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The Migration Conference 2023
Book of Abstracts
Organised and hosted by
Supporters of The Migration Conference
Conference Series: 26
The Migration Conference 2023 Book of Abstracts
Compiled by The Migration Conference Team
Copyright © 2023 by Transnational Press London
All rights reserved.
First Published in 2023 by Transnational Press London in the United Kingdom,
13 Stamford Place, Sale, M33 3BT, UK.
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Paperback
ISBN: 978-1-80135-231-4
Digital
ISBN: 978-1-80135-232-1
Cover Design: Nihal Yazgan
The Migration Conference 2023
Book of Abstracts
compiled by
The Migration Conference Team
TRANSNATIONAL PRESS LONDON
2023
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
1
CONTENTS
Supporters of The Migration Conferences included: .................................................. 5
Host Institutions of The Migration Conferences ........................................................ 8
People ................................................................................................................................. 9
Day One 23 August 2023 Wednesday .......................................................... 16
Day One 23 August 2023 - 13:15-14:45 ......................................................... 16
1A Arts, Literature and Migration [EG17] ..................................................... 16
1B Diverse Policy Treatments of Migrants, Asylum-Seekers and Internally
Displaced Persons (IDPs): Critical Reflections from Greece, Spain and Ukraine
[UG14] 19
1C Economics, Work and Migration 1 [BG 5/6] .......................................... 22
1D Education and Skilled Migration 1 [BG3/4] ............................................ 26
1E Migration, Law and Policy 1 [EG15/16] .................................................. 30
1F Migration and Integration 1 [UG13] ......................................................... 34
1G Göç Çalışmaları 1 [UG11] ........................................................................ 38
Day One 23 August 2023 - 15:00-16:30 ......................................................... 41
2A Wellbeing and Migration 1 [EG17] ........................................................... 41
2B History and Migration 1 [UG14] ................................................................ 45
2C Mexico as a Source and a Destination Country [BG3/4] ...................... 47
2D Migraciones and Transnacionalismo 1 [BG 5/6] .................................... 49
2E Migration, Law and Policy 2 [EG15/16] .................................................. 53
2F Migration and Environment [UG11] ........................................................ 53
2G Migration and Integration 2 [UG13] ......................................................... 58
Day Two 24 August 2023 Thursday ........................................................... 63
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 09:00-10:30 ....................................................... 63
3A Insecurities and Migration 1 [EG17] ......................................................... 63
3B Göç Çalışmaları 2 [UG11] ........................................................................... 66
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3C Migration and Gender 1 [UG14]................................................................ 70
3D Remittances 1 [BG3/4] ................................................................................ 73
3E Migration, Law and Policy 3 [EG15/16] ................................................ 77
3F Migration and Integration 3 [UG13] ......................................................... 80
3G Education and Skilled Migration 2 [BG 5/6] ........................................... 83
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 10:45-12:15 ........................................................ 86
4A Youth, Children and Families 1 [EG17] ................................................... 86
4B Insecurities and Migration 2 [UG14] ......................................................... 89
4C Remittances 2 [UG11] ................................................................................. 92
4D Migration, Law and Policy 4 [EG15/16] ................................................ 94
4E Theory and Methods in Migration Studies 1 [BG3/4] ........................... 99
4F Migration and Integration 4 [UG13] ....................................................... 103
4G Special Panel: Universidad Iberoamericana’s research and advocacy
actions in the field of Human Mobility [BG 5/6] ............................................... 106
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 13:15-14:45 ....................................................... 106
5A Wellbeing and Migration 2 [EG17] ......................................................... 106
5B Migraciones and Transnacionalismo 2 [BG3/4] ................................... 111
5C Insecurities and Migration 3 [UG14] ....................................................... 113
5D Migration and Gender 2 [UG11].............................................................. 117
5E Migration, Law and Policy 5 [EG15/16] ................................................ 120
5F Migration and Integration 5 [UG13] ....................................................... 122
5G Migration Policy .......................................................................................... 127
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 15:00-16:30 ....................................................... 130
6A Youth, Children and Families 2 [BG3/4] ............................................... 130
6B Migraciones and Transnacionalismo 3 [UG11] ..................................... 133
6C Migration, Religion, and Religious Groups [UG14] ............................. 135
6D Migration, Law and Policy 6 [EG15/16] .............................................. 138
6E Theory and Methods in Migration Studies 2 [BG 5/6] ........................ 143
6F Economics, Work and Migration 2 [UG13] ........................................... 146
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6G Migration and Integration 6 [EG17] ....................................................... 149
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 17:00-19:00 ...................................................... 152
ROUNDTABLE: “Digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence ............................ 152
in Migration and Asylum” [Rechtshaus Hörsaal] ................................................ 152
Day Three 25 August 2023 Friday ............................................................. 153
Day Three 25 August 2023 - 09:30-11:00 .................................................... 153
7A Theory and Methods in Migration Studies 3 [UG14] ........................... 153
7B Migration, Law and Policy 7 [EG15/16] .............................................. 157
7C Youth, Children and Families 3 [EG17] ................................................. 159
7D Migration, Agency and Insecurity [UG13] ............................................. 162
7E L’émigration [UG11] .................................................................................. 166
7F Migration History [BG3/4] ....................................................................... 169
Day Three 25 August 2023 - 11:15-12:45 ..................................................... 172
8A Reframing the Dynamics of Transformations in Diverse Spaces Within
Uneven Migration Regimes [UG13] ..................................................................... 172
8B Theory and Methods in Migration Studies 4 [UG11] ........................... 174
8C Education and Skilled Migration 3 [EG17] ............................................ 179
8D Migration, Law and Policy 8 [EG15/16] ................................................ 181
8E Docentes Inmigrantes [BG3/4] VIRTUAL ACCESS ......................... 181
Day Three 25 August 2023 Friday ............................................................. 185
Day Three 25 August 2023 - 11:15-12:45 ..................................................... 185
9A Migration, Law and Policy V1 .................................................................. 185
9B Arts, Literature and Migration V1 ........................................................... 190
9C Economics, Work and Migration V1 ...................................................... 193
9D History and Migration V1 ......................................................................... 198
9E Youth, Children and Families V1 ............................................................ 200
9F Göç Çalışmaları V1 .................................................................................... 204
9G Las Migraciones V1 .................................................................................... 208
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Day Three 25 August 2023 - 13:45-15:15 ..................................................... 211
10A Migration, Law and Policy V2 .................................................................. 211
10B Economics, Work and Migration V2 ...................................................... 215
10C Education and Skilled Migration V1 ....................................................... 219
10D L’émigration V1 .......................................................................................... 221
10E Las Migraciones V2 .................................................................................... 223
10F Migration and Social Integration V1 ....................................................... 226
Day Three 25 August 2023 - 15:30-17:00 .................................................... 231
11A Migration, Law and Policy V3 .................................................................. 231
11B Education and Skilled Migration V2 ....................................................... 233
11C Remittances and Development V1 .......................................................... 237
11D Youth, Children and Families V2 ............................................................ 241
11E Insecurities and Migration V1 .................................................................. 245
11F Migration Governance V1 ........................................................................ 247
Day Four 26 August 2023 Saturday .......................................................... 255
Day Four 26 August 2023 - 09:30-11:00 ..................................................... 255
12A Theory and Methods in Migration Studies V1....................................... 255
12B Insecurities and Migration V2 .................................................................. 258
12D Göç Çalışmaları V2 .................................................................................... 262
12E Migration and Integration V1 ................................................................... 265
12F Wellbeing and Migration V2 ..................................................................... 268
Day Four 26 August 2023 - 11:15-13:00 ...................................................... 272
13A Migration and Urban Integration V1 ...................................................... 272
13B Wellbeing and Migration V3 ..................................................................... 275
13C Migration and Integration V2 ................................................................... 280
13D Migration, Religion, and Religious Groups V1 - VIRTUAL ACCESS
285
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Supporters of The Migration Conferences included:
• Faculty of Law, Universität Hamburg, Germany [TMC2023 Host]
• International Business School, UK
• Refugee Law Clinic Hamburg, Germany
• Claussen Simon Stiftung, Germany
• ZEIT Stiftung, Ebelin und Gerd Bucerius, Germany.
• Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy Graduate School of Law, Germany
• Association Marocaine d’Etudes & de Recherches sur les Migrations
(AMERM), Morocco
• Association Marocaine d’Etudes & de Recherches sur les Migrations,
Morocco
• Austrian Air – Official Carrier for TMC 2016, Austria
• AVAR journal
• Border Crossing
• Centre for Development Evaluation and Social Science Research
(CREDI), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Charles University Prague Faculty of Humanities, Czech Republic
• Danube University Krems, Austria
• Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche, University of Bari, Italy
• EKKE – The National Center of Social Research, Greece
• Faculty of Contemporary Social Sciences, South East European University
• Global Migration Research Centre, Social Sciences University of Ankara,
Turkey
• Göç Dergisi
• Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
• Hassan II Foundation for Moroccans Residing Abroad, Morocco
• Hellenic Sociological Society, Greece
• Institut de Recherche, Formation et Action sur les Migrations, Belgium
• Institut de Recherche, Formation et Action sur les Migrations, Belgium
• International Business School, Mobility Research Centre, UK
• International Journal of Religion
• International Organisation for Migration, Italy
• ISEG and IGOT, University of Lisbon, Portugal
• ISTAT (Italian National Statistics Office), Italy
• IUSSP International Migration Expert Panel
• J. Hornig Coffee, Austria
• Journal of Ecohumanism
• Journal of Posthumanism
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• Migration Institute, Finland
• Migration Policies Research Centre, Istanbul Topkapi University, Turkey
• Ming-Ai (London) Institute, United Kingdom
• Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco
• Municipality of Bari, Italy
• National Office of Social and Cultural University Works, Morocco
• Ordine Assistenti Sociali Regione Puglia, Italy
• Puglia Regional Administration, Italy
• Red Cross, Italy
• Regent’s University London, UK
• Research Centre in Economic and Organizational Sociology (SOCIUS),
Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
• RGS Population Studies Group, United Kingdom
• Ria Money Transfers
• Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Centre for Mediterranean Studies, Germany
• Sino-German Economic Development and Innovation Research Centre,
Hefei University, P.R. China
• The Council of the Moroccan Community Abroad, Morocco
• The Global Mobility Project, The Ohio State University, USA
• The Ministry of Education, Morocco
• The National Human Rights Council (CNDH), Morocco
• Tourism Office of Lisbon, Portugal
• Unidad Académica en Estudios del Desarrollo, Mexico
• United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
• Universidad de Burgos, Spain
• Universidad Latina de México, Mexico
• Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
• University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
• University of California, Davis, Gifford Center for Population Studies,
USA
• University of Nottingham, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,
China
• University of Vienna, Austria
• Urban Development and Social Research Association, Turkey
• Vienna Convention Bureau, Austria
• Western Balkans Migration Network (WB-MIGNET), Bosnia and
Herzegovina
• Yaşar University Jean Monnet Migration Chair, Turkey
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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migrationconference.net @migrationevent
fb.me/MigrationConference
Email: migrationscholar@gmail.com
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Host Institutions of The Migration Conferences
• Universität Hamburg, Germany (TMC2023 Host)
• Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco (TMC2022 Host)
• Association Marocaine d’Etudes & de Recherches sur les Migrations
(AMERM), Morocco (TMC2022 Host)
• International Business School, UK (TMC2021 Host)
• Ming-Ai (London) Institute, UK (TMC2021 Host)
• South East European University, N. Macedonia (TMC2020 Host)
• University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy (TMC2019 Host)
• University of Bari, Italy (TMC2019 Host)
• Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal (TMC2018 Host)
• Harokopio University, Athens, Greece (TMC2017 Host)
• University of Vienna, Austria (TMC2016 Host)
• Charles University Prague, Czech Republic (TMC2015 Host)
• Regent’s University London, UK (TMC2014 Host)
• Regent’s College London, UK (TMiE2012 Host)
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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People
The Migration Conference Executive Team
Prof. Dr. Markus Kotzur, Universität Hamburg, Germany (Chair)
Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Sirkeci, University of Salford, UK (Chair)
Dr. Ülkü Sezgi Sözen, Universität Hamburg, Germany (Coordinator)
Prof. Dr. Jeffrey H. Cohen, Ohio State University, USA
Prof. Dr. Philip L Martin, University of California Davis, USA
Dr. Andrea Romano, University of Barcelona, Spain
Transnational Advisory Committee
Prof Deborah Anker, Harvard University, United States
Prof Gudrun Biffl, Krems, Austria
Prof Lucinda Fonseca, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Prof Elli Heikkila, Migration Institute of Finland, Finland
Prof Beatrice Knerr, Kassell University, Germany and Hefei University, China
Prof Markus Kotzur, Universität Hamburg, Germany
Prof Jonathan Liu, International Business School, UK
Prof Apostolos G Papadopoulos, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
Prof João Peixoto, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Prof Michela C. Pellicani, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
Prof Giuseppe Sciortino, University of Trento, Italy
Scientific Review Committee
Africa
Agnes Igoye, Ministry of Interior Affairs, Uganda
Prof Mohamed Khachani, AMERM & Mohammed V University of Rabat,
Morocco
Dr Rania Rafik Khalil, The British University in Egypt, Egypt
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Dr Sadhana Manik, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Prof Claude Sumata, National Pedagogical University, DR Congo
Dr Ayman Zohry, Egyptian Society for Migration Studies, Egypt
Americas
Prof Jeffrey H. Cohen, Ohio State University, USA
Dr José Salvador Cueto-Calderón, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico
Dr Ana Vila Freyer, Universidad Latina de México, Mexico
Dr Pascual Gerardo García-Macías, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja,
Ecuador
Dr Carlos Alberto González Zepeda, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-
Cuajimalpa, Mexico
Dr Torunn Haaland, Gonzaga University, USA
Prof Liliana Jubilut, Universidade Católica de Santos, Brazil
Prof Philip L Martin, University of California Davis, USA
Dr Carla Pederzini, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico
Dr Eric M. Trinka, Colby University, USA
Karla Angélica Valenzuela-Moreno, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico
Dr Hassan Vatanparast, Saskatchewan University, Canada
Prof Rodolfo García Zamora, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Mexico
Dr Monette Zard, Columbia University, USA
Asia-Pacific
Prof Ram Bhagat, International Institute for Population Sciences, India
Dr Amira Halperin, University of Nottingham Ningbo, P.R. China
Dr Sadaf Mahmood, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
Dr Shweta Sinha Deshpande, Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts, India
Prof Nicholas Procter, University of South Australia, Australia
Dr Ruchi Singh, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India
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Dr AKM Ahsan Ullah, University Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
Dr Xi Zhao, Hefei University, P.R. China
Eastern Europe
Dr Merita Zulfiu-Alili, South East European University, N. Macedonia
Dr Suat Donmez, Istanbul Topkapi University, Turkey
Dr Olga R. Gulina, Benefit Research and Consulting, Germany
Dr Tuncay Bilecen, Kocaeli University, Turkey, UK
Prof Dilek Cindoglu, Kadir Has University, Turkey
Dr Yaprak Civelek, Anadolu University, Turkey
Dr Z. Banu Dalaman, Istanbul Topkapi University, Turkey
Prof Sevim Atilla Demir, Sakarya University, Turkey
Prof Vladimir Iontsev, Moscow State University, Russian Federation
Dr İnci Aksu Kargın, Uşak University, Turkey
Prof Sebnem Koser Akcapar, Ankara Social Sciences University, Turkey
Dr Armagan Teke Lloyd, Abdullah Gul University, Turkey
Dr Vildan Mahmutoğlu, Galatasaray University, Turkey
Dr Nermin Oruc, Centre for Development Evaluation and Social Science Research
(CREDI), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof Gökay Özerim, Yaşar University, Turkey
Prof Irina Savchenko, Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russian
Federation
Dr Onur Unutulmaz, Ankara Social Sciences University, Turkey
Dr Deniz Eroglu Utku, Trakya University, Turkey
Dr Pınar Yazgan, Sakarya University, Turkey
Dr Sinan Zeyneloglu, Kent University, Turkey
Western Europe
Dr Nirmala Devi Arunasalam, Global Banking School, United Kingdom
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Dr Bahar Baser, Durham University, United Kingdom
Dr Gülseli Baysu, Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom
Prof Aron Anselem Cohen, University of Granada, Spain
Dr Martina Cvajner, University of Trento, Italy
Dr Carla de Tona, University of Bologna, Italy
Dr Sureya Sonmez Efe, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom
Dr Deniz Cosan Eke, University of Vienna, Austria
Dr Alina Esteves, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Dr Serena Hussain, Coventry University, United Kingdom
Prof Monica Ibáñez-Angulo, University of Burgos, Spain
Dr Gul Ince Beqo, University of Urbino, Italy
Prof Markus Koller, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Dr Emre Eren Korkmaz, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Dr Oksana Koshulko, The Technical University of Munich, Germany
Prof Jonathan Liu, International Business School, United Kingdom
Dr Lan Lo, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Dr Altay Manço, IRFAM, Belgium
Dr A. Erdi Öztürk, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
Isabella Piracci, Avvocatura Generale dello Stato, Rome, Italy
Dr Sahizer Samuk-Carignani, University of Pisa, Italy
Prof Giuseppe Sciortino, University of Trento, Italy
Dr Selma Akay Sert, University College London, UK
Dr Caner Tekin, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
Irene Tuzi, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Dr Ülkü Sezgi Sözen, Universität Hamburg, Germany
Near East
Dr Yakhnich Liat, Beit Berl College, Israel
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Dr Simeon Magliveras, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi
Arabia
Dr Bradley Saunders, American University of Bahrain, Bahrain
Dr Paulette K. Schuster, Reichman University, Israel
Dr Omar Al Serhan, Higher Colleges of Technology, United Arab Emirates
Dr Md Mizanur Rahman, Qatar University, Qatar
The Migration Conference Technical Organisation Committee
Dr Aytac Yerden, Gedik University, Turkey (IT)
Ege Cakir, Middle East Technical University, Turkey (Admin)
Nihal Yazgan, Transnational Press London, UK (Admin)
Local Organisation Team at Universität Hamburg
Dr. Ülkü Sezgi Sözen
(Coordinator)
Anastasia Pohler
Andrea Hearst
Berivan Dalgic
Chris Neuffer
Christian Kisczio
Clara Schulz
Constantin Velling
Dinah Cassebaum
Doreen Matthies
Elisabeth Enyonam
Lösche
Erkin Özer
Eva Laas
Felicia Mäurer
Florian Lucks
Friederike Schwinn
Hannah Franz
Jan Koch
Jannik Luhm
Jara Al-Ali
Jennifer Steiniger
Justine Arnold
Konrad Limburg
Leah Mathiesen
Luisa Nembach
Lukas Heimann
Melanie Susantija
Melina Chana
Nina Henning
Pascal Schütt
Patrycia Skopinski
Pauline Weber
Serhii Lashyn
Shanice Omoghile
Stephanie Lange
Tabea Judith Borisch
Thea Tenckhoff
Verena Kahl
Zehra Betuel
Zeynep Güler Özer
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Keynote Speakers
The Migration Conferences team are proud to have leading scholars and experts
in the field as keynote speakers and panellists. This year, TMC will feature:
• Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bast, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany
• Prof. Dr. Luisa Feline Freier De Ferrari, Universidad del Pacifico, Peru
• Prof. Dr. Mario Savino, University of Tuscia, Italy
• Prof. Dr. Daniel Thym, Universität Konstanz, Germany
• Prof. Dr. Gabriele Buchholtz, Universität Hamburg, Germany
• Dr. Derya Ozkul Kusoglu, University of Oxford, UK
In previous years, The Migration Conferences entertained distinguished scholars
delivering keynote speeches including:
Fiona B. Adamson, SOAS, University of London, UK [2019], Theresa Alfaro-
Velcamp, Emeritus Professor, Sonoma State University, USA [2021],
Joaquin Arango, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain [2018],
Giuseppe Brescia, MP, Member of Italian Chamber of Deputies, Parliamento
Italiano, Italy [2020], Caroline Brettell, Southern Methodist University, USA
[2015], Pedro Calado, The High Commissioner for Migration, Lisbon, Portugal
[2018], Barry Chiswick, George Washington University, USA [2014], Prof Jeffrey
H. Cohen, Ohio State University, United States [2022], Martina Cvajner, University
of Trento, Italy [2020], Jelena Dzankic, Co-Director of the GLOBALCIT
Network, European University Institute, Italy [2020], Élise Féron, Tampere Peace
Research Institute, Tampere University, Finland [2021], Nissa Finney, University
of St Andrews, UK [2020], Elli Heikkilä, Research Director, Migration Institute of
Finland, Finland [2020], James F. Hollifield, Director of the Tower Center for
Public Policy and International Affairs at Southern Methodist University, Dallas,
USA [2021], Agnes Igoye, Deputy National Coordinator Prevention of Trafficking
in Persons, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Uganda [2020], Prof Markus Koller, Ruhr-
Universität Bochum, Germany [2022], Michelle Leighton, International Labour
Organization, Genève, Switzerland [2018], Philip L. Martin, University of
California, Davis, USA [2019], Markus Kotzur, Universität Hamburg, Germany
[2019], Douglas S. Massey, Princeton University, USA [2015], Helén Nilsson,
Director, Nordic Council of Ministers Office in Lithuania [2020], Prof Mustafa
Ozbilgin, Brunel University London, UK [2022], Karsten Paerregaard,
Gothenburg University, Sweden [2019], Karen Phalet, KU Leuven, Belgium
[2016], Rodolfo Cruz Piñeiro, Director, Departamento de Estudios de Población,
El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Mexico [2021], Prof Irudaya Rajan, IIMAD,
Kerala, India [2022], Pia M. Orrenius, Vice President and Senior Economist
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, USA [2021], Martin Ruhs, European University
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Institute, Florence, Italy [2019], Oded Stark, University of Bonn, Germany [2017],
Ruba Salih, SOAS, University of London, UK [2018], Sasskia Sassen, Columbia
University, USA [2017], Giuseppe Sciortino, University of Trento, Italy
[2017], Carlos Vargas Silva, University of Oxford, UK [2019], Ibrahim Sirkeci,
International Business School, UK [2016], Hna. Leticia Gutiérrez Valderrama,
Scalabrinian Missionary, founder of SMR and Sergio Mendez Arceo National
Human Rights Prize in Mexico; Diocesan Delegate for Migration - Diocese of
Sigüenza-Guadalajara-Spain [2021], Dr V.J. Varghese, University of Hyderabad,
India [2022].
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Day One 23 August 2023 Wednesday
Day One 23 August 2023 - 13:15-14:45
1A Arts, Literature and Migration [EG17]
Chair: Alicia Rusoja, University of California, Davis, USA
275 The refugee as the reverse side of the world of wealth in Uğur Gallenkuş’s
collages
Ewelina Kaczmarczyk
On one side, a perfectly green lawn and ideal glistening skyscraper reaching the
clouds. A father and son control a drone. In the background, we can see people
resting on blankets in the park. On the right, another father and child, but the
image is totally different. The man lifts bloodstained corpse wrapped in a white
sheet. Instead of grass – ruble. The drone from the left-hand picture transitions to
an airplane on the right. There are no buildings and the explosion creates the shape
similar to the tree from the first picture. This is what one of the first collages
published on Instagram by Turkish visual artist Uğur Gallenkuş looks like. As the
hashtag says, war and peace happens at the same time.
Refugees are the reverse of the wealth of Western culture – that is how Gallenkuş
shows the crisis of borders and inequalities in the world. His collages depict two
similar worlds, spaces, characters which strongly point in how different places of
the world we live. However, is not such a „shock to thought” a procedure that
duplicates stereotypes? Perhaps the refugee was treated here instrumentally as a
""remorse of the West"", an alien in whom a world without problems is reflected.
As Susan Sontag wrote in ""Regarding the Pain of Others"": ""So far as we feel
sympathy, we feel we are not accomplices to what caused the suffering. Our
sympathy proclaims our innocence as well as our impotence"". So maybe the works
of Gallenkuş show the connections between these worlds, which we should not
forget? Or maybe the collages are an attempt to get closer to the Other, for whom
we should provide decent conditions? How does the sight of someone else's
suffering affect the viewer? In my presentation referencing to works of Susan
Sontag, Achille Mbembe and Giorgio Agamben I will consider how art can create
a narration about the experience of refugeeism, poverty and exclusion and how the
strategy of the extract reflects the fragmented refugee identity.
561 Writing in Exile: Easterine Kire's Creative Responses to the Nagaland
Conflict
Imti Watitula Longkumer
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Nagaland, in the Northeastern region of India, has the longest and complex
ongoing ethnic conflict rooted in the Naga Indigenous people's demand for
autonomy. The conflict originated in the 1960s and 70s and peaked in the early
1990s. Prior to the advent of print culture, the Nagas had a rich tradition of oral
literature, with history and culture passed down orally from one generation to
another. With the advent of print culture, the Nagas began documenting their oral
history and contemporary Naga writers started writing about the regional conflict
and violence, reflecting the lived reality and experiences of the Naga people. The
absence of a written history, allowed these works to gain currency and quickly
garnered wide readership across the globe. This was not welcomed by the
Indigenous freedom fighters and resulted in suppressing the writers. Easterine
Kire, the first Naga to publish a work of fiction in English in 2003, faced threats
and was forced into exile in 2005 due to her creative responses to the political
violence and conflict. Kire writes in English and is the author of several books
including poetry and short stories. Kire’s creative works specifically addresses the
Naga indigenous community to which she belongs, and uses the social, cultural
and political narrative as backdrop to the stories. Kire began her writing career in
her native home in Nagaland; however, due to the threats she was facing from the
indigenous political parties operating in the state because of her responses in
creative works to the political violence and conflict, she was forced to flee her
home. Kire migrated to Tromsø’s where she wrote most of her novels and spent
ten years in exile before returning to her home country in 2015. Kire wrote six
books in one year of her residency in Tromsø centering on Naga politics and these
works have gained immense popularity. This essay looks at Kire’s works that
developed during exile and how the process of migrating from her home country
had impacted her writing experience. Kire's significant literary output during her
exile raises questions about how geographical distance shaped her creative process.
Kire acknowledges this as she states the necessity for her as a writer to step back
and write with an objective view when writing especially on sensitive subjects of
the Nagas. In addition to exploring this aspect, this essay also examines how Kire's
migration and exile allowed her to develop new strategies for writing and
disseminating knowledge of a community with very little space of written literature.
123 Real Change Requires More from Us and Not Just More of Us: Latinx
Immigrants in the U.S. Resisting Legal Violence by Reading, Writing, and
Mobilizing Communal Organizing Literacies
Alicia Rusoja
The educational experiences of immigrant students in the U.S. are shaped by
persistent anti-immigrant policies, practices and discourses (e.g. Campano, Ghiso,
Welch, 2016; Gallo, 2017; Turner & Mangual Figueroa, 2019; Patel, 2012). They
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are equally shaped by the powerful community organizing against it of immigrant
communities (Campano, Ghiso & Welch, 2016; Mangual Figueroa, 2015; Author,
YEAR). Relatedly, education scholars have established that critical literacy plays a
central role in the organizing of racialized and oppressed communities in the U.S.
(Bishop, 2015; Horton & Freire, 1990; Author, YEAR; Yee, 2016), and in
multiracial coalition building toward a shared vision of educational justice
(Campano et al, 2013; Campano, Ghiso, Welch, 2016; Ghiso, Campano, Vazquez
Ponce, Thakurta, 2022).
Building on and contributing to this scholarship, this practitioner inquiry
(Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 2009; PI) paper examines what the author coins as the
communal organizing literacies of Latinx immigrants organizing in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. It draws from a subset of qualitative data – including fieldnotes,
open-ended interviews, artifacts and photographs – from a larger year-long PI
study that I, a Latina immigrant, carried out with an intergenerational group of
eleven un/documented Latinx immigrants on our shared immigrant rights
organizing practice. Through analysis grounded on a sociopolitical understanding
of literacy and education, on Women-of-Color epistemology regarding the
intersection and intermeshing of identity and systems of oppression, and therefore
on the epistemic privilege of Latinx immigrants regarding how to fight against
oppression, this study asks: “How do Latinx immigrants organize for their/our
rights? and “What role does literacy play in their/our organizing?.” Findings show
that Latinx immigrants in this context organize through the pedagogical
mobilization of communal organizing literacies whereby we critically and
collectively read and compose communal organizing literacy texts, as well as enact
communal organizing literacy events, facilitating intersectional political activism
and grassroots education that enacts communal agency and communal being.
Implications address how the communal organizing literacies of Latinx immigrant
communities can be valued, leveraged and sustained in K-16 classrooms.
Additional implications include the power of practitioner inquiry as a research
methodology to resist coloniality.
68 Mappilas, Migration and Music: The Emotional Voyages of Kerala
Shibinu S and Mohamed Haseeb N
Integration and absorption of migrants and their descendants into society's cultural
realm has long been a wonderful topic in the social fabric of Kerala. Kerala, India's
southernmost state, has had a long-standing tie with the Arab world. Muslims make
up around 42 percent of all emigrants from Kerala. In comparison to other
religions, Muslim emigration is on the rise (Shibinu, 2020). Muslims in Kerala's
northern regions are known as Mappila Muslims, and they have been moving in
large numbers to Gulf countries for decades (Rajan, 2020). Migration, in general,
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provides a unique vantage point from which to examine emotions. Mappila songs
in Kerala depict this mobility of emotions. Mappila songs are folkloric Muslim
music-type songs in Arabi Malayalam by the Mappilas of Kerala, with lyrics set to
a melodic framework (Muslims of the Malabar part of Kerala, India are known as
Mappilas). These songs have a distinct cultural character inextricably related to
Keralites and Arabs. The ability of Mappila songs to depict the cultural
embodiment, exchange, and synthesis of both Kerala and Gulf countries is one of
their distinguishing features. Second, the separation of a male migrant from his
wife causes anguish, suffering, and disutility. Letter Songs are a subset of Mappila
songs that express profound insights into the misery, pain, and desire that couples
experience as a result of their physical separation of a male migrant and his wife.
The psychological agony involved with the separation of a migrant parent from his
children is the third factor that Mappila songs depict. There are different examples
for these three major categories of Mappila songs. Despite the abundance of
qualitative research on the subject, the emotional element of the migrant
experience appears to be understudied. The current proposition is an attempt to
comprehend the broad relationship between music and mobility in the cultural
realm of Kerala's migrants. It will also provide a comparative analysis of three
fundamental elements of Mappila songs in the emotional lives of migrant
households’
1B Diverse Policy Treatments of Migrants, Asylum-Seekers and
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): Critical Reflections from Greece,
Spain and Ukraine [UG14]
Chair: Megan Denise Smith, Pompeu Fabra University, Spain
1001 Beyond Integration: Measuring the Quality of Life of People with a
Migration Background in Barcelona Using the Capabilities Approach
Eva Fortes
European cities have been receiving a steadily increasing number of immigrants
over the last 40 years, and the European Union has targeted these newcomers and
their offspring with a series of policies and plans aimed at improving social
cohesion and wellbeing through their integration. To measure that integration, the
EU has developed indicators that focus mainly on employment, education, and
housing. While these indicators may be useful as a rough measure for recent
immigrants’ ability to function in the receiving society, they fall short of the stated
goal of social cohesion and wellbeing. Therefore, I propose the concept of quality
of life (QoL) as a novel lens through which to measure progress towards the goal
of social cohesion and wellbeing in the context of immigrant incorporation. This
paper tests a new measure of QoL I created, using the capabilities approach, against
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existing measures of integration in a case study of Barcelona, considered an ideal
case of city-level integration. With a nonrandom sample of 20 adults whose parents
immigrated from outside Spain, I perform a case study in the city of Barcelona to
measure my participants’ QoL according to my validated list of human capabilities
and compare it with their integration according to standard EU indicators. The
results of my analysis highlight mental health and the lack of choice for people with
a migration background, which includes control over their time as well as their
political and material environment. This measurement also draws attention to the
importance of going beyond the individual to look at their loved ones and
community. These findings offer insights for future policies as Europe’s
population with a migrant background continues to grow.
1003 Rethinking Refugee Camps: Opportunities for Labour Force Preparation in
Lesvos, Greece
Liana Wool
The economic integration of refugee populations has become an increasingly
discussed topic internationally, resulting in policy supporting refugee integration
into the European Union (EU) (OECD/EU, 2018), or reintegration into countries
of origin (“UNHCR Policy Framework and Implementation Strategy: UNHCR’s
Role in Support of the Return and Reintegration of Displaced Populations: August
2008,” 2009). Economic integration policies for refugees, falling under the wider
policy umbrella of Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs), tend to address the
thoughtful workforce preparation and localised employment of refugee
populations after they have been resettled into the host country. Before refugees
are resettled, they must first await the confirmation of their refugee status to move
countries, frequently in refugee camps. During this time, these individuals are
deprived of any workforce interaction, in skills training or practical employment.
Herein exists a practical and research gap of continued up-skilling and/or
employment for refugee populations prior to resettlement. Therefore, this gap
suggests the importance in examining three topics: 1. workforce training programs
in current practice in refugee camps, 2. the labour force skills and interests of
individuals residing in refugee camps, and 3. the attitudes and perceived barriers of
local employers in hiring refugee camp residents.
1004 Responding to Displacement in Ukraine: Changing Socio-Economic Needs
and Protection
Chissey Mueller
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The full-scale invasion that Russia launched in Ukraine (as of February 2022) has
resulted in wide-spread devastation, thousands of civilian casualties, and the
displacement of millions of people who fled to safer parts in the country and
abroad. The war has also impacted Ukraine’s existing socio-economic systems,
which had relied on agriculture, digital innovation and a sizable Ukrainian migrant
population who often worked seasonal jobs in European countries, to name a few.
Ukraine also had a well-established response to counter human trafficking,
exploitation and abuse, which are harmful incidents that can be interconnected to
socio-economic dynamics. This presentation reflects on the evolving socio-
economic changes of internally displaced persons in Ukraine through three
empirical case scenarios. It provides a snapshot of key demographic and socio-
economic shifts that those displaced are experiencing and the unique needs of
different forced-migration profiles including men and women, single-headed
households, and other diverse sub-populations. The cases highlight the needs,
barriers, material and emotional resources and the intent among different
individuals and their migration decisions. The cases also explore how harmful
incidents such as human trafficking, exploitation and abuse can prevail in times of
crisis or thrive if ignored, necessitating the provision of specialised protection
services and income-generating opportunities that support self-capacity
development and the agency of individuals. Learning from what is occurring in
Ukraine is crucial in mapping future migration policies, access to services and
socio-economic options for those who are affected by a rapidly changing and
multilayered crisis context.
1002 The Securitisation of Migration at Europe’s Southern Border: Policies of
Violence against Migrants and Asylum-Seekers in the Canary Islands
Megan Denise Smith
This paper is the first phase in a qualitative empirical study which explores how the
securitisation of migration in the Canary Islands coalesces into these different
forms of violence and the means through which migrants and asylum-seekers
resist. It investigates the deviations in security practices and power dynamics at the
local level and the role of contextual factors, such as resources and existing social
networks, in shaping different forms of resistance. As Europe’s southern border,
Spain plays a key role in setting the precedent within European Union (EU)
migration policies. This is observed through the bordering and security practices it
establishes as the status quo, often in border zones such as the Canary Islands,
designed to stem migration flows to the Spanish mainland. These practices can
range from detention and deportation of individuals to more subversive forms
such as the introduction of complex administrative procedures to regularise their
immigration status or access their rights. What is referred to as the securitisation
of migration encompasses a wide-range of techniques of power, characterised by
representations of individuals migrating as either ‘risky’ or ‘at-risk.’ Such framings
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can create spaces where violence, discrimination and xenophobia are instigated and
condoned against migrants and asylum-seekers. As a highly politicised borderland
for migration to the EU, the Canary Islands provides an under-studied and
emblematic case, central to understanding broader trends of migration governance
and possible future social dynamics between migrants, asylum-seekers and host
communities.
1C Economics, Work and Migration 1 [BG 5/6]
Chair Stefan Schlegel, Bern University, Switzerland
392 Transactions on the market for Services as an institutional bypass:
Implications for the regulation of migration
Stefan Schlegel
In this research, I start from the assumption that what makes migration such an
impactful phenomenon is first and foremost that it grants access to institutions
(like state institutions that may provide security and a degree of freedom; and
private institutions such as private employers that may provide the opportunity of
socially upward mobility). From this vantage point, a central role of migration law
is the allocation of “entry tickets” to sets of institutions. Access to territory, in this
view, is mostly an auxiliary for access to institutions. In many cases, having access
to a territory is a precondition for access to sets of institutions.
One of the central aims of migration law is to regulate the amount of labor available
in a given labor market and thereby control the price of labor. However, this
technique to uphold the politically struck compromise between capital and labor
relies on access to the territory being a precondition for access to a labor market.
This regulatory technique is undermined at the moment in which institutions (like
a market) can be accessed without having access to a territory. The more the place
in which labor is performed and the place in which labor is sold can be
geographically distant from each other, the more this central regulatory aim of
migration law is in tatters. An important driver of this development is a shift from
labor markets to markets for services. Where services can travel across borders but
workers cannot, the shift from consuming a good as a service rather than
consuming it as labor, allows one to circumvent the regulatory rigor of migration
law. To understand the potential impact of technological disruption (esp. of
digitalization) on this shift, I rely on the theory of the firm and the concept of
transaction costs. I make use of the argument that in a world without transaction
costs (highly unrealistic but nonetheless instructive), there would be no firms, no
hierarchical relationships between employers and employees, and hence no labor
market, only service providers. Put like this, labor markets are nothing but a
transaction cost problem. They cannot but decline in relative importance
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(compared to markets of services) as technological innovations kick in and reduce
transaction costs. In tendency, technological innovation, therefore, erodes the
capacity of migration law to shape the relationship between labor and capital.
I argue that the restrictive access to labor markets that migration law in many
countries establishes, paradoxically, may turn into a danger for the regulatory
capacity of states if, thanks to technological disruption, access to a labor market
can effectively be replaced by a cross-border service. The more restrictive the
access to a labor market, the higher the incentives to switch to the service market
instead. In the face of technological disruption that structurally alters transaction
costs, states need to ease the access to their labor markets for potential migrants in
order to keep at least part of their former governing power over the relationship
between capital and labor.
290 The labour market integration of female immigrants: A cohort analysis on
Germany
Tanja Fendel
Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel and two integrated studies
(IAB-SOEP-Migration sample and IAB-BAMF-SOEP Sample of refugees) from
1992-2020, it can be shown that integration pattern of immigrant women improved
over migration cohorts in terms of smaller differences in working hours and wages
compared to native-born women for those who migrated more recently to
Germany. Cohort effects remain after controlling for main determinants of
integration such as education or years since migration. As a possible explanation
of cohort differences, we examine the relevance of women's country specific
human capital aquisition after migration proxied by language skills. We find the
share of women with good language skills to be higher for those who migrated to
Germany in more recent years. Based on a generalized structural equation model,
with resampling bootstrap procedures we find a significant direct and total effect
of language skills on integration indicators, as well as an indirect effect of language
skills working through the firm size as mediator, being only significant for the
largest firm size category. Furthermore, the cohort effects are insignificant in the
specification considering a mediator effect. Hence language skills directly influence
integration and for those who work in large firms also indirctly through the firm
size as mediator and this appears to be a suitable explanaition why integration
pattern differ between migration cohorts. Due to good language skills or other
investments in country specific human capital, women of more recent migration
cohorts appear to a higher share to be able to select themselves into larger firms
that supply superior working conditions in terms of wages and working hours. The
labour market integration of immigrant women therefore crucially depends on the
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extent they are able to acquire country specific human capital after arrival and
especially skills which have high returns for large firms.
318 Spatial Mismatch and Migrant Employment in Germany: A Spatial Robust
Durbin Model Analysis
Mohamed Ennebch and Moubarek Amine Berdaa
Migration has been identified as a major factor influencing economic growth in
many countries[1]. In Germany, the migration of people between regions has been
recognized as having an impact on the GDP of these regions. This study aims to
analyze the relationship between migration and regional GDP in Germany using a
spatial Durbin model. The model takes into account the potential spillover effects
of migration on neighboring regions.
Relationships between migration and regional economic growth, with some studies
suggesting a positive relationship while others suggest a negative relationship.
Spatial mismatch theory was first introduced by John Kain[2] in the late 1960s, in
response to the rise of urban poverty and the persistence of high unemployment
rates in certain urban areas. Workers who live in areas with high unemployment
rates may face difficulties accessing job opportunities[3], particularly if those job
opportunities are located in different areas, due to a mismatch between job
opportunities and the location of workers. In the context of Germany, Constant
et al. (2009)[4] found that migrants face significant disadvantages in terms of job
quality, career prospects, and earnings, compared to native workers[5]. This
suggests the persistence of the migrant-native gap in employment outcomes and
the need to address the structural and social barriers that prevent migrants from
fully participating in the labor market[6]. These findings highlight the importance
of understanding the relationship between spatial mismatch, migration, and
migrant employment outcomes in the German context.
Using a spatial Durbin model on data from 2015 to 2016 were used to estimate the
spatial Durbin model and create a weights matrix using a distance-based approach.
With a spatial spillover effect that positively influenced neighboring regions. The
results also showed a negative relationship between unemployment rates and
regional GDP, indicating that higher unemployment rates have a detrimental effect
on regional economic growth. Understanding the potential spillover effects of
migration on neighboring regions can inform regional economic development
strategies and help policymakers promote economic growth in a more effective
and sustainable way. Mitigating high levels of unemployment should also be a
priority for policymakers, as the results suggest that unemployment has a
detrimental effect on regional economic growth.
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Keywords: Spatial Durbin model, migration, regional GDP, spillover effects,
unemployment rates, economic growth, regional economic development.
References
Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.
Kain, J. F. (1968). Housing segregation, Negro employment, and metropolitan
decentralization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82(2), 175-197.
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social
forces, 67(2), 281-315.
Constant, A., Kahanec, M., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2009). Attitudes Towards Immigrants,
Other IntegrationBarriers, and Their Veracity. International Journal of Manpower,
30(1/2), 5–14.https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1424986
Musterd, S. (2005). Social and ethnic segregation in Europe: Levels, causes, and effects.
Journal of urban affairs, 27(3), 331-348.
Malpezzi, S., & Maclennan, D. (2001). Economic returns to social capital in the urban
housing market. Regional science and urban economics, 31(6), 669-696.
491 Against the Tide: Opportunities for Capital Circulation among
Transnational Entrepreneurs
Tanja Schroot and Roberta Ricucci
The constant growth of new economic realities founded by foreign citizens is
undeniable with respect to the continuous decline of Italian entrepreneurs in the
Italian context (Idos-Confronti 2021). However, Italy observes increased outflows
of qualified labour, educated and specialised in the country, to a variety of contexts
(ISTAT 2021). Recent scholarship calls for a change of perspective from static
brain drain concepts towards research on potentials for brain circulation and
transnational cooperation (Zimmermann 2014; Czaika, M.& Parsons 2018,
Sarpong & Maclean 2021). The ‘Italian problem’ is not the emigration of a
professional ‘elite’, but the scarce capacity of attracting high-qualified immigrants
(Beltrame 2007).
Building on these premises, this work aims to contribute to the discussion on
return/onward mobility and entrepreneurship, which is constantly growing but
predominantly focusing on developing countries (Sinatti 2019) to analyse linked
decisional processes within the paradigmatic life course framework and carve out
potential benefits for the sending and receiving end.
Turin is in the centre of investigations, being a prime example of superdiversity
when it comes to population composition and industry (Chamber of Commerce
2021). Even though declining, the city still represents one of Italy’s main industrial
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centres with a long migration history (Rapporto Rota 2021). According to latest
ISTAT data provided in January 2022, the share of migrants in the Metropolitan
Area makes up approximately 10% of its current total population. As one of the
leading business centres in Italy, Turin has a relevant network of international
companies and organisations (UNESCO Center, ILO, ETF) as well as a notable
number of high-quality academic institutions.
Following the research concern on potential facilitators for building trans- and
cross-national entrepreneurship opportunities, secondary data on local
entrepreneurship development (Infocamere 2021) over the last 10 years has been
analysed and complemented with a qualitative investigation. The latter builds on a
qualitative data analysis, rooted in host and home contexts, with 25 respondents
(10 Italian Entrepreneurs from Turin living abroad, 15 Romanian and German
Entrepreneurs living in Turin) and a theoretical framework that links international
literature on brain circulation in the context of high-qualified migratory dynamics
and life course development (Vlase and Voicu 2018). Data has been retrieved from
semi-structured interviews that focused on the respondents’ intentions to return to
their origin contexts and thus to potentially expand or transform their business
building on co-created skillsets along the path of self-employment.
Findings suggest two predominant tracks of professional integration in the labour
host context characterised either by transcultural competence transfer and
utilisation, or by professional re-invention and skills acquisition, whereas the latter
occurred predominantly for study participants coming from less privileged national
backgrounds. Furthermore, the analysis of results suggests a strong correlation
between conditions caused by the global COVID crisis and the (re)definition of
expected living standards in the host context, which are presumed to have a
significant impact on future brain circulation.
1D Education and Skilled Migration 1 [BG3/4]
Chair: Gökay Özerim, Yaşar University, Turkey
486 From Migrant Workers to Professional Teachers: The Reintegration of
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) through “Sa Pinas, Ikaw ay Ma’am, Sir”
(SPIMS) Program
Jocelyn Celero and Rowena Hibanada
Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) constitute one of the largest diasporas in the
world, serving the global economy through various occupational niches. Extant
literature often describes the emigration of the highly-skilled as a brain drain
phenomenon, resulting in severe loss of human resources in sending countries such
as the Philippines. However, a number highly-skilled Filipino venturing in labor
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migration face downward skill mobility, unable to capitalize on their education and
competencies in destination countries. To mitigate this problem, the Philippine
government has introduced recently programs that encourage return and
reintegration of highly-skilled Filipinos.
This study focuses on the reintegration of education-trained Filipinos to the
Philippine education system through “Sa Pinas, Ikaw ay Ma’am, Sir” (SPIMS), a
multi-stakeholder program that aims to retrain OFWs with teaching competencies
necessary for them to become professional teachers. One of the key aspects of this
program is the Online Refresher Course (ORC), which allows OFWs to receive
teacher training while abroad and preparing for eventual return to the Philippines.
Building on focus group discussions and key informant interviews, this qualitative
research examines the relationship between the outcomes of SPIMS-ORC and the
motivations of OFWs to return to the Philippines as teachers. It illustrates that
contrary to the dominant literature, the labor migration of education-trained
Filipinos is a case of brain waste (rather than a brain drain) phenomenon
exacerbated by the prevailing rural-urban inequality in teaching opportunities, wage
differences between the Philippines and abroad, and family burdens. Thus, SPIMS
functions as a reskilling program for returning Filipino teachers aimed to
successfully reintegrate them into the education sector. At the same time, it serves
as a corrective through reversing the effects of downward skilled mobility and
restoring their teaching competencies lost from venturing into non-teaching jobs
abroad.
179 Alone or with support though? The role of private intermediaries in the
migration of doctors - the case of Poland
Kamil Matuszczyk
The migration of medical personnel has received unflagging interest from
researchers, experts, politicians and the media. Although the motives and
circumstances of their migration are relatively well known, little attention has so
far been paid to the commercialisation and organised facilitation aspects. Only a
few studies shed light on the dynamic development of the actors that make up the
so-called migration industry, helping to organise work and life in host country.
