county
- G Song
- P Wang
Spatiotemporal dynamics and implications of ecosystem service value in the key ecological function area: Case of Yichang City
- S G Xiong
- J Wan
- H L Long
- SG Xiong
Multi-scenario simulation of the impacts of land-use change on ecosystem service value on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
- X Y Zhang
- L Lu
- H Yu
- XY Zhang
Research on the change of alpine ecosystem service value and its sustainable development path
- H J Yang
- X H Gou
- B Xue
The delineation of ecological redline area for catchment sustainable management from the perspective of ecosystem services and social needs: A case study of the Xiangjiang watershed
- D S Chen
- Y Q Pan
- X L Jin
- DS Chen
How 2D and 3D built environments impact urban surface temperature under extreme heat: A study in Chengdu
- P Y Luo
- B J Yu
- P F Li
- PY Luo
Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area
- G D Xie
- C X Zhang
- L M Zhang
- GD Xie
Spatiotemporal patterns of habitat quality and its topographic gradient effects of Hubei Province based on the InVEST model
- P N Xiao
- Y Zhou
- M Y Li
- PN Xiao