These include employment agencies, recruiters, as well as other organisations
dealing with, for example, the organisation of language courses or support in the
nostrification of diplomas. Empirical research tends to be limited to the context
and strategies used by commercial actors rather than explaining the motives of
medical staff to use intermediaries. The importance of private migration
intermediaries as an important factor influencing the migration decisions of
doctors training in CEE countries remains an overlooked. Poland occupies a
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special position on the map of medical staff migration - on the one hand, a country
with the lowest number of doctors per 10,000 inhabitants, and on the other hand,
a country from which several hundred high-class healthcare professionals leave
every year.
The aim of the presentation will be to explain the role played by private labour
market intermediaries in organising and facilitating migration of young doctors.
Attention will focus on a case study of Poland and sixth-year medical students at
14 public universities. The results of a quantitative survey (online questionnaire),
conducted in February 2022 and February and March 2023 (partially repeated
surveys), will be used. The use of closed and open-ended questions made it possible
to capture, among other things, the factors that most pull or push people to
emigrate. These included the context of migration intermediaries and their
activities towards students before passing the final medical exam. In total, unique
empirical material was collected among 770 students (including 100 repeated
questionnaires to capture the change in the migration situation of students year-
on-year). In addition, the results of surveys conducted among representatives of
private intermediaries who recruit medical staff in Poland were used (several in-
depth interviews conducted in spring 2023). This will also be complemented by
findings from a qualitative analysis of the offers of these actors, available online
(e.g. Facebook groups).
Preliminary findings shed light on the fact that students in their sixth year of study
are not targeted by migration intermediaries. Only a few percent of respondents
indicated that they had received a personalised offer to organise work abroad. More
importantly, a much higher percentage (one in three) of respondents declare an
interest in taking advantage of the rich service package offer in the future, when
planning to go abroad. The most frequently indicated range was language courses,
an adaptation course or legal assistance. The findings of the research are an
important contribution to the ongoing discussion on the pull and push factors of
migrants over several decades, especially in the context of the importance of
commercial actors facilitating and mediating the migration of highly skilled
workers.
317 Spatial Analysis of Youth TVET education, Insertion, Migration and
Regional Economic Growth in Morocco Using GWR
Mohamed Ennebch, Moubarek Amine Berdaa, Ahmed Bassibas, Youssef Haddou
Amar, Meryem Ragbi
This article discusses the role of vocational training in promoting economic growth
and development in Morocco. The National Vocational Training Strategy (SNFP)
aims to enhance the productivity and integration of young vocational training
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graduates[1] while valuing local resources and specificities by establishing "cities of
trades and skills" across Morocco's twelve regions. Theoretical and empirical
studies suggest that diversified and targeted education influences economic
efficiency and growth in different ways. Empirical studies have also demonstrated
the direct and indirect effects of vocational training on local and global economic
growth. Using a Cobb-Douglas production function of the Solow model
augmented by human capital and spatial interaction effects to study the spatial
repercussions of youth employment on regional economic growth in Morocco. To
address low employability, regional labor market imbalances, and globalization in
Morocco, decision-makers and researchers are exploring new opportunities for
young workers.
With a focus on reducing youth migration[2] and enhancing regional economic
growth. The study analyzes the spatial dynamics of youth migration and economic
growth[3] using a geographically weighted regression (GWR)[4] model that
considers variables such as TVET enrollment, youth unemployment, and
migration patterns. The results suggest that TVET enrollment has a positive impact
on regional economic growth by increasing the productivity of young people and
reducing the need for migration[5]. The study identifies significant spatial
variations in the impact of TVET on economic growth and youth migration
patterns, emphasizing the importance of considering the spatial dynamics of TVET
when developing policies to address youth unemployment and migration. The
findings have important implications for policymakers, educators, and researchers
interested in addressing the issue of youth unemployment and migration in
developing countries.
Keywords: vocational training, economic growth, youth migration, regional
development, TVET, geographically weighted regression.
References
“Geographical determinants of vocational education and training in developing countries:
a spatial analysis” by A. Raza, K. Siddique, and F. Rehman
“The role of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in reducing migration
and enhancing economic growth in developing countries: A review of the literature” by
S. S. Adewale and T. O. Popoola
“Exploring the relationship between migration, education, and economic development in
Morocco: A spatial analysis” by S. El Aidaoui and A. Boudhar
“The effects of technical and vocational education and training on migration: A
geographically weighted regression analysis of Indonesia” by M. H. Abdul Ghafur and
A. Wulandari
“The impact of technical and vocational education and training on youth migration in
Uganda: a geographically weighted regression analysis” by S. K. Awio, R. Musoke, and
F. Othieno
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1126 Diversity and Gender Equality Plans for Managing Diversity and Preventing
Discrimination in Higher Education Institutions
Gökay Özerim, Burcu Kiper, Güldan Kalem
To build inclusive and equitable environments, higher education institutions must
prioritize promoting diversity and combating discrimination. The implementation
of Gender Equality Plans (GEPs) and Diversity Plans has become a strategic tool
of managing diversity and addressing gender disparities in academia. Through the
creation and execution of thorough Diversity Plans and GEPs, higher education
institutions play a crucial role in addressing these issues. The connections between
these plans, diversity management, discrimination prevention, and mobility must
be understood, though. The goal of this paper is to examine how Diversity Plans
and GEPs in higher education institutions can effectively manage diversity and
stop discrimination, with a focus on how migration intersects with both of these
issues. This paper aims to highlight the special complexities and opportunities that
arise within the context of higher education institutions by looking at the
connections between diversity plans, gender equality plans, migration, and
discrimination prevention. Within this context, the study will conduct a literature
review to identify the theories and research that have been done on how to manage
diversity, prevent discrimination, and promote gender equality in higher education
institutions. The paper will create a conceptual framework for understanding how
Diversity Plans and GEPs can efficiently manage diversity and prevent
discrimination, particularly in the context of migration, by analyzing and
synthesizing this literature. This paper will look at case studies of institutions of
higher learning that have successfully implemented GEPs and Diversity Plans
aimed at managing diversity and preventing discrimination in order to offer
practical insights. In order to better address the particular needs and experiences
of people living at the intersection of migration and gender, the paper will highlight
key principles and tactics that can increase the inclusiveness and efficacy of these
plans. The focus of recommendations will be on doable actions that institutions
can take to improve their Diversity Plans and GEPs, such as fostering a supportive
environment, promoting intercultural awareness, and putting in place laws that
guarantee equality and anti-discrimination.
1E Migration, Law and Policy 1 [EG15/16]
Chair: Ülkü Sezgi Sözen, Universität Hamburg, Germany
166 It's the Politics, Stupid: Official Chinese conceptualizations of migration and
mobility
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Carsten Schäfer
From its beginning in the 1930s, the development of migration studies was closely
interlinked with Western nation-state building processes. As a result, migration
studies have reproduced notions originally defined by European and North
American immigration politics - such as “refugees” or “asylum seekers”; its
resources are mostly invested in measuring the degree of integration of immigrants.
Yet, China’s nation building process differs much from those of most European
states. The same holds true for the country’s experience with international
migration. While Europe hosts the largest number of international migrants, China
is the world’s leading emigration country. Not surprisingly, the way in which
“migrants” are categorized and imagined and migration is conceptualized, studied
and politicized in China is quite different from European mainstream approaches.
Chinese knowledge production is characterized by a strong China-centrism and
methodological nationalism that produces essentializing discourses on race, culture
and belonging. These paradigms also affect the establishment of migration politics
and border regimes. Against this background, I aim to systematically reflect the
cultural, political, ideological and historical contexts that shape the production of
knowledge on migration in China as well as the thereby arising actions. This study
is based on a qualitative content analysis of official Chinese documents, Chinese
think tank publications and other Chinese research. We cannot understand
international mobility without understanding non-Western notions of migration.
By mapping different geographic “epistimologies” and their influences on
migration, I want to understand the conditions of possibilities for future cross-
cultural cooperation in both politics and research between Europe and China.
73 Securitizing migration in times of crisis
Laura Planas Gifra
Securitization processes have become more common in the past decades and have
been used to further control areas in which the state believes has lost control. An
example of these practices can be seen in the case of migration, as states have
continuously passed laws and policies to establish harder control mechanisms at
their borders, introduce administrative burdens, and even use private security
companies to help them administer security services. These measures have often
been taken in response to the terrorism, one of the main international security
concerns of our era.
It is extremely important to be aware of securitization processes and understand
how they happen. Because when we talk about securitization, we are talking about
bringing a non-security issue to the security agenda of a country and, in this way,
to justify the restriction of specific rights. That is why we need to be very careful
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when applying these measures to the general population, but also to especially
vulnerable groups such as refugees as these can make their lives even more difficult
than they already are. Regrettably, securitization practices in the field of migration
are becoming more common in countries around the world.
At the EU level, for instance, we have seen that Private Military and Security
Companies do not merely provide border security services. They now frame, shape
and entrench militarized responses within the European Agenda. They contribute
to the framing of irregular migration as a security threat which can only be
addressed through emergency-driven military. They are also shaping European
policies and thus accelerating securitization processes. In setting up EU priorities
in defence and security they may also be contributing to framing irregular migration
as a security threat, in other words, to reinforcing practices that lead to a
securitization of migration.
Extraordinary measures should be proportionate and held only so long as the
security threat persists. But once the threat is over, these measures should cease
too. Is this the case of counter-terrorism laws? Is it justified to treat groups such
as migrants through the lens of national and international security? If so, are these
measures proportional and temporarily limited? Who is the actor responsible for
pushing these measures? What is the role of private actors such as private security
companies? Do legislators consider the implications on the rights of refugees when
dealing with terrorism? What then is just and unjust when applying measures
against the War on Terror? It is necessary to understand how securitization
measures are taken, justified, and how they affect the rights of migrants, especially
in times of crisis.
226 Labour Shortage, Open Door Policy and Sabah (Malaysia) State’s Dilemma
Ramli Dollah
Malaysia is one of the Southeast Asian countries that host a large number of
immigrants, with Sabah being the most affected state by this issue. As a result,
immigrants in Sabah are often considered to be the 'mother of all problems' and
the 'mother of all threats' in the state. However, the state's rapid economic
development in all sectors, especially in plantation and construction, demands a
large number of immigrants to maintain its economic progress. Apparently, the
global neoliberal economy of a capitalist market in Sabah since the state achieved
independence with Malaysia in the 1960s requires a significant workforce. Due to
a shortage of local workforce, the government has pursued an open-door policy
by allowing a large number of immigrants to work in all economic sectors in the
state. This paper argues that any policy to reduce the number of immigrants in
Sabah is difficult to achieve due to the state's high dependence on foreign workers.
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Therefore, despite stepping up raids and deportations, Sabah needs more foreign
workers to ensure the state's economic survival. The paper posits that as long as
Sabah continues with the labour incentive economy, dependence on foreign
workers will persist, creating a dilemma for Malaysia and Sabah in particular, as this
over-reliance affects the government's policy for dealing with immigrants. As a
result, any measures taken to address this issue will undoubtedly have major
repercussions for the Malaysian economy, particularly in Sabah.
151 The Experience of First-Hand Contact with Street Level Bureaucracy
among Long-Term Slavic Migrants in Poland
Jan Bazyli Klakla
This paper presents an excerpt from the results of research on the relationship
between the experience of the legal and institutional environment by long-term
Slavic migrants living in Poland and their acculturation process. It concentrates on
the experience of first-hand contact with street level bureaucracy and its
connection to acculturation processes.
Template analysis (TA; Langdridge 2007) was conducted on data from (A) five in-
depth expert interviews with migration professionals, (B) 20 biographical and
narrative interviews with migrants from European Slavic countries who came to
Poland between 1989 and 2010, and (C) legal and policy documents.
The author's modification of the Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM;
Navas et al. 2007) for qualitative research was used as a template to guide data
collection and analysis.
The findings provide information about (A) respondents' negative experiences in
this context, (B) the attitudes of suspicion presented by the state and its authorities
towards migrants, (C) the change that occurred during the migrants' stay in Poland
and the positive experiences they also had, and (D) the relationship that occurs
between the experiences of migrants in this context and their acculturation process.
The research argues the extent of successful integration can be attributed to
patterns of interaction between immigrants and the bureaucracy rather than solely
to foreigners' willingness to invest in the acculturation process.
References
Langdridge, D. (2007). Phenomenological psychology: Theory, research and method.
Glasgow: Pearson Education.
Navas, M., Rojas, A. J., García, M., & Pumares, P. (2007). Acculturation strategies and
attitudes according to the Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM): The
perspectives of natives versus immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural
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Relations, 31(1), 67-86. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/abs/pii/S014
7176706000617
1F Migration and Integration 1 [UG13]
Chair: Paulette Schuster, Reichman University, Israel
361 Empathic approach as a key for sustainable integration of migrants into the
society and labor market
Amira Bieber, Mohammed Issifu, and Turker Saliji
The European society is extremely diverse in terms of cultures, origins, religions
and sexual orientations, resulting in the quest for recognition by these various
groups while, at the same time maintaining the European identity. This necessitates
measures of empowerment and promoting integration of these groups in societies
and the labor market. Reports available indicate that, there is widespread
discrimination particularly against migrants and other minority groups within the
European societies (EU Fundamental Rights Agency report, 2021), which tend to
negatively affect people’s opportunities, well-being and reinforcing ethnic
inequalities which eventually leads to social exclusion which derails the integration
process of migrants especially, in societies. It is to mitigate against this social ill and
facilitate migrant’s integration processes that the Pro Arbeit adopt approaches -
Not about us, without us – to involve and walk in the shoes of migrants before
designing intervention to support their integration processes.
These approaches, focus on different levels, including beneficiaries, employees and
decision makers by implementing beneficiary-oriented projects aiming to improve
society's perception on diversity, with emphasis on the fight against discrimination,
the prevention of xenophobia and living together with differences. Through its
international projects with other partners in different countries, we adapt and share
practices, to improve itself and to share its experiences, through which it was
realized that more knowledge about cross-cultural differences and empathy among
public employees improves the quality of services provided to beneficiaries. Pro
Arbeit also influences the decision-makers and local authorities in the 13 cities in
county Offenbach. Using its extensive network, we are working intensively to
ensure that institutions and organizations at the same level make concepts such as
interculturalism, anti-discrimination and empathy for diversity part of their regular
strategies, and that business schools, universities and vocational schools make
these concepts part of their curricula.
As a local authority with the goal of enabling people to better integrate into the
labor market and thus into society, we are constantly challenged to improve our
strategies, use innovative approaches, and take relevance and demand into
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consideration. At the same time, we use our findings in a multidisciplinary way and
within the framework of our networks.
In our experience over many years show that sustainable results are only achieved
when the people concerned are addressed empathically. They feel taken seriously,
understood, supported. At the same time, by changing perspectives, we create
better frameworks, make decisions and take sustainable steps.
Our approach has further proven that empathy, interculturality, and similar
concepts should not only be propagated in public, but should also be reflected in
the day-to-day processes, approaches, and strategies of institutions and
organizations, as well as in the rhetoric and practice of decision-makers.
The session at the Migration Conference will present the themes and results of
current european projects dealing with migration, diversity and integration, but will
also be a stimulus for discussion on the empathetic attitude of the public institution
in working with migrants.
264 More than Learning the Lingo? A Review of the Literature on the Roles of
Language Cafés in the Integration of People on the Move Settling in Europe
Majbritt Lyck-Bowen
The significance of learning the local language for successful integration of people
on the move settling in a new community is well documented (OECD 2021).
Research has established that mastering the language of their new community is
not only important for people on the move’s daily activities but also for their long-
term integration especially into the labour market (Kanas and Kosyakova 2023 and
Karlsdóttir et al 2020). Initial research focused on the roles of formal language
classes in integration whereas more recent research tends to mainly explore how
new technologies can be used to teach languages. Despite general agreement that
informal learning spaces such as language cafes play an important role as an
alternative or complementary to formal language classes in aiding integration,
language cafes have been afforded much less attention in the literature (Johnston
2016 and Morrice; Tip; Collyer and Brown 2021). The main purpose of this article
is to provide a critical integrative review of the literature that explores how language
cafes contribute to the political, social, economic and cultural integration of people
on the move that settle in new communities. This will include assessing the
evidence base in this area of research to identify issues and areas where further
research is needed. The article will argue that though studies have identified many
different ways language cafes can potentially aid the integration of people on the
move into their new communities, the evidence base is still weak and often relying
on a few smaller research projects that have focused on one or a few case studies
mainly from the Nordic countries.
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References
Johnston, Jamie (2016) Conversation-based programming and newcomer integration: A
case study of the Språkhörnan program at Malmö City Library. In Library &
Information Science Research, 38:1, 10-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.lisr.2016.02.
001.
Kanas, Agnieszka and Kosyakova, Yuliya (2023) Greater local supply of language courses
improves refugees’ labor market integration. In European Societies, 25:1, 1-36, DOI:
10.1080/14616696.2022.2096915
Karlsdóttir, A., Sigurjónsdóttir, H. R., Ström Hildestrand, Å. and Cuadrado, A. (2020).
Learning to live in a new Country – everyday social integration. Stockholm: Nordisk
Ministerråd. https://pub.norden.org/nord2020-036/#25770.
Morrice, Linda; Tip, Linda, K.; Collyer, Michael and Brown, Rupert (2021) ‘You can’t have
a good integration when you don’t have a good communication’: English-language
Learning Among Resettled Refugees in England. In Journal of Refugee Studies, 34:1,
681– 699, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez023
OECD (2021) Language Training for Adult Migrants, Making Integration Work. OECD
Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/02199d7f-en.
419 Beyond the integration on social structures – Wellbeing and personal
expectations on the integration of refugees in Portugal
Marta Lemos
The institutional strategy for the integration of refugees in Portugal is mainly
focused on the registration in social structures needed for the activation of
administrative, legal, and learning procedures, such as, in language learning, in the
enrollment in employment services, in the National Health Service, in Social
Security or in the search for housing. It is expected that after completing this
“registration checklist” refugees actively seek their autonomy independently or
with little institutional intervention from the host entity in charge of their
integration during the first eighteen months in the country. Faced with chronic
variations of bureaucratic and human resources constraints in portuguese public
services together with financial and social challenges, refugees wait long periods of
time, often beyond those stipulated by law, to have access to these services or
commodities, many of them co-dependent. Ultimately the result of this framework
is the failure of their autonomy, so often referred to as the main objective of the
reception and integration of refugees.
During those months little or no refugee’s personal expectations, physical and
emotional needs are considered. All the efforts are made to answer state’s
expectation of integration removing the person from its own path and identity. As
expectations are connected to the quality of life (Subaşi, 2021) this alienation along
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with the absence of resources and the structural violence (Galtung, 1969) imprinted
by public services, this combination of aspects leads to frustration and anger
condemning refugees to illbeing (McLeod, 2017) causing damages in different areas
of their lives and compromising even more their autonomy. Tied by the
circumstances referred above and using the lens of Ahmed (2004), refugees create
ways to claim some control of their lives and fill gaps in the reception and
integration system through self-promotion and re-creation of situations of physical
and emotional wellbeing.
From ethnographic fieldwork and follow-up interviews this paper focuses on some
examples collected from the experiences of single men arrived in Portugal through
the Relocation Program between 2016-2017 till nowadays. Their experiences reveal
how integration takes place beyond the structural and systemic regulatory
requirements. Refugees’ integration must not only rely on more technical and
quantifiable matters, such as the ones mentioned in the beginning, but also on
subjective and individual questions, that is, the creation, promotion, and
maintenance of favourable conditions to the intimate, affective and emotional
needs of refugees to achieve personal and identity goals, and to complement and
support their integration.
169 Ethnic Eateries in the Carmel Market in Tel Aviv as a Microcosm of
Immigration
Paulette Schuster
The open-air market (called a “shuk/souk” in Hebrew and Arabic, respectively) is
a vital part of Israel’s culinary and social ecology. In addition to providing local
residents with access to fresh produce and other household goods, they serve as a
showcase for the country’s myriad ethnic cuisines, and offer a space to gather and
sample these foodstuffs. With their cacophony of smells, tastes, and sounds,
markets are a great way to tap into a community’s personality.
Nearly every major city in Israel has some sort of market, ranging from established
municipal markets housed in massive permanent indoor/outdoor structures, to
impromptu ones that consist of little more than a few blankets spread out and
covered with freshly picked greens.
For example, in Jerusalem, there are the Mahane Yehuda and Emek Refaim
Markets; in Haifa, the Talpiot and Wadi Nisnas Markets; in Ramle you have the
city market; in Netanya there is a Municipal Market; in Beersheva there is a
Bedouin Market and in Tel Aviv, there are several markets: Levinsky Spice Market,
Hatikvah, port market, Farmers’ Market and the biggest one: the Carmel Market
which is the focus of this paper.
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Israel is a melting pot of cultures and ethnicities. The Carmel Market houses a
plethora of ethnic eateries that are represented in the form of fast-food stalls, sit-
down popular restaurants, chef-owned upscale restaurants, pop-up booths,
takeaway and delivery stands, and permanent stores. Among these, I
found Mexican, Thai, Moroccan, Turkish, Yemenite, Peruvian, Brazilian,
Hungarian, Romanian, Chinese, Korean, Persian, Iraqi, Polish and other ethnic
kitchens.
Prashizky (2022) argues that physical place influences intergroup/ethnic relations
that in turn reshape the symbolic meaning of urban spaces. This paper will explore
the Carmel Market as an interconnected and eclectic urban space that fosters
intergroup/ethnic relations among its patrons, vendors and customers.
1G Göç Çalışmaları 1 [UG11]
Chair: Filiz Göktuna Yaylacı, Anadolu University, Turkey
416 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrasi Zorunlu İç Göç: Eskişehir
Örneği
Filiz Göktuna Yaylacı ve Gül Sevi Üçüncü
FORCED INTERNAL MIGRATION FOLLOWING FEBRUARY 6
KAHRAMANMARAŞ EARTHQUAKES: THE CASE OF ESKISEHIR
On February 6, 2023, earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.7 and 7.6 occurred in the
Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye. According to official
records, 11 provinces were directly affected, nearly 50,000 people lost their lives, a
total of 1,971,589 people were forced to evacuate or to migrate to other cities by
their own means. More than 20,000 earthquake survivors migrated to Eskişehir in
5 weeks, which is in the second-degree migration zone after neighboring provinces.
The main problems of this research are the experiences of the immigrants in the
migration process, what their survival strategies are, and what they experience in
the decision-making process. In this context, in addition to migration experiences
and decision-making processes, the research also covers their interactions with
public and çivil institutions and how they are affected by the media. The study
group of the research consists of 30 immigrated earthquake survivors determined
through purposeful sampling. 30 migrant earthquake survivors directly affected by
the earthquakes were reached by snowball method and data were collected through
interviews based on semi-structured interview form. The obtained data were
evaluated with descriptive analysis. In this respect, the first findings of the research
are as follows: The consecutive earthquakes have caused material, moral and social
losses. Severe aftershocks and late intervention cases in the region have caused
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widespread and intensive fears and anxieties among quake survivors. Losses such
as homes and workplaces, the death of a large number of people, and the root
effect of social ties in the region have been the main reasons accelerating the
internal migration. Among the outstanding reasons for migration to Eskişehir are
the ties of acquaintances, active solidarity networks, and the city's economically
favorable living conditions. On the other hand, high rental prices in the cities close
to the earthquake zone, the immigrant satisfaction of the neighboring cities, the
proximity of Eskişehir to the big cities, the working discipline of the municipalities,
the social structure in the city, the neighborhood relations, the active and organized
progress of civil society activities have also been effective in the decision-making
process for migration.
478 Seçim Sürecinde Sığınmacılar Uyum, Eğitim ve Gelecek: 2023 Seçim
Sürecinde Partilerin ve Cumhurbaşkanı Adaylarının Göçmen ve
Sığınmacılar Hakkındaki Görüşleri
Filiz Göktuna Yaylacı ve Ali Faruk Yaylacı
Türkiye has a long and rich history in the context of migration. In addition to being
a country that sends immigrants to Europe since the 1960s, Turkiye has also been
a target of immigration flows from different geographies. Türkiye's character as a
country of migration, which reflects the distinctive features of being a country of
migration more and more intensely, has undergone a remarkable transformation
since 2011 with the massive Syrian-originated refugee movements. With the Syrian
refugees, whose numbers have reached millions and are gaining a more permanent
character, serious debates have begun to be observed in the public and political
sphere in the context of asylum seekers. In Türkiye, which is home to over five
million foreigners today, debates around themes such as migration, asylum seekers,
education and integration, and return occupy the public sphere. As is generally
observed in migration countries, such discussions come to the fore more during
election periods, and political actors make different promises in this context. These
discussions and the promises of political actors have an important role in the
formulation and successful implementation of policies to be developed with regard
to migration processes. In this respect, it is important to comparatively examine
the promises of political parties and presidential candidates regarding migrants or
asylum seekers, and their policy proposals on education and integration, especially
during the election period. Accordingly, this research will examine the campaign
declarations of the political parties participating in Turkey’s 2023 Presidential and
parliamentary general elections and the related statements of the presidential
candidates in a comparative way, as well as discussing the foreseen future
concerning immigrants or asylum seekers.
Keywords: Migration; Asylum Seeker; Syrian; Integration; Election; Policy
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428 Brain Drain of Health Workers from Turkey to Germany and Its Results:
Possibilities of Brain Gain
Fuat Güllüpınar ve Gamze Kaçar Tunç
In this study, the professional experiences of doctors and nurses before, during
and after migration will be analyzed by focusing on the factors that cause doctors
and nurses to migrate from Turkey to Germany in recent years. In this context, it
will be tried to understand how doctors and nurses immigrated to Germany
through which transnational networks, associations or institutions. Their
intentions, feelings and thoughts before they migrated, their experiences during the
migration process, and their feelings and thoughts that transformed in the face of
the opportunities and difficulties they faced after migration will be analyzed. Within
the scope of the qualitative research, in-depth interviews will be conducted online
with 35 doctors and nurses who immigrated to Germany and are members of
transnational social networks operating in professional, cultural and academic
fields. Opportunities and limitations of doctors and nurses in terms of working
conditions, social rights, profession and career opportunities will be compared
through their experiences in Turkey and Germany. In addition, this study aims to
understand the attitudes and strategies of doctors and nurses to transfer their
technical skills and knowledge to Turkey by trying to understand the social, cultural
and academic associations and transnational social networks they are members of
and maintain their relations with Turkey. The study also aims to identify their
potential and role in knowledge, experience and skill transfer. At this point, the
incentive policies and programs of some institutions in Turkey regarding
cooperation with Turkish colleagues abroad and temporary or permanent return
opportunities will also be investigated. Finally, the experiences of doctors and
nurses in adapting to Germany as high-skilled immigrants and their attitudes
towards Turkey will be investigated, and the differences in attitudes before and
after migration will be analyzed.
14:45-15:00 BREAK
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Day One 23 August 2023 - 15:00-16:30
2A Wellbeing and Migration 1 [EG17]
Chair: Jeffrey H. Cohen, Ohio State University, USA
324 The mental health effects of asylum status for refugees in Germany from a
longitudinal perspective: A Growth mixture model
Judith Masselmann, Maria-Therese Friehs, Maarten van Zalk
Background:
Postmigration stressors such as an insecure asylum status or long asylum
processing times are serious risk factors for the mental health of refugees. With
this person-centred reanalysis of German survey data, we aim to quantify and
integrate these effects from a psychological perspective. The presentation will
address the following research questions beyond others: How has the mental health
of refugees in Germany, specifically regarding depression and anxiety, developed
between 2016 and 2019? How is the asylum status of refugees related to their
mental health across time? Does a change in asylum status predict changes in
mental health? How do asylum status, gender, German language skills,
employment, whether an official hearing has taken place, and whether a spouse or
children live outside of Germany predict the mental health of refugees in
Germany?
Methods:
We will use data of refugees in Germany who participated in the longitudinal IAB-
BAMF-SOEP survey between 2016 and 2019 (N = 1,241). We will investigate the
development of mental health depending on their legal asylum status and asylum
processing time using Latent Growth Curve Models. The level of unobserved
heterogeneity will be examined by computing Growth Mixture Models which
examine whether the population can be subdivided in terms of differing symptom
scores. Finally, we will explore whether established predictors of anxiety and
depression in refugees also predict whether individuals are in higher symptom
subgroups.
Findings:
We are currently running the described analysis and assure that we will be able to
present final analytical results by July 2023.
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424 Health-related issues in the forced migrations context: an intersectional and
multi-level approach in the recognition of international protection, from the
European to the Italian experience
Sara Battistello and Chiara Lucchini
In the context of forced migration, especially when referring to health-related
issues (i.e. disability, mental illness, sexually transmitted diseases, and other viral
diseases), it is possible to talk about intersectional multiple discrimination
(Arconzo, 2022) - meaning specific interaction between two or more factors of
discrimination - and not just a mere sum.
How often are institutions faced with situations of discrimination caused by more
than one factor at the same time? Are social and legal workers able to recognize
such a sort of discrimination? The authors believe that institutions, as well as social
and legal workers, are not equipped enough.
This paper aims to investigate the lack of protection that results from a traditional
sector-based approach to vulnerability with reference to forced migrants with
disability or mental and physical illness, in the European and Italian context. To
do this, the study also analyzes the legislative and welfare voids and how they affect
the international protection system (Longo, 2022; Griffo et al., 2020). In fact, we
suggest that international protection can be the most appropriate way to protect
forced migrants who are also victims of multiple discrimination - complying both
with the evolution of the refugee definition and specific case-law (ASGI, 2021;
Arconzo, 2022).
Firstly, the work aims to overcome the traditional policy of granting people with
disability or illness a complementary form of protection or a health-related
residence permit (ASGI, 2021). To do so, an intersectional approach will be useful
to examine and open up the definition of refugee (Arconzo, 2022), drawing also
from international literature and European guidelines, that state the right to be
recognized as a refugee when “sharing an innate characteristic or a common
background that cannot be changed” (EASO, 2020).
Secondly, we argue that a further look into the context of forced migrations clearly
shows that where different vulnerabilities coexist, different discriminations come
together. This becomes even more evident when listening to the stories of
migrants, where new risk factors of different forms of discrimination can emerge.
The many levels of discrimination prevent people, and even more forced migrants,
from being granted a specific position in the system and, therefore, jeopardize their
access to right care and protection (Di Sciullo et al., 2021).
Therefore, it can be useful to analyze how scholars, social and legal workers have
been recently looking at the data about nationality and health, suggesting that both
the journey and the situation in the country of arrival can affect, to a large extent,
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the discrimination factors that already coexist (Scotti, 2023; Prestileo et al., 2022;
Prestileo et al., 2021; Fakoya et al., 2016).
In conclusion, we underline how only an intersectional approach can deal with
such a complexity, better reading the reality and understanding the context; also
funneling into the path of the European Commission that recently drafted a
Strategy for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2021-2030 - an intersectional
approach for disabilities.
250 Determinants of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Syrian Refugees
living in Turkey between 2011-2017: Analysis by Gender and City
Alime Tombak
Background:
Circumstances of forced migrations are associated with increased psychological
distress, behavioural disorders, and increased prevalence of mental illnesses such
as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. Research
indicates that Syrian refugees are highly vulnerable and likely to experience various
mental diseases due to forced migration and war-related traumatic events. Also,
female migrants, on average, experience higher prevalence rates of mental
disorders, depression, anxiety, and PTSD than males. Furthermore, there are
location-based differences in the psychological stress outcomes of refugees. On
average, refugees living in large cities will have higher psychological stress than
those in small cities/ periphery.
Objective:
This study is aimed to examine the differences in psychological distress / post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to circumstances of forced migration among
Syrian refugees living in Turkey (N=785 respondents) by their location/living city
and their gender. If it differs, what are its determinants?
Method:
To explore which group of factors had the most significant influence on PTSD,
785 respondents conducted multiple logistic regression analyses.
Results:
(Preliminary Results): Among the four cities (Istanbul, Turkish centre; Sanlıurfa
province borders with Syria; Izmir large port city/transit hub; Batman as a
periphery), the highest post-trauma stress symptoms are in Istanbul and Şanlıurfa
(H1 +). There are differences in posttraumatic stress disorder outcomes among
refugees living in cities reporting big city İstanbul and the province borders with
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44
Syria city Sanlıurfa (serves as a natural entry place for Syrians) (H1 A +). Gender-
based differences exist in the posttraumatic stress disorder outcomes of refugees
who arrived in Turkey (H2 +). Syrian male refugees living in İstanbul experience
more posttraumatic stress disorder than Syrian female males living in Istanbul (H2
A-). More than %20 of male respondents living in Istanbul experience
posttraumatic stress. In Şanlıurfa, posttraumatic stress symptoms in female
respondents are higher than in male respondents (24.36%, 28.21%, 32.05%).
Conclusion:
These preliminary findings point to the importance of assessing posttraumatic
stress disorder due to the circumstances of refugees. Furthermore, these results
show that male and female refugees feel the burden of the experiences they carry
differently. Moreover, psychosocial health care can affect PTSD outcomes for
refugees by gender.
[1] MSc Sociology and Social Research thesis student at University of Cologne (Universität
zu Köln) in Germany
441 Improving Consents and the Delivery of Healthcare for Immigrants and
Refugees
Benjamin Levy
Over the past 5 years, several clinics in Chicago have been working to improve
patient centered medical care. Our goal has been to simplify the consent process
through increased use of video interpretation services, in-person interpreters
(frequently former refugees themselves who are physicians, nurses, and medical
assistants), and translated consents. Several techniques were identified and used
to improve refugee and immigrant patient understanding of procedures, which
could be easily applied to clinics in many diverse settings globally. Whenever
possible, provide easy to understand diagrams for patients, which show the
procedure steps. The diagrams should illustrate medical outcome goals without the
use of words. In addition, provide patient education materials that includes
descriptions written in a 5th grade level in the patient’s native language. Ask
patients if they can read. Work with family members (present at patient visit or
allow patients to video call family members during the patient visit) to assist with
procedure planning such as taking a colonoscopy prep, NPO status, and the
management of diabetic medications and blood thinners.
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2B History and Migration 1 [UG14]
Chair: Caner Tekin, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
245 The “Long Duree” Practice in Exploring the Iban’s Migration to the State
of Sabah, Malaysia 1940-2011
Amrullah Maraining
History as a discipline in social science keeps evolving through multidimensional
foci and transcendent in its discipline, attracting more investigative and empirical
debates. Such diversity results from the ink of contemporary history, although
sometimes this may only be limited to polemic debates. Despite this, the
development of contemporary history remains of utmost importance in the
inquiries of knowledge. This study seeks to explore the democratization of
historical methodology, emphasizing the studies of ethnicity in the state of Sabah,
situated in East Malaysia. By acknowledging investigative and empirical inquiries
on history, this study posits that the investigate question on ethnicity in Sabah
requires a more democratic and universal approach. This study aims at achieving
three objectives. Firstly, this study highlights the Annales methodology as an
alternative approach in understanding democratizing historical methodology. This
study also aligned with the current history of the Iban community migration to
Sabah. Secondly, this study analyzes the practice of “Longue Duree” to separate
the history of migration of the Sabah’s Iban community through the timeline. This
timeline approach would ultimately influence the migration patterns and the
history of Sabah’s Iban community formation. Thirdly, this study aims to
understand the social science’s orientation, focusing on the strength of the Annales
approach to unravel the aspects of cultural change. This approach highlights the
process of adaptation, assimilation with local culture, social development,
economic and political dynamics in explaining the formation of the Iban
community in Sabah. This study will explore the Iban’s community in two villages
in Mukim Merotai Besar and Mukim Balung to further understand these inquiries
of debates as previously mentioned. This study adopts the framework of Annale’s
approach through the concept of ‘Longue Duree.’ Through structural analysis as a
platform of analysis, this study aims to explore the historical facts through the
methodology of data collection conducted in the field. Overall, this study
successfully proves that the Annales approach helps understand the history of
Iban’s migration to Sabah. In addition, this study provides a diverse point of view
in challenging the existing orientation of social knowledge in the Iban community.
This study concludes that the framework of Annales approach enables enhanced
perspective and widens the dynamics of historical knowledge as time flies.
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145 The Story of a Revolution: Czech and Slovak Migration from Historical
Central Europe Lands to the U.S.
Sezgin Uysal and Martin Guzi
The “Forty-Eighters” case which started in the German Empire and expanded all
parts of Europe refers to the revolutionary wave of 1848 in Europe. Political
reforms turned into a series of civil conflicts that led to political instability,
starvation and were triggered by large emigration from Europe to Australia, the
United Kingdom, and the United States (U.S). The U.S at that time encountered
high economic growth that attracted labourers from all the world. Therefore,
Czech and Slovak migrants were forced to migrate to find new jobs, while others
had to emigrate for political reform, institutional change, and conflict reasons.
Considering all these situations had heterogeneous migration intentions for
immigrant groups. The U.S was an attractive destination for Czech and Slovak
labour emigrants. As a matter of fact, between 1850 and 1910, approximately
325.000 Czechs and Slovaks immigrated for several reasons to the U.S. This paper
will study the emigration of the Czechs and Slovaks to the U.S in the period 1850-
1910. It will explore migration's economic and political motives using the
microdata of emigrating individuals. On the other hand, the study aims to explore
different migrants, such as Czech and Slovak migrant groups situation of
residential, duration of persistence conditions, and labour market performance
after the migration to the host country. The study takes data from American census
records available in Ancestry and IPUMS (the Integrated Public Use Microdata
Series) databases.
The individual records of Czech and Slovak immigrants to the U.S are obtained at
the time of arrival. They include detailed information about gender, age, birthplace,
mother tongue, occupation, industry, and education. The microdata obtained from
IPUMS and Ancestry with the census records of each person will be compared in
ten-year periods. It will emphasise on personal characteristics, social networks or
geographical network structures that affect the permanent duration of immigrants
in the host country.
369 Counterparts or Self-operating? Pro-AKP Migrant Organisations in
Germany
Sezer İdil Göğüş
During the AKP era, a general re-orientation of Turkish foreign policy could be
observed, which also impacted the outreach towards Turks residing abroad as part
of “diaspora engagement” (Aydın 2014, Öktem 2014, Baser 2015, Baser/Ozturk
2019). This engagement of Turkey has manifested itself in various aspects from
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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granting her citizens abroad external voting rights to a policy that encouraged
institutionalisation (Mencutek/Baser 2018) . At the same time, the AKP started to
stress identity bonds to a community outside of the place of actual residence. In
the vein of this new diaspora engagement, certain political activities (Adamson
2012, 2019) could be observed amongst Turkish people in Germany. Inter alia,
pro-AKP/Erdoğan groups and organisations such as Union of International
Democrats (UID) and short-lived German small party with Turkish background
Alliance German Democrats (AD-Demokraten) entered the political stage. These
organisations appear to represent – at the least functional – local counterparts for
Turkey’s transnational cultural policy. They address Turkey-related themes,
embrace the historical and national identity bods, and are able to reach many
Turkish people in Germany through events and/or social media. They are not just
passive receivers of the AKP’s diaspora politics, but they are also active political
agents (Arkilic 2020, Goksu/Leerkes 2022), who position themselves and root
their activities locally in Germany. The data is collected through three years
ethnographic research (participant observations, interviews, and virtual
ethnography) among the pro-AKP organisations UID and AD-Demokraten, and
offers a micro analysis on the activities, the motivations, and the agency of these
diaspora organizations. This paper, therefore, aims to analyse the resonance of the
AKP’s diaspora politics from local level perspectives in Germany by studying the
roles they play for their clienteles: How do those people of Turkish descent and
their organisations who respond to the new diaspora politics frame and justify their
related activities with an eye to their life in Germany?
2C Mexico as a Source and a Destination Country [BG3/4]
Chair: Carla Pederzini Villarreal, University of Iberoamericana, Mexico
1116 Adaptation of a community health outreach model during the COVID-19
pandemic: The case of the Mexican Consulates in the United States of
America
Pablo Gaitan Rossi, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Arturo Vargas-Bustamante
Amongst Mexicans in the US, an important strategy to get information and health
care navigation support during the COVID-19 pandemic was seeking help from
the Mexican Consulates. Particularly, the Ventanillas de Salud (VDS) have been
found to be a culturally sensitive outreach program within the Consulates available
to Mexicans in the US regardless of their immigration status. This study examines
how the VDS in two Mexican Consulates in the US adapted their outreach services
to better serve Mexicans in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. We use the
EquIR framework, a pragmatic guideline for conducting equity-focused
implementation research in health interventions. We identify the key
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implementation processes that the VDS enacted to adapt and continue outreach
services and document the specific needs and experiences of the population that
used the VDS to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. The qualitative study will
assess implementation outcomes that aid in the strengthening and replication of
the VDS model for future public health crises.
1117 Does Lighter means Healthier? Skin color and health status among Mexican
immigrants
Erika Arenas, Luis Ruvalcaba, Graciela Teruel
A vast amount of research reveals a negative association between dark skin tone
and individual’s life chances (Keith & Herring, 1991; Klonoff & Landrine, 2000).
Structural racism, at the macro level, and racial discrimination, at the individual
level, are the main drivers suggested by the literature explaining this association. In
terms of health outcomes, darker skin shades have been associated with worst
outcomes among U.S. born Americans, and among lawful immigrants and
permanent residents in the United States (Williams et al. 2003; Borell et al. 2006;
Han 2020; Painter and Tabler 2022). Yet, there are no studies investigating this
association among undocumented individuals, which account to 25% of the
immigrant population in the United States (about 11 million). In this paper, we
contribute to the literature by examining the association between skin tone and
physical and mental health among a recent cohort of Mexican migrants that moved
to the United States after 2002. We use data from the Mexican Family Life Survey
(the MxFLS), which is a novel panel dataset that has followed respondents even if
they moved to the United States. In 2002, when the MxFLS baseline was
conducted all respondents (N=35,000) were residing in Mexico. In 2005, and in
2010, when the second and third waves were conducted, respectively, about 10%
of the sample moved to the United States. Using the MxFLS for this investigation
offers unique advantages to study the association between health and skin tone.
First, about 80% of the MxFLS sample consisted of undocumented immigrants, a
population that has not been previously examined. Second, the MxFLS collected
information about the skin color of the respondents using a skin color palette.
Interviewers would choose the skin color of the respondent based on this skin
color palette. Third, the MxFLS included a wide array of health information (i.e.,
mental health, and subjective measures of health) that was collected every wave.
This is a clear advantage over other surveys given that having pre-migration
information about the health status of immigrants allows controlling for potential
biases caused by health selection of migrants. Fourth, the MxFLS collected
information about the context of reception of migrants. Finally, it included socio-
demographic information that may influence the association between health and
skin tone. This paper will contribute to the literature investigating how the
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existence of racial and color hierarchies shapes life chances among immigrants, in
particular those undocumented.
1118 What do Mexicans think about newcomers? A qualitative analysis of
immigrant local perceptions
Karla Valenzuela Moreno and Marilyn Román Bejarano
This article sheds light on the perception that Mexicans have about newcomers in
three state capitals: Saltillo, Coahuila; Monterrey, Nuevo León and Guadalajara,
Jalisco. By conducting focus groups with members of the community and semi-
structured interviews with stakeholders, we were able to determine which factors
influence local perceptions about migrant persons. Our findings agree with other
studies that point to the importance of local characteristics in the integration
process. We show that perceptions differ among subnational jurisdictions. Even
though there are shared perceptions -such as immigrants being poor and therefore
dangerous, and a strong preference for skilled newcomers-, local features -such as
values and lifestyles- have a strong influence in the acceptance of immigrants.
1119 Labor force participation of Central American migrant men and women in
Mexico
Liliana Meza González and Carla Pederzini Villarreal
The paper uses information from the 2000, 2010 and 2020 censuses as well as the
2015 Intercensal Survey to compare access to the labor market for men and women
from Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras residing in Mexico. Labor
participation, main economic sectors, human capital and income levels of the men
and women of each of the three nationalities considered are compared, seeking to
identify from a gender perspective the differentiated labor participation of each
nationality. We estimate a model of labor participation to identify the interaction
of gender and nationality in the migrant population from Central America.
2D Migraciones and Transnacionalismo 1 [BG 5/6]
Chair: Pascual Garcia, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
450 Biopolítica y migración: Un análisis de las condiciones del desplazamiento
centroamericano por el Noroeste de México
Julio César Félix Chávez and Nayeli Burgueño Angulo
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La presente propuesta es parte de una investigación, cuyo objetivo principal es el
conocer sobre la situación del fenómeno de la migración de tránsito de origen
centroamericano y aportar a los estudios regionales sobre la movilidad y cruce de
personas por México. Desde el análisis socio-antropológico, se pretende conocer
sobre la situación que viven los migrantes de tránsito en su paso por la región del
Noroeste de México y de qué manera el discurso que se ha construido, desde el
Estado-Nación, traducido en la aplicación de políticas antiinmigrantes de exclusión
y criminalización, condiciona y legitima la situación de marginación y violación de
derechos humanos de los migrantes. En el marco de las políticas de contención
migratoria implementadas por los gobiernos de Estados Unidos y México, se
presenta un discurso de criminalización de la migración no autorizada, que se
acrecienta con el aumento de la migración de origen centroamericano en su
búsqueda por llegar a los Estados Unidos (Del Monte y Mariscal, 2020). El presente
trabajo analiza el impacto de las movilidades en este contexto, el papel de las
fronteras y políticas migratorias, no solo en las condiciones y retos con los que se
enfrentan los migrantes ante estas, sino entenderlas como resultado de un discurso
que obedece a una visión etnocéntrica de exclusión y racismo, que se profundiza y
legitima. Se utilizan los conceptos de biopoder y biopolítica, como herramientas
conceptuales y metodológicas, lo que Foucault (2019) definió como la injerencia
del poder sobre la vida, sobre los cuerpos y su existencia, el cual se manifiesta no
solo a través de leyes e instituciones, sino que permea en toda la sociedad, través
de múltiples relaciones de fuerza.
492 Ecuador de país emisor de migrantes a tránsito y destino de millón de
venezolanos
Pascual Garcia
El presente artículo se enfoca en analizar y explicar las causas y dinamicas del
continuum migratorio de Ecuador. Asi como también a través de metodología
etnográfica y etnográfica virtual e investigación documental, exploramos las rutas,
las redes sociales utilizadas para llegar a su destino. Esta investigación también es
una reflexión crítica a la gobernanza de Ecuador y sus ciclos político-económicos
y las respuestas por parte de la ciudadanía ecuatoriana bajo el marco conceptual
desarrollado por Albert Hirschman de voz, salida y lealtad.
Según datos de Naciones Unidas, desde 2014 más de 7 millones venezolanos
abandonaron el país de los cuales 6.3 millones se encuentran en América Latina y
el Caribe (R4V 2022) este éxodo debido a la agitación política, la inestabilidad
socioeconómica y la crisis humanitaria en curso crisis; Según la OIM (2019), el
Corredor Andino es la ruta vía terrestre más utilizada y dinámica de Sudamérica.
Donde anualmente cruzan 225 mil venezolanos por Ecuador y radican 520 mil
aproximadamente según datos de (R4V 2023).
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Por lo tanto, realizamos un estudio exploratorio para conocer las dinámicas
migratorias, prácticas xenófobas que sufren los migrantes
mediante observación participativa y estudio de caso con migrantes venezolanos
en Macará, Pindal, Alamor, Zapotillo y Huaquillas (pueblos fronterizos en el
Sur Ecuador) sobre sus experiencias de movilidad en cuanto a racismo, salud y
redes sociales.
Los datos empíricos se recogieron mediante 66 entrevistas semiestructuradas
recogidas entre marzo 2022 y enero 2023 a venezolanos en los lugares
mencionados gracias a un proyecto financiado por la Universidad tecnica Particular
de Loja en Ecuador.
Los hallazgos muestran que sus trayectorias incluyen migración circular entre
Colombia, Ecuador y Perú y también un ir y venir entre su destino y Venezuela,
así como múltiples períodos de permanecer en diferentes lugares. Además, los
participantes informarondificultades para garantizar sus medios de vida -
subsistencia- en las sociedades de acogida y un aumento de la xenofobia en
Ecuador.
431 Migración de transito de centroamericanos por Zacatecas México hacia
Estados Unidos
Pascual Gerardo García Zamora and Juan Lamberto Herrera Martínez
En estos momentos de postpandemia las circunstancias económicas y sociales han
hecho sinergia como elementos generadores de mayor precariedad en la
satisfacción de las necesidades básicas y también un incremento de la inseguridad
física de las poblaciones en la región, por lo cual las personas y familias completas
se ven en la necesidad de buscar mejores condiciones de vida y desarrollo para
todos ellos, enfrentando de manera diferencial los obstáculos que el proceso
migratorio va presentando según las condiciones socioeconómicas, redes sociales
de apoyo, acceso a internet y la capacidad en la toma de decisiones en esta
experiencia de vida. Según la cepal la pandemia del Covid-19 y la crisis social
incrementaron la pobreza extrema en la región de América Latina y el Caribe de
13.1 por ciento en 2020 a 13.8 por ciento en el 2021, porcentajes conformados
por 81 millones a 88 millones de personas de personas que descendieron en la
escala de pobreza (Cepal 2021) a El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar, a
partir de los testimonios de los propios migrantes, las regiones de más riesgos para
su integridad, asi como los lugares, instituciones y poblaciones que acogen de
manera solidaria su paso por México, así abordamos como el problema complejo
de la migración presenta diversos desenlaces, desde los que logran llegar al destino,
hasta los que después de muchos problemas deciden quedarse en México o buscan
como retornar a sus países de origen. La metodología implementada para recopilar
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y analizar la información es la etnográfica, aplicando entrevistas semiestructuradas
en la ciudad de Zacatecas que se encuentra en la parte centro norte del país
aproximadamente a 600 km de la frontera con estados Unidos. La Estructura de la
entrevista se centra en conocer la experiencia vivida desde que ingresa por
Tapachula Chiapas que es la frontera sur del país, hasta esta ciudad. El presente
estudio nos permitirá conocer la diversidad de experiencias desde el ingreso a
México las rutas que toman, sus motivaciones, estrategias de sobrevivencia, medios
de transporte, interacción con la población mexicana, fuerzas armadas y acceso de
servicios asistenciales. Además, identificar sus redes sociales, funcionalidad y
presencia en lugar de origen y destino, percepción de riesgo e identificación de las
fuentes de este. El producto del presente trabajo permitirá conocer las condiciones
en que los migrantes centroamericanos realizan este viaje a través de México
Palabras clave: Migración, Rutas y Redes sociales
Cepal 2021; panorama social de américa latina 2021
313 Vivir de las remesas sociales: Historias de vida de 6 familias ecuatorianas
migrantes
Martha Sofia Garcia Guerrero, Ruben García, Analy Guaman Carrion
La migración transnacional también enfatiza la construcción de la comunidad
transnacional, la cual se encuentra asociada a los integrantes de un circuito
migratorio y a la importancia que estos le den al lugar de origen, siendo el lugar al
que siempre vuelven o el lugar en el que se encuentra establecida su familia
(Goldring,1997). Otros autores identifican a la comunidad transnacional, como el
conjunto de migrantes que provienen de un mismo lugar de origen y que a su vez
desarrollan prácticas transnacionales que vinculan a las personas con sus
localidades (Rivera Sánchez, 2007). La comunidad transnacional se enfoca en todos
los circuitos que sostienen lazos sociales estrechos, de forma que la construcción
de comunidad contribuye a que se establezca una relación de pertenencia de los
migrantes hacia la comunidad. Goldring (1997) también menciona, que el
parentesco es un factor importante, ya que los lazos que se mantiene en el circuito
migratorio con la familia son más relevantes del que se mantiene con el lugar de
origen.
El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las prácticas transnacionales de los
migrantes ecuatorianos, tomando en consideración al transnacionalismo desde las
bases, se llevará a cabo bajo el planteamiento metodológico cualitativo. Como
menciona Casilimas (1996), los acercamientos de tipo cualitativo nos muestran
realidades subjetivas e intersubjetivas. Lo que se pretende es comprender las
distintas realidades, desde una mirada a partir de los actores sociales, mediante
historias de vida y entrevistas a profundidad a seis familias ecuatorianas radicando
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en España, Italia y Estados Unidos y como mantienen lazos sostenidos con su
lugar de origen mediante las remesas sociales
Los migrantes a entrevistar fueron seleccionados mediante bola de nieve, dentro
de ella se identificaron a participantes claves, mediante etnografía virtual puesto
que esta técnica abre un nuevo campo en la investigación, ampliando el análisis en
los múltiples escenarios, permitiendo el uso de herramientas digitales para su
exploración. Los hallazgos muestran que durante la pandemia se intensificaron
estos lazos por medio de llamadas, envío de ropa, medicinas e ideas para
emprender. Sin embargo se necesita proseguir en el tiempo con las entrevistas a las
mismas familias para poder conocer en un mayor periodo de tiempo la evolución
o cambios de las prácticas sociales y el transnacionalismo que viven estas seis
familias en tres lugares de destino diferente.
2E Migration, Law and Policy 2 [EG15/16]
Chair: Thomas Richter, German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Germany
1127 Emotions and extremism: The connection of discrimination, anger and the
acceptance of political violence
Rebecca Endtricht
1128 Effects of the perception of human rights violations and protests in Iran on
Islamophobic attitudes towards Muslims in Germany: Results of two
representative surveys and a survey experiment
Peter Wetzels and Thomas Richter
1129 Declines in Perceptions of Fairness and Legitimacy as Precursors of Political
Radicalisation in Times of Crisis
Diego Farren and Katrin Brettfeld
2F Migration and Environment [UG11]
Chair: Jara Al-Ali, Universität Hamburg, Germany
435 The European Union facing Environmental Migration: An Interpretive
Policy Analysis of the report on “The Impact of Climate Change on
Vulnerable Populations in Developing Countries.”
Armelle Wafo
Since 1985, a growing body of research has shown that the congruence between
migration and climate change has led to the emergence of a new form of migration:
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"environmental migration" (Blocher, 2017; Cournil and Vlassopoulos, 2015).
Today, nationals of "developing countries" are mainly affected by climate change.
Indeed, according to the World Bank, by 2050, there will be 143 million internally
displaced people due to climate change, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia
and Latin America.Climate change affects not only the place of residence of these
people, their health, their livelihoods but also the overall balance of the affected
regions (Moor, 2011). However, there is currently no legal framework that can
guarantee protection to people who migrate for environmental reasons (Ni, 2015).
Issues related to environmental migration, occasionally debated since the late 1990s
within the European Union, took about ten years to be formally included in the
agenda of the European Commission. Indeed, on 16 April 2013, a working
document made for the first time a link between migration and climate change.
The latter is published as an annex to the communication on the European Union's
climate change adaptation strategy. It was not until 2020 that a motion for a
resolution, contained in an own-initiative report of the European Parliament
entitled “The impact of climate change on vulnerable populations in developing
countries” (González, 2020), proposed concrete measures to legally regulate and
protect environmental migrants. These measures range from diversifying climate
change adaptation policies to granting international protection or humanitarian
visas to these people. To be approved, the proposal had to obtain a simple majority
vote. Following the plenary debate that took place in May 2021 in Brussels, the
proposal is rejected.
How can we understand the non-adoption of this proposal? What links can be
established between the different political positions identified in the motion for a
resolution and the final vote? Did the requests for amendments to this report play
a role in the non-adoption of the resolution? It is these questions that this research
aims to answer. To achieve this, the report will be analyzed using interpretive policy
analysis (IPA) (Yanow, 2007). This approach invites us to question the meaning of
public policies by focusing on the language used in political debates (Ibid.). In
doing so, the IPA highlights the different actors involved in the decision-making
process, their political positions and the contextual elements surrounding the
drafting of the motion for a resolution (prior negotiations, debate, amendments,
testimonies and political ideologies). This analysis ultimately makes it possible to
understand the deep issues that hinder the evolution of European debates around
environmental migration.
289 Environmental Inequities and Urban Migration: An Analysis of Climate
Injustice for Syrian Communities in Istanbul
Elif Bengi Güneş and Osman Balaban
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Anthropogenic climate change results in both systemic inequalities and global
harmful repercussions. While it was long seen as an environmental catastrophe, it
has now emerged as a source of social inequality. The most vulnerable populations
in the city, including women, children, even unborn babies, the elderly, the
disabled, and those with poor income, face considerably more severe issues.
Nonetheless, in many countries in the world, migrants stand out as one of the
groups that go through this process the most intensely.
Due to its geographical and strategic location, Turkey has been a frequent
destination for regular and irregular migration, including mass asylum movements
since the Ottoman period. Despite this, both central and local strategies have not
been sufficiently effective in alleviating migrants' hardships and supporting their
way of life. As the Syrian Civil War began in 2011, Turkey's open-door policy drew
a caravan of 252 refugees, resulting in an influx of nearly 3.5 million people. Racial
discrimination, an absence of Turkish language skills, fear of deportation, labor
exploitation, and economic woes have all led to problems in the regular lifestyle of
Syrians, and have limited their capacity to survive disasters.
This paper is based on an ongoing research that aims to expose the vulnerability
of Syrian immigrants dwelling in Istanbul, a city at the epicenter of international
migration and under severe climate stress, toward environmental consequences. In
this context, a macro-scale map was produced by examining the relationship
between the data obtained on the impacts of environmental change in Istanbul and
the neighborhoods where Syrian migrants constitute a spatial concentration. Then,
an equal-weighted score approach was used to implicate the vulnerability
characteristics. In the second phase, field surveys was conducted in the 12 most
risky quarters. In-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out in Turkish and
Arabic with a total of 60 people, 5 from each neighborhood. The interviews with
participating Syrians were transcribed and synthesized into a thematic framework
using an iterative approach.
As a result, it is revealed that Syrian migrants in Istanbul suffer from lack of social
status, risk ignorance, being neglected, lack of basic rights, distrust, and livelihood
difficulties. These disempowering factors cause them to live mostly in critical areas
of Istanbul in terms of climatic hazards and have inferior and feeble coping
aptitudes. In particular, for Syrian communities, family structure, institutional
insecurity, language barriers and home comfort are likely to exacerbate the pressure
of climate impacts. Despite having access to services that support climate
adaptation, such as health and education, Syrians in Istanbul are largely unaware of
climate change, and they are diverting resources to more prioritized concerns and
life activities.
In Turkey, which has a robust migratory tendency, it is critical to investigate and
evaluate the issue of climate justice at the urban and community levels to
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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comprehend current and prospective social issues. Furthermore, addressing the
unequal distribution of the consequences of climate change on populations and
adopting pragmatic, adaptable, and successful utilitarian policies would make a
substantial contribution to the literature.
61 Climate Induced Migration and Sexual Reproductive Health & Rights
(SRHR): A descriptive study based on climate induced displacement in
Pakistan
Syed Imran Haider, Muhammad Ali Awan, Shahzad Ahmed Shiz
Pakistan is amongst the countries most vulnerable to climate change and the most
recent are the floods and torrential rains during 2022. According to the Global
Climate Risk Index, from 1999 to 2018, Pakistanis experienced 152 events of
extreme weather which caused 9,989 lives. An important, but usually ignored in
policies and plans, climate impact is climate-induced migration. The last decade has
seen a growth in climate migrants, and the patterns of forced climate displacement
and migration can be observed in every province of Pakistan. Impacts of climate-
related displacement are challenging and complex. Studies show that climate
change has direct implications for SRHR. An increase of one degree Celsius in the
week before delivery increases the likelihood of still birth up to six percent [1,2].
Climate disasters result in loss of livelihood and decreased yields which impacts
maternal health due to decreased nutrient intake because of limited availability
[3,4,5]. The present study has been an attempt to assess the issues of SRHR after
a climate induced displacement. The study focused on the 02 district of Sindh
province including Larkana and Shikarpur which are amongst the worst affected
by floods in 2021. The data was collected from displaced women (24) and relief
workers (04) through in-depth interviews which was later analyzed thematically.
Results present a strong impact of climate migration on the SRHR situation
especially of women and young girls. It was found that such movement of families
further strengthens the culture of gender inequality. The situation challenging the
traditional gender roles by pushing women and girls to search for food and other
relief items creates many complications and increases protection challenges. The
situation disrupts the already limited access of women to sexual and reproductive
health care. Lack of access to routine hygiene and menstrual management items
increases the risk of reproductive tract infections. Most of the participants reported
that already limited economic opportunities of women get further decreased
impacting adversely on their ability to purchase the required items. Women using
contraceptives are pushed to discontinue due to non-availability and more focus
on the livelihood than other things. This situation creates very difficult scenario
for the pregnant women, and this can impact on their pregnancy outcome as well
as the health of mother and child. A highly reported issue was the inadequate
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service delivery from public sector intervention in the camps and displaced sides.
Even the limited interventions were gender blind and lacking to demonstrate
notion of gender mainstreaming resulting leaving behind women needs particularly
related to SRHR. The study recommends a high need for provision of climate and
environment education to masses, mobilization and capacity building around
disaster risk reduction and active engagement of government and civil society for
protection and SRHR initiatives.
517 Climate Im(mobility) under the lens of climate justice
Marilia Papaléo Gagliardi
Although climate change is a natural phenomenon, it has already been proven that
it was greatly aggravated by human activities, which increased greenhouse gas
emissions and thus accelerated and intensified its consequences. As a result, there
is the worsening of disasters (here considered in their natural and social
dimensions) which are more intense and frequent than ever, and that affects the
way of life of certain communities and even their possibility of survival. In this
context, it is noteworthy that, although the phenomenon is global, it affects certain
regions and societies disproportionately, depending both on their geographic
position and on the intrinsic vulnerabilities related to that particular population.
E.g. those who live in the Global South suffer more from the impacts of climate
change. Despite the greater contribution of the Global North to this scenario, and
its climate and environmental debt, the richest regions not only tend to try to limit
and prevent the movement of the most vulnerable people affected by those events
to migrate from the Global South (which is already not the main route to migrate
in this situations), but they also tend to lack a strategy to protect those more
vulnerable within their own countries. In this scenario, the relationship that
indigenous peoples and local communities have with their land is taken into
account when considering not only the damage suffered but also the right of
remain that is being violated. This study seeks to analyze how different
populations, in different regions are being affected by climate change, how this can
lead to their national or international displacement and what measures have been
taken to mitigate these effects and allow the permanence of populations already in
a greater state of vulnerability, either because of their situation as climate migrants
or because of their immobility (derived from the lack of resources or their deep
connection with the territory). To do so, this paper seeks to make a comparative
analysis on how this phenomenon is being protected at the national/ federal level
in both South American and European countries, contrasting the global North and
South, from the perspective of climate justice.
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2G Migration and Integration 2 [UG13]
Chair: Banu Dalaman, Istnabul Topkapi University, Turkey
308 A latent profile analysis of Germans’ psychological responses to refugees:
Patterns of threat perceptions, attitudes, intergroup emotions, and their
antecedents
Saskia Schubert and Tobias Ringeisen
Members of receiving societies can respond to the arrival and resettling of refugees
very differently. Research has shown that person-centered factors related to social
identity can affect the level of perceived threat towards refugees, which in turn are
linked to the intensity of negative and positive intergroup emotions and attitudes
toward refugees (Stephan & Stephan, 2000; Stephan, 2014; Kauff et al., 2017).
However, it is largely unknown to what degree members of receiving societies
display differential yet distinct patterns of cognitive-affective-attitudinal responses
towards refugees.
The current study used latent profile analysis to examine whether a sample of
Germans (N= 910) may be classified into distinct response profiles. Participants
completed a cross-sectional online survey, which covered threat perceptions
(symbolic threat, realistic threat, negative stereotypes), intergroup emotions
(anxiety, hope, anger, and happiness), attitudes towards refugees, and antecedents
related to social identity (identity as German, prior intercultural contact, cognitive
empathy).
We could identify four different groups of Germans, which showed distinct
response patterns regarding cognitive-affective-attitudinal responses, yet partly
regarding antecedents. “The threatened angry” (13,1 %) displayed high threat
perceptions, strong negative intergroup emotions and negative attitudes towards
refugees, while reporting low intercultural contact experiences. “The hopeful
approachable” (28,6 %) showed antagonistic patterns with generally more positive
perceptions and attitudes. “The moderately threatened” (41,4 %) displayed
moderate threat perceptions, intergroup emotions and attitudes toward refugees.
The forth profile, “the moderately threatened and anxious” (16,9 %) showed a
slightly elevated but otherwise similar pattern to the largest group regarding threat
perceptions and intergroup emotions, except for a stronger display of intergroup
anxiety. None of the four groups differed significantly in their level of social
identity as German.
In essence, the majority of respondents report generally positive attitudes towards
refugees (86,9%) and a rather low sense of threat (70%). Knowledge about
different perceptions and intergroup emotions can help to create effective
interventional programs and information campaigns with group-specific
approaches.
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References
Kauff, M., Asbrock, F., Wagner, U., Pettigrew, T. F., Hewstone, M., Schäfer, S. J., & Christ,
O. (2017). (Bad) Feelings about Meeting Them? Episodic and Chronic Intergroup
Emotions Associated with Positive and Negative Intergroup Contact As Predictors of
Intergroup Behavior. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1449. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fpsyg.2017.01449
Stephan, C.W., & Stephan, W.G. (2000). An Integrated Threat Theory of Prejudice In S.
Oskamp (Ed.), “The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology" Reducing
prejudice and discrimination (p. 23–45). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Publishers. https://doi.org/ 10.4324/9781410605634-7
Stephan, W. G. (2014). Intergroup Anxiety: Theory, Research, and Practice. Personality
and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683145
30518
429 Migration. Integration? Trends, impacts and solutions and the aftermath of
the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy
Mariann Dömös
Italy is one of the key actors in international migration processes in the
Mediterranean region. Due to its historical and geopolitical location, the country
has always been involved in migration trends, just the direction of this migration
varied from era to era. At the end of the century, it became a country of destination,
and from the 2000s, immigration began to increase to such an extent that it caused
problems and difficulties in managing the phenomenon. At the political level, this
issue was handled in different ways, but mainly as a border police issue. However,
integration is essential for a successful immigration policy to reduce existing
tensions and problems and to prevent new ones from arising; it is also necessary
to enable immigrants to integrate as successfully as possible. In the case of Italy,
there is a wide broad of organisations in civil society, and some of them try to
handle the mass migration at the local level. An essential goal of the presentation
is to demonstrate that if the migration policy at the decision-making level is
incomplete or inadequate, the civil sphere can (at least partially) alleviate the
problems. Another essential research question related to the topic is the
importance of the organisations and the activities they are engaged in to reduce
integration problems. Thanks to the research, a typology of the organisations was
also completed, describing them according to their main characteristics.
Since February 2020, Italy has also been hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic, which
had a multi-level impact on immigration. In the first period, immigration stopped,
but then it continued again, causing new challenges in migration issues for Italy.
During the pandemic, the Italian government primarily strengthened border
security and closure policies, facing the problem from a ‘not in my backyard’
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approach (quarantine on cruise ships) without considering integration. On the
other hand, due to the pandemic, these treatment strategies were questioned at
several points, and new approaches were brought. As a result of the pandemic, civil
organisations had to face new challenges too; for example, accessibility to health
care was more difficult, and the already existing inequalities have increased and
gotten worse in certain sectors of the economy. Another focal point of the
presentation is the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on Italian immigration and
NGOs. How the Italian situation regarding immigration has changed after the
pandemic, and what kind of conclusion does this period provides?
In my presentation, my main focus will be on the challenges of Italian integration
policy, just like the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on Italian immigrant
communities through the lens of Italian NGOs. Based especially on empirical
experiences, the lecture results from various years of research in Italy with different
scholarships. I mainly use qualitative methods and primary sources to analyse
Italian civic society. My fieldwork has been taken since 2016, and I participated in
the work of civil organisations and did observations, interviews and case studies.
246 Plurale Agencies zur Geschichte der Flucht im 21. Jh.: Agency-
Konstellationen und Symmetrisierungen von Fluchtbewegungen nach
Deutschland
Andres Otalvaro
Im Rahmen der seit 2015 laufenden Fluchtbewegungen nach Europa entstehen
wissenschaftliche Fragen, die sich auf die Geschichte und den Alltag der
geflüchteten Menschen beziehen: Wie soll diese Geschichte erzählt und
geschrieben werden? Wer erzählt diese Geschichte? Welche Rolle spielen Stimmen
und Körper, Bedürfnisse, Emotionen und Affekte von geflüchteten Menschen bei
der (Mit-)Gestaltung dieser Geschichte? Was bedeutet also eine Geschichte mit
den Stimmen und Körpern der Geflüchteten? Welche sind die strukturellen
Hindernisse und Möglichkeiten für die Entwicklung einer solchen Geschichte und
die Verstärkung der politischen und geschichtlichen Teilhabe von Menschen mit
Fluchterfahrung?
Diese Überlegungen weisen auf eine ältere Frage hin, die Gayatri Spivak 1987
formulierte: Can the subaltern speak? Dazu gehört die Eruierung des
Forschungsfelds „agency“, was hier als Handlungsfähigkeit oder Handlungsmacht
definiert wird. Dementsprechend werde ich in meinem Vortrag interdisziplinäre
Ansätze zur agency rund um den Neuen Materialismus beanspruchen. In diesem
Rahmen wird nicht nur die agency von Menschen mit Fluchtgeschichte, sondern
auch die agency von fluchtbezogenen Netzwerken, Prozessen, Mobilisierungen,
Organisationen und Dingen beschrieben. Daher ergeben sich was ich Agency-
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Konstellationen der Fluchtrealitäten und entsprechende Symmetrisierungen
nenne.
Im Mittelpunkt meiner Präsentation stehen also die Menschen mit Fluchterfahrung
und ihre Geschichten. Zu beachten ist infolgedessen die agency bzw. die
Handlungsfähigkeit von geflüchteten Menschen als vulnerable und marginalisierte
Gruppe in einem bestimmten historischen Zeitraum (Europa im 21. Jh., konkret
Deutschland seit 2015). Darüber hinaus ist es notwendig, um eine
anthropozentrische Herangehensweise (menschliche Exklusivität) zu überwinden,
zusätzliche Verflechtungen mit anderen Formen der agency in Betracht zu ziehen.
Die Berücksichtigung von pluralen agencies beabsichtigt die Überwindung der
Fokussierung auf Geschichten oder agencies von großen Strukturen (z.B. der
Staat), Institutionen, Ideologien, prominenten Persönlichkeiten und
hegemonischen Narrativen. Unter einer sogenannten Symmetrisierung gewinnen
die Geschichten „von unten“ der durchschnittlichen Menschen mit
Fluchterfahrung an Relevanz.
Mit Blick auf das sehr dynamische Phänomen der Flucht in Deutschland bzw. in
Europa im 21 Jh. möchte ich fünf Agency-Konstellationen mit ihren pluralen
involvierten Akteur:innen, Prozessen, Komponenten und Artikulationen erstmal
flexibel abgrenzen: a) Agency-Konstellation der Unterstützung, Solidarität und
Gastfreundschaft sowie des Humanitarismus; b) Agency-Konstellation der Gewalt,
des Rassismus und der Verletzbarkeit; c) Agency-Konstellation der staatlichen und
kommunalen Strukturen; d) Zusätzliche geographische und soziokulturelle
Agency-Konstellationen e) Andere materiellen Netzwerke, technologischen
Assemblagen und Umgebungsverhältnisse.
Die konstitutive agency von Menschen mit Fluchtbiographie hat ihre eigenen
Alleinerstellungsmerkmale. Körper, Emotionen, Affekte, Begehren, Sprachen
(Mehrsprachigkeit), Handlungs- und Wirkmächte von geflüchteten Menschen
sowie ihre alltäglichen und dauerhaften Selbstorganisationen und Kooperationen
durchqueren aktiv und fortlaufend die oben genannten Konstellationen als
Kernausdrücke ihrer agency bzw. als die sogenannte Autonomie der Migration.
Diese (relative) Autonomie der Migrierenden erlaubt es ihnen, einen eigenen
Referenzrahmen zu etablieren bzw. eine eigene „walking and talking“ Alltags- und
Erfahrungsordnung mit eigenen Begriffen, Normen, Werten, Kodierungen und
Erfahrungen angesichts sehr dichten und gewaltsamen Migrationskontrollen und
Grenzregimes (vgl. De Genova 2017, 1-35; Papadopoulus und Tsianos 2013, 178-
196; Andrijasevic, Bojadnijev, Hess, Karakayali, Panagiotidis, Tsianos 2005, 345-
362; Rosenthal, Bahl und Worm 2016).
366 Examining Leftist background and Ethno-national Identity in Political
Attitude of Kurdish Immigrants in Western Europe
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Sabah Mofidi
As part of a larger project that examines the changes in the political identity of
first-generation Kurdish political immigrants from Iranian/Eastern Kurdistan
(Rojhelat) with leftist political background living in Germany, The Netherlands,
Sweden and France, this article analyses changes in their ideological-political
attitude/orientation, and the influence of their Kurdish identity and leftist ideas on
it in European politics, especially partisanship and voting for election candidates.
In this regard, it tries to answer this question: What ideological-political changes
have Kurdish leftist immigrants experienced, and to what extent their Kurdish
identity and leftist ideas/thought influenced their political attitude towards
European political parties? It supposes that a change in their political-ideological
space by moving away from Iran with its closed society and also from the political
Kurdish parties, where they were under the rigid political-military control, towards
Europe with its political individualism and higher cross-ideology political density,
leads to change in ideological-political attitude. However, their ethno-national and
ideological background influence their political orientation yet. The research has
focused on the members and ex-members of Komele and Communist Party of
Iran. It is based on data collected through 25 personal interviews. The results show
that in addition to considering the interests of Kurdish community in Europe, the
political participation of Kurdish people is actually the continuation of their
lobbying politics to influence the European politics regarding the Kurdish rights
in their country of origin.
1000 Syrian Refugees’ Behavior in Jordan, Egypt, and Germany: Experimental
Evidence Stefan Voigt
END OF DAY ONE
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Day Two 24 August 2023 Thursday
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 09:00-10:30
3A Insecurities and Migration 1 [EG17]
Chair: Zeynep Banu Dalaman, Istanbul Topkapi University, Turkey
143 “How do I run a business in South Africa without foreigners?” Movers’
Right to Work
Theresa Alfaro-Velcamp
The nationalistic and xenophobic movement Operation Dudula has been leading
demonstrations throughout South Africa claiming that foreigners are taking South
African jobs and that there are ‘no wars in Africa’ to warrant African immigrants
special treatment. This xenophobic movement blames the movers (an umbrella
term for immigrants, cross-border migrants, asylum seekers and refugees) for
societal collapse and challenge the legality of their border crossings. They call the
movers “criminals” and pressure domestic government officials to criminalize the
movers through “statelessness.” This notion that “no foreigner must be employed
ahead of a South African” is at the crux of the debates around movers’ right to
employment. Yet, there has not been an examination into how movers’
employment affects the South African economy. What would happen if there were
no foreigners employed in South Africa? What would this look like? Through
interviews with non-governmental (non-profit) organisations (NPOs/NGOs),
employers, industry associations, government officials, and labour attorneys, and
an examination of international and domestic laws and norms, this paper suggests
the reframing of the employment narrative with respect to movers. It is estimated
that “for each foreigner with a scarce skill, it is probably correct to say three locals
will accompany them in obtaining employment.” (Bagraim 7/27/2022). According
to the South African Constitution of 1996, (Section 22) states that “[e]very citizen
has the right to choose their trade, occupation, or profession freely.” However, the
“practice of a trade, occupation or profession may be regulated by law.” In 2003,
the Watchenuka case confirmed the asylum seekers’ right to work in South Africa.
The ruling wove the right to work with human dignity (Section 10). Movers’ right
to work is intrinsic to international human rights accords; however, in the Global
South, states are often constrained by high unemployment rates of nationals, as
noted by Operation Dudula and other xenophobic movements.
172 Mexican migrants, mobility and insecurity: Does criminalization matter?
Jeffrey H. Cohen
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Mexican migrants destined for the US are increasingly criminalized and degraded
by xenophobic voices in the media as well as politicians who seek scapegoats to
blame for any ill imaginable. While the lasting impacts of these xenophobic voices
may be debatable, it is clear that the rhetoric has changed the way the nation reacts
to migrants, refugees and asylees. This is perhaps nowhere more apparent than in
the limits that the government places on foreign arrivals and the increasing
criminalization of movers for crossing borders regardless of their predicament.
While the xenophobic voices grow in strength, the criminality that fills their
messages often misses the very migrants they call out. In fact, whether the goal is
to promote “self-deportation”, a limit on border crossing or to instill a fear of
arrest, the xenophobic characterization of migrants as criminals has not slowed the
flows. A recent study notes that border crossing from Mexico remain at near
record levels; and this is not a new phenomenon.
In this paper, I explore insecurity and the response of Mexican immigrants to their
criminalization using interviews with movers as well as secondary data from
resources like the Pew Research Center and Migration Policy Institute. I track
attitudes toward increasing criminalization and note some of the critical ways that
criminalization impacts daily lives. Does criminalization matter? Day to day
concerns with work, opportunities and futures typically replace the fears of
deportation and a criminal record for most movers, nevertheless, it is clear that
criminalization does limit Mexican migrants in the US, even those migrants who
have spent decades living quiet, peaceful lives.
495 Negotiating home and host country belonging among Turkish-origin
students in Germany aftermath of the earthquake in their home country
Turkey
Hande Erdem Möbius
On February 6, 2023, a massive earthquake of magnitude 7.8 and 7.5 struck south-
central Turkey and northwestern Syria. Over 50,000 people died in Turkey, turning
it into the deadliest natural disaster in the country's modern history. Previous
research has shown that such disasters in the home country enhance immigrants'
transnationalism, strengthen their homeland belonging (Lundy, 2011; Takeda,
2015), and negatively affect their well-being (Smid et al., 2018). In addition, the
responses and actions of the native community may influence the lives of
immigrant groups during the post-earthquake period (Esnard & Sapat, 2011). The
present study utilizes qualitative in-depth interviews to explore how university
students of Turkish origin in Germany negotiate their home and host country
belonging in the aftermath of the earthquake in Turkey. The theoretical
underpinnings of the research are transnational identity (Ehrkamp, 2005; Kaya,
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2018; Vertovec, 2001), intercultural communication (Arasaratnam, 2015; Ichikawa,
2021), and boundary drawing in terms of reconstructing "us" versus "them" in the
context of migration (Barth, 1969; Sanders, 2002). The findings are discussed,
taking into account both host country aspects (intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic group
contacts, perceived/received support at personal, group, and institutional levels,
cross-cultural aspects of bereavement) and home country aspects (transnational
ties and practices, feelings of post-traumatic stress) in the negotiation of sense of
belonging. The study contributes to research on the impact of home country
disasters on the transnational identity formation and well-being of immigrant
students and highlights the role of higher education institutions in the provision of
support.
References
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2015). Research in intercultural communication: Reviewing the past
decade. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 8(4), 290–310.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2015.1087096
Barth, F. (1969). Introduction. In F. Barth (Ed.), Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social
organization of culture difference (pp. 9–38). Universitetsforlaget.
Ehrkamp, P. (2005). Placing identities: Transnational practices and local attachments of
Turkish immigrants in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 345–
364. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183042000339963
Esnard, A.M., & Sapat, A. (2011). Disasters, diasporas and host communities: Insights in
the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake. Journal of Disaster Research, 6(3), 331–342.
https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0331
Ichikawa, A. (2021). Unsilencing the migratory grief of international students. Journal of
International Students, 11(4), 988–994. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i4.3032
Kaya, A. (2018). Turkish origin migrants and their descendants: Hyphenated identities in
transnational space. Springer.
Lundy, G. (2011). Transnationalism in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake: Reinforcing
ties and second-generation identity. Journal of Black Studies, 42(2), 203–224.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934710394444
Sanders, J. M. (2002). Ethnic boundaries and identity in plural societies. Annual Review of
Sociology, 28(1), 327–357. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.140741
Smid, G. E., Drogendijk, A. N., Knipscheer, J., Boelen, P. A., & Kleber, R. J. (2018). Loss
of loved ones or home due to a disaster: Effects over time on distress in immigrant
ethnic minorities. Transcultural Psychiatry, 55(5), 648–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/
1363461518784355
Takeda, A. (2015). Intensive transnationalism amongst Japanese migrants after the Great
East Japan Earthquake: Voices from diasporic blogs. Studies in Ethnicity and
Nationalism, 15(3), 492–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12162
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Vertovec, S. (2001). Transnationalism and identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration
Studies, 27(4), 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830120090386
390 The Impact of 6 February Earthquake on Internal Migration in Türkiye: A
Comprehensive Analysis
Zeynep Banu Dalaman
The 6th February 2021 earthquake in Turkey caused widespread destruction and
displacement, leading to significant migration within the country. The earthquake
affected eleven provinces and about 18 million people living in the earthquake
zone, and according to preliminary estimates, about 3.5 million people migrated
from the region to safer places. This study aims to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the patterns and determinants of internal migration in the aftermath of
the earthquake and the policy implications of these findings.
There are three types of internal migration trends after disasters. The first is to
neighboring villages with less damage, the second is to nearby provinces without
damage, and the third is to metropolises and cities with greater opportunities.
Using data from various sources, including government records and surveys, this
study examines the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of earthquake-
induced migrants, the destinations and origins of migration, and the factors that
influence migration decisions.
The findings suggest that the earthquake significantly impacted internal migration,
with a large proportion of migrants relocating to urban areas. The study also reveals
that income, education level, and employment status are the most critical factors
that determine migration decisions. Based on these results, the study proposes
several policy recommendations aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of
earthquakes on internal migration, including the provision of affordable housing
options, the improvement of infrastructure in rural areas, and the promotion of
economic opportunities in disaster-prone regions.
3B Göç Çalışmaları 2 [UG11]
Chair: Deniz Yetkin Aker, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Turkey
418 Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Göçmen Kadınlar: Eskişehir Örneği
Filiz Göktuna Yaylacı ve Gül Sevi Üçüncü
Gender and Migrant Women: Case of Eskişehir
Gender has increasingly come to be the focus of institutions and organizations,
policy formulation and academic studies on migration. Discussing the validity of
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discourses that migration reinforces women's status as fragile others and their
secondary position is one of the main issues of the gender context of migration. In
this regard, this study has been prepared based on the BAP project to be carried
out within Anadolu University, which focuses on the experiences of immigrant
women in the context of gender. Eskişehir constitutes the field dimension of this
study, as it is one of the satellite cities and hosts individuals who have immigrated
from many different countries. It is expected that the results to be obtained within
the scope of the project will contribute to the field and be a guide in terms of
migration policies and social work interventions to be developed specifically for
women. The main purpose of the project is to reveal the experiences of women
who came to Eskişehir through immigration from different countries before,
during and after migration, and in this context, to examine the life strategies of
immigrant women in response to their daily life practices, interactions and
immigration situations. Based on this main purpose, the research will adopt the
feminist approach and use the research techniques offered by the qualitative
research method. To this end, this research was designed as a qualitative research
in order to consider the narrative and the acceptance of different realities. As part
of the research, in-depth interviews were conducted with women under
international protection and temporary protection status residing in Eskişehir. The
research participants were reached through snowball and purposive sampling, and
the study group of the research consisted of approximately 30 female participants
from different countries. Drawing on the results of this project, this study will
present the research fingdings in connection with various dimensions of migrant
women's daily life practices.
409 Konya’da Çok-Etnili Mekânlarda Etnografik Bir Çalışma: Sınırlar,
Bedenleşme ve Hayaletler
Gamze Kaçar Tunç ve Fuat Güllüpınar
Bu araştırmada Konya’da aynı mahallelerde yaşayan yerelden vatandaşlar ve
mültecilerin oluşturduğu bir topluluğun bir arada yaşama pratikleri etnografik bir
biçimde gözlemlenmiş ve kimliklenme, konumlanma, güç mücadeleleri gibi
unsurlar görünür kılınmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda alan araştırması Mayıs 2019-
Mart 2020 arasında yürütülmüştür. Türk, Kürt, Roman, Abdal vatandaşların ve
Suriyeli (Arap), Iraklı (Arap ve Türkmen), Afgan (Peştun, Hazari, Özbek) ve
Sudanlı (Arap) mültecilerin oluşturduğu 68 kişiyle derinlemesine mülakatlar
yapılarak ve alanda katılımlı/katılımsız gözlemler yoluyla veriler elde edilmiştir.
Elde edilen verilere göre aynı mekânı paylaşan bu topluluğun üyelerinin grupsal
olarak belirli çıkarlar bağlamında ayrıştıkları ve hiyerarşik bir yapılanma içerisinde
oldukları görülmüştür. Grup sınırlarının çizilmesi ise en temelde yerel halk-yabancı
ikiliği, etnisite ve ekonomik güç bağlamında gerçekleşmektedir. Yerel halk olarak
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adlandırılabilecek Türk, Kürt, Roman ve Abdallar kendi içlerindeki ayrışmaya
rağmen yabancı olarak adlandırılabilecek mültecilere karşı birlikte
konumlanmaktadırlar. Bu yerel halk-yabancı ikiliğini ise ev sahibi-misafir
metaforları üzerinden gerçekleştirmektedirler. Etnisite ise özellikle Romanların,
Abdalların ve mültecilerin yer yer zorunlu olarak içerisine itildikleri yer yer de güçlü
kalabilmek için kendilerinin tutundukları bir kimliğe dönüşmektedir. Ekonomik
temelli sınıfsal ayrımlar, yine hiyerarşinin en tepesi ile en altı arasındaki güç
dağılımını belirlemede etkili bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu hiyerarşik yapılanmada ev
sahipleri, onların içerisinde ise Türkler, hiyerarşinin en tepesinde yer almaktadır.
Hiyerarşinin en alt tabaklarını ise sırasıyla, Romanlar, Abdallar ve mülteci gruplar
oluşturmaktadır. Mültecilerin kendi içerisinde de bir güç mücadelesine rastlanmış,
bu mücadelede Suriyelilerin öne çıktığı görülmüştür. Bu hiyerarşik yapılanmada
grupların ötekileştirme pratiklerine maruz kalma durumları araştırmada
bedenleşme ve hayaletleşme metaforları ile karşılanmıştır. Buna göre Bourdieucu
anlamda bir alan mücadelesinde diğerlerinin gözüne batma durumu bedenleşme,
görmezden gelinme durumu ise hayaletleşme kavramlarına denk gelmektedir. Ev
sahiplerinin kendi içerisine bakıldığında Romanlar ve Abdallar en çok göze batanlar
olarak bedenleşmektedir. Misafirlerin de en güçlünün yanında yer almaya çalışarak
Roman ve Abdalları dışlayıcı bir tutum sergiledikleri görülmüştür. Ev sahiplerinin
tümünün gözünde ise Suriyeli mülteciler en çok bedenleşenler olmuştur. Özellikle
Romanlar ve Abdallar için Suriyeliler en bedenleşmiş gruptur. Fenotipik
özelliklerine rağmen Sudanlılar (ve onlar gibi diğer Afrika kökenli mülteciler) ise
diğerleri tarafından yok sayılmaları bakımından mekânın hayaletleri olmuşlardır.
Kamusal alanda sayıları ve pratikleri bakımından daha az yer almaları bunun önemli
bir etkenidir, ancak daha önemlisi diğer grupların kimliksel (veya ırksal) bakımdan
kendilerini onlardan üstün görmesi bu hayaletleşme sürecinin en önemli kaynağıdır.
Onlar, hem ev sahipleri hem de misafirler için, alan mücadelesinde çok da yeri
olmayan bir gruptur. Onlar, dünyanın pek çok bölgesinde en çok bedenleşen
gruplar olmalarına rağmen, burada farklı bir tür ayrımcılıkla karşılaşarak “acınması
gereken” bir grup insana dönüşmektedirler. Sonuç olarak bu çokkültürlü mekânda
bir arada yaşamak, grup sınırlarını yok etmek yerine, grupların sınırları yeniden
üretmiştir ve üretmektedir.
*Bu bildiri Gamze Kaçar Tunç’un “Etno-Kültürel Karşılaşmalar ve Toplumsal
Kabul: Konya’daki Mülteci Çocukların Gündelik Yaşam Deneyimleri” adlı doktora
tezinden türetilmiştir.
568 Türkiye’deki Mültecilerin Ekonomik Entegrasyonları: Tekirdağ Ferhadanlı
Mahallesi Afgan Göçmenler Örneği
Deniz Yetkin Aker, İdris Akkuzu, Murat Deniz
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Afganistan tarihi, yıllar süren işgaller ve savaşlar tarihidir. Stratejik konumu ve
zengin yeraltı kaynakları açısından önemli bir ülke olan Afganistan; İngiliz, Sovyet
ve ABD işgalleri altında kalmış, yaşanan iç savaşlar ve Taliban güçlerinin hakimiyet
mücadelesi uzun yıllar süren siyasi ve ekonomik istikrarsızlık dönemlerinin
yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. 2021 yılında ABD’nin Afganistan’dan çekilmesiyle
birlikte yönetimi ele geçiren Taliban’ın baskıcı politikaları ve ekonomik koşulların
olumsuzluğu milyonlarca Afgan’ın ülkelerini terk ederek göç etmesine neden
olmuştur. Gerek işgal dönemlerinde gerek Taliban yönetimi döneminde kitlesel
halde yaşanan göçler sıklıkla İran ve Pakistan’a yönelik olurken, küreselleşme süreci
içerisinde dünyanın farklı bölgelerine yönelik göçler de yaşanmaktadır. Özellikle
gelişmiş ülkelere yönelik göçlerin adresi Avrupa ve Avrupa’ya geçiş noktasındaki
transit ülke Türkiye’dir. Türkiye’ye yönelik yaşanan göç hareketliliği genellikle
düzensiz şekildedir. Genellikle İran üzerinden Türkiye’ye giriş yapılmakta ve kayıt
dışı olarak ülkeye giren Afgan göçmenler, daha iyi bir yaşam umuduyla Türkiye’nin
gelişmiş şehirlerinde kayıt dışı istihdama katılmaktadırlar. Türkiye’de bulunan
düzensiz Afgan göçmenler sosyal ve hukuki haklardan azade zor koşullarda
hayatlarını sürdürmektedirler. Afgan göçmenler genellikle beden gücü gerektiren
inşaat, fabrika, tarım gibi alanlarda kayıt dışı olarak çalışmakta ve
çalıştırılmaktadırlar. Dil bariyeri, kültürel uzaklık, yetersiz sosyal çevre gibi faktörler
uyum sürecini zorlaştırmakta ve istihdam alanında daha düşük ücretlerle olumsuz
koşullar içerisinde çalışmalarına neden olmaktadır. Türkiye’ye yönelik gerçekleşen
göçlerin erkek ağırlıklı olması, yaşanan göçün daha ziyade ekonomik sebepler
dolayısıyla gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Yaşanan göçün önemli duraklarından
biri, İstanbul’a olan yakınlığı ve istihdam olanaklarının gelişmişliği sebebiyle
Tekirdağ ilidir. Bu sebeple çalışmanın odak noktası Tekirdağ’ın Ferhadanlı
Mahallesi’ndeki Afgan tarım işçileri örneklemi üzerinden oluşturulacaktır. Eğitim
seviyesi, medeni durumları, mesleki yeterlilikleri, Türkiye’ye geliş süreçleri, çalışma
koşulları, parasal transfer deneyimleri, Türkiye’deki dernek ve kurum ilişkileri gibi
değişkenler üzerinden değerlendirmeler yapılarak çalışmanın ana hatları
belirlenecektir. Tekirdağ ili içerisinde, tarım sektöründe çalışan düzensiz Afgan
göçmenlerle nitel görüşmeler aracılığıyla yapılacak bu çalışma ışığında;
Afganistan’dan Türkiye’ye yönelik gerçekleşen göçün nedenleri ve süreci
anlaşılmaya çalışılacak, Afgan göçmenlerin Türkiye ekonomisi içerisindeki
entegrasyon süreçleri incelenecek ve düzensiz göç sürecinde yaşanan deneyimler
Türkiye ve Tekirdağ bağlamında değerlendirilecektir.
207 Mültecilerde Bağımlılık Riski Haritasının Oluşturulması ve Çözüme Yönelik
Model Önleme Programı İnşası
Muhammed Refik Tekeli
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Türkiye’nin 2011 yılı ve sonrasında artan bir şekilde karşılaştığı bir olgu olan
yerinden edilmişlik / zorunlu göç beraberinde birçok sorunu ve hassasiyeti
getirmektedir. Bu sorunlardan birisi olarak bağımlılık, göç ve göçün tetiklediği
psikolojik sorunlar sebebiyle artışa geçmektedir. Bu durum birçok ülkede olduğu
gibi göçmenlerde bağımlılık konusuna yönelik betimleyici ve korelasyonel
çalışmaların yapılmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Olgunun / sorunun mahiyetini tespit
etmek ilişkili faktörlerin ortadan kaldırılmasına yönelik önleyici çalışmalar
yapabilmenin ilk aşamasını oluşturmaktadır. Farklı kültürel ve coğrafi bagaj taşıyan
göçmenlere yönelik, yerli gruptan farklı, koruyucu ve önleyici çalışmalar
geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu noktalardan yola çıkarak, bu çalışmanın amacı
göçmenlerde/ mültecilerde bağımlılık riskinin nitel ve nicel yöntemlerle
belirlenmesi ve buna yönelik önleyici bir çalışmanın ortaya çıkartılmasıdır. Bunu
gerçekleştirmek üzere bu proje dört aşamada tasarlanmıştır. İlk aşamada nitel saha
çalışmasının gerçekleştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu aşamada 12 bağımlı mülteci
ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme ve 24 bağımlı yakını mülteci ile üç ayrı odak grup
görüşmesi yapılacaktır. İkinci aşamada nitel çalışmanın sonuçlarına dayandırılacak
bir ölçek geliştirilecektir. Bu ölçek mülteci/ göçmen popülasyonun bağımlılık
riskinin ölçümlenmesini amaçlayacaktır. Böylelikle geniş kitlelerde bağımlılığa dair
risk faktörleri gözlemlenebilecektir. Üçüncü aşamada geniş çaplı, Türkiye’nin her
bölgesini kapsayacak, bir nicel saha çalışması yürütülecektir. Bu çalışmada proje
kapsamında geliştirilen ölçek kullanılacak ve Türkiye çapında bir tarama çalışması
gerçekleştirilmiş olacaktır. Sonucunda Türkiye Bağımlılık Risk Haritası’nın mülteci
popülasyon özelinde oluşturulması hedeflenmektedir. Son olarak ise tüm
aşamaların çıktılarının nihai bir çıktı haline getirilebilmesi ve bu probleme bir
çözüm önerisi sunulabilmesi için bir önleme programı inşa edilecektir. Bu aşama
sonunda oluşacak Model Önleme Programı alanda uzman kişilerin desteğiyle çoklu
katılım perspektifiyle gerçekleştirilecektir. Nihayetinde ise bu proje göçle artışa
geçecek sorunlardan birisi olan bağımlılığı detaylı bir çalışma ile inceleme fırsatı
verecektir. Literatürde bu konuda yeterli çalışmanın olmaması ve konunun
güvenlikten sağlığa kadar birçok alanı içermesi konunun özgün bir çalışma alanı
oluşturduğuna işaret etmektedir.
3C Migration and Gender 1 [UG14]
Chair: Lan Lo, University of Nottingham, UK
358 Values of Ukrainian Refugees in Austria: Gender Roles, Attitudes toward
Democracy, and Confidence in International Institutions
Bernhard Riederer, Isabella Buber-Ennser, Ingrid Setz, Judith Kohlenberger, Bernhard
Rengs
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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Facing millions of Ukrainians who have fled the ongoing Russian war of regression
to European host countries, it is crucial to know more about the arriving
populations. Ukrainian refugees are predominantly women, children, and senior
people. In addition, available evidence indicates a highly self-selective migration.
We know that many refugees have a high socio-economic status. But much less is
known about their opinion and values. What are the attitudes of Ukrainian
refugees, compared to their home country and their host societies? Do they differ
from previous refugees? Do we find East-West differences among Ukrainian
refugees, and (dis)similarities to Russia?
The present study uses data from a large survey of Ukrainian refugees in Vienna,
Austria (1,094 respondents of age 18+), conducted between April and June 2022.
The survey included six items to measure gender role attitudes as well as political
beliefs and opinions. We compare our findings with both international surveys, like
the European Values Study or the World Values Survey, and prior refugee surveys
on displaced persons in Austria. In our analyses, we focus on respondents between
age 18 and age 59. Multinomial logistic regression models and decomposition
analyses are employed to explain differences between Ukrainian refugees in Austria
and (a) the Ukrainian population, (b) the Austrian population, (c) prior refugee
groups in Austria, and (d) the Russian population.
Descriptive findings show that Ukrainian refugees in Austria report gender role
attitudes that are more similar to those in the host society than to the population
in the Ukraine in 2020. Socioeconomic differences explain a relevant part of the
observed differences in gender role attitudes. Among refugees, gender role
attitudes mainly differ by education, income, and degree of religiosity. Political
opinions also differ. In particular, the confidence in the European Union is much
lower in Austria than in Ukraine, with Ukrainian refugees showing extremely high
confidence. Agreement to democracy as the right way of governing is, however,
lower in the Ukraine, and also among Ukrainian refugees, than in Austria. Among
Ukrainian refugees, it varies by age, income, and country of birth.
Furthermore, our analyses indicate somewhat more egalitarian gender role attitudes
among refugees from the Ukraine than among refugees from Afghanistan or Syria.
In particular, differences in gender role attitudes between women and men are
much smaller among Ukrainian refugees than among other refugee groups. Large
differences in political attitudes are found between Russia and Ukraine. The
Russian population is less convinced of democracy and shows lower levels of
confidence in international institutions than the Ukrainian population and
Ukrainian refugees. Among Ukrainian refugees, however, a less positive view of
democracy is found among refugees from the East of Ukraine. Overall, our
analyses provide relevant insights for host countries.
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527 The Economic Integration of Racialized Immigrant Women: A
Community-Based Photovoice Study in Ontario, Canada: Migration and
Gender
Bharati Sethi
Context: Despite the influx of immigrant/refugee women in Canada’s labour force,
much of the literature on economic integration is focused on men. Further, there
is, an apparent lack of research that can illuminate the relationship between their
work and health, especially for those residing outside Canada’s large urban centers
such as Montreal, Toronto and VancouverObjective: “Do you see what I see?” a
community-based participatory research project, that used Photovoice -- a
qualitative arts-based participatory methodology-- to explore how work impacted
immigrant/refugee women’s health in a middle-sized urban/rural region in
Ontario, Canada.
Design: Following the key principles of Photovoice, twenty immigrant/refugee
visible minority women were given digital cameras to record their work and health
experiences. Intersectionality theoretical perspective that is concerned with
understanding how social categories such as race, class, gender, ability, etc.
simultaneously intersect to shape people’s experiences guiding the research
process.
Results: Analysis of 525 participant-generated photographs, women’s diaries, and
in-depth interviews revealed that the complex interplay of ethnicity, immigrant
status (such as refugee) and geography (i.e. rural residence), intersected to influence
women’s health and work experiences. The participants experienced discrimination
due to their race. Three key themes emerged: Expectations do not meet reality,
Work and Health, Work and Family, and Resilience. From a methodological
perspective, the results demonstrate that in the absence of language, Photovoice
enables participants to communicate the nuances of their mental states (such as
emotions and desires) and physical states (such as deteriorating health conditions).
Conclusions and Implications: The results have several policy and practice
implications for immigrant women’s economic and social integration in Canadian
society. These include the individual, organizational, and family factors that lead to
health-related absenteeism, stress and health problems such as backaches, muscular
problems and depression. It is also critical that employers and policymakers pay
attention to the link between discrimination and health as well as deskilling and
health. Ultimately, failure to leverage competitive advantage and tap into a growing
skilled, well-educated and culturally diverse female workforce in Canada’s small
towns and rural areas will lead to a loss of employer productivity and labour market
deficiency.
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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63 Women’s essential roles as change agents in humanitarian and development
responses and post-conflict reconstruction/reconciliation
Candost Aydin, Nur Sultan Cirakman, Matthias Weissenbach
Women’s essential roles as change agents in humanitarian and development
responses and post-conflict reconstruction/reconciliation, as well as combatting
the effects of climate change, are gradually recognised by the international
community. The success of equitable development, peace and resilience efforts is
therefore strongly contingent on tackling gender inequality and discrimination. Yet,
the fact that conflict and disasters disproportionately affect women and girls
remains unchanged. Women face a heightened risk of sexual and gender-based
violence in conflict and crises, including forced displacement. They are frequently
pushed to negative coping mechanisms for sustenance and are preyed on by human
traffickers. In conflict, post-conflict, and other fragile settings, their access to
resources and gainful employment is restricted due to several structural and
practical factors that contribute to direct and indirect discrimination and limit their
access to rights, resources and networks. Therefore, international refugee response
measures can contribute to the operationalisation of ‘realising rights’, ‘using
resources’, and ‘improving representation’ of women, operationalising and further
developing a solid intersectional approach in project implementation. Towards this
end, it is necessary to take stock of how the refugee response measures promote
women’s empowerment and resilience in tackling intersectional discrimination and
deprivation and generate solutions to common but regional and country-specific
challenges looking at the Türkiye case. As of August 2022, Türkiye accommodates
3.6 million Syrians provided with Temporary Protection (SuTP) status, and almost
half of the SuTPs are women.
Therefore, looking at the cases in the world, the study wants to explore how the
refugee response measures in Türkiye can develop their focus towards a “gender
transformative approach” that addresses unequal social norms and practices,
discriminatory attitudes and structural power imbalances based on gender. In this
framework, exploring ‘gender equality’ in displacement contexts is expected to
yield insights into the significance of rights-based approaches.
3D Remittances 1 [BG3/4]
Chair: Zeeshan Hashim, Brunel University, UK
321 The spatial spillover effects of migration on sustainable development in the
European Union: A Durbin model approach
Mohamed Ennebch, Nouhaila Kamsa, Moubarek Amine Berdaa, Aomar Ibourk
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
74
Migration is a significant challenge in the European Union (EU), where it has led
to both opportunities and challenges for sustainable development. The EU has
experienced a high level of migration in recent years, which has led to spatial
spillover effects across different regions. The question is whether migration has a
positive or negative impact on sustainable development in the EU and how these
effects vary across different regions.
The study aims to investigate the spatial spillover effects of migration on
sustainable development in the European Union (EU) using a Durbin model
approach. The research hypothesizes that migration has a spatially-dependent
impact on sustainable development, with varying effects across different regions.
The research utilizes data from multiple sources, including Eurostat and the
European Environment Agency, to construct a sustainable development index and
relevant explanatory variables for the analysis. The study finds that migration has
both positive and negative spillover effects on sustainable development, with
variation across regions.
Keywords: Migration, Economic growth, Sustainable development, Spatial
Econometrics, Spatial Durbin Model, Spatial Spillover effects,
References
Becker, S.O. and Muñoz, M., 2020. The effect of migration on destination countries: A
review of the empirical literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 58(4), pp.930-1004.
Cai, R. and Wang, D., 2019. The impact of internal migration on regional economic growth
in China: a spatial econometric analysis. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 12(1),
pp.63-78.
Carling, J. and Collins, F., 2018. Aspiration, desire and drivers of migration. Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), pp.909-926.
Kahanec, M. and Zimmermann, K.F. eds., 2016. Labor migration, EU enlargement, and
the great recession. Springer.
Li, H. and Li, Y., 2019. Does migration facilitate regional green growth? Empirical evidence
from China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(14), pp.13957-13968.
Martinez-Zarzoso, I. and Johannsen, F., 2018. Greenfield FDI and skill upgrading: A
spatial analysis of local linkages in the automotive industry. World Development, 107,
pp.357-375.
Qu, B., 2021. The spillover effect of migrant population concentration on economic
growth in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Cities, 110, p.103048.
Ratha, D. and Shaw, W., 2007. South-South migration and remittances. The World Bank.
Taran, P.A., 2018. Migration and global environmental change: opportunities and
challenges for research and governance. Springer.
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
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272 Trade-Based Informal Remittances System: Trade-Based Informal
Remittances System: A Case Study of Afghan Migrants in Turkey
Mohammad Eyüp Babur
Trade-Based İnformal Remittances System: A Case Study of Afghan Migrants in
Turkey
As its theories state, migration has different factors, origins, forms, and courses. In
the field of migration factors, a new approach called the conflict model can be
found to be more realistic. Conflicts at various levels and their repercussions, such
as economic, social, and political challenges, have triggered mass migrations
throughout history and geography. It's estimated that more than 7 out of 10 people
in need of international protection, including refugees under UNHCR's mandate,
originate from just five nations (Syrian Arab Republic, Venezuela, Ukraine,
Afghanistan, and South Sudan). More than 72% percent come from only five
countries.
Turkey has become the most prominent host of immigrants and refugees of
various immigration statuses. According to the data of the Turkish Immigration
Department, after Syrians, Afghans make up the largest group of illegal immigrants
in Turkey. Moreover, Afghans have the most requests for asylum to the United
Nations after Iraqi nationals.
As it was said, almost all Afghan immigrants in Turkey are in the status of illegal
immigrants. On the other hand, due to the weak infrastructure in Afghanistan's
banking system, especially after the Taliban came to power, Afghan immigrants in
Turkey prefer informal channels for remittances to Afghanistan.
Hawala is one of the most widely used methods of informal remittances. In the age
of technology and the use of technological infrastructures such as the Internet, and
smartphones, the effectiveness of informal remittance has increased both from the
point of view of speed and cost, making it more popular among immigrants.
Among Afghan immigrants in Turkey, hawala is almost the only method of
transferring remittances to Afghanistan.
Informal remittances (hawala) are illegal in Turkey, like in many other countries.
Still, this process is carried out in various guises, such as call shops, markets where
Afghans need most items, ticket offices, Afghan restaurants, and Afghan hair
salons are doing. As it is known in the hawala, money is not physically transferred
between countries. Instead, it is just a code consisting of letters and numbers
between hawala operators in two countries, the sender and the recipient of the
hawala.
In the research that used the method of in-depth qualitative interviews, three
categories of people (Afghan immigrants in Istanbul, hawala operators in Istanbul,
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
76
and Afghan importers from Turkey to Afghanistan) were interviewed as the target
group. It was found that the massive amount of informal remittance (hawala)
money that accumulates at the hawala operators in Istanbul is mainly used to
finance Turkey's export of 270 million dollars to Afghanistan by traders In this
way, on the one hand, the settlement between the hawala operators between
Turkey and Afghanistan is settled. But on the other hand, the problem of Afghan
business people facing issues in sending money from formal channels from
Afghanistan to Turkey to finance their imports is solved.
Figure 1 shows the structure and mechanism of informal remittances from Turkey
to Afghanistan and, conversely, trade-based informal remittances between
Afghanistan and Turkey.
378 Emotional Earmarking: Insights on Overseas Remittances and Emotions
from A Mixed Methods Study
Jeremaiah Opiniano
Overseas remittances improve the economic conditions of international migrants’
families left behind. These monies also influence family relationships and the
financial behaviors of migrant family members in both home and host countries.
Amount of money transfer, collection code, and
destination communicated to the operator in afghanistan
The importing company is given a
collection code
İmporting company tenders cash to a
hawala operator
Amount of money transfer, collection code, and compa ny
inforamtion communicated to the operator in Turkey
The recipient (Expoting company)
presents Id card and collection code
Hawala operator provides money
After receiving the money, the exporting company sends
the goods to Afghanistan
The importing company is given a
collection code
İmporting company tenders cash to a
hawala operator
The sender is given a collection code
Sender tenders cash to a hawala
operator
Information
Funds/money
Goods/services
Hawala Operator
in Turkey
Hawala Operator
in Afghanistan
Exporting company
in Turkey
Importing company
in Afghanistan
Sender in Turkey
(migrants)
A recipient in
Afghanistan (household)
The Migration Conference 2023 Abstracts
77
The migration literature has yet to analyze the family financial dynamics of
migrants and their households using the lens of household finance. Recent studies
analyze the remittances-emotions relationship in a partial and static way, rather
than holistically and dynamically. Studies are therefore insufficient to illustrate the
complex and evolving relationships between overseas remittance-sending, using,
and investing. Built on the Family Financial Socialization model and using a recent
migrant household survey and object-centered interviews in two rural
municipalities in the Philippines, this mixed methods research seeks to determine
how emotions come into play when remittance-earning families decide to use
remittances (including for productive purposes). The study finds that migrant
households employ emotional earmarking to conjointly handle the economic and
emotional benefits of remittances to prevailing family relationships.
488 The Pitfalls of Remittances Dependence –Non-linear Effect of Remittances
on Institutions
Zeeshan Hashim
This paper explores how remittances influence political and economic freedom in
developing economies. We investigate four channels of remittances – income
effect, social remittances, voice after exit, and modernization effect – through
which remittances promote liberalization and one channel – stability effect – which
discourages liberalization. Endogeneity is a potential problem since lack of
freedom is a factor associated with peoples' incentive to emigrate and economies’
dependence on remittances, and the analysis can be plagued by measurement error
in official figures of remittances and omitted variable bias. The results using the
general to specific approach and the instrumental variable (FE-2SLS) model show
that the impact of remittances on political and economic freedom is non-linear
hump-shaped. Initially, an increase in remittances promotes democratization and
economic freedom until a turning point is achieved, thereafter it discourages both
freedoms. Some of the significant contributions of this research include
demonstrating remittances’ non-linear influence on political and economic
freedom, showing how overreliance on remittances causes institutional decline;
introducing an instrumental variable, exposure to natural disasters; and indicating
how both political and economic outcomes are interconnected in developing
economies.
3E Migration, Law and Policy 3 [EG15/16]
Chair: Zeynep Üskül Engin, Galatasaray University, Turkey
78 At 'home' in Tel Aviv: Eritrean asylum seekers - forever status-less?
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Arie Herscovici and Lilach Lev- Ari
Almost four percent (3.6%) of world population are migrants, most of them
voluntary. They seek to improve their living conditions; others, forced migrants
(about 100 million), migrate due to persecution, natural disasters, or severe poverty.
Among the latter, it is possible to distinguish between asylum seekers applying for
international protection in another country and refugees who are subject to proven
fear of persecution on the basis of race, religion and nationality. Most immigrants
prefer to come to "world cities" also known as "arrival cities,” that offer more
opportunities for economic, social and cultural integration. In these cities, policy
ranges from granting temporary status to full integration in all areas of life. In the
current study we focused on Eritrean asylum seekers in Israel, whose number is
around 20,500 and over half of whom live in south Tel Aviv. The reasons for their
migration are mainly the dictatorial regime in Eritrea and its prolonged war with
Ethiopia. Since 2017, immigration from Eritrea to Israel has completely stopped.
The main research question was: How do asylum seekers from Eritrea perceive
their integration in Tel Aviv? Do they feel at 'home,' namely belonging to the city,
or temporary and alienated? The research employed a qualitative method through
semi-structured interviews with asylum seekers (N=10), officials in Tel Aviv
municipality, and activists in civil organizations (N=12). Here we will present
findings regarding asylum seekers only.
The main findings indicate that although asylum seekers from Eritrea are without
status from the state's point of view, they are residents of Tel Aviv, and are entitled
to receive education and welfare services. Civil organizations also come to their
aid, providing legal and employment counseling, and act to advance their cause in
public opinion, in governmental ministries and in the 'Knesset' (Israeli parliament).
The interviews revealed that despite a certain feeling of integration into the life of
the city and a sense of 'home,' there is also a sense of insult; they feel "transparent,
not worth anything, thrown away." Implicitly, they feel in a kind of limbo - an
undecided state of waiting for a decision, when they are subject to temporary
employment conditions and low income; their children attend separate schools,
and they are deprived of the most basic activities, such as enrolling in higher
education or obtaining a driver's license. Therefore, and due to their living in Israel
for over a decade, it is recommended to formulate a policy to redefine their status,
similarly to what most European countries have done, particularly for those who
are banned from emigrating and the younger generation, who were educated in
Israel and perceive their future there.
292 Regularization as Strategy of Control: Reflections on Migration Governance
in Mercosur, South America
Dorothea Biaback Anong
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In times of globalization, migration control has been described as “the new last
bastion of sovereignty” (Dauvergne, 2004: 588) of nation states. The exercise of
nation states’ sovereign right regarding migration is mostly located is states’
decision, who can enter their territory and who can’t, which is enforced through
an increase in border control (Sassen, 1996; Bosworth 2008). Analyses of regional
integration processes then, mostly taking the EU as an example, have stated that
this sovereign right has partly been transferred to the regional level, resulting in
more restrictive border control at external borders (e.g. Nita et al., 2017: xv).
However, insights from my research on the governance of migration in the regional
economic community Mercosur (Common Market of the Southern Cone) in South
America, with the three member states Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay as case
studies, raises questions as to the global applicability of these observations. The
empirical research is inspired by interpretive policy analysis (Yanow, 2007) and
comprises stakeholder interviews with 34 regional and national policy makers, civil
servants, civil society and migrant organizations as well as an analysis of 153 policy
documents.
The analysis shows that in the face of waning sovereignty states do not necessarily
react with an increase of and more selective border and entry control. The regional
context of Mercosur and the national cases of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil
rather suggest that the realization of not being in complete control over borders
can also be responded by “regularization” as strategy of control. This points to
theories of the state that locate the condition of state power in the ability to ‘grasp’
or ‘embrace’ the population by means of registration and identification, as a pre-
requisite to control and exert power (e.g. Torpey, 1998).
367 Investigation of Neighborhoods Closed to Migration in Terms of Sociology
of Law: The Case of Istanbul
Dolunay Çörek Akyıldız, Zeynep Üskül Engin, Bengisu Mert
Turkey is a country established on lands that have been subject to migration
throughout history due to its geographical feature. After the Ottoman Empire,
there was an intense wave of immigration. In the Republican period, especially
between 1989 and 1994, when the prime minister of the period was Turgut Özal,
many of our compatriots from Bulgaria immigrated to our country. In recent years,
after the war in Syria and the withdrawal of military forces from Afghanistan,
immigration has begun to be received from the east of Anatolia. The last wave of
immigration is different from the others. Because these people do not speak
Turkish, they are referred to as citizens of another country, and they have
difficulties in integration compared to other immigrants. Due to their increasing
numbers, they are no longer allowed to be admitted to some neighborhoods, and
the demographic balance has changed in some regions. In order to prevent this
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structural change, it is seen that the governorships took precautions by issuing
some circulars. In this study, the legal basis of the mentioned situation will be
investigated only on the basis of the city of Istanbul, as well as the literature review
method regarding the neighborhoods where immigration is prohibited. Istanbul
was chosen because it encompasses many identities in Turkey and is one of the
most cosmopolitan and immigration-receiving cities. The aim of the study is to
reveal the sociological connection of the phenomenon of migration with the law
in Turkey by looking at the results of the researches, and to explain to what extent
the legal regulations affect regional migration, together with the reasons.
3F Migration and Integration 3 [UG13]
Chair: Karla Valenzuela, University of Iberoamericana, Mexico
259 Prospects for Inclusion of Immigrants and Refugees: The Case of Japan
with Special Consideration of its “Cultural Coexistence”
Aoi Mochizuki
In 2022, the global population of forced migrants reached 100 million for the first
time in history. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine after February 24, 2022, has led to a
new large-scale refugee problem. Daily reports have shown that European
countries have warmly welcomed Ukrainian refugees. Japan, a closed country to
refugees in general, has also instituted a policy of accepting a large number of
forced migrants from Ukraine.
Currently, Japan is paying more attention to the refugee problem, and expectations
are rising for a change in the restrictive acceptance policy of the past. In this
presentation, I will focus on the concept of “cultural coexistence” in Japan and
discuss Japan’s refugee and migrant acceptance policy.
In the first part, I will examine the historical development of the concept of
“cultural coexistence” in the country. “Cultural coexistence” is a key term the
government uses in accepting foreigners in Japan. It is defined as “people of
different nationalities and ethnicities … liv[ing] together as members of the local
community while recognizing each other’s cultural differences and trying to build
equal relationships.” In the 1990s, this term came to be used as a reflection of the
discriminatory education of Korean ethnic groups living in Japan. In the 2000s, the
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has used the term as a slogan. In
this presentation, I will compare the concept of “cultural coexistence” with
multiculturalism in Europe and discuss its characteristics in Japanese contexts. In
particular, I will examine how this concept was used in beneficial ways for
Ukrainian refugees recently while the Japanese government has been reluctant to
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accept Syrian and Afghan refugees. It welcomed Ukrainian refugees with the new
status of “evacuees.”
In the second part, I will compare Muslim immigrants’ and refugees’ living
conditions in Japan and European countries. In recent years, in Europe, the
conflict between Muslim immigrants’ and refugees’ religious belongingness and the
host society’s values has been viewed as a problem. On the other hand, in Japan,
Islamic values are not considered a problem, and Islamophobia is not as strong as
in Europe. I examine how the concept of “cultural coexistence” is applied to
Muslims in Japanese society.
Finally, I will draw from these analyses some implications. The definition of
“cultural coexistence” has been criticized because it is very vague and may cover
up a subtle assimilationist character. On the other hand, the concept underpins
Japan’s immigration and refugee policies and has led to the promotion of accepting
foreigners by local governments.
6 Migration, integration and alienation: Migrants’ reflections on acceptance
and hospitality in Western Canada
Nathalie Piquemal and Faiçal Zellama
Canada defines itself as a country of immigration and a multicultural nation that
supports and encourages the vitality and preservation of minority cultures and
languages, as first codified in the Multiculturalism Act (1971), then in the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982). However, many immigrants, particularly
racialized minorities continue to struggle with acceptance and belonging, as they
navigate host-guest relationships shaped by cultural discontinuities,
microaggressions, contested policies on foreign credentials, and unequal
distribution of power and resources. In this presentation, we rely on critical
multiculturalism to explain and analyze the persistence of inequalities in migration
pathways, with special attention to othering practices and processes of minority
immigrants by the Euro-Canadian society. Using a qualitative approach involving
semi-structured interviews with 42 participants, we explore newcomers'
perceptions of barriers and supports of integration related to cultural identity, host-
guest interpersonal and structural factors, and stranger creation instituted by Euro-
Canadian society. Our findings are organized in light of the four approaches to
immigrants’ cultural identity developed by Cohen and Kassan (2018), which we
adapted to integration pathways as: Hybrid integration, dual/binary integration,
contested integration and negotiated integration. We then analyze and interpret the
simultaneous processes of integration of certain categories of immigrants into the
Canadian social fabric and exclusion and relegation of other categories to its
periphery. Finally, we discuss the complexity of hospitality in a multicultural
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context and offer critical insights on host factors that may produce, develop and
nurture hospitable environments.
109 Economic news consumption and attitudes toward immigrant and ethnic
minorities in times of crisis
Nonna Kushnirovich and Sabina Lissitsa
The study examined the relationships between consumption of bad or good
economic news and attitudes toward immigrant and ethnic minorities during the
economic crisis that developed during the COVID pandemic. The study
considered attitudes toward two minority groups in Israel: high-income immigrant
citizens from English-speaking countries, and Israeli Palestinian citizens, a low-
income ethnic minority. This study is based on an online survey of 866
respondents, members of the majority population group.
The study found that during the global crisis, exposure to negative news was
associated with better attitudes toward both high-income and low-income
immigrant and ethnic minorities. Moreover, in times of global crisis, people
focused mostly on local rather on global news. In contrast to competitive threat
theory, the study revealed that feelings of economic threat during global economic
crisis engender higher cohesion between different population groups and better
attitudes toward minorities. Thus, in times of crisis bad news for the economy
brings good news for social solidarity – people tend to rally around the flag; this
phenomenon occurs even between groups in protracted conflict over the years.
284 Essential Hands, Invisible Worker: The Lives of Black Migrants in America
Yasin Kakande
Black migrants in the U.S. are subject to the same systemic racism as Black
Americans, yet we're not accepted by Black Americans because our accents set us
apart. For instance, not long ago, I was waiting for a passenger in front of South
Station. As an Uber driver, you receive an exact address on your phone that tells
you where to meet someone, and that's where I parked. As I was waiting, a
policeman came up and rapped angrily on the window with his knuckles. I rolled
the window down, wondering what I'd done wrong.
As a Black African, I have been told “Go back to your country!” or “Go back to
Africa!” many times since coming to the U.S. Here, I describe several of those
encounters, and highlight the particular—and often peculiar—nature of relations
between Black Africans and Black Americans. For example, on my first day at work
in a home for mentally disabled individuals, a Black American worker stormed into
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the dining coming from the office, yelling, “Why are all of you people running away
from Africa and taking all of our jobs here? Go back to Africa!”
As I've delved deeper into discussions with Carl and other Black Americans I've
met since coming to the U.S., I hear from many who think we are not brothers. In
fact, many Black Americans I've met have preconceived notions of Africa as a
continent filled with safari animals and jungles, and distance themselves from Black
Africans as “lower” beings not only because we are migrants, but because they
imagine we've arrived in the U.S. straight from the jungle. I discuss the Black Lives
Matter movement in the context of history and my own experiences in this country.
In these discussions, I highlight the fact that many Black Americans are astonished
to hear that Africans are trying to flee the Continent, since they are currently
struggling against systemic racism in the U.S. and demanding reparations, and I
reflect on the reparations debate currently underway in the U.S. I also tackle the
news here of Africans giving up their freedom to be slaves in Libya; in late 2017,
the U.S. media outlet Cable News Network (CNN) aired reports of West African
migrants in the latter stages of their journey to Europe, who had been sold openly
in slave markets in Libya. The reports generated widespread condemnation as
audiences watched footage of Arab slave traders selling individual people—who
were to be used as farm workers—for as little as $400. The CNN revelations
suggested that some Africans were so desperate for freedom that they knowingly
accepted the risks of entering slavery, and even American rapper Kanye West
publicly speculated that the ancient practice of slavery always was predicated as a
choice.
3G Education and Skilled Migration 2 [BG 5/6]
Chair: Lan Lo, University of Nottingham, UK
170 Types of Learning Promoted though Volunteer Non-Formal and Informal
Educational Projects in Contemporary Greece: Educational, Cultural,
Economic and Political Dimensions
Dionysios Gouvias and Marianthi Oikonomakou
This paper explores the various dimensions relating to the implementation of non-
formal and informal educational projects for refugees, which that have been taking
place in the last seven years at various locations on certain Greek islands in the
North and South Aegean Sea. Some of those lessons have been designed to
safeguard the survival and adaptation of refugees to the existing socio-economic
settings, where learners are living in conditions of uncertainty and often coping
with painful traumatic experiences. Some other lessons aim –at least in principle—
to transformative learning and social empowerment.
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The field research attempts to generate a self-reflection of various stakeholders in
refugee (non-formal & informal) learning: from academics to students, from
volunteer teachers to various solidarity collectivities and/or NGOs). The main aim
of the study is to raise issues regarding the type of learning that takes place in these
education environments, according to various theoretical schemes of LLL (eg. if it
is “learner-centred”, “knowledge-centred”, “assessment-centred”, or “community-
centred” [Anderson, 2008]), as well as the entanglement of education, culture,
economy and politics in the process of offering learning opportunities for refugees.
The tools used for the purpose of the study are teacher and volunteer written
reflections and the implementation of focus-groups.
188 The source of trust and vulnerability: Association of Turkish immigrants to
the healthcare system in Poland during the pandemic
Gizem Karaköse and Filiz Göktuna Yaylacı
Immigrants and their association with the healthcare system have been a big
question in homogeneous countries, especially with the need for official language
proficiency in many cases. Immigrants have been considered one of the most
vulnerable to inadequate health care. With the pandemic, the risks that immigrants
face increased to a high level. Remarkably, the access to the proper treatment,
testing, vaccines and psychological support due to the lockdown which have
resulted in a negative impact on the health care and adaptation process. In previous
studies, Turkish immigrants have been considered one of the well-integrated
groups in Poland. In this respect, our research examines the factors that are
affecting the accessibility to the system including the socioeconomic, language and
cultural aspects of the Turkish immigrants during the Covid-19 pandemic in
Poland to understand their experiences in adaptation and systematic participation.
The research is based on a preliminary study that focuses on migration and health
in Poland. It is planned according to the qualitative methodology based on
participatory observation and semi-structured interviews with 11 Turkish
immigrants in Warsaw, Poznan, Wroclaw, Bydgoszcz and Torun between January
2021 and June 2021. The results indicate that despite the factors that have a
positive effect on social adaptation and communication, not evolving trust in the
healthcare system, is related to the deeper concerns that rely on general public
opinion and it creates a vulnerability for both immigrants and host society
members.
132 Brain circulation? The mobility of Chinese students studying in Taiwan
Yumiko Nakahara
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In this study, we analyze the mobility factors, policies, and possible problems of
Chinese students in Taiwan, in the context of the brain circulation framework
stylized by Saxenian (1999).
In 2010, in attempt to fill expanded enrollment capacity due to higher education
reforms and promote mutual cross-strait understanding, the Taiwanese
government lifted the ban on Chinese students to study in universities in Taiwan.
Having examined the fields of study selected by Chinese students in Taiwan, we
found that business and administration ranked highest. Chinese students may be
impressed by Taiwanese businesspersons in China, and are thereby inspired to
learn business and administration in Taiwan. The art is the second most popular
field. The third is engineering. Chinese students may consider Taiwan’s worldwide
reputation for advanced technology when choosing where to study abroad.
However, this study found that the policy prohibiting Chinese students from
working in Taiwan, part-time and after graduation, is the one that needs the most
improvement. The impossibilities of earning tuition money by working part-time
jobs and gaining work experience in Taiwan even after graduation may detract
some Chinese students from coming to Taiwan to study. If Chinese students can
gain work experience in Taiwan after graduation, they may contribute more to
China as returnees, in a “brain circulation” scenario.
The policy modification that would allow Chinese students to work can be
expected to increase the number of Chinese students studying in Taiwan, which is
currently less than expected. In addition, it is important for non-prestigious
universities to engage in public relations activities to fill their enrollment capacities.
Chinese students in Taiwan ultimately encourage mutual understanding among the
younger generation, which can lead to peaceful cross-strait relations. For this, the
policy should be modified.
Reference
Saxenian, Annalee, 1999. Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs. San Francisco:
Public Policy Institute of California.
116 Skills dimension of Pakistani international Migrant workers
Syed Imran Haider, Muhammad Ali Awan, Shahzad Ahmed Shiz
International labour migration plays an important role and a tool to provide human
resources to the countries having smaller populations and experiencing shortage
of labour. Those countries receive human resources from low-income countries
like Pakistan. Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment (BE&OE)
estimates since 1971 more than 12 million Pakistani workers went abroad for
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foreign employment including 96% in Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC). This
specific migration corridor to the GCC countries is dominated by temporary labour
migration schemes, governed by the sponsorship system (kafala) which de facto
ties the migrant worker’s emigration status to an individual employer or sponsor
(Kafeel) for their contract period. In 2022, BE&OE reported an estimate 832.339
Pakistanis went abroad which is highest number reported after the Covid
pandemic. These workers are divided in different categories e.g., highly qualified,
highly skilled, skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. The low skilled and
unskilled labour migrants’ workers are outreached by Overseas Employment
Promotors (OPEs) and their networks of sub agents particularly in rural areas
working across the country. The present study is an assessment of; how low &
unskilled workers using different channels to access foreign employment; what
types of skills development opportunities are available for aspiring migrant
workers; how better skills can provide fair recruitment and decent work to a
migrant. For this purpose, 15 Key Informant interviews were conducted during
March to May 2022 with the ILO, BE&OE, and OEPs relevant officials. Findings
show that due consideration is required to the new skills development programs
designed by human resource sending countries to create job opportunities in local
as well international labour markets. Trained and professional workers are attracted
by new destinations. The highly qualified and skilled labour has to pay least cost of
the migration as they are well aware about the migration process as compared to
the semi-skilled or unskilled workers. The more trained and professional migrant
workers can be in better position to access decent work opportunity and equal
wages in international labour market resulting better remittances to country of
origin and more likelihood of assimilation in new culture.
10:30-10:45 BREAK
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 10:45-12:15
4A Youth, Children and Families 1 [EG17]
Chair: Paulette Schuster, Reichman University, Israel
347 Irregular Migration Among Nigerian Youth: Stemming the Tide
Gloria Anetor and Nathaniel Omotoba
Irregular migration (unauthorized, or undocumented migration) has been on the
increase globally for almost four decades. Unarguably, this rise in Nigeria has been
particularly among the youths in the past one decade. The practice of crossing an
international border without official permission from the authorities has been
unacceptable to many countries, because they see the migrants as intruders and
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additional burden to their economy. This makes the people in the host countries
treat them in the most inhuman ways. In this report, drivers of migration are
examined, and approaches to stemming the tide were explored in-dept. In this
study, search engines (Google, Mozilla) were used to search the internet, journals
and textbooks were used to retrieve information on irregular migration among
Nigerian youth. Information was obtained on the causes of migration, countries
mostly migrated to and the challenges faced by the migrants in their host countries.
The information gathered from different sources pointing to some of the causes
of irregular migration such as the traditional determinants of migration
including poverty, food insecurity, climate change among others were examined.
Additionally, the countries most migrated to and the challenges faced in their
destination countries were also examined, and this information was used to proffer
solutions to irregular migration problems among the youths in Nigeria. In
conclusion, despite the inhuman treatment meted out to Nigerian youth who
migrate through many dangerous routes including the Mediterranean sea,
ironically, the youths are still risking their lives to escape from Nigeria because of
untold hardships and insecurity experienced at home. Safe migration awareness
should be conducted in rural areas of home countries targeting the most vulnerable
groups, – school-age, and youth. They need to be given the required and sustained
attention by stakeholders.
211 Music as a catalyst for bio-psycho-social transformation for refugee youth
Eva Marija Vukich and Hala Hamdan
The experience of migration can have a significant impact on the physical,
emotional, and psychological well-being of children and adolescents. The
challenges of adapting to a new environment, culture shock, prior conflict
exposures, and the loss of familiar relationships can create trauma, depression, and
anxiety, especially for those who have fled conflict and persecution. For refugee
youth, music can offer a powerful tool for overcoming these difficulties, fostering
a sense of belonging, and promoting resilience.
This presentation explores the benefits of music for refugee youth as a means of
bio-psycho-social transformation, focusing on its potential to enhance mental
health, promote social cohesion, and facilitate identity formation (Almedom, Baker
and Jones). By engaging in music experiences, young people can develop their
emotional processing skills, learn to regulate their emotions, create opportunities
for cultural integration, and build positive relationships with others.
Moreover, music can play a crucial role in promoting post-traumatic growth
(Almedom, Papadopoulos), helping refugee youth to find meaning and purpose in
their lives despite the challenges they face. It can also serve as a means of
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integration, allowing them to connect with their new communities and feel a sense
of belonging (Bergh, A., Sloboda).
Drawing on research from child development, psychology, and music therapy, this
presentation highlights the importance of music in promoting transnational social
resilience and fostering positive outcomes for refugee youth. The presenters will
share short vignettes of clinical music therapy groups with refugee youth in
Palestine and UK, and provide a brief music experience for attendees.
In conclusion, it is seen that music can serve as a bridge between the former life
and the new life, and support the bio-psycho-social needs of refugee youth
(Vukich, Zharinova-Sandersons). By creating opportunities for music experiences
and creative expression, refugee youth can explore their multicultural identities,
internal resources, and create strong bonds in their emerging communities.
115 Court-To-Court Dialogue: Challenges for the Protection of Children in
Migration Processes
Laila Roxina Moliterno Abi Cheble
This paper aims to explore the role of supranational courts in guaranteeing the
rights of children in processes of human mobility. Thus, it is important to take into
account the context in which children live and “differentiate in order to protect”,
as law as a social science cannot remain oblivious. The number of children in
processes of human mobility is growing significantly and therefore modifying the
debates surrounding migration previously understood in terms of adults and men.
The issue becomes relevant as thousands of children are crossing international
borders both in Europe and the Americas, such as the war situation in Ukraine and
Syria, as well as the mobility processes in the Central American region. During
these movements, which entail risks and opportunities, situations arise that place
them in a situation of increased vulnerability, as some are separated from their
families or migrate alone. This calls for an adequate study and an enriched or
reinforced protection by understanding the various key actors (families, children
and States themselves through public policies). This study highlights the value of
soft law instruments and the role of supranational courts in guaranteeing children's
rights. To this end, international law instruments (treaties) that contain references
to the terms “children” or “children” are taken up, specifically the Convention on
the Rights of the Child, additional protocols drawn up by the Committee on the
Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights
of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, etc. In addition, soft law
documents (which allow for the constant evolution of the law) such as the New
York Declaration, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Global
Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration are analysed. These instruments
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are used as a framework for the study of cases in the Inter-American Court of
Human Rights (IACHR) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the
highest guarantors of law in the respective regions. Based on the cases, points of
coincidence and divergence between the understandings developed and the
interpretation of the courts are pointed out. While recognising the sovereignty of
states over the control of their borders, the importance of international
cooperation in border management is highlighted. It is concluded that the term
vulnerability(ies) is a point of convergence between the two Courts, as well as
references to the best interests of the child, the need for context analysis, detention
as a measure of last resort. However, divergences are noted (for this purpose, the
standards indicated by the IACHR and the ECHR are demarcated) and the lack of
a fluid dialogue between the courts. Finally, dialogues for the construction of a new
legal framework for the protection of human rights are pointed out as a valuable
tool.
251 Youth Labor Migration vs Youth Bulge in the Central Asia Region
Liudmila Konstants
We find it very difficult to understand and describe the Kahramanmaraş
earthquake disaster that shook the society deeply. On the second day of the
earthquake, we, as the Esenyurt Youth movement, participated in the aid campaign
and formed a team with our friends to distribute them to the earthquake zone.
What happened there wasn't a disaster, it was total apocalypse. The earthquake is
not a new thing, but when we consider the destructiveness of the earthquake,
which is recorded in history as the Kahramanmaraş earthquake, as well as the
number of people affected and the breadth of geography (Eda Esma
EYÜBAGİL1, 2023), and the human error factor that causes it, we face terrible
facts. What's going on here with technology could be overcome.
4B Insecurities and Migration 2 [UG14]
Chair: Anas Karzai, Laurentian University, Canada
247 Perpetual War-Logic and Global Refugees
Anas Karzai
The imperial war games of the last century have re-emerged, but this time as a
nightmare. From the invasion of Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria by the US-NATO
war machine since 9/11 to the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in the last year, the
world has not seen such a mass displacement of ordinary, mostly poor and
disenfranchised people since the WWII. Thus the cold war talk of ‘good’ vs ‘evil’
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which had divided the world for most of the last century has re-emerged in the
political and media echo-chambers of the West. The West is once again on a
collision course with a nuclear armed Russia. All reason and sensibility that humans
have acquired so far have once again been suspended. In the last year, the warnings
and threats coming out of both Moscow and Washington, including its vassal that
is the EU are devastating for the future of the planet. However, the perpetual war
economy is the engine generating this new cold war. Today, the United Nations
High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) reports that 68.5 million people have
been forcibly displaced worldwide, of which 40 million are internally displaced, and
25.4 million are refugees and 3.1 million are asylum seekers.
This paper argues that war-logic is not the product of ‘human nature’ as is
commonly rationalized and culturally understood nor does it belong to the
anatomical character of the human brain. Rather, it is the historically specific and
culturally produced by-product of the political economy of capitalism. By following
a sociological argument, this presentation asks the following questions and
proceeds to examine them: Who benefits from the war economy? And what are
the cultural and historical forces that normalize and legitimate the perpetual war
logic even when it is an existential threat to the human species?
454 Twofold migration: The Story of Awiwi Town in Niger Republic
Maryam Liman
Temporary labour migration has been a cause of concern and is widespread across
India. While migration is a complex issue affected by many different factors,
climate factor assumes significant importance among them as a risk in the rural
areas of developing countries. In this context, the main objective of the present
study is to assess the spatiotemporal livelihood vulnerability to climate change for
migrant- and non-migrant households for selected regions of Andhra Pradesh and
Maharashtra for 2005-14 by employing two waves of ICRISAT data: (i) second
generation Village Level Survey (VLS2): 2005-2008 and (ii) Village Dynamic South
Asia (VDSA) dataset: 2009-14. In addition, household vulnerability index was
constructed to identify climate vulnerability between migrant and non-migrant
households; among different farming households as well as map the intertemporal
and interspatial vulnerability. Based on the household vulnerability index, it shows
that non-migrant households are more vulnerable as compared to migrant
households. In this regard, we argue that migrant households adapt extreme
weather events through receiving remittances, non-farm income and social
networks to counter attack extreme weather shocks. In this background, we infer
migration as an adaptation measure to climate change. Further, it is observed that
marginal-farm households are most vulnerable, followed by small-farm, large-farm
and medium-farm households. The comparison among six semi-arid villages in
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terms of climate change vulnerability shows that Maharashtra villages were more
vulnerable to climate extremes than the villages of Andhra Pradesh in the
alternative years of the study periods. Surprisingly, this study found that household
vulnerability to climate change has declined from 2005-2014.
282 Perpetrators’ Trauma: Emotional State of Immigrants from Russia who
Disapprove of the Invasion of Ukraine
Mukhina Varvara
On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine and up to 8,104,606 refugees from
Ukraine had to leave their homes (UNHCR, 08 March 2023). Undoubtedly, these
aggressive actions have affected the emotional state of all Ukrainians around the
world. However, these actions have also affected many Russians who disapprove
of them. The Russian legislation that came into force in early March 2022 (Russian
Criminal Code, Article 207.3, Article 280.3, Article 284.2) prohibits the expression
of any position condemning Russian aggression, however, public opinion polls
suggest that at least 23% of Russians disapprove of the invasion (Levada-Center,
2023). The 48% increase in the use of antidepressants in the first nine months of
2022 is indirect evidence of how the invasion has affected the emotional state of
Russians (TASS, 28 October 2022). According to official statistics, which usually
tend to underestimate the number of emigrants, at least 622 thousand of Russians
left Russia in January-November 2022 (Federal State Statistics Service, 2022). I
suggest that the proportion of those who disapprove of the Russian government's
actions is even higher among those who have left. The aim of this study is to show
how the invasion has affected the emotional state of Russians abroad, who are able
to express their attitudes more openly than those in Russia. I use the theoretical
framework of group-based emotions, which are based on an individual's social
identity and sense of belonging to a particular group (Yefremova and Grigoryan,
2014). A previous study of Russian immigrants in Japan showed that those who
disapproved of the invasion identified with the perpetrator group and experienced
group-based guilt, shame, fear, and ingroup-directed anger and contempt
(Mukhina, 2023). In this study I use the sample of 511 Russian immigrants (male:
41.10%; female: 57.73%) who disapproved of the invasion of Ukraine to determine
whether and to what extent they experienced such emotions. I conducted an online
survey that consisted of 34 questions, including basic demographics (gender, age,
education, income, etc.), respondents' emotional state, and others. Participants
were approached through anti-war Russian immigrant groups on social networking
sites and online groups that help new immigrants from Russia move and settle
abroad. The results of the survey showed that most respondents experienced
shock, helplessness, problems experiencing joy, apathy, and sleep problems in the
first days of the invasion. Many respondents experienced varying degrees of group-
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based guilt, shame, fear, ingroup-directed anger and contempt. The intensity of
emotions differed according to gender, age, level of education, income and length
of stay abroad. The results of this study showed that Russians abroad experienced
acute group-based emotions due to their sense of belonging to the perpetrator
group. Although the proportion of those who have experienced such emotions
may be over-represented in this study due to the research method, it does help to
provide a more comprehensive picture of the overall impact of this invasion.
4C Remittances 2 [UG11]
Chair: Ahmad Walid Barlas, Greifswald University, Germany
268 International standards of Migrant Domestic Workers and the Kafala
System in Lebanon
Nadine El-Dekmak
The kafala system (sponsorship system) is the legal basis of the work relationship
between the migrant domestic worker (MDW) and the employer also known as the
sponsor. It is a restrictive immigration regime mixed with customary practices
which ties the residency of the worker to their employer. This system has been
implemented in many countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the
Middle East through a set of bureaucratic and legal procedures that regulate the
relationship between the sponsor, the expatriate, and the state. Amongst these
countries, Lebanon hosts over 250,000 MDWs, most of whom are women from
Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, the Philippines, and other African countries, who are
recruited through private recruitment agencies to work under the sponsorship
system and live under the roof of their employer. Although domestic work is highly
demanded in Lebanon, these women face daily exploitation and human rights
violations as their working and living conditions are contestable. There, some
workers don’t get paid, have a day off, have normal working hours, or have the
freedom of movement and are unable to travel to their home country, and the
majority have their identity papers confiscated by the employer or the recruitment
agency. While it has been speculated that the kafala system results in labor
exploitation of migrant domestic workers, research has yet to explore whether this
national system contradicts migrant workers’ international standards. In other
words, does the Kafala system fulfill the international standards of migrant
workers? In answering this research question, we will start from the hypothesis that
the Kafala system facilitates domestic servitude and therefore violates the human
rights of the migrant worker. In order to confirm or dismiss our hypothesis, we
will conduct a literature review and a comparative analysis between the Lebanese
kafala system and international standards of migrant workers in mainly three areas
often neglected: the right to freedom of movement, decent work, and the right to
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free choice of employment. In this context, the paper will be concluded with a set
of recommendations on the relevant topics.
377 Differences in Rural Investment Climates for Remittances: Mixed Methods
Results and Findings from The Philippines
Jeremaiah Opiniano
Rural areas frequently receive foreign remittances from international migrants,
thanks to the incomes wired by townmates from abroad. Rural areas thus become
a natural direction for remittances, which thus provide development potential.
Those potentials arise especially if rural investment climates favor them. This
mixed methods research shares findings from a mixed methods tool, called the
Remittance Investment Climate Analysis in Rural Hometowns (RICART), to see
if rural municipalities are investment-friendly, and if migrants and their families
from those rural hometowns are financially capable and literate to make those
investments. Implemented in two rural hometowns in the Philippines, mixed
methods results and findings show that rural birthplaces provide heterogenous
conditions that see these places either having more or less investments from
overseas migrant townmates. At the same time, migrant households exhibit
financial capabilities that are nuanced to the conditions of their localities and their
levels of financial aptitude. RICART contributes a methodological tool to
determine specific contributions of remittances to rural birthplaces while
identifying investment climate and local governance-related barriers to rural
hometown investing by overseas Filipinos.
483 Political Change and Poverty among Rural Households in Afghanistan:
Evidence from Marmul District, Balkh Province
Ahmad Walid Barlas
It has been over eighteen months since the Taliban resumed leadership in
Afghanistan and people are struggling with severe issues including insecurity,
human rights violations, unemployment, poverty and hunger. This research mainly
focuses on poverty status among rural households before and after the political
change, using the Marmul district of Balkh province as a case study. The primary
data was collected in two phases. In the first phase, 280 households were surveyed
in Marmul district before the collapse with assistance of an administrated
questionnaire. In the second phase, we attempted to survey the same households
after the fall, but only 100 households took part in our study. Poverty headcounts,
poverty gap and poverty squared gap were estimated to analyze the status of
poverty in the study area. Our findings show that the average household monthly
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income declined by 30%, from AFG 12,807 to AFG 8,930. Poverty indexes
indicate that the severity of poverty increased in addition to the number of people
living below the poverty line. This implies that people are becoming poorer and
losing their economic power daily. In addition, our logit coefficients exposed that
gender and employment status of household head, number of male employed,
literacy ratio, remittances, access to banking service and land size are negative
correlated with poverty. While the number of males and females (household size)
increase the possibility of becoming poor.
4D Migration, Law and Policy 4 [EG15/16]
Chair: Lilach Lev Ari, Oranim Academic College of Education, Israel
161 Challenges of Legal Clinics in the Context of Immigration Detention: An
Assessment of the Current Situation between (Political) Activism and
Voluntary Legal Advice in Germany
Hannah Franz
Student run legal refugee clinics occupy an important role in the German legal
landscape. Most law clinics were established in response to the so-called “refugee
crisis” in 2014, when the number of asylum applications started to rise immensely.
The German legal system was not and still is not prepared for this influx: Since
migration law is not anchored in legal education, correspondingly there is a
shortage of appropriateley trained law professionals. Hence, a discrepancy between
needed and available legal advice exists. By providing a low-threshold possibility
for refugees seeking information and legal advice without a cost risk, refugee law
clinics aim to fill this gap. However, they are confronted with a number of
challenges: Besides financial instability, they find themselves in a dilemma between
the requirement to provide legal advice within the applicable legal framework but
at the same time being confronted with structural deficits within the law. The latter
leads to questions regarding the limits of legal clinics.
This conflict gains crucial relevance, when student counselling is provided in an
area of law where a variety of elementary rule of law gaps can be observed; such as
the area of immigration detention.
Although immigration detention is not a penal sentence, the placement conditions
are similar to those of a criminal detention. Furthermore, 50-90% of the judicial
detention orders are unlawful; leaving those affected unjustly imprisoned. The
reasons include lack of expertise among judges as well as legal peculiarities of
procedural detention law. Thus, detainees awaiting deportation are not entitled to
a public defense attorney.
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Against this background, the question arises whether it is reasonable and
expectable for clinical students to expand their volunteer work into the area of
political and social influence? Is it their duty to inform the public about experienced
grievances and to advocate for changes in law? What problems can arise for the
core work of the legal clinics from such an expanded activity?
Especially in the area of immigration detention, public and widespread criticism of
detention procedures can significantly complicate the counseling situation and thus
have a negative impact on the possibility of offering legal counselling. This is due
to the fact that the legal status of voluntary counselling in detention is not
comprehensively secured. If volunteer legal counselors are – due to (political)
activism – perceived as unpleasant by the actors involved in detention, this can
hamper their position as independent legal counselors and thus lead to aggravated
conditions in accessing the people in need.
In my paper, I would like to address this conflict between the need for reporting
the experienced injustice, acting upon the results of critical examination of the law
and the requirement not to restrict the possibility for providing legal advice by
doing so. In that regard, structural problems of immigration detention law will be
discussed.
458 Estimating the Shocks of the Irregular Migration Phenomenon on Public
Spending by using time series models
Iliuta Cumpanasu
Estimating the Shocks of the Irregular Migration Phenomenon on Public Spending
by using time series models
Over recent years, the irregular migration has experienced a significant increase
worldwide. This reality has caught the attention of the scientific community and
practitioners responsible with how to deal with this phenomenon, seeing it at
different angles.
The proposed study brings about a major contribution to Academia by providing
a fresh viewpoint and research approach regarding the impact of the irregular
migration on welfare and public expenditures in the Balkans, its findings being able
to capture an area which has not yet benefitted from a comprehensive approach in
the scientific community.
Furthermore, this is the first research that captures the most recent international
migration phenomenon in the Covid-19 Pandemic crisis or similar lockdowns and
the impact on public expenditures, by using the mediation of secondary drivers.
The study finally tests the resilience of the public actors to the budgetary burden
caused by irregular migration, emphasizes how shocks change their behaviour and
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core values, providing valuable data as a support in designing effective policies
regarding challenges which are hot spots on the world’s agenda as well.
Moreover, as a novelty, the study offers an already tested, innovative and ambitious
model for estimating of public expenditure due to irregular migration by using
border management time series, being able also to forecast important variables
(e.g., seasonality, stationarity of the series) that can be leveraged by interested
decision-makers.
Specifically, a mixed method of data collection and analysis (Triangulation) is used
by leveraging the official databases (e.g., Border Police Organisations, UN,
FRONTEX, Word Bank, Eurostat, etc) followed by testing the time series
components, got in the process of using adequate statistical methods (i.e., scaling,
components, stationarity). Complementary data were obtained by conducting of
semi-structured interviews with experts in the field and desk research.
For testing of the research hypothesis, some multi-factorial, auto-regressive,
econometric models, or panel models (static and dynamic) were used, all these
results being supported by qualitative analysis of the data collected through
interviews.
293 Legal aid platform Linking Help z.s.: UA.SUPPORT
Kateryna Balaban and Jana Schneider
Pro bono legal aid refers to the provision of legal services for free to individuals
who cannot afford to pay for legal representation. It is a critical aspect of the justice
system that ensures access to justice for all, irrespective of their financial status.
Legal aid plays a vital role in protecting the rights of vulnerable communities,
promoting equality, and advancing the rule of law. Without pro bono assistance,
many people would be unable to navigate the legal system and assert their rights,
leading to injustices and inequality.
The process of integrating migrants into a new society can be challenging,
particularly when it comes to legal matters. In many cases, migrants face difficulties
in accessing legal resources due to language barriers, cultural differences, and
financial constraints. Pro bono legal aid can assist migrants in understanding their
rights and responsibilities, which can help them to integrate better into their new
community. In this way, pro bono legal aid can have a positive impact on the
integration of migrants and contribute to building more inclusive and cohesive
communities.
Linking Help z.s.[1] is an international legal aid platform with its major focus on
supporting Ukrainian refugees with the project UA.SUPPORT[2]. The platform
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facilitates pro bono legal advice and connects people in need with volunteer
lawyers from around the world.
Brief overview of the project so far:
3000+ cases solved
290+ volunteer lawyers worldwide
30+ predominantly European countries covered
UA.SUPPORT - Linking Help z.s. is officially supported by a number of European
bar associations, global legal institutions and NGOs. The Ukrainian Bar
Association lists UA.SUPPORT as a reputable partner to help Ukrainian refugees
get legal advice.
The heart of the project is a platform, which was made with the help of artificial
intelligence as a clever solution. People in need fill in the request form on the
project’s website and the request will be processed by one of the Ukrainian
Helpdesk associates. Afterwards, volunteer lawyers can then take the cases in the
system which are connected to their jurisdiction and field of expertise. After the
person in need and a lawyer are connected, the lawyer can handle the case
independently or in cooperation with Helpdesk associates, which are supporting
the communication. At the moment the platform is receiving a constant number
of 100 requests per week.
The impact of the legal aid project has been significant, having helped over 3,000
cases of migrants. However, there are still many more migrants who require legal
assistance but cannot afford it. Pro bono legal aid remains a critical resource for
these individuals, and supporting the project that provides such aid can have a
significant impact on the lives of those who need it. Therefore, it is important to
continue supporting the pro bono legal aid project, both financially and through
volunteering. We can help to build more inclusive and cohesive communities that
benefit everyone, regardless of their background or circumstances.
More information:
https://www.linking.help/
https://www.ua.support/
[1] https://www.linking.help
[2] https://www.ua.support
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214 Is it just because of anti-migration border fences? Why Israel’s Border
Barriers Worked?
Lilach Lev Ari and Arnon Medzini
A generation ago, globalization "shrank" the world: It was supposed to tear down
barriers, but security considerations and a widespread refusal to help migrants and
refugees have fueled a new wave of wall-building across the world. In recent years,
fence-making has become a booming business, pushed by waves of migration,
ongoing conflicts, and the growing threat of terrorism. The numbers are clear:
Since 2015 work started on more physical barriers around the world than at any
other point in modern history. All these barriers have one thing in common: They
do not shield nation-states against the traditional military threat at borders, but
instead target new challenges including massive migration movements. However,
it turns out that walls do not really block migration flow. In spite of the aggressive
symbolism, it is not clear that walls are truly effective. Migrants do not give up.
They bypass, using longer migratory routes, more dangerous, on which mortality
is much higher.
Israel serves as a good case study of barriers and walls, since it has invested heavily
in securing its borders. Between 2005 and 2013 over 60,000 African asylum
seekers, mainly from Darfur, Sudan and Eritrea, immigrated to Israel via Egypt.
Their motives for leaving their countries of origin include ongoing bloody wars on
the African continent as well as corruption, severe conditions of poverty and
hunger, economic and political disintegration. Israel has been forced to cope with
these migration waves. Its first attempt was to build a massive security fence along
its border with Egypt to prevent forced migrants from entering the country. The
government of Israel was not enthusiastic about building a border barrier, mainly
for financial reasons. Yet ultimately, political and public pressure generated a
negative image of a government incapable of overcoming the forced migrants
problem. The government of Israel offered a number of justifications for blocking
asylum seekers from crossing its border with Egypt: Sovereign rights, security
considerations, and national identity. However, in contrast to the failure of border
fences erected in many parts of the world to prevent the passage of immigrants,
the impact of the Sinai barrier has been significant. Since the fence was first erected,
the number of illegal migrants from Africa to Israel has significantly dropped, and
from 2017 no asylum seekers crossed the border. Few borders on earth are as
secure as Israel’s.
The purpose of this presentation is to analyze the multiple aspects of the separation
barrier built by Israel and evaluate its effectivenessIs it the separation barrier that
prevents immigrants from crossing, or a combination of a massive border fence,
an increased military presence, an increase in the danger of life along the migration
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route and a new set of laws enacted against immigrants, together created a situation
where Israel has become an unattractive country for immigrants.
Examine why countries continue to build new walls - especially when, as history
shows, the old ones rarely did what they set out to do?
Walls between countries are nothing new.
4E Theory and Methods in Migration Studies 1 [BG3/4]
Chair: H. Yaprak Civelek, Anadolu University, Turkey
420 “There is no freedom anymore”. The impact of Canada’s Covid policies on
migrants’ return intentions and strategies. A case study of Poles living in
Toronto
Agnieszka Malek
All over the world the pandemic resulted in unprecedented socio-political
consequences and severely impacted the life of migrants. Some of them were
forced to return to their countries of origin, many faced economic difficulties due
to limited access to work and income, and still others tried to find new ways to
adapt and cope with unstable situation. The government of Canada implemented
emergency legislation such as lockdowns, social distancing, travel restrictions,
vaccine requirement, household quarantine, closure of workplaces, schools, and
places of worship. On the one hand, these measurements upset the daily routines
of individuals and families and, in case of immigrants, disrupted their transnational
ties, but on the other hand, effected a change in the ways people think, allowing to
redefine their goals and values.
Drawing from 40 in-depth interviews conducted with Polish immigrants in Great
Toronto Area (GTA) on 2022 and 2023, this presentation aims to explore how the
pandemic itself and legislation introduced by federal and/or provincial
governments have affected the mobility intentions and life strategies of Polish
long-settled immigrants living in Toronto. The research participants expressed
dissatisfaction with public-health restrictions and general distrust towards the PM
Justin Trudeau and his liberal government. A significant number of Poles living in
GTA supported the so called Freedom Convoy protests, that were aimed at forcing
the government to revoke COVID-19 measures and mandates. Immigrants’
engagement and positive attitude towards protest actions were even called the
biggest political mobilization of Polish migrant community in Toronto in the last
two decades. The presentation will discuss the role of the pandemic policies and
distrust towards public authorities and institutions, on the long-settled migrants’
intensions and decisions, especially in terms of possible return to Poland. The
migrant own narratives will be analysed in relation to their social trajectories and
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life histories. As such, the research contributes to the literature on return migration
and decision-making process. Although migration scholars have increasingly paid
attention to the various aspects of return migration, new issues have been
emerging, especially in the context of pandemic and post-pandemic reality.
287 Understanding the Determinants of Migration Intentions - An Individual
and Spatial Perspective
Fares Ben Youssef and Mohamed Kriaa
Migration is a complex phenomenon that has been a defining aspect of human
history for thousands of years and continues to be of great importance today.
Understanding the reasons that drive people to leave their homes and seek a better
life elsewhere is crucial to comprehending the causes of migration. This research
aims to explore and understand the determinants of migration intentions from
both an individual and spatial perspective in the context of Tunisia, a country that
experiences significant migration stocks and flows.
Socio-Economic theories such as the neoclassical theory, the new economics of
migration, and the network theory have contributed greatly to our understanding
of the dynamics and trends of the phenomenon in a world where migration has
become an inexorable pillar of social and economic life.
The study is designed to examine the determinants of migration intentions through
a multidisciplinary lens, drawing on insights from economics and sociology,
specifically; the research uses econometric modelling to explore the determinants
of migration intentions from a sociodemographic and economic perspective, while
also conducting spatial analysis to detect the impact of regional characteristics on
migration intentions.
The first part of the study involves using econometric modelling to understand the
determinants of migration intentions from a sociodemographic and economic
perspective through survey data (Tunisia-HIMS*, General Census of Population
and Housing, consumption survey, and the national survey on population and
employment).
In the second part of our research, exploratory spatial data analysis and modelling
through spatial econometrics are employed with a dual perspective aimed at
describing the spatial characteristics of the studied population, as well as their
impacts on the intention to migrate.
By providing a comprehensive understanding of the determinants of migration
intentions from both individual and spatial perspectives, this research aims to
contribute to the development of effective policies that can better govern
migration flows in Tunisia and beyond.
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562 A Critical Perspective on “Online” Research Practice in Population Studies
H. Yaprak Civelek
Demographers technically use objective data, and accept the truths exposed to any
interpretation as “hung in the air”. Today, digital surveys are based on collecting
data from the internet and that kind of scientific act doubles the “distance” to
human life. This study brings forward how social demographers especially those
who choose “online” field research cause a loss of the dialogic interaction between
the researcher, participant, and the effect of the contextual environment. They
mostly think that the questionnaire is doing its job because the senses are at work
during the whole interview, which is true to some extent. Demography is mainly
located on a positivist side: seeking out the frequencies and trends in population is
quite a job. One can suggest that demographers focused on fertility or mortality,
or migration, thanks to demography training, have a “numeric” background they
do not care about empathy enough as needed for an anthropologist for the very
reason. Most of social demographic studies employ qualitative methods as
complementary. For instance, while studying fertility, it is possible to see that
some remarkable and significant statistical indicators can disturb a demographer’s
mind and push her/his to do qualitative research to understand the issue deeply.
The deepest point always presents the covered truths; the ideological facts.
Reaching such a point is not possible with an online face-to-face interview because
it perfectly needs to be stepped on the mugged ground; observations, senses,
emotions, sociability, and empathy. Moreover, some scientists dare to construct a
“theoretical framework” by connecting online practice to explanatory or
explicative theories without discussing the limitations of losing observation and
context. But being humanist and the power of context is important and valid for
both methodological perspectives. As we know the famous “warning” about the
relationship between those perspectives and field studies comes from Bourdieu:
“Theory without practice is empty; practice without theory is blind”. It puts a moral
responsibility as an excellent social demographer must have the ability to explain
the “numeric” or “scientific” matter in front of her/his according to the related
theory to create a new “discussible” one; every research has the potential for
constructing a new theory or giving a push to the conventional one. Digital
practices in social sciences do not care about the importance of attending to a field
anymore and apparently, the Covid-19 pandemic has increased the tendency. The
researcher needs to know the participants’ social demographic characteristics like
age, sexual identity, place of residence, and income level. Then what we see is a
researcher connecting from one city to another or from one neighborhood to
another and a half-body participant looks like an object with nothing influencing
him/her while speaking. This means the blue screen built its own -meta- context
and demographers, even some who say that the blue screen is already progressing
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on the same line with their understanding of research, must discuss the limitations
of this kind of construction. The argument of this paper is supported by the
interviews with demographers and free researchers.
223 Mobility governance and ambivalent humanitarian protection in Brazil:
continuities and changes during the COVID-19 pandemic
Gisela P. Zapata
The Brazilian migration landscape radically changed in the last two decades, both
in quantitative and qualitative terms, given the increase in volume and the
diversification in the origins and motives of international migrants. For instance,
the number of people seeking international protection – primarily from other
countries of the region such as Venezuela, Haiti and Cuba – grew five-fold between
2011 and 2019 (Silva et al., 2020). A direct and well-documented consequence of
the pandemic is the threat to the security and protection of the rights of migrants,
with several governments around the world having used the pandemic as an excuse
to redouble border control measures, carry out summary deportations and limit
access to those in need of international protection (Crawley, 2021; Hennebry &
KC, 2020; The Lancet, 2020). Although Brazil has recently undergone a normative
transition from a security-oriented to a human rights-based migration legislation
and has a long tradition regarding refugee law and protection (Jubilut, 2006; Zapata
& Tapia Wenderoth, 2022) the pandemic provoked a radical change in the
governance of international mobility in the country. This paper explores the ways
in which the pandemic has been used to increase mobility controls and limit access
to asylum, particularly for Venezuelan nationals, (re)signifying the border as a stage
for the subordinate reproduction of the global, securitised control and
management of migrant and displaced populations. More broadly, it reflects on the
symbiotic, often ambivalent, relationship between spatial control and humanitarian
assistance practices, and the contradictions of these policy changes vis-à-vis the
country’s progressive mobility framework. These type of political-institutional
responses to ‘crises’ speak to the ever-present threats to the global refugee
protection system widely documented in the North (De Lucas, 2016; Mountz,
2020). The paper draws on a systematic review of migration and refugee-related
laws, decrees, and administrative acts before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
and 11 semi structured interviews with key actors such as government officials,
civil society, and international organisations, conducted between June and July
2020.
References
Crawley, H. (2021). How Covid-19 Became a Cover to Reduce Refugee Rights. The
Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-covid-19-became-a-cover-to-
reduce-refugee-rights-156247
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De Lucas, J. (2016). Sobre el proceso de vaciamiento del derecho de asilo por parte de los
Estados de la UE. AIS: Revista Europea e Iberoamericana de Pensamiento y Análisis
de Derecho, Ciencia Política y Criminología, 4(1), 21–27.
Hennebry, J., & KC, H. (2020). Quarantined! Xenophobia and Migrant Workers During
the Covid-19 Pandemic. International Organization for Migration (IOM): Geneva.
https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/quarantined.pdf
Jubilut, L. (2006). Refugee Law and Protection in Brazil: a Model in South America? Journal
of Refugee Studies, 19(1), 22–44.
Mountz, A. (2020). The Death of Asylum. Hidden Geographies of the Enforcement
Archipielago. University of Minnesota Press.
Silva, G. J., Cavalcanti, L., Oliveira, T., & Macedo, M. (2020). Refúgio em Números - 5a
Edição. https://www.justica.gov.br/seus-direitos/refugio/refugio-em-numeros
The Lancet. (2020). Editorial: COVID-19 will not leave behind refugees and migrants. The
Lancet, 395(April 4, 2020), 1090.
Zapata, G. P., & Tapia Wenderoth, V. (2022). Progressive Legislation but Lukewarm
Policies: The Brazilian Response to Venezuelan Displacement. International Migration,
60(1), 132–151.
4F Migration and Integration 4 [UG13]
Chair: Gökay Özerim, Yasar University, Turkey
518 Occupational Attainment of Second Generation of Ethnic Minority
Immigrants in the UK: An Analysis Using Labour Force Survey 2014-2018
Rukhsana Kausar and Issam Malki
The integration and assimilation of ethnic minority immigrants (EMIs) and their
subsequent generations remains a serious unsettled issue in most of the host
countries. This study conducts a labour market gender analysis to investigate
specifically whether second generation of ethnic minority immigrants in the UK is
gaining access to professional and managerial employment and advantaged
occupational positions on par with their native counterparts. In contrast to existing
literature, we distinguish between first- and second-generation natives.
The data used to examine the labour market achievements of EMIs is taken from
Labour Force Survey (LFS) for the period 2014-2018. We apply potential outcome
model with a multivalued treatment to estimate the differential in career
attainments across generations, gender and ethnicities. We report estimates of
Average Treatment Effect (ATE), and Average Treatment Effect on the Treated
(ATET) of four categories: first generation immigrants, second generation
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immigrants, first generation natives, and second-generation natives for both male
and female respondents.
Our findings suggest that the estimated probabilities and differences across groups
are consistently similar and highly significant. As expected, first generation natives
have the highest probability for higher career attainment among both men and
women. The findings also suggest that first generation immigrants perform better
than the remaining two groups including the second-generation natives and
immigrants. Furthermore, second generation immigrants have higher probability
to attain higher professional career but are less likely to succeed in managerial
attainment. Our findings coincide with Migration Policy Index (MIPEX 2020)
results that UK’s integration policies encourage temporary integration- Halfway
favourable with average score of 57/100 indicating provision of basic rights and
equal opportunities, where public sees immigrants as their equals and neighbours
but also as foreigner rather than potential citizens.
316 The Transnational Generations and Education: The models of Integration
in Qatari Schools
Abdullah Arbabi
GCC countries as it hosts a huge community of migrants with diverse backgrounds
and cultures, developed relevant models and experiences of the social integration.
And to narrowing this geographical part of the world and dealing with a specific
case like Qatar, with a majority population of migrants “residents”, looking at the
manifestations of the Social integration are more demanding. This article tries to
get a closer look into the integration models that adopted by the transnational
generations in Qatari schools, as is sphere for social interacting a engaging.
The paper will give a data about the schools environment and the kind of inclusion
and integration approaches.
501 Excercises in Estrangement: Experiments in an Italian School at the Border
Giulia Zanfabro
In the field of second language acquisition, the prevailing approach is
communicative, functional and situated. This approach, at the very basis of
contemporary glottodidactics, finds its institutional expression in the Common
European Framework of Reference for Languages. Unlike other approaches, the
communicative approach requires the learner of a target language to achieve
various degrees of 'communicative competence' (Diadori 2019; Cohen 2011;
Doughty, Long 2005). Knowing a language means being able to use it, "to do things
with words".
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The emphasis on usability is crucial, but highly problematic. The first risk is that
of reducing teaching to the learning of a language that only serves to carry out a
certain job, often a poorly qualified one, and which thus precludes any possibility
of emancipation, while maintaining the various situations of exclusion (Zoletto
2007, p. 84). The second risk is that of supporting, even 'only' implicitly, the neo-
liberal ideology underlying so many of the discourses surrounding adults education,
in which, as Mayo points out, the focus is placed on the technical-rational aspect
and on 'what works'. According to Mayo, this focus reflects an interest in
'marketability' to the detriment of, for example, social justice, and also supports the
creation of programmes aimed at providing a 'flexible' and 'adaptable' workforce
(Mayo 2007, p. 19).
"Doing things with words", however, can also mean something else. Following
Freire, literacy is not simply a technical skill to be acquired, but is the necessary
foundation for the cultural action that has freedom as its goal (Freire, Macedo
1987, p. 5). Learning a language and knowing how to use it means, in this sense,
becoming aware of the reality, the context and the ways in which that language is
used (Zoletto 2007, pp. 83-84). The goal is emancipatory: for Freire, literacy is a
political project aimed at creating possibilities; the starting point of literacy is thus
the understanding of one's own existence as part of socially constructed practices
within specific power relations of which both students and teachers are part (Freire,
Macedo 1987, p. 5).
These are two very different perspectives on language teaching/learning. Yet, it is
not so difficult to slip - sometimes actually fall! - in the attempt to provide
emancipatory tools to students towards practices, choices, and actions that, on the
contrary, contribute to their marginalisation and exclusion.In this paper, I bring
into play the notion of estrangement in teaching Italian as a Second Language to
MSNA (minori stranieri non accompagnati - unaccompanied foreign minors). The
aim is to realize exercises of estrangement to ceate interculturally inclusive contexts
and make it possible to imagine spaces of agency, possibility and resistance for/of
the young adults who are the target of the classes within which these exercises have
been experimented. The exercises I refer to have been tried out at the Centro
provinciale per l’Istruzone degli Adulti (CPIA) of Trieste, within various Italian
classes for unaccompanied foreign minors and/or in the curricular classes (“terza
media”) with a high presence of foreign minors.
380 Social Farming for the Integration of Refugees and Asylum Seekers: An
Italian Case Study
Giuseppe Gambazza
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Asylum seekers and refugees are often employed in Italian agriculture both in rural
and urban areas, where they may be victims of labor exploitation and caporalato.
Along with these episodes, virtuous forms of agriculture are spreading. Since 2022,
in fact, migrants and refugees can be included, by law, in social agriculture activities
(the so-called DL Aiuti).
This research explores how social farming can promote good practices of social
and labour inclusion for asylum seekers and refugees. After a short
contextualization of the phenomenon in Italy, the paper focuses on a specific case
study, from which it will analyze how environmental sustainability strategies are
combined with processes of social integration, training, and employment.
4G Special Panel: Universidad Iberoamericana’s research and advocacy
actions in the field of Human Mobility [BG 5/6]
Panelists: Carla Pederzini, Karla Valenzuela, Andrea Margarita Nuñez
In 2020, scholars and professionals committed to study and advocate for Human
Rights of migrants, asylum seekers and refugees at Universidad Iberoamericana,
got together to reflect upon the most important issues concerning migration in
Mexico and suggest public policy actions to improve the conditions of people on
the move in Mexico. The results of these gatherings are two documents that serve
as a Statement of Purpose concerning migration policy in the country.
The purpose of this panel is to present our most recent Statement of Purpose,
issued in May 2023, which analyzes the following topics: Government, State and
law in contemporary migrations; The role of the media and government narratives;
Migrant integration and Mexico as a destination and origin country; Mobility and
its consequences on mental and emotional health; and Climate migration.
View full document in Spanish here
12:15-13:15 LUNCH BREAK
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 13:15-14:45
5A Wellbeing and Migration 2 [EG17]
Chair Adi Binhas, Beit-Berl College, Israel
35 English “I’m like a chameleon”: Coping Strategies Used by Haredi Women
Doctoral Students Reconciling Their Religious and Academic Identities:
Haredi Women
Adi Binhas
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The study dealt with the cultural, not physical, immigration of ultra-Orthodox
women in Israel who entered academia and studied for a Ph.D. In Israel there are
less than 100 ultra-Orthodox with a doctor's degree and no comprehensive
research has yet been conducted on this population. This population migrates
between two different value systems - ultra-orthodox society and academia. The
study focused on the unique challenges of ultra-Orthodox women in academia.
This study examined Jewish ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) women doctoral students and
ordered them to analyze the shaping of their religious and academic identities, and
particularly the coping strategies they use to reconcile them. Theories inform it on
the definition of social and collective identities and the way individuals assimilate
upon encountering a new collective, as well as by actual processes of Haredi
integration in Israeli academia over the years. The study concludes that in their
academic development, these women challenge their traditional social worlds and
enter the world of learning, which is exclusively preserved for men in their
community.
*Binhas, A. “I’m Like a Chameleon”: Coping Strategies Used by Haredi Women Doctoral
Students Reconciling Their Religious and Academic Identities. Cont Jewry (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12397-022-09466-7,Q1
174 A study on mental and physical well-being of immigrant women during the
post COVID-19 time – an overview of changing workplaces
Khadijah Kainat
Post COVID time has brought a lot of changes in our working lives, especially
with the greater reliance on digital platforms and social media during 2021 and
onward (Alheneidi et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021). In this study, I intend to understand
the challenges of immigrant working women living in Finland towards the use of
digital platforms and social media in post COVID time in their working lives. The
main research questions are: How immigrant working women deal with highly
digitalized working environments in the Finnish companies? How changing nature
of work (especially #workfromhome culture) has influenced their working and
personal lives? And, how they deal with the problem of “information overload”
on digital platforms/social media in this changing work environments? It is
important to study this particular study subject i.e., the immigrant working women,
who are often ignored during the integration process and are mostly struggling with
work-related challenges (Nardon et al., 2022). Most of the previous studies mainly
focus on the male immigrants and their employment issues while ignoring the fact
that the women immigrant might have different nature of working issues along
with the responsibility of parenting, other family responsibilities and their physical
and mental health. In this study, I am using qualitative research method (interviews
and workshop for discussion group) with 15 or more volunteer immigrant women
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from different countries (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Iran, United Kingdom)
living in Finland for 3 or more years. So far, I have conducted 10 interviews and
more interviews are in progress. Some of the main findings so far show that post
COVID time has brought many challenges in participants' working lives such as,
information overload on digital platforms and social media (Instagram, Facebook)
has caused physical and mental stress. Long sitting hours in front of computers has
caused muscles pain, poor posters, weight gain and stomach issues. Additionally,
mental health is one of the most important areas of our working lives. The results
indicate the risk of poor mental wellbeing of immigrant women in their working
and personal lives due to too much information on websites, digital platforms, and
social media accounts. This has somehow lead to intentional information
avoidance and information fatigue for some participants.
258 A Study of The Detrimental Impact of Covid 19: With Special Emphasis on
Female Migrant Workers in New Delhi, India
Niimisha Kaul
Introduction
The migrant workers in India encountered loss on many fronts including financial,
social, and emotional as well. The situation was so grave that they were more
apprehensive about having food for survival than fearing an alien virus which was
so deathly that people were dying.
Owing to such an uncontrollable situation, a huge percentage of these migrant
workers decided to go back to their respective hometowns. But the condition was
such owing to the lockdown that barely any public transport was available. So, a
lot of them with their families walked back on foot to their native places.
The researcher took over a study with female migrant workers in New Delhi, India,
which is the capital city of the country. The researcher interacted in person with
around 500 such female migrant workers to understand the issues faced at the
grassroots level by them. The researcher has made a special attempt to highlight
the plight of the women migrant workers and to gauge the intensity of their socio-
economic status during the pandemic.
Objective
To evaluate the economic condition of female migrant workers amidst the
pandemic Covid 19 in Delhi, India.
To evaluate the hardships faced by these female migrant workers because of Covid
19 and the lockdown in New Delhi, India.
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To understand the impact of the pandemic on female migrant workers in New
Delhi, India.
Research Methodology
The researcher adopted a mixed approach to evaluate the qualitative and
quantitative dimensions of the living conditions of these female migrant workers
during Covid 19. These female workers were reached through NGOs, Resident or
Associations of various locations where they work and these female workers
introduced the researcher to her peers. New Delhi comprises 11 districts in total.
Thus, the researcher interviewed around 500 female migrant workers from all 11
different districts of New Delhi, India with good representation from each district
for the collection of data. The data has been collected through primary sources and
secondary sources.
Findings and Conclusion
This paper contributes immensely towards showing a realistic overview at the grass
root level of the concerns of these female migrant workers. Further, some of the
major findings in the study as to the hardships faced by female migrant workers
during Covid 19 are enlisted below:
Out of 148 respondents, over 25% said that they walked on foot to go back to
their native place from New Delhi as there was no public transport available owing
to the lockdown.
Out of 500 respondents, over 60% said that they migrated to Delhi to earn money
as it was a challenge to earn money in their native place.
Out of 500 respondents, over 50% said that they did not have money to survive
during the lockdown.
Out of 500 respondents, over 75% said that they lost their job during the
lockdown.
Out of 500 respondents, over 70% said that they had to borrow money to survive
during the lockdown period.
175 Trauma Exposure among Central American Immigrants Seeking Asylum
at the U.S.-Mexico Border
Alfonso Mercado and Frances Morales
Central American immigrants, particularly families seeking asylum in the United
States, report significant trauma exposure and mental health concerns upon arrival
at the U.S.-Mexico Border (Venta, 2019; Venta & Mercado, 2019). These forced
migrants are severely affected by the excessive violence in their home countries
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and exposure to other forms of trauma (Mercado et al., 2019). Migration itself
poses risk of further trauma exposure. Many report experiencing assaults and
sexual violence along their journey. Recent U.S. migration policies, such as the
Zero Tolerance and Remain in Mexico policies, have also added new sources of
trauma exacerbating the risk for mental health problems in migrant children and
families (Mercado et al., 2021; Mercado et al., 2022). Due to the unpreparedness
and inefficacy of federal agencies to respond to this humanitarian crisis, asylum
seekers encounter precarious circumstances while awaiting processing. Knowing
the implications associated with cumulative life adversities, the experiences of this
population deserve much attention.
The main objective of the present study was to measure the frequency of traumatic
events to evaluate the level of trauma experienced by asylum seekers who have
recently fled the Northern Triangle region of Central America. The study sample
consisted of 51 adult asylum seekers primarily from the Northern Triangle region
of Central America which encompasses the countries of Guatemala, Honduras,
and El Salvador. The sample included 15 males and 36 females ranging from 18 to
51 years of age (M = 28.02, SD = 7.193). Quantitative analyses measured trauma
exposure using a Spanish translation of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire
Revised (Mollica et al., 2004). A key feature of this study is the recency of the
experiences as the participants were interviewed within 24 hours of being
processed by U.S. immigration officials for seeking asylum, making their
experiences quite recent. Results indicate that all participants experienced some
form of traumatic event either in the country of origin, during the travel through
Mexico, and/or in a detention center. The most traumatic events experienced by a
single participant were 18 out of the 27 possible traumatic events. On average, the
participants reported experiencing approximately 8 traumatic events (M = 8.19, SD
= 4.24). The most common traumatic experiences reported included experiencing
extortion or robbery, living through a natural disaster, witnessing someone get hit,
having been in a shooting, and witnessing the torture or death of someone.
The observed high frequency of traumatic events endorsed by the participants
supports previous findings that adults migrating from Central America are
experiencing alarmingly stressful and traumatic events during migration (Keller et
al., 2017; Mercado et al., 2019; Venta & Mercado, 2019; Mercado et al., 2022;
Venta, 2019;). It is clear that asylum seekers constitute a vulnerable population that
faces immense hardship not only before leaving their home country, but also
during and after their migratory journey. Psychologists and other mental health
providers who engage with this community are uniquely poised to educate and
spread awareness about the needs of this population and influence policy that has
the potential to impact their welfare.
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5B Migraciones and Transnacionalismo 2 [BG3/4]
Chair: José Salvador Cueto-Calderón, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico
148 El Régimen de Refugiados en Chile: Un análisis al desarrollo institucional
entre 2010 y 2022
Byron Duhalde y Adriana Palomera
Chile is a country that is characterized by recognizing a very low percentage of
people as refugees, compared to the total number of applications it receives
annually, unlike other countries in the region. The present work is structured as a
case study of the management of the refuge in Chile from the year 2010 in which
Law 20,430 of Refugees is promulgated. Through the conceptual tools of
Historical Institutionalism, the institutional development of the refuge and the way
in which Chile applies and manages the International Regime are analyzed. It is
shown that in the agency space elements are developed that hinder access to due
process, as well as the process of recognition of refugee status, generating a
detrimental impact on the Chilean refuge institutionality.
147 Entre la permanencia y la reemigración: factores asociados a las intenciones
migratorias de la población venezolana en Montevideo
Martín Koolhaas y Julieta Bengochea
Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura que estudia las intenciones y decisiones
migratorias de las personas migrantes, examinando para el caso de la población
migrante venezolana residente en la ciudad capital de Uruguay (Montevideo) los
factores asociados a sus planes de permanencia o reemigración.
Para ello se realiza un análisis estadístico tanto transversal como longitudinal con
base en la Etnoencuesta de Inmigración Reciente (ENIR). La ENIR fue realizada
en 2018 y obtuvo la respuesta de un total de 371 personas migrantes de origen
venezolano. En 2021 se realizó un seguimiento a esta población y se obtuvo un
panel de 236 informantes. Por último, mediante un análisis de regresión logística,
se exploran factores asociados a las intenciones migratorias, examinando aspectos
vinculados a motivaciones de la migración, trayectorias de inclusión
socioeconómica, configuraciones familiares y nacionalidad de parejas, itinerarios
documentales y efectos derivados de la pandemia de COVID-19.
Los resultados obtenidos identifican cuatro aspectos importantes.
Primero, un incremento de diez puntos porcentuales en las intenciones de
permanencia de la población venezolana en 2021 respecto a 2018, siendo
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mayoritaria la preferencia por la permanencia en Uruguay frente a la reemigración
a un tercer país o Venezuela.
Segundo, un alto nivel de estabilidad respecto a los planes de migración declarados
tres años atrás, a pesar de los cambios acaecidos entre 2018 y 2021 (con la pandemia
por COVID-19 de por medio).
Tercero, entre quienes tienen un plan de reemigración en ambas olas se verifica
una alta volatilidad en las preferencias de los países mencionados como eventuales
destinos, dado que en 2121 la gran mayoría declaran estar pensando en reemigrar
a un país diferente al mencionado tres años atrás.
Cuarto, se destaca que la existencia de planes de reemigración no se asocia a
intenciones de retorno a Venezuela, sino a reemigraciones a terceros países en
general situados en el Norte global (sobre todo, en Norteamérica y Europa; en
particular, Estados Unidos y España), explícitamente motivadas por razones
económicas y/o laborales.
451 Migración de tránsito en México: el papel del Estado y la política de
contención migratoria en la Ruta del Pacífico
José Salvador Cueto Calderón
El pasado 12 de marzo de 2023, más de dos mil migrantes en tránsito,
principalmente de origen venezolano, intentaron cruzar la frontera norte de
México a través del puente internacional Paso del Norte que conecta a Ciudad
Juárez, Chihuahua, con El Paso, Texas. La estampida humana logró romper el
cerco de elementos de la Guardia Nacional que les impedía cruzar las casetas
mexicanas, sin embargo, fueron detenidos por las fuerzas estadounidenses a mitad
del puente. Este acontecimiento se suma a la actual crisis migratoria que se vive en
la región, que inicia con el éxodo masivo de migrantes provenientes de diferentes
países latinoamericanos y que se enfrentan a las adversidades de cruzar fronteras y
transitar territorios hostiles.
Esta crisis se presenta en México bajo el contexto de una política de contención
migratoria que se ejecuta en todo el territorio mexicano por presión de los Estados
Unidos, que se traduce en amenazas arancelarias a diversos productos mexicanos,
y que a su vez son dictaminadas por ellos mismos. En este sentido, el Estado
mexicano vigila e impone políticas en una frontera vertical a lo largo del país, donde
se han establecido 50 centros de detención o estaciones migratorias para las
personas migrantes donde se replica -al igual que en Estados Unidos- un modelo
criminalizante y punitivo de la migración, de hecho, México es el país con más
centros de detención para migrantes en toda América Latina.
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En las decenas de centros de detención en México, resalta a la vista la escasez que
se presenta en el Noroeste de México -donde se encuentra la Ruta del Pacífico-,
reducidos casi por completo a uno por entidad federativa -salvo en las excepciones
de aquellos con más de un cruce fronterizo-, comparada con la saturación en las
otras áreas geográficas del país, sobre todo en el Sur, Sur-Este; obedeciendo, pues,
a un mayor flujo de la población en tránsito en estas zonas. Sin embargo, podemos
observar que el flujo de migrantes en tránsito por la Ruta del Pacífico ha aumentado
desde el inicio de las caravanas migrantes en 2018, siendo su presencia cada vez
más notoria en las ciudades que se encuentran en la ruta. A pesar de la escaza
presencia de las instituciones del Estado en materia de migración en la Ruta del
Pacífico, sus políticas se manifiestan a través de la violación a sus derechos
humanos por parte de diversos agentes del Estado.
En este sentido, desde la óptica de la antropología del Estado, que busca analizar
las prácticas cotidianas en las burocracias y la construcción discursiva del Estado
en la cultura pública, la propuesta pretende realizar una etnografía a estas
instituciones del Estado, particularmente a las oficinas de representación del INM
en Sinaloa, así como en la estación migratoria ubicada en Mazatlán, Sinaloa, con la
finalidad de observar cómo el discurso sobre la criminalización de la migración va
creando una cultura pública que se manifiesta en la subjetividad y en el actuar de
los agentes migratorios.
5C Insecurities and Migration 3 [UG14]
Chair: Olga Gulina, +Benefit Research, Germany
274 The interrelationship between the war in Ukraine and the precarization of
Central Asian migrant workers in the Russian labor market
Anastasia Blouchoutzi
The Russian Federation has been an attractive destination for Central Asian labor
force that emigrated from their countries of origin to search for employment. As
a result, Russia hosts 76% of all Kyrgyz migrants, 73% of Tajiks, 65% of Kazakhs,
72% of Turkmens and 55% of Uzbek migrants (World Bank, 2017; Author’s
calculations Author’s calculations). Language, proximity, ties, mindset, freedom of
entry and the prospect of citizenship are possible reasons for such a superior
position of Russia as a host country (Khramova et al., 2020). Bilateral economic
remittances’ estimates for 2017 from the Russian Federation reached 63,8% of the
total remittances flows in Kazakhstan and 77,3% in Kyrgyz Republic, 76,4% in
Tajikistan, almost 100% in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan accordingly (World
Bank, 2017; Author’s calculations). Remittances have been a channel to transmit
economic growth from the Russian Federation to these countries (Brownbridge
and Canagarajah, 2010). These financial flows have the potential to ease foreign
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exchange constraints, finance external deficits, increase savings and capital
formation, facilitate human capital formation, raise the standard of living of the
recipients and even reduce poverty and inequalities (De Zwager et al., 2005).
However, the downturn in remittances flows to these countries during the Russian
economic crises affected their macroeconomic indicators. This research draws
upon the concept of migration interdependence between the countries of migrants’
origin and destination (Tsourapas, 2018) as developed due to the importance of
economic remittances for the developing countries. The research question we
intend to answer is whether and in which ways Russia’s war in Ukraine affects the
labor market integration of Central Asian migrants in the Russian Federation and
consequently their remittances. Our research begins by reviewing the literature on
the importance of migrant remittances, we continue with an overview of key
economic factors of the Central Asian countries and we map the migration flows
from Central Asia to the Russian Federation and their demographic and socio-
economic characteristics. Afterwards, we relate them with the occupation of
Central Asian migrant workers in Russia and the remittances they send to their
countries of origin and we seek to identify the vulnerability and/or resilience of the
Central Asian countries to migration through their international partnerships. Last
but not least, we investigate the policies implemented for the migrant workers’
residence permit and the naturalization process in the Russian Federation before
and after the beginning of the war.
References
Brownbridge, M. and S. Canagarajah (2010) Remittances and the Macroeconomic Impact
of the Global Economic Crisis in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, China and
Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 8(4), pp. 3-9.
De Zwager N., I. Gedeshi, E. Germenji and C. Nikas (2005) Competing for Remittances.
Tirana, Albania: IOM.
Khramova, M., S. Ryazantsev, A. Rakhmonov, O. Kasymov (2020) The impact of
remittances from abroad on socioeconomic development in Tajikistan, Central Asia
and the Caucasus, 21(4).
Tsourapas, G. (2018) Labor migrants as political leverage: migration interdependence and
coercion in the Mediterranean, International Studies Quarterly, 62(2), 383-395.
World Bank Group (2017) Migration and Remittances Data. Available at:
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/mig
ration-remittances-data Accessed 19 October 2022.
164 Displaced Security: Understanding refugees' sense of safety through their
resettlement experiences in Montreal, Canada
Krystal Tennessee
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The concept of safety/security speaks to the notions of being safe, being saved,
being protected and being in a safe haven. Canada presents itself as a safe
resettlement site for refugees (Government of Canada, 2019) although it has been
suggested that refugees may be welcomed with suspicions of criminality, terrorism,
and aggression. In this climate of fear, refugees are subjected to stereotypes and
cultural misunderstandings or miscommunications in receiving societies
(Rousseau, 2002), even though in legal discourses at a local/global level, refugees
are legitimized by the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of
Refugees. Therefore, the legal definition of a refugee in Canada is linked to the
sociopolitical definition that contributes to the national discourse on refugees.
Notwithstanding, the legal acceptance of refugees does not mean social/political
acceptance (Razack, 2002).
This paper presents the results of a master's thesis that explored accepted refugees'
sense of "safety" in Montreal, Canada and how the intersections of their
experiences influenced their conceptualization of the dimensions of safety. Data
collected from semi-structured interviews highlighted how political, legal and social
categorization of the label "refugee", contributed positively and/or negatively to
refugees' construction of safety. This paper raises questions about resettlement
policies, the social manifestation of what/where/when a refugee is supposed to be
and problematizes the normative discourse of safety/security in Canada.
29 Scapegoated or Reality? Undocumented Migration, Poverty, inequality, and
the Struggle for Jobs: Reflections from South Africa
Victor H. Mlambo
A World Bank report titled: Inequality in Southern Africa: An Assessment of the
Southern African Customs Union revealed that South Africa, the largest country
in the Southern African Customs Union, is the most unequal country in the world,
ranking first among 164 countries in the World Bank’s global poverty database.
Ever since the demise of apartheid, South Africa has witnessed an increase in the
inflow of undocumented migrants from Africa in search of economic
opportunities. While migration has been at times viewed as a catalyst for
development, in South Africa, undocumented migrants have become an instigator
of societal tension between locals and foreigners. Between 2000 and March 2008,
at least 67 people died in what were identified as xenophobic attacks. In May 2008,
a series of attacks left 62 people dead, although 21 of those killed were South
African citizens. South Africans argue that the rate at which the inflow of
undocumented migration is taking place in SA has left them no choice but to take
the law into their own hands. The central argument is that migrants are stealing
jobs, are involved in drugs and human trafficking, and do not pay taxes, thus South
Africans feel their presence is an additional strain on government resources. Over
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the years, rather than addressing the issue through legal channels, South Africans
have opted to (out of the boundaries of law) address the issue themselves, by
shutting down foreign-owned shops, calling for the government to increase border
security, and the forming of pressure groups. This has resulted in strained relations
between South Africa and her neighbors. This paper, employing a qualitative
research approach using relevant literature seeks to understand whether the
allegations leveled against undocumented migrants are a reality or they are being
scapegoated. It seeks to examine if foreign nationals are indeed stealing jobs,
involved in drugs and human trafficking, or rather South Africans are taking out
their frustration on migrants because of government policy failure. The following
questions will guide this paper? Has government policy failure concerning
addressing poverty, inequality, and unemployment contributed to the xenophobic
sentiments directed at undocumented migrants and how can the South African
government address the increasing inflow of undocumented migrants to reduce
societal tensions?
232 A new Russia's Emigres in Berlin
Olga Gulina
Over centuries and decades, people left Russia, and the presence of Russia´s
émigrés in the capitals of Western Europe remained a source of the continual
question. While the October revolution of 1917 was one of the major reasons
among the push factors leaving Russia – it is by far not the only one. After
Bolsheviks came into power, thousands of Russians were forced to leave the
country. The country´s military and civil best heads, crème de la crème of a nation,
its writers, painters, philosophers, musicians, and many others were exiled and tried
re-building Russia they lost.
In Soviet time ethnic Germans, Jews and Poles left Russia for their ethic
homelands, because representatives of these groups were discriminated by a Soviet
law. Admission of Jews, Poles and Germans to some universities or state-relevant
positions was limited. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a mass exodus took
place. Russian nationals, including intellectuals en mass left country in search for
better paid jobs and positions in the West (Naumova 2005). Throughout all these
extensive historical periods, diverse factors pushing Russians to emigrate were
political instability, economic challenges, and ever search for a better life and of
knowledge.
Modern emigration from Russia has its own specifics, albeit it emerges the same
phenomenon of “no-returns”, that was well known in Soviet and Tsarist Russia,
usually because of current Russia´s invasion of Ukraine, harmful political
persecution, human rights violation, religious/sexual intolerance, and fear to be
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oppressed and persecuted at home. Nowadays the question to leave or not to leave
Russia remains an urgent issue for diverse social groups in the country.
Current research examines today´s Russian émigré in German metropolis, in
particular in Berlin. Berlin was and remains to be “the first capital of Russian
emigration” (Marten-Finnis 2021), one of the centers of Russia´s exile activity
(Williams 1966), and the place where “… everyone met each traveler toured
between Moscow and the West” (Roditi 1961).
Modern Russian émigrés in Berlin can be roughly divided into five groups by their
legal status within the country: (1) Russia´s emigres residing with a Schengen visa
(type C) or with a German national visa (type “D”); (2) newcomers submitting an
asylum application within the territory of Germany; (3) high qualified Russians with
blue card status; (4) those with a legal permit according § 19-21 Immigration Law
(AufenthG), i.e. specialists from creative industries and freelancers, and (5) their
family members
5D Migration and Gender 2 [UG11]
Chair: H. Yaprak Civelek, Anadolu University, Turkey
423 Queer Compassion: A phenomenological exploration of LGBT+
participation in migration activism
Valentina Massone
Homophobia and transphobia contribute to the displacement of thousands each
year (Vance et al., 2018; ILGA Europe, 2023). While refugee grievances and
LGBT+ rights are top priorities on Europe’s human rights agenda (Slootmaeckers,
2020; Ayoub & Paternotte, 2014), many EU countries struggle to reconcile
universalists pro-LGBT+ inclinations with nationalist anti-immigration policies
(Raboin, 2017; Andreassen, 2020; Lunau, 2019). This contradiction has created a
gap within the protection system, prompting civil society organisations (CSOs) to
participate in the process. This paper explores the particular forms of organised
solidarity practised by LGBT+ CSOs. Specifically, it focuses on the contested
relationship between queer mobilization and the commodification of LGBT+
narratives and identities to investigate how activists recognize, navigate, and make
use of homonormative structures while actively working towards their disruption.
It does so through the in-depth case study of LGBT Asylum, an organization
catering to the vulnerabilities of queer asylum seekers and refugees in Denmark.
Their primary aim is to help LGBT+ asylum seekers gain a footing in the country
of destination by providing legal assistance, a safe space and a social network. The
study is built on six months of ethnographic fieldwork, including participant
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observation within the organization and nine semi-structured interviews with
members of the group involved at the different organizational levels.
Rooted in Sarah Ahmed’s philosophical approach, this paper explores queer
participation in migration activism through phenomenological (2006) and affective
lenses (2014). Reflecting on the concepts of orientation and disorientation
examines the relationship between the activist body and political mobilization.
Then, by looking at emotions such as discomfort, pain and anger, it engages with
the participants’ life experiences to investigate how they understand and utilize
LGBT+ categories, relate to each other and ultimately shape humanitarian action.
This framework emphasizes the affective dimension of aid, pushing citizen
engagement in direct relation with global politics. Furthermore, by placing LGBT+
individuals at the centre of the inquiry, the analysis shifts the emphasis from queer
victimization to queer participation, reaching beyond the management of queer
asylum seekers and highlighting their role as agents of change. It joins a growing
but still fragmented body of scholarship expanding the scope of what constitutes
“the humanitarianism worthy of study” (Richey, 2018).
This approach allows me to contest widespread assumptions (Richey, 218; Aly,
2020), framing queer activists as both helpers and beneficiaries, challenging the
separation between formal/informal aid spaces and including hybrid, transnational
and non-hegemonic configurations of assistance in the broader humanitarian
network. Finally, this paper demonstrates how the combination of queer theory
and humanitarian studies is conducive to the in-depth analysis of civil society
groups involved in aid, both within and beyond the scope of LGBT+ realities.
242 Queer, Iranian and in exile: Comparing the experiences of Iranian queer
refugees living in Turkey, the UK and Canada
Nuno Ferreira
In this presentation, I will discuss some provisional findings of the project
‘Negotiating Queer Identities Following Forced Migration’ (NQIfFM,
https://iranqueerefugee.net/). NQIfFM is a project that explores the experiences
of people who have left Iran to escape persecution or discrimination on grounds
of their sexual orientation or gender identity (SOGI). Building on a mixed-methods
approach – including semi-structured interviews and poetry workshops with
refugees and other stakeholders – the project investigates the processes of identity
transition of Iranian diasporic queers seeking international protection in countries
generally seen as being of transition, destination or resettlement. The empirical
work and data analysis is being carried out against the background of literature on
postcolonial sexual identities, life histories of exile, and trauma-based cultural
politics. In particular, the project explores the hypothesis that rigid Western
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categories of LGBTQ+ are imposed by immigration structures (immigration
offices, UNHCR, UK Home Office, NGOs) on those seeking asylum, to show
how migrant subjects may be misrecognised, retraumatised, or silenced by the
constraints of such classification. After briefly discussing the project’s aims and
methodology, I will present the project’s theoretical framework and a selection of
themes emerging from the data analysis so far, including in relation to agency,
stereotyping, trauma, silencing, discrimination, integration, and identity.
153 A shift towards positivity through migration in Japan: New Chapter in South
Asian Masculinities
Afsana Begum
The research looks into the causes of behavioral changes among migrant South
Asian men after migration; especially changes in roles that they always considered
are closely related to their gender identity. Masculinities inspire men to endure
gender inequalities in the society. Therefore, one of the most significant causes of
the research is to trace out the innate reasons of such changes, to plan some
conscious actions that can be applied back in migrants native country to challenge
and change the prevailing constructs of masculinities to ensure a gender sensitive
socio-cultural environment. The study reveals migrant South Asian men’s support
to the perceived positive masculinity of Japanese culture and their will to follow
such practice. This study finally argues that migrant South Asian men in the Japan
adopt a new kind of masculinities that doesn’t have serious clash with the
masculine ideologies that they had before migration and doesn’t challenge their
hegemonic position in the family.
396 LGBTIQ+ refugees vs. refugees who are LGBTIQ+
Annamari Vitikainen
This paper develops a conceptual framework for analyzing debates on LGBTIQ+
refugeehood, admission, and integration, by identifying the morally salient features
of the discussed group of refugees (LGBTIQ+) and the kinds of harms that
LGBTIQ+ persons may be fleeing from and/or have a right to be protected
against. The paper makes an important distinction between the commonly used
category of LGBTIQ+ refugees (e.g. in international law) and a broader category
of refugees who are LGBTIQ+, and provides a preliminary argument for utilizing
the latter, more expansive definition in debates on LGBTIQ+ refugeehood,
admission, and integration. Some exemptions to the rule of utilizing the broader
category are provided. These relate to instances where the causes of one’s fleeing
(e.g. SOGI -based persecution vs. persecution based on religion) are morally
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significant for the assessment of the case at hand. Such instances may arise, for
example, in relation to the questions of refugee status determination, and some
(albeit not all or even very many) questions relating to the appropriate means of
integrating refugees into the social fabric of the host society.
5E Migration, Law and Policy 5 [EG15/16]
Chair: Styliani Christoforidou, Hellenic Open University, Greece
130 Dichotomy at the Curzon Line: Legal and Political Aspects of the
Differential Treatment of Migrants at Poland's Borders with Belarus and
Ukraine
Magdalena Bogucewicz and Julia Kienast
In the last two years, Poland has become one of the most interesting sites of
European asylum policy. Many of the weaknesses of this system, but also its
strengths, have been exposed by the dichotomy on Poland's borders with Belarus
and Ukraine.On the one hand, Poland's border with Belarus was closed to irregular
migrants and the EU was asked to help fend off the Lukashenko regime's "hybrid
attack", i.e. the organised arrival of thousands of people from the Middle East and
North Africa. On the other hand, Poland willingly accepted millions of refugees
fleeing Russia's invasion of Ukraine.These different approaches are also reflected
in the responses at the EU level, including a proposal for an “instrumentalization”
regulation to deal with the influx of refugees from Belarus and the first application
of the Temporary Protection Directive in response to the war in Ukraine.The
proposed paper examines these different approaches at the two Polish border
sections. By combining a political analysis of Polish domestic and foreign policy
with an analysis of the legal situation at the Polish and European levels, the paper
aims to answer the question of 1) why these contrasting responses occurred at the
same time and place and 2) what the advantages and disadvantages of the two
governance strategies are.
1122 Time as a governance tool and case workers’ perceptions of processing
times in the Swedish immigration system
Hilda Gustafsson
Despite international and national regulations stipulating time goals regarding case
processing, immigrants wait for extended periods, sometimes years, for their
applications to be evaluated. For families waiting for reunification, the wait often
entails being forced to live in separate countries, an experience which has been
drawn attention to in an increasing number of studies. Less attention has been
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directed at the executing side of these waiting experiences: the role of time as a tool
to deter migrants and case workers’ perceptions of the process. This study
examines a) how Sweden’s increasingly restrictive immigration policy reveals time
tools (e.g. temporariness, biological time limits, deadlines) as a way to regulate
unwanted immigration and b) the experiences of employees at the Swedish
Migration Agency regarding the long case handling times. Using a mixed method
with document analysis and qualitative interviews, the study provides a nuanced
image of on the one hand strict policies and rules followed by case workers, and
on the other hand the case workers’ attempt to both justify the execution of these
policies while catering to the requests from frustrated families wishing for their
wait to end. The study contributes to several areas of migration studies: migration
policy and practice, street-level bureaucrats’ attitudes, and the increasing field of
waiting and time in migration governance.
162 Critical examination of repatriation programmes in the EU periphery (The
case of Kosovo)
Valon Junuzi
Repatriation programmes have received attention only in recent years, mainly due
to some arbitrary imposed preconceptions on migration studies which have
erroneously considered that with the physical return of the deportee to the country
of origin comes the end of the migration cycle. This sedentarist bias has been
criticized increasingly by scholars that reject the reified equation
‘repatriation=homecoming’, and instead have urged for a scientific engagement
that examines what happens beyond the act of deportation, and document
hardships and unsettling truths of the repatriated. However, these contributions
have been parsimonious in both opening new avenues of research and
interrogating the rising policing techniques of repatriation. More specifically, the
accounts of what happens to the repatriated tend to consider deportation as a
conclusive act of ‘taking out’ from the territory the undesirable migrants, failing to
take into consideration ways through which the deporting state stretches its
expulsionary practices beyond its national territory through financing repatriation
programs in countries of origin. Similarly, the role of countries of origin in shaping
subjectivities have been largely undertheorized, rendering repatriation a neutral
state enterprise. The research aims to address these theoretical gaps by situating
repatriation programmes within exigencies of global mobility regimes that enact
and reproduce forced immobility in a world of flows and perpetual motion. It does
so by examining repatriation programmes as techniques of extended expulsion that
ensure that those that have been deported are demotivated to initiate a new
migratory cycle. It also critically interrogates the content of these programmes and
how they are utilized to push forward the neoliberal agenda of ‘crafting’ risk-taking,
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self-interested, entrepreneurial, and apolitical citizens. To this end, the project
relies on ethnographic fieldwork in Kosovo, as an interesting case in the EU’s
periphery where the successful repatriation of irregular migrants has been
prioritized by state institutions in order to get a free visa regime by the EU.
Interviews have been conducted with state institutions, NGOs, EU officials
responsible to implement these programs, but also with the recipients of the
reintegration assistance. Based on these empirical findings, the analysis aims to
understand not only the rationale behind these interventions but also the
subjectivities that emerge from these interventions.
47 Decent living conditions for asylum seekers and refugees. The problem of
protection in Greece
Styliani Christoforidou
German jurisprudence highlighted the significance of the same protection between
citizens and non-citizens regarding their Existenzminimum, i.e. the decent living.
The right to a minimum level of subsistence arises a universal right and as an
obligation of the state to act for its protection. Under this framework, It will be
analyzed critically the care of the Greek law to offer such kind of protection to
immigrants at the same quality level comparing with the Greek citizens in line with
the equality principle. Comparing with other legal orders, it will emphasized the
inadequacy of the Greek social system to treat the non-citizens equally safeguarding
a decent standard of living.
5F Migration and Integration 5 [UG13]
Chair: Pascual Garcia, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
496 Intercultural Mediators in Healthcare Settings: Vulnerability and
Empowerment
Marianna Ginocchietti
Effective communication and mutual understanding between healthcare providers
and patients are crucial to the effectiveness and the quality of care (Olani et al.
2023; Schyve 2007). Moreover, studies show that the healthcare providers’ ability
to listen, explain, and understand patients’ emotional status may play a significant
role in disease outcomes and patients’ experience of care (Olani et al. 2023;
Charlton et al. 2008).
Migrants with a lower socio-economic position and with no social and linguistic
support often experience a multifaceted kind of vulnerability during medical
encounters and, even more seriously, in the early access to healthcare services. I
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propose to distinguish and analyse the above-mentioned vulnerability as linguistic
vulnerability, epistemic vulnerability (see Peled 2018) and interactional/social
vulnerability.
It is recognized that intercultural mediators in healthcare settings may play a
significant role in improving accessibility and quality of care for migrants (Schyve
2007; Ruiz-Lozano 2015; Verrept 2019), but what about their role in supporting
healthcare providers to understand patients’ vulnerability, and consequently, in
empowering patients position in the social medical interactions?
The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to distinguish and analyse the multifaceted
vulnerability experienced by migrants with a lower socio-economic position and
with no social and linguistic support in their interactions with healthcare
institutions.
Secondly, to propose a frame where intercultural mediators play a crucial role in
understanding, distinguishing and decoding patients’ vulnerability in social-medical
interactions, and consequently in enhancing migrants’ empowerment during social
medical interactions with healthcare institutions.
Within this frame, intercultural mediators are not only “linguistic facilitators”, but
rather they are understood as part of the health staff, with specific competencies,
roles, and responsibilities (see Esposito, Vezzadini 2011). Moreover, both
healthcare providers and intercultural mediators need to be the target of proper
transdisciplinary training programmes to understand their particular role and their
responsibilities in interpersonal medical interactions within the healthcare
institutions.
The paper is structured in three parts. In the first part, I analyse and distinguish the
multifaceted kind of vulnerability experienced by migrants with a lower socio-
economic position. In the second part, I discuss the role of intercultural mediators
in supporting healthcare providers to understand patient’s specific vulnerabilities
and in empowering patients’ position in the social medical interaction. In doing
that, I refer to 10 ethnographic interviews conducted with intercultural mediators
working in the healthcare context in the city of Trieste (Italy). In the third part, I
draw the frame where intercultural mediators act as linguistic facilitators and as
part of the health staff responsible for the social medical interaction with patients.
285 “The House that Jack Built:” DIY Housing Renovations and Integration-
through-Materiality by Russian-speaking Migrants in Japan
Ksenia Golovina
Migrant homemaking and engagement with material objects has received
considerable attention in the literature to date. In terms of housing construction
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and renovation, much of the focus has been on the activities of transnational and
returning migrants in their sending communities, where migrant actions have
served to revitalize and develop areas of origin. While studies have begun to
examine the external and internal architecture and architectural aesthetics of
migrant housing, there is a need to trace how migrants engage in the immediate
practice of housing (re)construction and arrive at decisions to build or adapt their
housing in particular ways. Such an approach has the potential to reveal the
embodied processes through which migrants self-integrate into the host society.
Based on anthropological fieldwork consisting of in-depth interviews, home visits
(including construction sites), and participant observation, this study responds to
this agenda by examining how Russian-speaking migrants (re)construct their
housing through DIY activities. In order to provide the necessary context, the
study first investigates situations and strategies surrounding the choice of location
and housing for purchase and rent, including negotiations with agents. The study
then presents three close-up cases in which migrants (re)construct the buildings or
significantly alter the interiors of their dwellings. Curiously, the three migrants
share an artistic background, so the study contributes not only to the discussion of
migration and housing, but also to the discussion of migrant art. The aim of the
study is to reveal the process by which these migrants (re)build their homes or parts
of them, focusing on the imaginings that guide the migrants’ choices of design and
materials, their visions and actual practices regarding the use of the renovated
spaces, the negotiations with their Japanese spouses regarding the DIY work, and
the interactions with the local community surrounding the renovation practices.
The paper also examines how migrants obtain construction materials that may not
be available in the local market and negotiate affordable prices through various
person-to-person networks and e-commerce sites. Building on these findings, as
well as on previous literature that has highlighted the link between homemaking,
belonging, and identity, this study suggests the need to develop a framework of
“integration-through-materiality,” in which DIY practices serve to provide
migrants with an integrative rootedness in the host society. It is argued that in the
absence of robust integration programs, as is the case in Japan, material practices
surrounding housing may provide migrants with the missing links to establish
meaningful, tangible connections to their new home country.
279 The Symbolic Violence against Minority group in Korean society: Focusing
on the Moderated Effect of Multicultural Activities between Multicultural
Acceptability and Perceived Risk towards immigrants
Youn-young Lee
*This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of
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Education) (No.2022S1A5A8055727)
Objective
Recently, the number of foreign residents including unregistered foreigners living
in South Korea has surpassed 2.5 millions. Also the National Statistical Office
predicts that the number of migrants expected until 2040 will reach 3.2 million,
6.4% of the total population. Since 2008, Korean government has formulated and
implemented “the basic plan for foreigners” every five years to support foreign
residents and integrate the Korean societies with a high level of ethnic diversity.
Nevertheless, the level of multicultural awareness is not very high and the problem
of expanding negative cognitions toward them is emerging as a social issue because
Korea is traditionally homogenous society. Therefore, the purpose of this study is
to analyze the relationship between “perceived risk toward foreign migrants” and
“multicultural acceptability” of the Korean people and to find the moderating
effect as multicultural activities.
Literature review
This paper is based on the ‘symbolic violence theory’ and ‘contact theory’.
Bourdieu explains the concept of symbolic violence as the mechanism used by
upper-class groups that dominate the social structure of society. Contact theory
explains about the access to outside communities as an important factor
influencing discrimination between different groups.
Research Methods
This study empirically analyzes the 2021 National Multicultural Acceptance Survey
data collected by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Data are responses
from 5,000 people between the ages 20 to 75 selected by the multi-level stratified
cluster sampling collected in 2021 on a national scale. The dependent variable
consists of the perceived risk toward immigrants as a kind of symbolic violence.
The independent variable is the multicultural acceptability and it is composed of
three levels: culture openness, national identity and discrimination. The
multicultural activities are analyzed as a moderating variable between the
relationships. Based on this, the research model is constructed and the statistical
analysis was performed using by Statistical program.
Research Results
Major findings are as follows. First, while many Koreans generally have open-
mined and tolerable attitudes to foreigners, but also show negative attitude toward
immigrants. Second, culture openness has proved a strong effect on the decrease
of perceived risk toward immigrants, but in contrast, national identity and
discrimination have an opposite effect on those tendencies. Third, multicultural
activities are significantly related to reduce the perceived risk toward immigrants.
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Last, multicultural activities are found to moderate the relationship between
cultural openness and discrimination except national identity and perceived risk
toward immigrants.
Conclusions
The result shows that respondents with the higher level of participation to
multicultural programs are tended to have the lower level of perceived risks toward
immigrants. Therefore, this study will support the Korean policy makers by
suggesting the directions of multicultural programs for diversity and inclusion in
Korean society to increase the understanding of multiculturalism and foreign
residents.
References
Bourdieu, P. (1989). “Social Space and Symbolic power”. Sociological theory, 7(1), 14-25.
https://doi.org/10.2307/202060
Kim, I. S. (2022). “2021 National Multicultural Acceptance”. Ministry of Gender Equality
and Family.
Lee, Y. Y. (2019). “Effect of the victimization experience of school violence on
Acculturative Stress: Focused on Moderated Effect of Social Support”. Journal of
Korean Criminological Association, 13(1), 27-48.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). “Intergroup Contact Theory”. Annual review of psychology, 49(1),
65-85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
Doo. Y. S. & Kim. K.K.(2022). “The Relationship between Immigrant Contact and
Multicultural Acceptance among Korean Adolescents”. Journal of Education &
Culture, 28(5), 529-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.24159/joec.2022.28.5.529
*Youn-Young Lee, Halla University, Ph. D of Sociology, Assistant Professor,
younyoung.lee@halla.ac.kr
100x “We’re constantly fighting for that opportunity”: A Qualitative Study of
Access Barriers to Sexual and Reproductive Health for Hispanic Immigrant
Women in the United States
Jessica Merone, Rossella De Falco, Paola Degani
Immigrant women in the United States face overlapping difficulties when seeking
sexual and reproductive healthcare. A large amount of literature has demonstrated
the significant barriers undocumented immigrant women have encountered in
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accessing this type of healthcare, but little research has explored the uses of services
and outcomes among different groups of immigrant women. Therefore, to help in
part close the gap in the literature, this study examines how Hispanic immigrant
women in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with various immigration statuses and
conditions, access and utilize sexual and reproductive services and describe the
obstacles they face. An exploratory qualitative study was designed with 18 in-depth
interviews with Hispanic women with the following immigration statuses: first- and
second-generation immigrants, lawful permanent residents, naturalized citizens,
and undocumented immigrants. The barriers were understood in terms of
discrimination and inequitable access to healthcare under international human
rights law. To detect the root causes of healthcare inequalities and lack of human
rights fulfilment, we relied on an intersectionality perspective to analyse and
understand the multiple sources of discrimination and how they overlap and create
multiple levels of social injustices in the lives of the women. The research yielded
four key themes: historical cultural beliefs, practices, and languages; fear, stigma,
and negative self-perception; the role of community and social services; and
influence of socioeconomic status. The results showed that while a woman’s
immigration status impacted their access to healthcare, other interconnected
barriers were present that were mutually reinforcing sources of marginalisation.
5G Migration Policy
Chair: Jara Al Ali, Hamburg University, Germany
81 Compatibility of the EU-Turkey Statement to EU Law and International
Human Rights Law
Havva Yesil
The EU-Turkey Statement was released on March 18, via the Council of the
European Union. Immediate and intensive negotiations began in October 2015,
leading to the Statement delivered on the grounds of the European Council
meeting on 17-18 March 2016. This problematic and controversial statement has
been consistently proclaimed by the European Council. This paper focuses on the
legal flaws and implementation challenges of the EU-Turkey deal. Regarding the
procedure, EU norms for negotiating with third parties are laid forth in Article 218
of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It refers to collaboration
between the EU and a non-EU country. I analyse the General Court orders which
are the first rulings on the EU-Turkey Statement and evaluate these decisions in
light of EU legal regulations and literature in law. Also, the EU-Turkey Statement
violates the principle of non-refoulement, as the EU has committed to taking back
one Syrian from Turkey for every Syrian that Turkey accepts from the Greek
islands. The EU-Turkey deal violates the ban on collective expulsion under Article
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19 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, Article 13 of the ECHR, and Article
4 of Protocol no. 4 to the ECHR since it can result in the deportation of asylum
seekers without examination of their asylum claims. This paper also assess the
statement's compatibility with the EU Law and International human rights
law.
252 Nature-Based Belongings in the UK: National and Local Policies
Azadeh Fatehrad
The natural environment can play a valuable role in shaping migrant belongings in
the UK. However, despite parks, woodlands, gardens, beaches, rivers and other
blue/green spaces being places where migrants and non-migrants often come
together, the benefits of nature are not recognized in UK integration policy. This
paper draws on ‘Nature-based integration: connecting communities with/in
nature’, a research project funded by the Nuffield Foundation and the British
Academy.
This paper, reflects on local and national policy making in our three case studies
urban (London Borough of Harringay), peri-urban (Blackburn with Darwen) and
rural (Stornoway) integration sites across the UK, to support the realisation of the
natural environment as a resource for migrant integration.
Overall, this paper will argue that the definition of nature-based integration should
be seen as a never-ending and multidisciplinary process, and that it should respond
to the specificity and subjectivity of geographical, social and historical
contexts.Looking at strategies of local and national policies, this paper will also
explore how nature based integration can be problematize, renegotiate and counter
notions of historical erasure, cultural fusion and otherness embedded in land- and
waterscapes.
186 Public universities in Poland as actors helping forced migrants from
Ukraine: case study of SGH Warsaw School of Economics
Jan Misiuna, Pawel Kubicki, Marta Pachocka, Dominik Wach
After the full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine on 24th February 2022,
Poland became the default destination and transit country for millions of
Ukrainians seeking a safe haven. Among the public institutions rushing with the
humanitarian response to the crisis, universities turned out to be particularly well
equipped to fulfill this task, thanks to their administrative resources. Firstly,
dormitories and other facilities that usually serve students became good solution
to provide shelter for the forced migrants. Moreover, public universities often have
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their own medical staff and labour market services designed to assist students.
Also, a sizeable group of Ukrainian students already studying in Poland turned out
to be an important asset in the process of accommodating forced migrants from
that country.
This paper aims to present how a public university in Warsaw (Poland) used its
resources to help forced migrants from Ukraine in the first period after their influx
in 2022. It focuses on the analysis of initiatives taken by the universities as
institutions but also shows the attitudes and insights of the hosted migrants. The
paper is based on desk research, IDIs conducted at the SGH Warsaw School of
Economics within the project “SGH in Warsaw as center of support for forced
migrants from Ukraine”, as well as participatory observation.
58 The Return Emigrants of Kerala Amid COVID 19: Role of Institutional
Governance in The Rehabilitation Efforts
Shibinu S
Return migration is an integral and significant element in the cycle of international
migration. In recent years, it has received increased focus from host and origin
countries because both groups are interested in leveraging return migration to their
economic advantage. Recent researches have increased the pressure on developing
countries to adopt good governance as a strategy has been increasing enormously.
It necessitates new discourses on the translation of the abstract theoretical notions
on the role of institutional governance into more practical terms. Migrants were
beset with innumerable difficulties while they were abroad during the pandemic.
By the finish of July 2020, nearly six lakh Indians were reported to own back to
India from different countries with the help of the Vande Bharath Mission, and
among them, a third were migrant employees. Now Kerala has been confronted
with two unprecedented situations- large scale return emigration from the Middle
East is the first aspect and the second is the demographic dividend of a large
number of the youth population. The paper aims to identify the consequences of
the fast-growing reverse emigration to Kerala from the Middle East and examined
the possibility of suggesting efficient institutional policies to be adopted to uplift
and reintegrate the migrants returned due to the economic chaos created by the
spread of the virus.
14:45-15:00 BREAK
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Day Two 24 August 2023 - 15:00-16:30
6A Youth, Children and Families 2 [BG3/4]
Chair: Liat Yakhnich, Beit Berl College, Israel
17 Parent-Child Relationships and Future Parenting among Immigrant Young
Adults in Israel
Liat Yakhnich and Rinat Michael
Background: Immigration is a multifaceted process that affects the stability and
continuity of family roles (Foner, 1997). The loss of resources and support systems
may increase family reliance on their children and lead to parentification and role-
reversal (Kosner et al., 2014). Children often become language and culture brokers
for their parents, translating the new language and interpreting cultural practices
(Oznobishin & Kurman, 2016; Suarez-Orozco & Suarez-Orozco, 2001). Such
changes may alter parent-child relationships and impact immigrant children's
development and adaptation (Suárez-Orozco et al., 2018). While scholars have
investigated changes in the roles of immigrant parents, few studies have examined
how children from different cultural groups experience these changes. In addition,
little is known regarding the long-term implications these changes may have on
immigrant children when they reach adulthood.
Objectives: This study aimed to explore parent-child relations in the context of
immigration and its contribution to future parenting perceptions. To understand
the impact of both immigration and culture, we focused on the two largest and
culturally different immigrant groups in Israel: immigrants from the former Soviet
Union (FSU) and from Ethiopia (Walsh et al., 2015). Although largely diverse
(Kacen, 2006; Remennick, 2007; Yakhnich, 2016), these groups often live in close
proximity and consume educational and social services provided by the same
professionals. In order to provide them with services and treatment that best suit
their needs, an understanding of the ways in which their culture, as well as
immigration experiences, impact parent-child relations and future perspectives is
required.
Methods: The study applied a qualitative phenomenological approach (Creswell &
Poth, 2017). Twenty-five young adults who immigrated to Israel from Ethiopia
(n=14) and from the former Soviet Union (n=11) were interviewed for this study.
All were 1.5 generation immigrants who immigrated between the ages 6-12
(Rumbaut, 2012). The data was analyzed in line with the phenomenological
approach to data analysis (Creswell & Poth, 2017)
Results: Analysis indicated that the participants’ experiences of relations with their
parents may be organized into three main domains: shifting relations in the context
of immigration, relations in the context of long-term adaptation and maturation,
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and relations in cultural context (e.g., cultural perceptions about family life and
culture-related immigration challenges). Participants’ perceptions of their own
parenting incorporated culture-specific factors (e.g., family hierarchy and
cohesiveness, child-rearing practices, and respect given to parents) as well as
difficulties and strengths experienced by their families during immigration.
Although most participants wished to be different from their parents (not wanting
their children to work so hard) they hoped to preserve some of their culture of
origin’s child-rearing practices.
Conclusions: Research findings have implications for professionals who work with
immigrant families and for policymakers. Considering a family's specific cultural
background and helping parents integrate diverse parental practices may assist
immigrant families in coping with challenges of immigration and help young adults
who immigrated as children in creating a coherent parenthood.
225 The topic of migration and tolerance among the younger generation: on the
example of the students at al-Farabu KazNU Faculty of Journalism
Marlan Negizbayeva
The necessity for scrutinized research on issues related to migration and tolerance
is determined by the presence of paradigms and negative stereotypes in society.
Certain problems arise from the fact that the migration issue is over-politicized.
Some politicians and journalists see this situation as a cause for the pressurization
of the tense situation.
A research Club for students operates at the faculty of journalism, the aim of which
is to shape effective communication and science-based problem-solving skills
among students.
Within the Club, students identify hostile language and hate speech in the
journalistic texts, put them up for discussion, and propose their examples of texts.
Among members of the Club, besides local students, are students from Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and China. The Club fosters the
establishment of moral values, tolerance, and guidelines among young people.
A survey was conducted among the members of the Club to check the Club’s work
efficiency and determine the tendencies in the development of interethnic and
cross-cultural dialogue. Creative works of students and texts of their articles have
also been studied for civil solidarity and the nature of dialogue and compromise.
Experience of the Club can serve as a good example of ensuring an objective public
perception of migration issues: understanding the global nature of the topic,
assessing objectively the migration processes, and explaining laws and rules of
labor migration.
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238 Mobilities Among Marginalized Youth in Morocco: Precariousness, Agency
and Networks
Boutaina Idrissi and Rachid Touhtou
The Mediterranean migration flows are considered sometimes a threat and
sometimes a capital. Our paper is situated in the current juncture to understand the
new migration trends in Morocco as a sending country in the southern
Mediterranean basin. The paper aims at understanding the dynamic processes of
mobilities in the Mediterranean basin from the perspective of youth in Morocco.
We aim to shed light on marginalized youth migratory tendencies focusing on the
post-Arab Spring generations and the COVID19 impacts on mobilities. This paper
is based on a current ethnographic fieldwork among young people in the city of
Sale, Twin city of Rabat the Capital. It is a qualitative research based on life
narratives among 22 young people who dream of migration. The goal of the life
narrative is to construct young people’s lives and highlight the influencing factors
pushing them to think of migration. Through analyzing these life narratives,
focusing on biographies, practices and discursive imaginaries of youth, we attempt
at highlighting the interrelatedness of various and conflicting categories of the
migratory trajectories in order to highlight the role of agency in the production of
the migration culture, its sustainability and its alterations.
471 Growing Together with Your Pregnancy: A Space Where Newly Arrived
Immigrant Pregnant Mothers Belong
Silvia Juarez-Marazzo
Groups interventions are culturally responsive modalities that offer a space where
families from collective cultures, such as the immigrant Latino and Latinix families
we serve, feel that “they belong.” United States helping systems are profoundly
influenced by Medical Models, pregnant parents’ groups are typically offered to
address specific topics such as breastfeeding and psychoeducation on the baby’s
care and development. If newly arrived immigrant pregnant parents struggled
finding places where they that it was safe to explore the emotional complexity of
their experience prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, where would they find a safe
space to process the terrors of the unexpected brought by the unthinkable
combination of the Trump years and the COVID-19 pandemic?
As the COVID-19 pandemic gradually and effectively took hold of families’ ways
of living and making life possible, the Bronx, one of the five boroughs in the City
of New York, in the United States, scrambled for creating ways to reach and
support immigrant families with pregnant mothers, babies and very young children.
Prior to the pandemic, immigrant families with babies and very young children
welcomed Infant Mental Health clinical services; yet that was not the experience
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with pregnant mothers. To our surprise a number of newly arrived immigrant
pregnant mothers reached out for help, most of them self-referred, a few of them
were referred by other providers. These mothers shared experiencing
overwhelming feelings of fear, anxiety, isolation, and in a few cases, detachment
from the baby-to-be in spite of the advanced gestational stage. We decided to
create what at the time seem to be impossible: a virtual space where immigrant
pregnant mothers could feel that they belong. Would a virtual group like this be
possible? Could carefully thought interventions that “kept in mind” the mothers’
history of immigration and their cultural ways of protecting and nurturing pregnant
mothers and babies restore a sense of connectedness to themselves and to their
pregnancy and the baby-to-be? Our brave pregnant mothers sat the course and
taught us, that a group like this, is not only possible but is the answer to making
accessible a space of healing, support, hope and repair for them and for their
babies-to-be.
6B Migraciones and Transnacionalismo 3 [UG11]
Chair: Pascual Garcia, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
215 Una aproximación sociocultural al sufrimiento de mujeres latinoamericanas
migrantes en trabajo doméstico, en Alemania y en España, durante la
pandemia de COVID-19
Ivette Alejandra Abanto Ramos, Ximena Pamela Claudia Díaz Bermúdez, Alejandro
Goldberg
Este trabajo es un proyecto de investigación de Doctorado en Salud Colectiva de
la Universidad de Brasilia (Brasil). Busca realizar una aproximación sociocultural
del sufrimiento social de mujeres latinoamericanas migrantes que se desempeñan
en trabajo doméstico en Alemania y en España durante la pandemia de COVID-
19, considerando las interseccionalidades de género, raza/etnia, clase y
nacionalidad. La metodología es la etnografía virtual y análisis de contenido, e
incluye técnicas cualitativas de recolección de información. La importancia de este
estudio se basa en el déficit de investigación sobre el tema, pues todavía hay pocos
estudios sobre salud mental en migrantes de países de bajos y medianos ingresos
(como Latinoamérica), en comparación con países de altos ingresos, e incluso
menos estudios específicos sobre la salud mental de las mujeres migrantes
latinoamericanas. Esto permitirá visibilizar particularidades de la pandemia, de las
mujeres migrantes latinoamericanas que se desempeñan en el trabajo doméstico,
características de los sistemas de salud, sistemas de trabajo, entre otros aspectos de
la sociedad receptora en relación a mujeres migrantes latinoamericanas, así como
aspectos de los países de origen de las participantes. Tal visibilidad permitirá pensar
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en acciones de prevención colectiva, e incluso futuras intervenciones en la salud
mental de las participantes y mujeres con perfiles similares.
14 Experiencias de integración y motivaciones de retorno de uruguayos
retornados de España en el contexto de la Gran Recesión
Martín Koolhaas
La presente comunicación se propone ahondar en la comprensión del proceso
migratorio reciente de uruguayos a España, incorporando la perspectiva de los
actores involucrados en el mismo. Para ello en primer lugar realiza un análisis de
las valoraciones que plantean las propias personas migrantes sobre sus respectivos
procesos de integración en España, contrastando las mismas con la descripción
más objetiva sobre las condiciones de inclusión que surge de las narrativas de los
entrevistados. En segundo lugar, se describen la diversidad de motivaciones
asociadas a las decisiones de retorno y se examinan cómo influyen aspectos al
género y a la experiencia migratoria en el mosaico de motivaciones para
retornar.Desde una perspectiva retrospectiva se recurre al análisis de 37 entrevistas
en profundidad realizadas a varones y mujeres trabajadores/as migrantes que
vivieron en España y han retornado a Uruguay a partir de 2008. Los resultados
identifican un conjunto de factores asociados a trayectorias de inclusión propicias
o deficitarias, sugiriendo que la integración laboral es condición necesaria pero no
suficiente para una integración plena al país de acogida, en la medida que no existe
una relación unívoca entre las diferentes dimensiones de la integración. El análisis
de las motivaciones para retornar corrobra el carácter multifacético de las razones
para el retorno y la interrelación entre las mismas, así como la plausibilidad de los
enfoques que adhieren a la literatura que postula la importancia de las dimensiones
emocionales en las decisiones que los migrantes toman sobre sus vidas y sus
trayectorias de movilidad (Erdal, 2014; Carling y Collins, 2017; Martínez Buján,
2015). Asociado a esto, se encuentra que las razones del retorno están menos
ligadas a aspectos económicos y más a aspectos familiares que la primera migración
(King, 2000; Constant, 2020; Rivera Sánchez, 2015; Parella y Petroff, 2019; Rivero,
2019), aún en contextos económicos del país de acogida y de origen
excepcionalmente inversos a los que dieron origen a los flujos migratorios,
pautados por el grave deterioro de las condiciones de empleo en España y por
condiciones extraordinariamente favorables en Uruguay. Asimismo, se identifican
diferentes niveles de voluntariedad asociados a las decisiones de retorno, con
consecuencias en los procesos de reintegración posteriores, que contribuyen a
problematizar la noción de retorno “voluntario”, reafirmando la importancia de
considerar el contexto de las decisiones de retorno y de evaluar las alternativas
existentes al curso de acción tomado (Erdal y Oeppen, 2022).
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230 Las migraciones centroamericanas por México durante el gobierno de López
Obrador (2018-2022) caracterizado por la militarización de las políticas
migratorias, la mayor subordinación a Estados Unidos y un enorme costo
social para los migrantes
Rodolfo García Zamora y Selene Gaspar Olver
El gobierno de López Obrador inicia en diciembre de 2018 enfrentando la llegada
masiva de las caravanas migrantes de Centroamérica rumbo a Estados Unidos sin
tener una política migratoria integral con visión de desarrollo económico y
derechos humanos, luego de una breve etapa de apoyo solidario hacia los migrantes
de esa región, las presiones de Trump para frenar esa movilidad humana a su país,
se profundiza la militarización de las fronteras sur y norte y en los principales
corredores migratorios, la subordinación a Estados Unidos con la aceptación del
Titulo 42 en marzo de 2020 y ratificado en la Cumbre de los Líderes de América
del Norte en enero de 2023 en que se informa que México acepta recibir 360
deportados centroamericanos de ese país sin ninguna contraprestación financiera,
ni de legalización de los 5 millones de indocumentados mexicanos en aquel país.
Los costos han sido una violencia creciente y mayor costo social para los migrantes
y la aplicación de las políticas migratorias militarizadas, de control de fronteras y
seguridad regional del gobierno de Estados Unidos por parte del gobierno
mexicano actual.
6C Migration, Religion, and Religious Groups [UG14]
Chair: Deniz Cosan Eke, University of Vienna, Austria
399 Civil Society in defense of religious rights: the Islamic Civil Society in France
and its strategies in achieving Muslims’ rights
Enrico Maria la Forgia
Since the 80ies, in specific situations, France’s Muslims (whether citizens or
foreigners) have enacted political actions to reply to attacks on their identity or
assimilation attempts (Alicino, 2016), using their religious affiliation as a resource
for the organization and expression of collective claims (Mandelbaum 2000).
Indeed, despite Islam's internal sectarian and ethnic differences (Zibou, 2019),
religion may be politicized when minorities’ cultural and religious rights are under
attack (Ralpin, 1979; Cohen, 1992). French Civil Society organizations, in this
specific case those with an Islamic background (ICSO - Islamic Civil Society
Organizations), play an essential role in defending Muslims’ rights and their
identitarian specificities. As a matter of fact, Civil Society organized on an ethnic
or religious base is a way to strengthen minoritarian communities and their role as
political actors (Cinalli, 2013), especially in multicultural contexts (Habermas,
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1999). Since the first 1983’s “Marche des Beurs” (slang word referring to French
citizens with foreign origins), the development of ICSO contributed to the defense
of Muslim minorities’ rights and attempted to change the perception of Islam itself
in the national society (Talpin, 2018).
However, since representing a visible and stigmatized minority, ICSO do not relate
only to protests as a strategy to achieve their goals (Fregosi, 2017): on several
occasions, pressure on authorities through personal networks, or the introduction
of bargaining into public debates through the exploitation of national or
international crisis, might appear as more successfully strategies (Kastoryano 2002;
Tilly & Tarrow, 2006). In the same way, it appeared that ICSO prefer to participate
in demonstrations and actions that catalyze several grievances (not only those
concerning Muslims’ religious rights) instead of boosting accusations of
communitarianism advanced by authorities through their participation in actions
that focus only on Muslims’ requests (Talpin, 2017)
Therefore, the proposed abstract, based on a literary review and a
theoretical/methodological reflection on the state of knowledge on the topic, aims
to open a new branch of studies and analysis of Civil Society and Social Movements
in Europe. In order to do so, we aim to answer questions such as:
-What are the relations developed by ICSO with authorities?
-What are the relations established by ICSO between them? And
those established with secular Civil Society organizations?
-What relations can be observed between ICSO, French Muslims,
and Muslim migrants?
Hence, the opted methodology relies, on one hand, on a qualitative approach based
on ethnography and face-to-face interviews addressing heads and middle-high level
activists from ICSO, in an attempt to individuate the strategies enacted by ICSO
in bringing their requests to authorities. On the other hand, the paper relies on a
quantitative approach based on a Network Analysis to analyze how ICSO builds
relations with local and national authorities and other actors belonging to the Civil
Society/political sphere.
171 Reversion/Religious Conversion and Networks: Overseas Filipino Workers
in Saudi Arabia: Filipino converts and social networks
Simeon Magliveras
Over Seas Workers (OFW’s) come to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) with
the intension to better the lives of their extended families back in the Philippines.
However, their sojourn exposes them to new ideas and new ways of life. In KSA
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religious practice is embedded in everyday life. As a result, Filipinos are
(in)advertently exposed to Islam. For many who find their faith lacking, they find
Islam fills this gap. This paper tests the perception that if one converts to another
religion then they reject old beliefs and abandon old social ties resulting from
adoption of a new a cosmology. Their family and old cohorts may socially reject
them and their new belief system. This study will not focus on the reasons why
they convert, or revert- as Muslims refer to adopting Islam-, however, the reason
why they revert maybe referred to, to so some degree. This study examines what
reverting entails. It uses ego-centric social network analysis to understand whether
the hypothesis that people who reject their old religion is a moment where they
must establish an entirely new network or does reversion create a space where new
networks and old networks are created, strengthening their position both in Saudi
Arabia and in the Philippines. To conclude this study will visualize through social
network analyses the effects reversion has on their personal networks and if these
effects are even visible.
385 Crafting Muslim Selves: Understanding the Authority of Mosques among
Pakistani Muslim Diaspora in Australia
Tasmia Jahangir
Australia’s reverential connection with Islam is time-honoured, however,
September 11 attacks followed by the Bali bombings, signalled a major shift
portraying militarisation, Shariatisation, and resurgent movements such as the
Taliban as representative imaginings of Islam. Consequently, the common
Muslim’s long-standing practises of ordinary Islam forming religious subjectivities
and intimate dimensions of their lives became marginalised in the scholarship of
Islamic revivalism. Against this backdrop, the authority of mosques and their
imams (clerics) in the Muslim diaspora is a topic of critical importance, as it shapes
the way in which community members navigate their religious and cultural
identities in a foreign land. The current research while focusing on Pakistani
Muslims - a sizeable and well-established Pakistan-originated Muslim diaspora in
Australia - asks how mosques and imams in relation to the worship practises
influence everyday social structure? The study employs participant observation and
in-depth interviews among first and second-generation Pakistani migrants living in
Sydney. By examining the authority of mosques in the Pakistani diaspora, this study
aims to shed light on the complexities of religious and cultural identity formation
in a diasporic context.
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555 The Politics of Emotion in Interfaith Dialogue in the Time of Migration
Deniz Cosan Eke
Migration often leads to the encounter of diverse cultural and religious
communities, which can create both opportunities and challenges for interfaith
dialogue. The emotions experienced by migrants and members of host
communities can play a critical role in shaping their attitudes and behaviors towards
one another. Therefore, it is important to build bridges between different
communities, and to investigate the feelings of people of different faiths about
each other in order to develop interfaith dialogue. Emotions play a crucial role in
interfaith dialogue as they can either facilitate or hinder communication and
understanding between different faith communities. For instance, fear can lead to
defensiveness, mistrust, and suspicion, making it difficult for individuals to engage
in open and honest dialogue. On the other hand, empathy can create a sense of
shared humanity and promote mutual respect and understanding. However,
emotions can also be used as a political tool to manipulate and control the dialogue.
For example, politicians or religious leaders may use emotional appeals to mobilize
their followers or to discredit their opponents. This can lead to a polarization of
the dialogue and make it more difficult to find common ground. The politics of
emotion in interfaith dialogue refers to the ways in which emotions and affective
states such as fear, anger, anxiety, hope, and compassion can shape and influence
the communication, attitudes, and actions of individuals and groups in interfaith
encounters. However, there are limited research about how emotions, which play
a significant role in interfaith dialogue, influence migrants' participation in
such dialogues and promote social cohesion among migrants of different
backgrounds. In the current study, the main research Question is how emotions
influence the interfaith dialogue in promoting peaceful coexistence among
immigrants and non-immigrants. The aim of this research is to investigate the role
of emotions in shaping the attitudes and behaviors of them towards one another
in the context of interfaith dialogue.
6D Migration, Law and Policy 6 [EG15/16]
Chair: Olivia Joseph-Aluko, RADET, UK
382 1.5 and 2nd generation diaspora engagement in complex humanitarian
crises: Case Studies from Haiti, Syria, and Sudan
Kirstie Kwarteng
As more nations are experiencing complex humanitarian crises, diaspora
populations are working to provide humanitarian assistance to impacted people
and communities in their countries of origin. Examples of this include the response
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of Haitian diaspora organisations to the August 2021 earthquake in Haiti,
Ukrainian diaspora responses to the conflict in Ukraine from 2014, and Pakistani
diaspora responses to the 2022 floods in Pakistan. When discussing the role of
diaspora communities in humanitarian crises, the contributions of first-generation
immigrants are often the most highlighted. The contributions of younger
generations in diaspora communities, specifically 1.5 and 2nd generation diaspora,
are underacknowledged. While some scholars previously assumed 1.5 and 2nd
generation diaspora would be less engaged with their countries of origin (Portes,
2009), evidence proves otherwise. Motivated by their parents’ trauma, critical
geopolitical events, and their own lived experiences (Ahmed, 2019), 1.5 and 2nd
generation diaspora are engaging in various forms of transnational action, including
supporting their countries of origin in humanitarian crises as well as crisis advocacy
and political engagement. As such, this paper will highlight the important role 1.5
and 2nd generation diaspora have in supporting humanitarian efforts in their
countries of origin. Drawing on Shabaka’s research and learning from recent
projects, this paper will demonstrate how 1.5 and 2nd generation diaspora are
supporting their countries of origin during complex humanitarian crises using
examples from Haiti, Syria, and Sudan. Findings from these projects show that 1.5
and 2nd generation diaspora are supporting humanitarian efforts in a variety of
ways including, but not limited to, fundraising events, social media advocacy,
creating humanitarian organisations, and relocating to their country of origin to
support humanitarian efforts directly. They also draw on and deploy different yet
complementary sets of resources, skills, knowledge, and networks to first
generation diaspora. However, there remains a lack of structured pathways for 1.5,
second, and subsequent generation diaspora to engage in humanitarian activities in
origin countries.
References
Ahmed, B. (2019). Reasons for Giving Back?: Motivations for Engaging in Transnational
Political Activism by Adult Children of Migrants from the Horn of Africa.
[Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Sussex.
Portes, A. (2009). Migration and Development. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(1), 5-22.
doi:10.1080/01419870802483668
444 Weaponizing public health policies to exclude and expel the unwelcomed
migrants: The Use of Title 42 in the US
William Arrocha
If xenophobia was to find its perfect scapegoat, Covid 19 and its massive impacts
on public health could not have come at a better time. States have been securitizing
migration and criminalizing irregular migration to keep out of their borders those
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migrants considered a a burden or a threat. Regardless of the erection of walls and
barbed-wired fences, those fleeing from conflict, extreme poverty, or natural
disasters continue to find ways to reach to a safe place. However, many anti-
immigrant pundits consider migration flows as “invasions,” as was the case with
US President Trump in 2019, or even “poison,” as with Hungarian Prime Minister
Viktor Orban in 2016. This paper will explore from a discursive and political-legal
analysis the use of Title 42, a section of the United States Code that deals with
public health and welfare used to prevent the introduction, transmission, and
spread of infectious diseases into the United States. In March 2020, the Trump
administration would introduce it to control immigration but, most notably, to stop
and expel at their borders the flow of irregular migrants, including those seeking
asylum. Although Title 42 has been contested in the courts, it is still in place,
causing unnecessary harm to those forced to migrate and, in many cases, violating
the principle of non-rafoulment. This paper will contend that the use of measure
like Title 42 sets a dangerous precedent as other states could follow suit in
weaponizing public health measures to exclude those migrants considered
undesirable, putting at risk the fundamental international legal protections for
immigrants, irregular or forced migrations, including refugees or those seeking
asylum.
291 Freedom of movement in the “Mercado Común del Sur” (Mercosur): A
human rights approach and its conflictual implementation
Zoé Maja Perko
Many regional integration projects attempt to implement freedom of movement
frameworks in macroterritorialization processes, therefore facilitating intra-
regional cross border movements (Mau, 2021). Yet, even though these visions and
goals exist, regions still struggle to implement such measures and thus, in some
cases, barriers to intra-regional mobility remain. To this day, the phenomenon
remains understudied (Nita, 2017).
This paper examines the barriers to freedom of movement in the “Mercado
Común del Sur” (Mercosur), a common market that follows a striking human rights
approach to migration after a ”social turn”, distancing itself from a solely economic
perspective and gradually viewing migrants as citizens (Brumat, 2020, p. 7). The
existing literature provides valuable information on problems and conflicts while
implementing the framework in Mercosur and the subsequent barriers to free
movement, pointing to a contradiction between the humanitarian discourse and
the actual rejection of migrants (Acosta Arcarazo & Freier, 2015). However, to the
best of my knowledge, there is no study focused specifically on implementation
difficulties, barriers mostly being mentioned either as a side-note in an analysis
focusing on another topic or relating to region building and not specifically to
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freedom of movement of persons (see e.g. Brumat, 2020; Granja & Villareal
Villamar, 2017). Therefore, more research has to be conducted on the discrepancy
between the vision and the actual implementation of free movement policies in
Mercosur. My systematization of implementation issues will therefore help to
assess, whether citizens can actually move freely in the region.
In this paper, the discrepancy between the project - goal and vision for the regional
mobility - and product – whether there is freedom of movement in the region –
(based on Van Langenhove, 2012) is assessed through a document analysis and
interviews with stakeholders from regional institutions (Mercosur), national
institutions (member states), civil society actors (NGO’s and migrant
organizations) and academics conducted in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and online.
Even though freedom of movement and border integration are important pillars
to regionalization and Mercosur has an advanced and dedicated approach on paper,
human mobility still faces many barriers in practice. These include the lack of
resources and general capacities to implement agreements, restrictive tendencies of
member states depending on their current government, the intergovernmental
structure and the perceived weakness of Mercosur institutions and barriers within
nation states such as the chaotic overlap of different institutions managing
migration. These difficulties during or after the implementation process of
Mercosur’s freedom of movement framework results in the lack of implementation
of certain agreements and breaches of already implemented policies, such as
arbitrary rejections at intra-Mercosur borders or difficulties for Mercosur residents
to access their rights in host countries. However, punctual bottom-up approaches
and the informal nature of Mercosur borders partly still enables cross-border
movements, leading to a partial compensation of breaches and complementation
of the regional framework.
146 International Migration and Human Trafficking
Olivia Joseph-Aluko
Purpose
Human trafficking is the second largest and fastest growing crime in the world to
identify victims and stop traffickers
The crime of human trafficking is currently occurring on a scale unprecedented
since the trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Human trafficking represents a significant
challenge to all involved countries, presenting obstacles to social and economic
development and the rule of law as well as posing a severe threat to human
security.This study examines forms of human trafficking and the links to forced
and labour migration. The topic of migration is evidently closely associated with
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human trafficking. It describes antecedents and factors that facilitate human
trafficking, as well as its economic, social, and human impacts.
Method/Approach
This study analyses primary data regarding human trafficking and migration
collected by intergovernmental organisations such as the United Nations (UN)
Office on Drugs and Crime, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and the
International Organization for Migration, as well as dedicated databases such as
the Migration Data Portal. It also examines data on the human impacts of
migration collected by groups such as Caritas and Anti-Slavery International.
Findings
Human trafficking is considered as a modern form of slavery representing a serious
threat to human dignity. The 2021 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
estimates that about 49.6 million people are in modern day slavery on any given
day, either forced to work against their will or in other perennial circumstances.
Forced and labour migration are the primary mechanisms for victimisation by
human trafficking. Men are commonly employed in sectors such as mining and
construction, whereas women and children are trafficked for purposes of sexual
exploitation, hospitality services, domestic work, and forced begging. Trafficking
victims are often relegated to the informal economy, and therefore endure harsh
working conditions, limited government regulations, and no benefits. Moreover,
inhospitable migration rules prevent most victims from accessing basic health care
or legal protections.
Conclusions
It is critical that global governments collaborate to strengthen existing legislative
and policy frameworks and develop new mechanisms to combat human trafficking
and protect migrants from exploitation. Governments and international
organisations also must work to increase data on the nature and scale of human
trafficking and migrant smuggling. Migration and immigration laws must be
adjusted to treat migrants more humanely and reduce draconian policies that
hinder trafficking victims’ ability to seek aid.
References
Caritas (2019, 25 July). Forced migration is one root cause of human trafficking. Retrieved
from https://www.caritas.org/2019/07/forced-migration-and-human-trafficking/
David, F., Bryant, K., & Larsen, J.J. (2019). Migrants and their vulnerability to human
trafficking, modern slavery and forced labour. International Organization for
Migration. Retrieved from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/migrants_
and_their_vulnerability.pdf
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Migration Data Portal (2019, 4 June). Human trafficking. Retrieved from
https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/human-trafficking
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2019). Human trafficking and smuggling of
migrants. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/westandcentralafrica/en/newrosen
website/TIPSOM/Human-trafficking-and-smuggling-of-migrants.html
Yousaf, F.N. (2018). Forced migration, human trafficking, and human security. Current
Sociology, 66(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392117736309
6E Theory and Methods in Migration Studies 2 [BG 5/6]
Chair: H. Yaprak Civelek, Anadolu University, Turkey
319 Working with a range of under-served disability and migrant communities
using innovative and inclusive participatory methods - the CICADA study
Carol Rivas, Kusha Anand, Amanda P Moore
We need to be more attentive to the practices we utilise in data collection to avoid
exacerbating perceptions of discrimination and distrust, to ensure minoritised
groups are more successfully represented in research. This is especially important
with the widening of inequalities caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The strengths-based CICADA study has explored the impact of the last three years
on health conditions, service access, social support and mental well-being for
people from minoritised ethnic groups with disabilities living in the UK. One
important component of this study is the use of methods that include, engage,
collaborate with and give voice to diverse migrants of different migration status
and different types of disability. Specifically, we deployed a range of asset-based
participatory approaches - interviews, workshops and disseminations and
knowledge exchange (including theatre). These successfully involved migrants
from communities across England as lay co-researchers, and participants as the co-
designers of pragmatic interventions to improve their health and wellbeing.
Our approach enabled the collection of rich data, including from groups often
excluded from health research, such as disabled migrants arriving in the UK since
the pandemic or without documents. Data show the extent, diversity and
intersecting nature of various determinants of health and inequalities,
discrimination (ableism, disablism, racism) and also successful coping strategies
used. Co-design work with migrants and disabled people based on these findings
has resulted in practical solutions to some of the issues we found. We have also
produced a toolkit designed to help future researchers to engage productively with
a range of vulnerable communities. We intend this to contribute to enhanced
social, health and wellbeing outcomes for migrants.
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Feedback from our participants and lay researchers and the success of our study
shows that our easily implemented approaches are effective in in giving voice to
the under-served and also in problem-solving from a position of community
empowerment to improve the quality of health and social care.
This study is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research
(NIHR) [NIHR132914, HS&DR]. The views expressed are those of the author(s)
and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social
Care.
391 The Legal Regulations on Migrant Women Working in Domestic Services
in Türkiye from the Perspective of Feminization of Migration
Zeynep Banu Dalaman and Deniz Bade Akkoyun
One of the trends that have come to the fore with globalization is the increased
visibility of women in migration. As the rate of women's participation in the labor
force through paid work has increased, their mobility from rural to urban areas or
from one part of the world to another has also increased. In this process, also
known as the feminization of migration, women have become geographically more
mobile than ever before in history. With this process, women started to migrate
independently from their family members across national borders to work in a
variety of jobs, particularly domestic work and sex work. The diversion of domestic
work (caring for the sick, children and elderly, cleaning, etc.) to women in poorer
countries through the global division of labor has played an important role in this
change. This division of labor, which arises from the combination of the gendered
character of domestic work and cheap female labor, has necessitated the
geographical mobility of poorer women from all over the world. As a result,
women have also begun to engage in geographical mobility on a global scale. In
addition to these reasons that push women to migrate, developments in destination
countries that create demand for migrant women's labor are also important.
Today, almost every part of the world has become a destination point for women
migrating for domestic work. Especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union,
Türkiye has also become one of these target countries. However, migrant women
have faced various problems in Türkiye, both due to deficiencies in existing
regulations and political attitudes towards migrants. These women, most of whom
work as domestic workers, have been at the center of problems arising from both
the migration system and the specific conditions of domestic work.
In this study, the problems faced by female migrant domestic workers in Türkiye
are discussed within the aforementioned framework. In particular, the main axis of
the discussion is how domestic workers are affected by legal regulations in Türkiye.
The study interrogates how women's migration to Türkiye has developed within
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the existing migration system and examines the migration experience of migrant
women working as domestic workers in Türkiye.
191 Defection and human rights activism by North Korean refugee women in
the UK: through the lens of hermeneutic phenomenology
Hyun-Joo Lim
The paper aims to highlight the voices of North Korean defector women and
activists, using hermeneutic phenomenology. It seeks to demonstrate that the
Heideggerian phenomenology can be an effective tool for feminist research on
female migrants and refugees, using the experiences of North Korean women and
their activism as an example. As such, this paper applies feminist interpretations of
hermeneutic phenomenology (Holland and Huntington 2001), as originated from
the work of Martin Heidegger (2005 [1994], 2019 [1962]). The data is drawn from
13 life history interviews with North Korean defector women living in the UK.
The paper argues that Heideggerian phenomenology enables the analysts to shed
light onto the lived experiences of women migrants and refugees in their pathways
from invisible victims to vocal activists, together with human rights violations
faced by them in the process of their journeys. Thus, it has a huge potential as a
feminist philosophical and methodological tool that critically examines the
subjective experiences of displaced women and their transnational activism in
depth, as illustrated by the examples of North Korean women defectors and
activists.
265 Presumed (Illegal) Migration Trajectories of Serbian Youth in the Context
of the Culture of Migration
Mirjana Stanojević
This contribution examines the narratives that young people in the Pomoravlje
region of Serbia create around their plans to emigrate illegally. The region has a
culture of migration that evolved around the Gastarbeiter emigration in the 1960s,
and contemporary youth is still strongly motivated to emigrate to the imagined
West while existing on the „immediate outside” of the EU (Jansen, 2009).
Qualitative data, used in this contribution, was gathered through interviews, focus
groups, and native ethnography in the Pomoravlje region in 2021.
Due to the long history of outward international migration and many success
stories of the Gastarbeiter, emigration seems to be a very straightforward and
simple process involving many illegal practices. The acquisition of financial and
material wealth through irregular emigration without evident consequences has
made it attractive to many young people. Members of the Serbian diaspora, that
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are themselves participating in irregular migration, often encourage aspiring
migrants to follow their path by employing them illegally or inviting them as alleged
family members.
The perceived social anomie reflected in the non-existence of laws and order in
Serbia is often described as a strong push factor. At the same time, aspiring
migrants are often willing to partake in illegal practices like fictive marriages or
illegal labor in order to "get the papers" or legalize their residence abroad. Illegal
migratory practices of Serbian emigrants have been so widespread that they have
been carved in the minds of young people as legitimate. Having social networks
abroad is considered to be crucial in the migratory process, and fictive marriages
are often casually mentioned as one of the possible mediums for achieving this
goal.
Greenberg (2011) explains this proneness to illegal movement as a consequence of
decades-long state crisis, moral decay, international isolation, and people’s belief,
“that they are no longer normal agents capable of moral action in the world” (p.
89). She also explains it as a consequence of the inability of Serbians to participate
in “good travel” while being forced to take part in “bad travel” or immobility. The
decline of state institutions made Serbians rely on social networks instead, which
also reflects in outward migration. In other words, the Serbian diaspora has been
institutionalized in the migratory process, and aspiring migrants have more
confidence in it than the state institutions in both Serbia and abroad. Petrović
(2017), on the other hand, describes illegal emigration as a way to “both legitimize
and challenge internal European hierarchy that places Serbia in a subordinated
position”. Hence, illegality can be seen as a response and aversion to seemingly
never-ending transition and European integration processes. Strong occidental
images in Serbian society also help justify the moralities of irregular mobility.
To conclude, this contribution will delve into potential illegal migratory trajectories
and the narratives that Serbian youth creates to justify them. I would also like to
reformulate Kandel's and Massey's statement that “successful illegal migration
causes more illegal migration” in the context of the culture of migration (2002).
6F Economics, Work and Migration 2 [UG13]
Chair: Gökay Özerim, Yaşar University, Turkey
88 ‘Xenophobia on all fronts’: The case of South Africa
Amanuel Isak Tewolde
Theoretical conversations on xenophobia have largely focused on the ways in
which the general public or some extremist right-wing groups express and enact
their xenophobic attitudes against recent immigrants. How ever there is little
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theoretical debate on expressions of xenophobic attitudes and actual violence on
all fronts in a host society such as on the streets in everyday life, government
agencies, politicians, anti-immigrant radical groups and other settings and social
encounters. I draw on my auto-ethnographic experiences as an African refugee
with visible foreign physical and cultural/symbolic markers and secondary
literature to argue that xenophobic expressions in South Africa tend to be fairly
pervasive and embedded within a wide range of entities such as the media, public
officials, political figures, the everyday public, private and public agencies and
organizations, and numerous other social encounters and interactions. Where
refugees and migrants experience xenophobic attitudes and violence on all fronts
in a host country, they find themselves in extremely volatile and unsafe socio-
cultural environment prone to psychological trauma, physical harm and even death.
In a context of a highly xenophobic environment such as South Africa the primary
and urgent resolution to the ongoing predicament of refugees appears to be
resettlement to relatively safer countries or repatriation if the conditions at home
have improved significantly.
309 Analyzing the Vulnerability of Overseas Filipino Workers to Radicalization
and Violent Extremism: Basis for the Development of a New PDOS
Module for Prevention
Renante David
This study aimed to analyze the push and pull factors that lead to the vulnerability
of OFWs to radicalization and VE as well as the prevention of Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) towards violent extremism (VE), to educate/teach outbound
OFWs by introducing and/or integrating a new module to the PDOS curricula
towards preventing and countering exposures to radicalization and violent
extremism. The vulnerability of OFWs to radicalization and VE has never been
implausible as millions work in areas where conflict proliferates, and the
prominence of terrorist and extremist groups thrive. Based on the 2018 Philippine
Statistics Authority data, of the 2.3 million OFWs working abroad, 54.9 percent or
about 1.3 million OFWs work and reside in the Middle East and one out of four
OFWs work in Saudi Arabia, making them evident prime targets for recruitment
for radicalization and VE. This study used mixed methods combining quantitative
and qualitative approaches employing a triangulation method that used (1) survey
questionnaire, (2) focused group discussion, and (3) a key informant interview,
along with secondary sources. Results revealed that the pull factors that affect the
vulnerability of OFWs to radicalization and violent extremism, namely: socio-
economic opportunities; potential status on marginalization and discrimination;
and governance, human rights, and the rule of law are influential. In a similar way,
the pull factors that affect the vulnerability of OFWs to radicalization and violent
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extremism, including individual backgrounds and motivations; collective
grievances and victimization; beliefs, political ideologies, and ethnic and cultural
differences; and leadership and social network are also influential. As a result, these
identified push and pull factors are found to contribute to the vulnerability of
OFWs to radicalization and VE. This study also revealed that the development
of a separate module on preventing radicalization and violent extremism for OFWs
is necessary and essential. The study also discovered that having National/Local
Action Plans and establishing good practices in cooperation with the religious
sector are significant interventions in creating awareness among OFWs to counter
the vulnerability towards radicalization and VE.
Keywords: vulnerability; radicalization; violent extremism; OFWs; push factors;
pull factors; prevention; raising awareness
138 The Global Ethiopian Diaspora: An Historical, Geographic and Thematic
Overview
Hewan Girma, Mulugeta Dinbabo, and Shimelis Gulema
Ethiopia is one of the largest African sources of transnational migrants with an
estimated 1-2 million Ethiopians living outside of the home country. Given the
extent of the diaspora, this presentation gives an historic, geographic and thematic
overview of Ethiopian migration mapping out its scale, scope and destinations. We
discuss the state of knowledge and current debates on the diaspora and suggest
alternative frameworks for interrogating and understanding the Ethiopian
migration and diasporic experiences. From a historical perspective, we identify key
time periods and literatures to examine Ethiopian transnational migration starting
from a survey of patterns in pre-twentieth century Ethiopia, followed by the
imperial period, and under succeeding post-revolutionary regimes. Geographically,
we outline the contours of the Ethiopian diaspora, identifying key destinations and
patterns of return and correcting the traditional tendency to conflate the Ethiopian
diaspora with North America and Europe to include areas that have thus far been
marginalized, such as inter-Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The objective is not
to construct a simple cartography of migration but an analysis of national and
global issues, policies, trends, and processes that shape the roots and routes of the
migration dynamic. Thematically, this project aims to challenge the existing
boundaries of Ethiopian migration and diaspora studies and raise familiar yet
important concerns about representation, ghettoization and perpetuation of
inequalities. Employing a trans-disciplinary approach, this study proposes to
rethink Ethiopian migration and diaspora studies and provide a much needed
historical and geographic context and depth. Furthermore, we interrogate the
future of Ethiopian migration and diaspora studies and identify new avenues for
expanding research. We argue that we cannot move forward in our understanding
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of this multifaceted phenomenon without a retrospective analysis, identifying
lacunas and theoretical contributions that go beyond the specific case study. These
discussions emerge from a forthcoming book project titled The Global Ethiopian
Diaspora with implications for questions of nation-state building, ethno-national
identity, socio-economic development, gendered interactions, social stratification
and so forth.
117 Migration and violence experiences: exploratory study
Syed Imran Haider
The migration has a relationship with experience of violence
6G Migration and Integration 6 [EG17]
Chair: Mónica Ibáñez Angulo, University of Burgos, Spain
469 Informal Microfinancing Systems and Networks: Transnational Senegalese
Tontines in the Migratory Context
Mónica Ibáñez Angulo
Also known as Rosca, a tontine is a very popular type of informal microfinance
strategy in the form of a rotating credit system consisting of several people, usually
women, who pool their money together and distribute the savings on a
monthly/yearly basis, with each of the participants taking her turn to receive the
money collected from the group. Tontines constitute a very popular form of
informal microfinance initiative among small-scale networks of women in different
West African countries (Senegal, Togo, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger),
where they play an essential role in the domestic and national economies, in the
creation, diversification and strengthening of women’s networks, and in the
reproduction of traditional forms of women’s solidarity and reciprocity.
In the migratory context of the European Union, many West African women,
especially Senegalese women, have created and/or participate in tontines, usually
in more than one. Drawing upon ethnographic research among West African
women living in Burgos, in this paper I will analyze the economic, social, and
cultural dimensions of tontines in the migratory context by exploring on the
following issues:
The genealogy of Senegalese tontines in the municipality of Burgos (Spain): the
relevance of kinship, vicinity, origin, ethnic group, or language spoken in the
configuration and consolidation of the network; women’s motivations to
participate in a tontine, which may be different from those experienced by women
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in rural Senegal where they may face serious difficulties to access to formal banking
institutions, although research has found that, regardless of their access to formal
banking, women who participate in tontines prefer this kind of informal savings
and financing to obtaining credits from the bank.
The organization and structure of the tontine: patterns of redistribution; the
amount pooled in a weekly/monthly basis; where do they meet and how often,
what are other non-economic activities developed by these women that strengthen
mutual trust (e.g. dancing, sharing of food, of information).
The diversification of tontines according to different types of needs: the traditional
Tontine Mutuelle which is a mutual aid fund, or the Financial Tontine, which is a
fund where people put in money which is then lent to outsiders as well as insiders
for interest.
The transnational character of tontines: the savings obtained through tontines
initiated in the migratory context can become remittances, while at the same time,
these remittances can serve to initiate other tontines in the country of origin and/or
in another country by means, for instance, of transnational networks of kin
members who have migrated to different European states.
The main aim of the paper is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to contribute to
academic literature on gender and migration by exploring new avenues of research
that highlight empowering strategies developed by women in the migratory
context, and to show their contribution to the family (even national) economies;
and, on the other hand, the paper aims to reveal the economic value and social
significance of traditional practices, such as informal microfinancing, in
transnational urban capitalist settings.
395 Unresolved ambiguities – Unaccompanied minor refugees experience with
integration as a false promise of belonging in Norway
Hans Aksel Choudhari
This paper examines how unaccompanied minor refugees (UMR) experience and
navigate their transition into adulthood in Norway. Eide et.al (2020) highlights the
importance of understanding ambiguities related to care, agency and resettlement
as central themes when doing research on UMR early years in a new host country.
Expounding on this, we argue that certain ambiguities stay unresolved deep into
their adult lives in Norway, and that understanding how these affect them long
term is of great academic and political importance.
Unaccompanied minor refugees are by their categorization as both children and
refugees, victims and burdens, caught in two separate discursive regimes. As
children they are seen as especially vulnerable and deserving of the care and
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compassion underpinning the Western idea of childhood, but concurrently as
refugees, they fall into the logic of control and national interests. This become
more precarious as they reach adulthood where their only viable path to
deservedness is through socio-economic integration. The aim of this study is
twofold: it examines how and if successfully integrating in a socio-economic sense
create a feeling of inclusion and belonging, and furthermore, it explores the
ambiguity that rests in UMR making sense of and navigating the vague concepts
of integration and belonging.
Drawing on in-depth unstructured interviews with six UMR, we explore their
experiences with integration, participation and belonging and to what extent a
successful socio-economic integration translates into a feeling of actual societal
inclusion. Using a narrative approach their stories guide our inquiry and in doing
so their perspectives is our primary source of knowledge. The data shows that the
participants experience an ambiguous relationship with the Norwegian society.
They are well integrated in a socio-economic sense; they are settled and expect to
live out their lives in Norway, but at the same time they feel as outsiders whose
efforts to integrate is not rewarded with belonging. This can be framed as a false
promise inherent in the host societies expectations of integration, and paradoxically
that – by being the sole avenue to deservedness without facilitating a proper
societal inclusion – a successful socio-economic integration may come to reinforce
feelings of exclusion rather than negate them.
Navigating these ambiguities and striving for a sense of coherence in incoherent
circumstances seems to be integral aspects of UMR transition into adulthood in
Norway. I conclude by reflecting on how UMR living many of their formative years
in a foreign culture seem to be particularly sensitive to socially exclusionary
mechanisms. This insight puts an onus on us as researchers to focus on previous
UMR as a key field in itself, rather than simply treating it as an auxiliary aspect of
generalized studies of ‘immigrant integration’.
Reference
Ketil Eide, Hilde Lidén, Bergit Haugland, Torunn Fladstad & Hans A. Hauge (2020)
Trajectories of ambivalence and trust: experiences of unaccompanied refugee minors
resettling in Norway, European Journal of Social Work, 23:4, 554-565, DOI:
10.1080/13691457.2018.1504752
558 The Migration, Integration and Territorial/Spatial Context: The Case of
Inner (isolated) Areas in Italy
Hilde Caroli Casavola
The growing awareness of the structural character of migration, combined with the
serious negative consequences of demographic decline and the presence of inner
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(isolated) areas (two thirds of the country's surface area is inner areas), mostly
overlapping with rural ones, make Italy a unique case-study of migrant’s
integration. That is the basis to understand how to adapt the legal framework in
connection with spatial dynamics, local core-periphery patterns and the emerging
of a number of institutional and socio-political tools, including collaborative pacts
for the management of common goods, co-programming and co-planning of
public and social services, useful to implement integration policy. The paper aims
at analysing the issue in the perspective of the National Strategy for Inner Areas
(2021-2027), the collaborative governance (of public goods) approach, the
innovations of municipal and participatory welfare and in comparison, with similar
experiences and related regulatory solutions eventually defined in other EU
countries.
16:30-17:00 BREAK
Day Two 24 August 2023 - 17:00-19:00
ROUNDTABLE: “Digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence
in Migration and Asylum” [Rechtshaus Hörsaal]
Convener: Prof. Dr. Markus Kotzur, Universität Hamburg [Conference Chair]
Panellists:
• Prof. Dr. Daniel Thym, Universität Konstanz
• Prof. Dr. Mario Savino, University of Tuscia
• Prof. Dr. Gabriele Buchholtz, Universität Hamburg
• Dr. Derya Ozkul Kusoglu, University of Oxford, UK
END OF DAY TWO
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Day Three 25 August 2023 Friday
Day Three 25 August 2023 - 09:30-11:00
7A Theory and Methods in Migration Studies 3 [UG14]
Chair: H. Yaprak Civelek, Anadolu University, Turkey
340 Partnering with youth and families in the service of education justice:
Insights from community-based research
Maria Paula Ghiso and Hans Gerald Campano
Youth from immigrant backgrounds often enter schools that hew to unexamined
monolingual, colonial norms and devalue their transnational funds of knowledge
and community cultural wealth (Mignolo, 2011; Yosso, 2005). When schools do
focus on equity and inclusion, many initiatives become depoliticized, with a
proliferation of race-evasive practices that homogenize student experiences
(Ladson-Billings, 2014). Within and against these challenges, educators have
sought to remake classrooms to learn from and honor students’ knowledge and
community legacies of activism and resistance (e.g., Authors, 2016; de los Ríos &
Molina, 2020). These efforts raise questions regarding what notions of
(im)migration circulate in schools, existing educational barriers for transnational
communities, and how we might affirm youth and family legacies while also
inviting inquiry into broader socio-political histories that shape the complexities
and contradictions of (im)migrant identities.
This paper draws from a long-term community-based partnership that brings
together members across racial, linguistic, and migration backgrounds to co-
investigate issues of education justice through multimodal forms of inquiry.
Grounded in feminist of color epistemologies (e.g., Alcoff et al., 2006; Anzaldúa,
1987/2015), we focus on the border as a productive space and also “as part of
historic and contemporary imperial relations” (Walia, 2021, p. 3). The partnership–
including literacy researchers from multiple academic institutions and adults,
youth, and children from Vietnamese, Cambodian, Filipino/a, Indonesian, and
various Latin American communities– has generated original research about
inequalities across the education system. The work is guided by methodological
traditions that seek to democratize knowledge generation and make research a
participatory and community-based endeavor (e.g. Authors, 2022; Cochran-Smith
& Lytle, 2009; Rappaport, 2020). We strive to adopt a shared culture that honors
individual and collective experiences and the identities of youth and families of
color, and which explicitly breaks down divides between the “researcher” and the
“researched.”
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For this presentation, we analyze youth and family inquiries from across the
partnership, driven by community priorities and co-planned by youth and families
themselves. Data sources included transcripts of inquiry meetings, planning notes,
and artifacts, which were reviewed independently and alongside community
partners in an iterative process (Charmaz, 2014). We highlight three findings: (1)
how research across borders of nationality, language, age, and institutional roles
can foster what we refer to as a local intellectual commons; (2) the intersections of
educational justice with other forms of oppression – such as economic
displacement, neighborhood gentrification, and policing of migratory status – as
well as local activist movements of resistance; and (3) equitable practices of
partnering in community-based research. In our findings, we argue that our
research team’s varied transnational histories uniquely position the group to
examine linkages across global phenomena and the ways in which all human beings
have a relationship, for example, to white supremacy, class exploitation, the prison
industrial complex, and colonization. We spotlight youth and families as makers
who, in dialogue with each other, authored counter narratives of migration as
linked to broader “crises of displacement and immobility” (Walia, 2021, p. 3).
125 Migration without movement: Arrival, Immobility and Edo Identity
Formation
Osarugue Otebele
Discourses of migration often figure the migrant and those who stay behind as
separable identities marked by locational difference. However, what is often the
case, specifically for Edo women migrants from Nigeria is that migrant mobility is
inextricable from immobility and that those who stay behind also perform
culturally specific form of migration. The possibility of migration without
movement and movement without migration is central to Sudabeh Mortezai’s 2018
Joy, where the sexual labor, physical and psychology immobility of Edo Women
migrants captures viewers within the constructive structures of irregular migration.
This paper examines the confinement and sexual labor of said women as
instrumental in the construction and tethering of an Edo cultural identity to
migration. The formation of this national identity emerges through the Nigerian
concept of arrival, which suggests that the families of those who migrate to
European countries, through the migrant’s body, experience migration without
leaving their home country. As the film demonstrates for Edo women, migration
and sex work produce an identity constrained within a double that renders them
legible for migration but illegible for mobility yet simultaneously secures the
societal legibility of those left behind. In other words, while the women engage in
sex work and attempt to secure legal status in migrant country, those left behind
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also enter a process of securing their own identity tied to their violently formed
connections to Europe.
120 Growths in-between places: Identity formation process and authentic
self(s) of transnational migrants
Dilvin Dilara Usta
This paper explores the implications of migration on transnational migrants’
identity formation process concerning self-exploration and self-expression. Recent
migration studies approach these identities by illustrating connections between the
social landscape and migrant identities (Elliott and Urry, 2010; Beck and Beck-
Gernsheim, 2014) and investigating the impact of globalisation on migrant identity
presentations in different places (Brah, 1996). In particular, recent studies on
Turkish transnational migrants focus on how some Turkish migrants establish their
identity representation and belonging while they accommodate themselves into
host countries. Although these studies successfully examine the identity
representation of Turkish migrants within migration processes, they are limited in
their investigations of how migrants’ transnational everyday practices and
interactions, including economic, cultural and intimate ties and connections, play a
role in their identity formation process. This paper provides empirical discussions
on this issue, drawing from qualitative interviews with transnational Turkish
migrants. This paper (i) explores how migration can influence transnational
Turkish migrants to constitute their identity while interacting with different
everyday practices, emotions, and relationships, and (ii) investigates the resolution
of the tension between participants’ authentic self and presentational self affecting
their identity-formation in between Turkish and English transnational spaces.
356 The fluidity of return: Changes of (im-)mobility aspirations by returnees
in the Casamance, Senegal
Philipp Roman Jung and Amadou Mballo
For long return migration has been understood as a relatively straightforward
process, in which migrants return to the place where they “belong” to, without
encountering any major obstacles for their “reintegration” there. However, more
recent studies have shown that return is neither a linear process nor is a successful
post return “reintegration” guaranteed. The latter often depends on how migrants
return, but also on how they left in the first place, and what they carry in their
“baggage” (e.g. financial means for future project, the support of the family or the
repayment of debts related to the migration etc.) (Kleist, 2020). In other words, the
entirety of the migration cycle influences the way how returnees manage to
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reintegrate socially and economically at their place of origin (Kuschminder, 2022).
Furthermore, return decisions should be conceptualised as open and fluid. In the
literature on migration aspirations/intentions and migrant trajectories, the non-
linearity of migration processes and the dynamic nature of migration decisions has
been well documented. With the exception of work on transnationalism and return
(Carling & Erdal, 2014; Sinatti, 2011), little is known about the fluidity of return.
However, the reasons for the development of re-emigration aspirations by
returnees cannot be found only in transnationalism. Unsuccessful reintegration or
difficulties to readapt to the circumstances, or the sudden appearance of
opportunities for international movement may trigger aspirations to migrate again.
Furthermore, the circumstances within which aspirations and intention to move or
to stay develop may change gradually over time or suddenly due to specific events.
The same counts for individual characteristics and social relations that interact with
the structural forces in the development of aspirations.
For this article, we analyse how and why (im-)mobility aspirations by return
migrants in the Casamance region, Senegal, may change over time. Using
longitudinal data from qualitative interviews with returnees and their family
members conducted during two periods of fieldwork, 2019 and 2022/23, we
compare their situation with regards to their social and economic reintegration, and
seek to determine how possible changes have impacted their aspirations.
Furthermore, we analyse how important developments of the last years like the
COVID 19 pandemic, high inflation, and the rise of the cost of living, as well as
the peace treaty between the Senegalese government and the Movement of
Democratic Forces of Casamance from 2021, have influenced their projects and
aspirations.
References
Carling, J., & Erdal, M. B. (2014). Return Migration and Transnationalism: How Are the
Two Connected? International Migration, 52(6), 2-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/
imig.12180
Kleist, N. (2020). Trajectories of involuntary return migration to Ghana: Forced relocation
processes and post-return life. Geoforum, 116, 272-281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.geoforum.2017.12.005
Kuschminder, K. (2022). Reintegration strategies. In R. King & K. Kuschminder (Eds.),
Handbook of Return Migration (pp. 200-211). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Sinatti, G. (2011). ‘Mobile Transmigrants’ or ‘Unsettled Returnees’? Myth of Return and
Permanent Resettlement among Senegalese Migrants. Population, Space and Place, 17,
153-166. doi:10.1002/psp.608
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7B Migration, Law and Policy 7 [EG15/16]
Chair: Suat Dönmez, Istanbul Topkapi University, Turkey
59 Xenophobism a product of jealousy and ignorance? Interrogating the noise
surrounding migrants in South Africa using Ubuntu diplomacy
Toyin Adetiba
This paper explores the implications of migration on transnational migrants’
identity formation process concerning self-exploration and self-expression. Recent
migration studies approach these identities by illustrating connections between the
social landscape and migrant identities (Elliott and Urry, 2010; Beck and Beck-
Gernsheim, 2014) and investigating the impact of globalisation on migrant identity
presentations in different places (Brah, 1996). In particular, recent studies on
Turkish transnational migrants focus on how some Turkish migrants establish their
identity representation and belonging while they accommodate themselves into
host countries. Although these studies successfully examine the identity
representation of Turkish migrants within migration processes, they are limited in
their investigations of how migrants’ transnational everyday practices and
interactions, including economic, cultural and intimate ties and connections, play a
role in their identity formation process. This paper provides empirical discussions
on this issue, drawing from qualitative interviews with transnational Turkish
migrants. This paper (i) explores how migration can influence transnational
Turkish migrants to constitute their identity while interacting with different
everyday practices, emotions, and relationships, and (ii) investigates the resolution
of the tension between participants’ authentic self and presentational self affecting
their identity-formation in between Turkish and English transnational spaces.
552 ‘They are here only for the short-term’ - How the perception of EU
nationals as mobile residents influences their political engagement at local
level in post-Brexit England.
Michele Zadra
According to the latest Home Office figures (December 2022), 5.6 million EU
nationals have obtained a temporary or permanent permit to live and work in the
UK through the EU Settlement Scheme, almost doubling pre-Brexit estimates. For
the time being, EU nationals who resided in the UK before Brexit still retain the
right to vote and run for office at the local level. However, despite representing
over 10% of the population in many British towns, little is known about their
engagement with local authorities and their participation in local politics. At the
same time, the quick rise of grassroots organisations advocating EU citizens’ rights,
like the 3million or Settled, has shown how in the aftermath of the Brexit
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referendum EU citizens have made their entrance into the British political arena.
This paper reports the preliminary results of a qualitative study that attempts to fill
this gap in the literature about migrants’ political participation. The analysis of 49
semi-structured interviews of EU residents, migration experts, Council officers and
elected Councillors, conducted in four English local governments, has revealed
how Councils tend to consider EU citizens as ‘transient economic migrants’, self-
sufficient and disinterested in local politics, hence less worth engaging if compared
to non-EU migrant communities, perceived instead as more permanent and
committed to their host society. Because of their former status of mobile citizens,
EU nationals appear to be lacking the bonding social capital that has helped other
migrant communities to self-organise and become vocal political constituencies for
British local institutions. These findings raise important questions about the future
political integration of European citizens in post-Brexit England and the capacity
of local governments to account for their views and needs in their decision-making
process.
235 Migration from Ukraine and EU Migration Policies
Suat Dönmez
In the post-Cold War period, different security issues have come to the agenda
with the transformation of the security perception. In this context, the waves of
irregular migration due to armed conflicts and economic problems, especially in
regions living in internally unstable regions, have gradually begun to affect the
migration and migration policies of the European Union countries. In this period,
when the risk of conventional war has disappeared, the European Union has
started to see migration movements as an essential security issue in the context of
new security risks and to harden its policies on migration. Because in the
contemporary conjuncture, mass migration has started to be seen as the problem
that will affect the public order and socio-economic structure in Europe the most.
In this period, migration movements originating, especially in African and Asian
countries, have become an essential source of concern. This study aims to examine
how the migration policies of the European Union have changed in the recent
period and to evaluate the approach taken by this change in the context of the
Russian-Ukrainian war. Mass migration movement toward European countries
from Ukraine is the central focus of this paper. In this context, while the European
Union countries adopted a strict stance against the migration waves from different
geographies, they did not depict similar harshness against Ukraine's sudden and
mass migration movements. The current migration policies of the European Union
and the discourses and statements of the leaders of the European Union countries
during the Ukrainian war, and the institutional decisions taken by the EU were
examined, and the policy change on the subject was observed. The literature on
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the subject was reviewed to determine the reasons for this change. In this context,
basically, several explanations have been identified. Another issue that draws
attention in this context is the role of the FRONTEX organization. This
organization has been established primarily for the external land and sea border
management, supervision, and security of the European Union countries. The EU
did not use this organization against Ukrainian migration as it was actively
employed on several occasions previously. With this incident, there may be
different ways of flexibility based on the situation where there will not be a standard
usage concept.
Keywords: Irregular Migration; European Union Migration policies; Russia-
Ukraine war; Ukrainian migrants
7C Youth, Children and Families 3 [EG17]
Chair: Gökay Özerim, Yaşar University, Turkey
489 We did it for your future: Parental work migration and educational
trajectories of their descendants in the home country
Tanja Schroot and Georgiana Udrea
Thousands of children are annually left behind by their parents who work abroad
(Unicef 2020). Education plays a major but often ambiguous role for migrants’
decisional processes. Many depart for a better work that might not valorise their
competences but provides an advantageous economic retribution and thus
enhanced educational opportunities for their family. Effects of parental work
migration on children’s educational trajectories may span from positive to
detrimental (Cappelloni 2011). However, the ongoing global health emergency has
not solely challenged mobility projects on a local and temporal scale but shifted
also decisively migration outputs. Often, migrant parents are exposed to an
immense pressure from their family and on societal level, through community and
research. Building on these premises and the pronounced need for further research
(COE 2020), this paper aims to draw a picture of decisional processes and potential
educational outcomes along the life course for different actors involved and calls
for a shift from judgemental constructions towards a contextual risk and prospect
analysis. The case is exemplified by the Romanian context. Whereas most existing
works studied the phenomenon in the home context only (Bezzi 2013) this
research builds on a qualitative data analysis, rooted in host and home contexts. It
represents thus a bi-fold perspective of 15 migrant mothers living without their
children in Italy, and 15 youths currently left behind in Romania by parents
working in Italy, Spain and UK.
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124 Knowledge Construction of Immigrants in The Digital Age: A Case Study
of Young Turkish Immigrants in Germany
Salih Günay
This study examines the role of the media in the construction of political
knowledge of young Turkish immigrants within their egocentric networks as a part
of their integration process in Germany. A modern approach to media ecology
theory is applied in this study to explore young immigrants' media environments.
In this study, multiple theoretical perspectives on the debated terms of migration,
integration, and political knowledge have been comprehensively examined and
presented. A qualitative research method with semi-structured interviews was
applied to collect the data for this study. In addition, a qualitative egocentric
network approach has been applied to collect data for egocentric networks of
young immigrants. The study presents several key findings that young immigrants
commonly exist in entertainment-oriented, connection-oriented, and information-
seeking media environments. Although there are significant changes in the young
immigrants' media environments in respect of habitual, platform-based, and
practical behavioral changes, the young immigrants' media environments are
completely different from their elders.
Moreover, technological changes or specific features of digital technologies impact
the young immigrants' lifestyles, shaping their media environments. In terms of
political participation and civic engagement activities, this study explores how
young immigrants' participatory activities show diversity in an online-centered
world as predictors of political knowledge. Young immigrants heavily benefit from
digital technologies to obtain, share, and distribute political knowledge within their
social networks. This study provides the results of their egocentric network analysis
and interaction process concerning young immigrants' social networks. Finally, this
study contributes to the field theoretically and empirically by providing new
insights into applying media ecology theory to discuss the construction of political
knowledge in the immigrants' integration process by applying egocentric network
analysis.
1125 Analyzing the Council of Europe Recommendation on Supporting Young
Refugees in Transition to Adulthood
Gökay Özerim
Young refugees face difficulties as they enter adulthood in host countries. The
Council of Europe has made a significant recommendation for supporting young
refugees in their transition to adulthood, realizing the need for all-encompassing
support and direction for this vulnerable population. The goal of this essay is to
analyze the Council of Europe recommendation and consider how it may affect
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young refugees' successful integration and empowerment at this pivotal juncture
in their lives.
The Council of Europe Recommendation on Supporting Young Refugees in
Transition to Adulthood offers member states a thorough framework for
developing policies and initiatives that address the particular needs and difficulties
faced by young refugees. The major components and clauses of the
recommendation, such as those relating to education, legal standing, health care,
housing, employment, and participation in decision-making, will be critically
examined in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to provide a thorough
understanding of the measures required to support young refugees as they make
the difficult transition to adulthood by looking at these components.
This study will analyze the Council of Europe Recommendation and look at the
opportunities and problems that come with its application. In order to incorporate
the Recommendation into their policies and practices, member states need to
adopt a variety of contexts and strategies. The goal of the paper is to shed light on
the shortcomings and potential areas for improvement in supporting young
refugees as they transition to adulthood by identifying implementation challenges
like scarce resources, language barriers, and disparate legal frameworks.
Additionally, the paper will highlight noteworthy lessons learned and suggestions
for successful implementation from initiatives that have been adopted by various
member states.
498 Age Assessments: Blurring the Lines of Childhood to Adulthood
Monique Mehmi
In the United Kingdom, there has been an influx of unaccompanied asylum-
seeking children (UASC) arriving via many routes. Upon arrival, many people who
claim they are children are age disputed and undergo a protracted process, which
potentially leaves them with a precarious immigration status. Those children are
deemed to be some of the most vulnerable people in society and require
appropriate support from the Government, Home Office and Local Authorities.
Since the enactment of the Nationality and Borders Act 2022, there has been vast
uncertainty for UASC who arrive in the United Kingdom, especially without
documentation. This Act introduced the use of scientific methods to be used by
the Secretary of State and Local Authorities, which in essence violate the human
rights of UASC. This project aims to examine how age assessments are used as
instruments to dispute unaccompanied asylum-seeking children’s (UASC) ages,
when they enter the United Kingdom. This will be achieved by three objectives;
To scrutinize the law and policy around age assessments to attempt to show if
current law revokes children’s rights in this context; To explore how age
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assessments are used to disrupt children’s rights in the social care context; To apply
the theory of vulnerability to UASC and age assessments to explore the possibility
of blurring the lines of childhood and adulthood.
7D Migration, Agency and Insecurity [UG13]
Chair: Deniz Yetkin Aker, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Turkey
499 What Hinders Migrant Agency? Policy Implications for Fair Migration
within the framework of the Western Balkans Regulation
Miriam Raab and Mariella Falkenhain
Temporary migration programmes (TMP) have been criticised in migration studies
for putting migrants at risk of social exclusion and exploitation due to their
vulnerable position and restricted rights (Bauböck & Ruhs 2021), while other
scholars reject the notion of victimhood and highlight migrants’ agency instead
(Alberti 2014). Focusing on migration to Germany on the basis of the Western
Balkans regulation, we want to discuss how migrant agency is hindered and which
policy implications are necessary to both protect and enable labour migrants.
Starting out as a TMP, the Western Balkans regulation allows migrants from
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and
Serbia to pursue employment in Germany provided they hold a valid work
contract. While liberal in its access to the labour market, the regulation causes many
administrative insecurities for the migrants. Drawing from qualitative interviews
with 42 labour migrants working in Germany on the basis of the Western Balkans
regulation, 44 German employers and 21 representatives of the state
administration, we encountered a broad spectrum of migrants’ information
behaviour and agency as well as several barriers they have to face. These can be
personal such as low language skills but are generally the consequences of law
restrictions regarding job changes, complicated professional recognition
procedures, opaque decisions concerning residence statuses and unequal
distribution of information. As the regulation is in discussion to be extended
indefinitely and to include further states within the framework of a new German
migration law, it is crucial to identify shortcomings and provide enhancements
such as increasing the monitoring of employers, facilitating job changes and
thoroughly informing migrants about their rights and options.
References
Alberti, G. (2014) Mobility strategies, ‘mobility differentials’ and ‘transnational exit’: the
experiences of precarious migrants in London’s hospitality jobs. Work, Employment
and Society 28: 1–17.
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Bauböck, R. and Ruhs, M. (2021) The Elusive Triple Win: Can temporary labour migration
dilemmas be settled through fair representation? 2021/60.
267 The Gender Dimensions of Human Security of Forcibly Displaced
Refugees in Asia: A Literature Review
Monira Ahsan
Purpose- Drawing on the concept of human security, this paper aims to explore
the gendered nature of human security along the economic, food, health,
environment, personal, community, and political dimensions of forcibly displaced
refugees in Asia.
Methodology/Approach- This literature review is based on the document search
for primarily qualitative peer-reviewed studies from several multidisciplinary
academic bibliographic, including manual search on disciplinary areas such as
refugee studies, forced displacement, migration, and critical feminist literature.
Findings: Reframing peace around human security, this transdisciplinary paper
argues for reconceptualising the gendered dimensions of peace and sustainability
of forcibly displaced refugees in Asia. Four key findings are critical in designing
policies and programmes for forcibly displaced refugees. First, both gender-
specific needs, as well as the underlying gender relations, are significantly essential,
considering that these relations can be changed during displacement and or as a
result of humanitarian-development interventions. Second, an intersectional
analysis of gender with other indicators such as age, class, education, ability,
location, ethnicity, religion, sexuality, and other contextual indicators that cause
disadvantages need to be addressed, which requires collecting disaggregated data
and structural gender-sensitive analysis of the multilayered human security
situation of the subjective experiences and perceptions of forcibly displaced
refugees. Third, various dimensions of human security are interconnected and
therefore require an analysis of each of the seven dimensions for a holistic
understanding of the refugee situations for integrated interventions across the
humanitarian-development-peace nexus. Fourth, the rapid improvement of
communication technology implies that different actors in virtual spaces can shape
many aspects of migrants’ or refugees’ lives across multiple countries, which
requires a critical understanding of the forcibly displaced refugees in light of human
security in the expanded and intersecting glocal (global-national-local) terrains.
Originality/Value- Despite significant progress in global evidence on and
understanding forced displacement, there has been scanty research and analysis of
the gendered dimensions of forced displacement in general and in the refugee
situation. Moreover, though there has been increasing attention to both the human
security concept and developments in gender equality and gender mainstreaming,
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there is little research and evidence on the overlap between the two areas, the
gendered dimensions of human security. A gendered human security perspective
helps us to identify better practical implementation challenges to contribute to
policies and programmes for promoting inclusive and improved protection, peace
and sustainability of refugees in forced displacement settings.
Keywords: Gender equality; Human security; Forced displacement; Migration;
Refugees; Asia
Paper type: Literature review
297 Art-informed Methodologies in Refugee and Forced Migration Research
from the perspective of research about and with Iranian queer refugees
Nilofar Shidmehr
Overview
My presentation centres on using art-informed methodologies of research such as
poetic/narrative inquiry and research-creation in particular creative writing as
auxiliary methods of inquiry while doing research with and about people who have
experienced forced migration. I base my presentation on an ongoing research
project about queer Iranian forced migrants.
Poetic Inquiry (Poetry Creation) and its Viability as an Auxiliary Methodology of
Research
I begin with a short presentation of the NQIfFM project, outlining its objectives
and the theoretical and methodological framework for achieving them. Negotiating
Queer Identities Following Forced Migration (NQIfFM): A Comparative Study of
Iranian Queer Refugees Living in Turkey, the UK and Canada is a research project
investigating the processes of identity transition of Iranian diasporic queers seeking
international protection in countries generally seen as being of transition,
destination or resettlement. Running from 2021-2023, it is funded by the ESRC
and based at the University of Sussex, UK. I am a pioneer of poetic inquiry and a
creative-writing-research scholar who serves as an external research consultant to
this project.
After outlining the project, I focus on demonstrating the benefits of adding poetic
inquiry to interview and life history studies as primary methodologies employed in
this project. Poetry is produced in the workshops I hold with Iranian queer
refugees and immigrants in Turkey, the UK, and Canada. The poems are put
together in a booklet as an outcome of the project. They will be also included in
the project website and a documentary which is another project’s output.
Moreover, the poems are used as means of gathering, measuring, weighing, and
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analyzing data that comes from the interviews. As such, they enable a comparative
study that can help with advancing knowledge with regard to human rights research
and practice.
I am going to present some examples of poetry produced in the research and show
the benefits of using poetry in our research. I will argue that poetry gives direct
agency to research subjects (Iranian queer refugees) to participate in research
production. It also gives the participants a chance to reveal their subtle feelings
that don’t come through interviews. It empowers them to express their journeys
for ‘sexual liberty’ in verse. Through imagination and metaphor, poetry enables the
queer poet refugees to make a dynamic imagination with their lived lives and the
ways in which they aspire to form their new identities and challenge immigration
processes that re-stigmatise, silence, and exclude them.
484 The International Protection System and Forced Labor of Asylum Seekers
and Refugees. Findings from Italy
Natalia Szulc
The theory of structural injustice (SI) according to I.M Young assumes that it exists
when institutional actions place people in a situation of constant threat, depriving
them of opportunities for development, rights, and intensifying inequality. In this
research, SI serves as a bridge between Refugee and Forced Labor Studies.
Focusing on the asylum regime - I go beyond the traditional analysis of the problem
guided mostly by the vulnerabilities of asylum seekers and refugees (ARs).
The goal was to examine whether and how the international protection system and
its various procedures can affect forced labor of ARs (including trafficking for
labor exploitation). I consider registration, identification, and multi-level reception
procedures and mechanisms in a host state. I identify how they affect the
occurrence and forms of the problem.
The results are based on focus groups conducted in Italy and a survey with
representatives of two systems: international protection and anti-trafficking. This
was supplemented by a two-stage systematic review, and an analysis of court
proceedings.
I will present the first results from Italy. The findings allowed to transform the
theory of structural injustice and situate the international protection system and
forced labor as its relevant examples. The research also resulted in the development
of the "safe host country" concept. Driven by the growing demand for Needs Led
Research - the results will build practical solutions for policy makers and
representatives of the asylum system, anti-trafficking practitioners and the private
sector.
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7E L’émigration [UG11]
Chair: Mohamed Khachani, University of Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
103 Perception des élèves immigrants des écarts entre les valeurs entre l’école et
leurs parents et l’engagement scolaire au secondaire: effet médiateur du
sentiment d’appartenance à l’école
Marie-Laure Rulleau, Kristel Tardif-Grenier, Corinne Hébert, Isabelle Archambault
La présence des élèves issus de l’immigration dans les écoles québécoises est
importante et croissante. De nombreuses études se sont attardées aux défis
auxquels ces élèves font face. Toutefois, ces jeunes peuvent compter sur plusieurs
facteurs de résiliences comme l’engagement scolaire qui est fortement associé à la
persévérance scolaire ainsi qu’à un plus grand bien-être psychologique (Gonzales
et al., 2014; Motti-Stefanidi et al., 2021). Par ailleurs, on sait que le sentiment
d’appartenance est un facteur jouant un rôle crucial dans le maintien de
l’engagement scolaire à travers le temps (Gillen-O’Neel et Fuligni, 2013).
Les écarts de valeurs famille-école perçus par l’élève pourraient teinter
l’engagement scolaire et le sentiment d’appartenance à l’école chez ses élèves. En
effet, la recherche montre de plus grands écarts de valeurs sont associés à un plus
faible sentiment d’appartenance (Tyler et al., 2008) et que celui-ci peut varier selon
la génération d’immigration (Chiu et al., 2012). Les écarts de valeurs pourraient
contribuer à expliquer les différences au niveau du sentiment d’appartenance. En
raison des différentes valeurs valorisées par leur culture d’origine, les élèves issus
de l’immigration vivraient de plus grands écarts que les autres élèves non issus de
l’immigration.
L’étude actuelle a pour objectif de documenter si le sentiment d’appartenance au
milieu scolaire constitue un médiateur dans la relation entre les écarts de valeurs
famille-école et l’engagement scolaire des élèves issus de l’immigration et
d’identifier les types d’écarts de valeurs (ex. l’importance de la religion, les activités
pédagogiques utilisées) associés à l’engagement scolaire et au sentiment
d’appartenance. Elle s’appuie sur un devis transversal qui a été réalisé auprès de 1
598 élèves (57 % = filles), provenant de huit écoles québécoises (Canada) ayant
répondu à un questionnaire en ligne (automne 2017 et printemps 2018).
Des modèles de régressions réalisés à l’aide de PROCESS ont permis de tester
l’effet médiateur du sentiment d’appartenance au sein de la relation entre les écarts
de valeurs et l’engagement scolaire. Puis, des analyses de régressions hiérarchiques
ont été réalisées afin de déterminer la relation les différents types d’écarts de valeurs
et l’engagement scolaire ainsi que le sentiment d’appartenance.
Les résultats suggèrent la présence d’un effet médiateur du sentiment
d’appartenance sur la relation entre les écarts de valeurs et l’engagement
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comportemental uniquement. De plus, les analyses ont démontré que certains
types d’écarts plutôt que d’autres avaient tendance à être associés à l’engagement
et au sentiment d’appartenance. En effet, un écart entre les méthodes pédagogiques
utilisées à la maison et à l’école, la perception des différences entre les hommes et
les femmes ainsi que la perception de ce qu’est une vie réussie étaient associés à un
sentiment d’appartenance moins élevé. Les écarts perçus entre les différences
hommes-femmes étaient associés à un moins grand engagement comportemental.
Les écarts entre les méthodes pédagogiques utilisées étaient associés à un moins
grand engagement affectif des élèves.
Cette étude permet de mieux comprendre la perception qu’ont les élèves issus de
l’immigration des relations entre les écoles et les familles et leur association avec
leur réussite éducative.
443 La relation entre la migration et le développement
Safae Zbat, Zemmouri Ghita, Hakkou El Mehdi
La migration internationale est un sujet de débat quotidien, puisque les
conséquences de cettemigration peuvent contribuer au développement inclusif et
durable tant dans les pays d'origineet aussi de destination.Par ailleurs, un ensemble
de théoriciens ont pu traiter la thématique migratoire et sa relationavec le
développement, en se penchant sur l’intention de migrer des individus et ce
quipeuvent apporter en termes de développement pour leur propre pays et aussi
de destination.Selon Ehrenberg et Smith (1997), les facteurs à l’origine des
inégalités, notamment au seindes sociétés d'origine, montrent que les décisions
migratoires s'inscrivent dans un contextesocial, économique et politique.Adams et
Richard (2003) montrent que la migration internationale peut avoir un effet
négatifsur le développement économique des pays d'origine. De plus, le
rapatriement de l'argent desmigrants peut entraîner une augmentation de la
demande de biens importés au détriment desbiens produits localement, ce qui
n'aurait pas d'effet multiplicateur sur l'économie.En outre, cette relation a fait
l’objet d’étude de plusieurs auteurs et plusieurs documentssurtout officiels en
parlent, par rapport à un ensemble de facteurs et leurs résultats. Pour cefaire, nous
allons nous appuyer d’une part, sur la revue empirique.D’après l’étude
d’Abderrahim Saidane dans sa thèse, en se basant sur une enquête menée parla
banque mondiale au Burkina Faso en 2010 auprès de 2102 ménages, les transferts
de fonds
des migrants burkinabés vers leur pays d’origine ont potentiellement un impact
positif sur lacroissance économique à travers l’investissement dans des activités
économiques ainsi que laréduction de la pauvreté dans les milieux ruraux plus
particulièrement. Toutefois, l’inégalitédes revenus reste intacte étude de Borjas
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(2014), intitulée Immigration Economics, à travers des enquêtes auprèsdes
ménages et les données fiscales, ainsi que des modèles économiques. Les
travailleurs peuqualifiés subissent des pertes de revenus en raison de la concurrence
accrue sur le marché dutravail, tandis que les travailleurs hautement qualifiés
bénéficient d'une augmentation de lademande de travail dans les secteurs liés à
l'immigration. L'impact net de l'immigration surl'économie américaine est positif,
mais il est important de mettre en place des politiques pouraider les travailleurs les
plus vulnérables.Finalement, cet article consistera à la fin, une étude de cas qui
reposera sur une comparaisonde l’impact de la migration sur le développement
d’un pays du sud et celui du nord, en sebasant sur des données qui vont être
expliquer sous forme d’un modèle économétrique.
567 Le contexte migratoire dans l’espace euro-mediterraneen: pour une gestion
concertee des flux
Mohamed Khachani
Depuis 1990, les flux d’émigration légale vers les pays de destination traditionnels
en Europe ont fortement régressé, les réseaux clandestins ont pris le relais des
circuits légaux. Les dispositions prises à la suite de la convention d’application des
accords de Schengen signée en juin 1990 (établissement de visas, contrôles
rigoureux aux frontières, système très sélectif de délivrance de permis de travail,…)
ont réduit l’émigration légale.
Au vu de ce constat, ne serait–il pas plus humain de définir une autre politique
d’immigration moins controversée en pensant à une gestion organisée de «l’ordre
migratoire» entre les deux rives de la Méditerranée. Ceci permettrait d’atteindre cet
objectif tant souhaitée d’ « une migration sûre, ordonnée et régulière », comme le
stipule le Pacte Mondial dont la plupart des pays de l’UE sont signataires. Mais cela
semble butter contre un certain nombre de paradoxes de la politique migratoire
européenne. Plusieurs facteurs militent pour une gestion concertée des flux.
-Les dérapages d’une politique focalisée sur des mesures restrictives et
l’externalisation de la question migratoire. Les restrictions réglementaires apportées
à la circulation des étrangers ont moins empêché les entrées qu’elles n’ont entravé
les déplacements de va et vient.
- Une demande de travail spécifique existe dans les pays de l’Union Européenne,
celle-ci répond, pour des raisons de coût et de flexibilité, aux besoins du marché
de l’emploi.
-Le manque de canaux légaux stimule l’irrégularité de l’emploi : La migration
irrégulière se voit ainsi stimulée par l’excès de demande en Europe de main
d’oeuvre non qualifiée et par le manque de canaux légaux pour couvrir ladite
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demande. En fait, le marché s’est avéré plus fort pour engendrer des flux que les
États pour les réguler.
- Le défi démographique Il s’agit ici de rappeler l’apport de la migration face aux
perspectives des déficits démographiques dans les pays de la rive nord.
- Cette dialectique du rejet juridique et de l’appel économique a favorisé le
développement des réseaux mafieux qui se sont installés de part et d’autre de la
Méditerranée et tout au long de l’itinéraire migratoire pour assurer leurs services à
des prix exorbitants.
- Cette politique a un coût élevé pour les contribuables européens : D’importants
moyens sont mobilisés pour accompagner les politiques de lutte contre la migration
irrégulière à travers la création d’institutions dépendant de la commission ou créées
par des États de l’Union.
- L’immigration irrégulière engendre un manque à gagner pour les Etats des pays
d’accueil La migration légale contribue à la lutte contre le travail au noir, permet à
l’Etat de bénéficier de versements d’impôts et accule les entrepreneurs à verser des
contributions sociales
- Cette politique a aussi un coût très élevé en vies humaines, car cette aventure est
très périlleuse. La Méditerranée est devenue ainsi le plus grand cimetière du monde.
- Enfin, du point de vue géostratégique, l’Union Européenne ne peut pas continuer
à prospérer avec à ses flanc Sud et Est des poches de misère. Une attitude solidaire
de la part des pays de l‘UE est nécessaire.
7F Migration History [BG3/4]
Chair: Caner Tekin, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
261 Refugees Rehabilitation in Pakistan 1947-1961: Process, Policies and
Execution
Nayyer Abbas
The research paper sheds light on major contours of the rehabilitation process
undertaken by the state during 1947-1961 in Pakistan. Rehabilitation of the
refugees after the partition was one of the biggest challenges in front of the nascent
state of Pakistan. The general accounts provided a very simple picture of the very
complex and varied history of displacement and resettlement of millions of Muslim
refugees in Pakistan after the migration from India in 1947. Migration patterns
varied from East Bengal to different provinces of West Pakistan, and further
complicated by class and gender issues; the ‘everyday state’ accounts of refugee
resettlement and rehabilitation contradicted, at different scale, to the official
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narrative. The process of settlement was very diverse as compared to uniform as
generally perceived. The plans and policies for the settlement of the migrants for
this region are covered in this article. This research will not only provide insight
into the rehabilitation process but also be helpful to understand socio-economic
changes in Pakistan in post-partition period. This research is based on the fresh
sources drawn from the Punjab Archive Lahore, the Commissioner office Lahore,
British Library, and the National Archives-Kew Gardens, London. Finally, it will
link with the literature on the concept of the ‘everyday state’ and oral history
accounts. This raises the issues of citizenship and refugee status, the issue of
‘corruption’ and highly differentiated experiences of partition-related refugees in
west Punjab in general and in Toba Tek Singh in specific.
417 The history of the migration industry – how had the employers been
supported in sourcing the workforce
Kamil Matuszczyk and Sara Bojarczuk
As international labour migration accelerated, massified and diversified, migration
brokers played an increasingly important role in facilitating mobility. Globally, an
organised transnational business, nowadays referred to as the migration industry,
emerged at the turn of the 20th century. From the beginning of its development,
it was formed by a broad group of profit-oriented actors who, as third parties in
labour relations, were responsible for matching workers (would-be migrants) with
employers with a demand for foreign labour. For a variety of motives, a significant
proportion of migrants chose to use either formal or informal intermediaries who,
in both Global North and Global South countries, had an increasing influence on
immigrant labour market allocation.
The aim of the presentation will be to show which configurations of the
relationship between employers and migration intermediaries occurred in industrial
and post-industrial countries. Using and elaborating on the dichotomous
classification of these relationships presented by Philip Martin (2017), I will explain
their evolution from the one-way provision of workers by migration agents to
specialised global corporations offering a range of additional services to clients
(employers and workers). During the presentation, I would like to outline the three
main positions that intermediaries have taken: agents, partners and allies. Drawing
on selected case studies from labour migration, both of low and highly skilled
foreign workers, I argue for the professionalisation of intermediary services as well
as the creation of lasting relationships with employer-clients. To the best of the
authors' knowledge, the paper presented here is one of the first attempts to
comprehensively capture the development of the migration industry and is part of
the academic discussion on the commercialisation process of international labour
migration.
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513 Turkish Migrant Activism at Plant Level: Works Council Elections in Ford
Cologne
Caner Tekin
Migration and labour history of Turkish workers in Federal Germany is a topic of
a large literature, but not much light has been shed on the interplays between guest
workers and German trade unions in factories. If anything, the participation of the
Turkish workers in works council elections, either on the side of or against trade
unions, was an early example of democratic participation. Based on the archive
material about the work council elections in the Cologne Ford factory during the
1970s and 1980s, the paper discusses the key attitudes raised within the Turkish
unionist and conservative groups towards how to engage German trade unions at
companies. In brief, the federal government's migration policy, IG Metall's
attitudes towards migrants, as well as mobilisation strategies of the politicised
migrant groups at the company underpinned conflicting disputes about the idea of
democratic participation through works council elections.
Keywords: Turkish Migrant Organisations, Works Council Elections, trade union
participation, migrant activism at plant level
11:00-11:15 BREAK
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Day Three 25 August 2023 - 11:15-12:45
8A Reframing the Dynamics of Transformations in Diverse Spaces
Within Uneven Migration Regimes [UG13]
Chair: Mary Rose Geraldine A. Sarausad, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
1103 Fathering and Social Integration among Japanese Migrant Men in Japanese-
Filipino Families: An Ethnographic Inquiry
Jocelyn Celero
Japanese-Filipino families are historically one of the major outcomes of Filipino
women’s migration to Japan, or Japanese men’s migration the Philippines since the
1970s. Intercultural encounters between Japanese and Filipinos have resulted in
intimate unions, producing second and 1.5 generation Japanese-Filipinos who are
born and socialized in and between Japanese and Filipino societies. Existing
literature examining Japanese-Filipino transnational family formation
predominantly has focused on the migratory experiences of Filipino women as
entertainers and marriage migrants in Japan. Little research has focused on the role
of Japanese men in intermarriages outside of Japan (e.g. Tokoro 2016).
Departing from previous studies that problematize their parental absence, the
proposed ethnographic research looks into their migratory and family lives of
Japanese men who moved to the Philippines over the last two decades. It focuses
on the impact of the Philippines on gender norms, fathering practices, and familial
relations. Building on the concept of positive masculinity (Kiselica et. al, 2016), this
study seeks evidence of how the parenting approaches of Japanese fathers enable
them to integrate to the socio-economic and cultural spaces of the Filipino society,
negotiating the socio-economic, cultural and moral expectations of the receiving
context.
1104 Creative Practices by Russian-speaking Migrant Artists in Japan: Negotiating
Gender, Belonging, and Self-fulfillment
Ksenia Golovina
Migrant artists working on themes related and unrelated to the experience of
migration have been reported to have a positive impact on the vitality of urban
spaces and the attraction of local artists. Art has also proven to be an important
tool for the consolidation of migrant communities and for diaspora activities in the
political and cultural spheres. On a personal level, art plays a crucial role in building
intimate relationships with the environment and thus has the potential to facilitate
the integration of migrants. Art is also a means of self-fulfillment, both when a
migrant is employed in the arts or elsewhere, but especially in a situation where
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employment in the local market has not been achieved. Based on fieldwork
consisting of object-oriented interviews, home visits, participant observation and
cyberethnography, this paper examines the situation of Russian-speaking migrant
artists in Japan. For some of the informants, migration to Japan was associated
with the loss of creative workspace, students, and artistic income. For others,
however, migration meant rediscovering themselves as artists based on their past
experiences or training. For most of the informants, themes emerged such as the
need to organize one’s space for making art in Japan and to adapt to changes in art
forms and materials. Some of the artists stated that they had experienced a surge
of creativity since migrating, attributing it not only to the novelty of the move but
also to the beauty of the Japanese landscape. Art gave them a sense of self-
fulfillment and opened up avenues for appropriating the environment through its
intimate depiction. Others, reflecting on the negative aspect of art making, noted
that it provided them with a form of escapism, allowing them to avoid contact with
the locals and slowing down integration. In light of these findings, this paper aims
to explore the gender aspect of these artists’ journeys and to identify differences in
the experiences of men and women. To this end, the paper examines the individual
motivations for making art, the place that art practices occupy in these individuals’
lives, the accessible opportunities for self-fulfillment and promotion of their work,
the negotiations with family members around making and exhibiting art, and their
visions of themselves as artists in the future. The study found that compared to
men, migrant women use their art skills and products more proactively to connect
with Japanese society and the migrant community in the role of community
members rather than artists. In the case of mixed couples, men find more support
from their Japanese wives to pursue art as a profession, while women’s art activities
are more often marginalized as hobbies by their Japanese spouses. The paper aims
to shed light on how gender influences migrants’ artistic lives and creations, and
what strategies both genders use to navigate the host society as migrants and artists.
1106 Migration Management and Bordering Practices in Thailand and Vietnam
Mary Rose Geraldine A. Sarausad and Reinaruth D. Carlos
The socioeconomic and political landscape of many host countries are ever
changing. Therefore, the systems that shape the migration process are also
transformed which sometimes leave migrants with limited options. In Thailand and
Vietnam, narratives of some Filipino teachers interviewed in the study revealed
how borders have not only encouraged but also constrained them and other
teachers from fully achieving their goals because of changing migration policies.
Moreover, the experience of bordering practices plays an important role in the lives
of migrants as these affect their ability to access employment and social welfare as
well as in incorporating themselves in the host country. This paper applies a
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theoretical and methodological framework in exploring the concept of bordering
practices and its relationship with migration management, and how this developed
with the current migration policies in both countries. Within this framework,
border spaces can also be understood through the various ways in which the
Filipino teachers in the study are affected by their experiences as border crossers
particularly when the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted mobility within and across
borders.
1105 Social Integration of International Marriage Migrants: Comparative Analysis
of Russian-Speaking Females’ Experiences in Japan and South Korea
Viktoriya Kim and Natalya Yem
This paper aims to analyze difficulties that accompany integration processes of
international marriage migrants in Japan and South Korea. Despite both countries
positioning as homogenous societies and limiting influx of large number of
international migrants, their stance is more positive toward (female) marriage
migrants. However, migration policies and absence of such, as well as the local
family structures still create obstacles for foreign female integration in the local
society. This paper is based on the authors’ qualitative data collected in the period
of 2007 to 2014 with women from former Soviet Union countries, who were
married to South Korean (54) and Japanese men (50). In this presentation, we
introduce the concept of integration, review migration policies and attitudes
toward marriage migration in both countries, as well as analyze women’s individual
experiences of multicultural programs. We argue that there is a need for
comprehensive policies that will address (marriage) migrants’ needs in the early
stages of migration and empower them in the process of settlement in the receiving
society.
8B Theory and Methods in Migration Studies 4 [UG11]
Chair: H. Yaprak Civelek, Anadolu University, Turkey
193 The statistical immigrant: Immigration statistics in the Danish welfare state
Heidi Vad Jønsson
Immigration statistics has played a significant role in Danish and Scandinavian
political debates for decaedes. While some policy makers have used immigration
statistics to argue for a more restrictive immigration policy, others have questioned
the legitimacy of “the immigrant” as a statistical category. Since the 1980s one of
the key discussions in immigration debates has evolved around numbers and
categorizations. Should immigration policies regulate entrance based on quotas?
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Was the number of newcomers a problem or was the lack of integration measures
the biggest issue to be solved by policies? In its essence, Danish immigration
debates evolved around opposing problemdefinitions and diverging
categorizations. In this process statistical knowledge became an important,
powerful and highly contested tool of governance. Hence migration statistics
received increased attention from the mid 1990s and in this process “the statistical
immigrant” emerged as a category that could be used politically. This paper focuses
on this important part of immigration policies and explores the historical
development of “immigrants” as a statistical category in Denmark since the 1990s.
139 Comparative Geographical Analysis of Transnational Social Spaces:
Georgian Diasporas in the USA and Latvia
Ia Iashvili and Tinatin Gvenetadze
Georgia, the post-Soviet country in the South Caucasus, has a population of slightly
more than 3.7 million people. Georgian exodus is the phenomenon of the last three
decades when the country started its transition to the market economy. Even
though, during the Soviet era 96,4 % of all ethnic Georgians lived in the Georgian
SSR (Gachechiladze, 1997) and the nation never was distinguished with active
outmigration, moves of labour migration between the all union republics were not
limited. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet empire amid political and
economic crises, the international labour migration appeared the only way for
many nationals to survive. After the 1990s the modest Georgian community that
existed in former Soviet Latvia was filled with new arrivals, while in the USA
Georgian’s mass emigration resulted in the foundation of large diasporas and
creation of transnational social spaces (Faist, 2013, 46). Transnationalism is a
lifestyle and a “strategy of survival and betterment” by a migrant (a transmigrant)
that spans international borders of more than one country, keeps homeland-host
country ties and activities (Faist, 2013, 7). This paper aims to give the comparative
analysis of Georgian Diasporas and transnational social spaces in two destination
countries of Latvia and America. As our comparative study on Georgian
outmigration flows from the Soviet era up today is being conducted for the first
time, the presented issue is relevant. The selection of the target countries was
motivated, on the one hand, by the research experience in the USA (2015-2021),
where immigrants from independent Georgia form several community
associations, and on the other hand, by the study of Soviet and post-Soviet
Georgian immigration in Latvia, which we got the opportunity to do in 2022. The
subject of the research is the Georgian diasporas in the USA and Latvia, while the
target groups are members of these communities. The objectives of the research
are to study the structure of the Georgian diasporas in the target countries
(transformation in space and time) and transnational social spaces they create; at
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the same time to determine the degree of integration of the Georgian community
through the involvement/less involvement of its members in the local societies
and institutions of the host countries. Our key question is: what are the main
differences in the level of integration of the Georgian diasporas in the USA and
Latvia? In the research we refer to the theoretical concept of transnationalism by
Nina Glick-Shiller (Glick-Shiller, et al., 1992) and the Diaspora theory by W.
Suffran (1991). We practice qualitative research methods, particularly in-depth
interviews with Georgian community members and field experts and discourse
analysis. Due to well established connections since the Soviet period, the study
confirmed our hypothesis about a higher degree of integration of the Georgians in
Latvia than in the USA. Our research will contribute to the literature on diaspora
studies and transnational social space.
140 Brazilian population abroad: the process of research and construction of a
data virtual platform about Brazilian emigration
Camila Escudero
The goal of this text is to present the project “Brazilian population abroad – Data
virtual platform about Brazilian emigration”, the initial result of the academic-
scientific research “Brazilian emigrants: Communication networks in the
identification of the profile, living conditions, forms of organization and
construction of identities”, which began in Brazil, in 2022. It is an information
base, with public and free access, about the subject of Brazilian emigration, with
the objectives: 1) systematizing, organizing and giving visibility to data involving
the presence of Brazilian population abroad; 2) serve as a point of support in the
articulation of emigrants and community leaders, researchers, nonprofits
organizations and government spheres involved with the theme.
The project was developed based on the follow three perceptions during previous
work (IOM, 2021): 1) the fragility of concrete data and knowledge about the profile
of the Brazilian emigrant population, even with a qualitative approach, estimated
at 4.215.800 people (MRE, 2021) ; 2) the fact of Brazilian emigration process to be
considered recent – it was only from the 1980s that Brazil, recognized throughout
its history as a country of immigration, with the arrival of foreigners contributing
to the formation of its national identity (Ribeiro, 1995), passed to be considered a
country of emigration; 3) the interdisciplinarity of the theme, in general, studies on
international migration processes are dispersed in several areas of knowledge, and
occur in a trans and interdisciplinary way, in an “epistemological itinerary” (Sayad,
1998).
The idea is that “Brazilian population abroad – Data virtual platform about
Brazilian emigration” will function as a kind of “observatory”. In a virtual website
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format[1], released in February 2023, the platform was built based on concepts of
architecture and information for the treatment of digital environments (Nielsen;
Loranger, 2007), as well as composed with content resulting from bibliographic
(Stumpf, 2011) and documentary (Moreira, 2011) researches. The material was
systematized into categories, according to aspects of Thematic Analysis (Escudero,
2020): 1) Studies and research; 2) Legislation; 3) Demographic estimates; 4)
Financial remittances[2].
It is intended, therefore, from the visualization and knowledge of the data, to
stimulate the performance of theoretical and empirical interdisciplinary researches,
from a transnational and intercultural perspectives, which explore the profile of
the emigrant community abroad, its characteristics, demands, ways of social and
economic organization and performance, networking, cultural practices, public
policies, innovation and impact, as well as issues related to sustainable
development.
References
Available in: www.brasileirosnoexterior.org.
We hope to improve new categories with future platform updates.
66 Embodied waste laborer: A study of identity, value, and social integration
among Pakistanis in a Hong Kong’s informal street economy
Terence Chun Tat Shum
While Hong Kong’s economic affluence has given rise to mass consumption and
mass-waste lifestyles among one sector of the population, the lower strata of
society struggle to survive. Waste is often associated with dirt, uselessness, and
redundancy; the people who work with it are therefore perceived as dirty,
invaluable, and underprivileged. For more than a decade, a subset of the Pakistani
population—a dominant South Asians in Hong Kong—has been appropriating
this urban space during the late afternoons and evenings, creating a living from
their marginalized social position as ethnic minorities who work with waste. This
research examines their roles and activities in this “unregulated” part of the urban
economy. Specifically, it explores the reasons behind their participation in the
informal second-hand trade.
Drawing from in-depth interviews and participant observation with Pakistani
informal waste laborers in the second-hand markets of Hong Kong, this research
proposes the concept of “embodied waste laborer” to examine the embodied
experience of waste work among Pakistani laborers in Hong Kong. It explores how
the waste trade is carried out by the bodily efforts of Pakistani laborers and what
the work is aiming to achieve. “Embodied waste laborer” refers to a site for skill
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production and value transformation that is actualized through the working body
of Pakistanis positioned in relation to wasted consumer goods, people, the
environment, and situations that confront them within an informal ethnic enclave.
This site demonstrates how their informal work is performed, perceived, and
challenged in the context of urban spatial ordering.
108 Complexity of parenthood in forced migration: Risk, commitment and
moral concerns
Lejla Sunagic
The paper explores a complexity of the role of parents in forced migration and the
moral considerations surrounding their migration choices. It is based on the
reflections of Syrians who embarked on perilous sea migrations to Europe by
focusing on their perceptions of their role as parents. The narratives often began
with a justification of the risks taken, grounded in their commitment to securing a
better future for their children. In that sense, the parents believed that sea
migration was necessary to ensure their children's well-being, protect them from
the traumas of war, and provide them with educational opportunities. Their
reflection for the decision to migrate was intertwined with moral discourse centred
around the protective nature of parenthood. However, parents who undertook the
journey with their children faced a paradox inherent in the contradiction between
their narrative positions: On one hand, they aimed to emphasize a social virtue by
deciding to take risk with high stakes for the sake of their children's well-being; on
the other hand, they acknowledged that they inadvertently had exposed their
children to life-threatening danger. As a result of the paradox, their cognition
oscillated between the functional attributes of migration embodied in achieved
desired outcome and emotional attributes of the migration. The conclusion
discusses the inevitability of placing moral considerations of parenthood in the
framework of the migration policy governing forced migration. It suggests that
moral dilemmas of individual risk takers in migration cannot be explores without
raising issue of ethics of migration governance.
Key words: forced migration; risk; parenthood
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8C Education and Skilled Migration 3 [EG17]
Chair: Pascual Garcia, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
237 The Determinants of Migration Intention of the Healthcare Professionals
in Morocco: An Econometric Analysis
Boutaina Idrissi and Sara Kawkaba
The health crisis that affected the world in 2020 revealed, among other things, the
state of hospitals (lack of equipment, medicines, beds in intensive care units) and
particularly highlighted the shortage of medical and nursing staff. It was also an
opportunity to recall a little-known reality about the presence of health
professionals with foreign degrees, particularly in Europe facilitated by a policy of
attraction and migration chosen to attract more doctors and other health
professionals to meet their needs in this sector.
In order to assess the intention of migration among professional healthcare and
the push and pull factors that could encourage them to leave Morocco. A survey
was conducted in 2022 that targeted 355 professional healthcare in the health
public system in Morocco (doctors, nurses and paramedical staff (other than
nurses) practicing particularly in the main hospital structures in Morocco including
the University Hospital of Casablanca (hospital 20 August 1953) and the Regional
Hospital of Health El Ghassani Hospital of Fez.
This paper aims to assess the key determinants of migration intention of healthcare
professionals based on an econometric analysis by relying on several explanatory
variables. Indeed, the migration intention can be formalized by a discrete choice
structure where the health worker i intends to migrate Yi = 1 if the health worker
intends to migrate or Yi = 0 If not. Since a variable is between the values 0 and 1,
we need to use categorical variable econometrics.
The two most commonly used statistical distributions are the logistic distribution
and the normal distribution, which then give the binary categorical models called
Logit and Probit. In the case of this research, both models give equivalent
econometric results. We have chosen to present the results of the Logit model
since it offers an advantage in terms of parameter estimation technique and its
mathematical basis is relatively simple.
490 Education and Mobility in the lifelong learning construct
Tanja Schroot and Roberta Ricucci
In 2016, the EU-Commission formulated and published the New Skills Agenda
for Europe that calls local, regional and national policymakers and stakeholders for
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action to combat unemployment and to increase resilience on political and
economic predicaments through competence formation.
The action plan strove to strengthen “human capital, employability and
competitiveness” and increased labour market participation to overcome a
situation where “skills gaps and mismatches are striking” (COM 2016). Missing,
unrecognised or non-utilised qualifications elicits a situation that prevents from
progress, innovation, economic growth and stability in the Union.
Recent data confirms that rather than skill production efficient skill utilisation
represents one of the main challenges on the European labour market. Indeed,
almost 40% of all non-European citizens and 30% of nationals of other European
countries turn out to be over-qualified for the job they are performing (Eurostat
2023).
The European Commission reacts with the continuous promotion of the
education-mobility nexus, that suggests high quality education as driver for spatial
mobility and vice versa towards individual and economic growth. This has
challenged provisions, thought and action patterns on individual, institutional and
national level. Accordingly, this paper aims to embed the figure of the
contemporary ‘knowledgeable’ mover into the thematic complex of a 21st century
educational paradigm.
The discussion is thus set in an overall discourse on competencies as promoted by
the European Commission and thus legal, socio-cultural and economic
dispositions towards a European knowledge society, aspirations towards
competence transfer, formulations of new skills wanted and concrete action lines
pursued.
472 Discrimination Perception of International Students During their
Internship and Graduate Schemes Applications in the UK
Musa Kandemir, Sabrina Colombo, Ibrahim Sirkeci
International students are skilled immigrants, and they bring a high level of human
capital to the host countries. They contribute to society and organizations in a
variety of ways, such as by broadening the environment and raising knowledge of
various cultures in both the host and the home country. International students are
educated immigrants who contribute highly skilled labour to their host countries.
This study addresses the experiences of international students in the context of
internships and graduate schemes, which have become a necessity rather than an
option for students to increase their competitive advantage in the labour market.
The aim of this study is to reveal discrimination perceptions of the international
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students from Birmingham Business School and Aston Business School during
their internship and graduate schemes searches.
This is a qualitative study and the researcher conducted 14 semi-structured
interviews. The participants were recruited with convenience sampling and
snowballing sampling techniques. After the qualitative content analysis, four
themes emerged. These themes are nonending disadvantages, uncovered
expectations, damaged confidence, and uncertainty. While most of the students
claimed that they have not felt any discrimination, they claimed that they are in a
disadvantageous position in the UK in several aspects which also can be seen by
codes, categories, and themes.
8D Migration, Law and Policy 8 [EG15/16]
Chair: Ülkü Sezgi Sözen, Universität Hamburg, Germany
1130 Fachkräfte-Einwanderungsgesetz von einer anwaltlichen Sicht
Martin Manzel
1131 Fachkräfte-Einwanderung aus der Recruiting-Praxis
Hayriye Yerlikaya-Manzel
1132 Zuwanderung nach Deutschland aus der Perspektive einer Fachkraft
Aysenur Kölgesiz
8E Docentes Inmigrantes [BG3/4] VIRTUAL ACCESS
Chair: Natalia Ferrada Quezada, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
1109 Tendencias de la literatura sobre el profesorado inmigrante: ¿dónde está el
foco?
Natalia Ferrada Quezada y Cherie Flores Fernández
Se exploran las características bibliométricas de la investigación sobre la
inmigración de profesores. Los documentos indexados se recuperaron de la base
de datos Scopus y se analizaron con el programa informático VOSviewer. Se
estudiaron 700 artículos que representaban a 55 países y 160 revistas. Se oberva
que la literatura en el área comienza a aumentar desde 2017, siendo Estados
Unidos, Canadá y China los países con mayor producción en este campo. La
mayoría de los artículos se publicaron en revistas de educación y estudios culturales.
Las instituciones más activas en publicaciones fueron de Sudáfrica y Canadá. Si
bien hay autores en el área que destacan por sobre otros, no se observaron grandes
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productores de investigación, además de que la colaboración entre investigadores
es escasa. No se encontraron referencias a países Latinoamericanos a pesar del
aumento de su población migrante en los últimos años en esta región. Estos
resultados sugieren la la realización de estudios locales y en colaboración para
profundizar el conocimiento sobre esta minoría y desarrollar políticas públicas
adecuadas para poblaciones cada vez más diversas.
1110 ¿Qué nos dice la literatura acerca de las iniciativas para incorporar profesores
inmigrantes al sistema escolar?
Natalia Ferrada Quezada y Cherie Flores Fernández
Se presentan los resultados de una Scoping Review que examina las iniciativas que
permiten acceder y permanecer en la profesión docente a los profesores
inmigrantes. Para responder a las preguntas: ¿Cúales son las iniciativas? y ¿Cuáles
son sus características? se utiliza el protocolo del Instituto Johanna Briggs y el
PRISMA-Scr. La búsqueda bibliográfica se efectuó en ocho bases de datos,
seleccionándose 27 documentos publicados entre 2006 y 2021. Se observó una
gran cantidad de estudios realizados entorno al profesorado inmigrante, sin
embargo, solo unos pocos han estudiado las iniciativas de acceso y permanencia a
la profesión en los países de acogida. También, la investigación en este campo está
desequilibrada entre regiones o estados particulares, siendo las iniciativas más
estudiadas las de recertificación. Se concluye como necesario ampliar la
investigación relacionada con la retención del profesorado inmigrante.
1111 Los profesores inmigrantes en Chile desde sus experiencias profesionales
Natalia Ferrada Quezada y Cherie Flores Fernández
En Chile, los estudios sobre inmigración y escuela se han enfocado
mayoritariamente en investigar a los estudiantes inmigrantes, pero no han puesto
su foco en los educadores que logran reinsertarse en las escuelas. Datos recientes
informan que en el período 2015-2020 aumentó en un 218,9 % la participación de
los y las docentes inmigrantes en el sistema escolar. En este trabajo se presentan
los resultados preliminares de un proyecto de investigación que busca analizar las
experiencias profesionales de 8 profesores inmigrantes que se desempeñan en los
niveles de educación primaria y secundaria en diversas dependencias escolares. Se
utiliza un diseño fenomenológico con un alcance exploratorio y descriptivo. Para
recoger la información se efectuaron dos focus group virtuales. Los resultados
señalan que los profesores, en su mayoría, no contaron con redes de apoyo e
información oportuna para reinsertarse al trabajo. Una vez trabajando, los
profesores encuentran diversas complejidades para adaptarse a la cultura escolar
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relacionadas con la enseñanza, el uso del lenguaje y el manejo del aula. Comprender
las experiencias de estos educadores es importante para implementar programas
gubernamentales más efectivos tanto para la reinserción como para su desarrollo
profesional, pero también para la transformación de las escuelas en comunidades
interculturales, capaces de aprovechar la diversidad cultural.
END OF IN PERSON SESSIONS
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VIRTUAL SESSIONS
Day Three 25 August 2023 Friday
Day Three 25 August 2023 - 11:15-12:45
9A Migration, Law and Policy V1
Chair: Hanna Franz, Universität Hamburg, Germany
339 Workshops for Improving Digital Literacy Skills among Refugee
Populations
Mythili Menon, Kaitlyn Hemberger, Mohd Sabra, Murtuza Jadliwala
Introduction
The availability of technology combined with access to smartphones and digital
devices sets the landscape for social engineers to target people with poor digital
and language skills, such as refugees. Phones and emails are often the first
technology that newly arriving refugees interact with, and effective usage of
technology is imperative to their successful integration in the U.S. society [1].
However, the usage of these technologies in a culturally new and linguistically
diverse environment can be challenging to the resettled refugees, making them
susceptible to fraudulent scams due to two main factors: a) the digital divide in the
usage of this technology in non-U.S. countries and communities, where something
considered as dubious in the U.S. may be completely normal in the communities
from where the refugees are arriving from, thus making them easily vulnerable to
such attacks, and b) language is a barrier to comprehension as majority of these
community members lack the literacy in English and/or English language skills
required to truly understand and parse a fraudulent scam in a language which is not
their home language (mother tongue).
Digital Literacy Workshops and Methodology
Although digitization and the role of digital tools have increased post COVID-19,
refugees systematically lag in their ability to use digital tools [2]. To address this
gap, we recruit both refugees from DRC (N = 94) and Afghanistan (N = 94) to
participate in digital literacy workshops at the local public library. The goals of
these workshops are three-fold: a) to assess English proficiency of the participants,
b) to assess digital skills of the participants, and c) to prime participants for phone
and email usage. The language proficiency of each participant will be assessed using
the LEAP-Q questionnaire [3]. Interpreters and translators of Swahili and Pashto
will be hired to work with the focus groups. Communicative Technologies
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proficiency will be assessed using the Digital Skills Questionnaire from vINCI [4].
In addition, a demographic questionnaire will be administered.
Results
The study is currently ongoing, and we expect to have results by the start of the
conference. We will present the results of the three questionnaires- the LEAP-Q
questionnaire assessing language proficiency, the digital skills questionnaire
assessing digital skills and communicative technologies, and the demographic
questionnaire.
Conclusion
The results of the digital literacy workshops can inform government policymakers,
educators, and humanitarian and resettlement agencies on the importance of
providing additional educational resources to improve educational outcomes in the
refugee community, and aid in improving and prioritizing more inclusive
cybersecurity policies. In addition, digital literacy skills open a wide variety of
opportunities to refugees, including allowing them to find employment online and
thereby as a corollary making them more employable.
Reference
Alencar, A. (2018) Refugee integration and social media, Communication & Society, 21:11
[2] Kaurin, D. (2020). Space and Imagination, Rethinking refugees’ digital access.
UNHCR Research Briefs. [3] Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire
(LEAP-Q). (2007). by Blumenfeld, & Kaushanskaya, Journal of Speech Language and
Hearing Research [4] vINCI (n.d.) Retrieved on December 09, 2021 from
https://vinci.ici.ro/
203 From the politics of closed ports to the politics of faraway ports: Piantedosi
decree as a new frontier of populism
Veronica Romano
Since the new italian government headed by Giorgia Meloni took office, the
practice of assigning safe but distant ports to humanitarian ships that rescue
migrants in distress at sea has become established. On closer inspection, the policy
of faraway ports is symptomatic of the government's desire to limit the presence
of NGOs in the Mediterranean, and takes the form of a further punitive gesture,
all the more so given the simultaneous allocation of landing ports in Sicily and
Calabria to the vessels of the Coast Guard and the Financial One.
The policy of faraway ports therefore rides – along the lines of the Minniti, Salvini
and Lamorgese decrees – the wave of punitive populism that, as argued by Luigi
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Ferrajoli, «leverages on incitement to hatred and defamation of conducts that are
not only lawful but virtuous and even heroic, such as saving human lives at sea»[1].
As a matter of fact, the origins of the criminalisation of search and rescue activities
can be traced back to the codes of conduct of 2017 which subjected NGOs
cooperation in Italian authorities’ search and rescue activities to the respect of
several rules, such as the prohibition to obstruct the Libyan Coast Guard’s activities
(a rule that aroused lively controversy, because of the refoulement operations
carried out by Libyan authorities, with the italian financial support[2]).
Piantedosi decree[3], on the one hand, incorporates the rules already provided for
in the codes of conduct, and, on the other hand, introduces new ones, such as the
duty for the master of the ship to reach the assigned port “without delay”.
Even though this provision was drawn up with the intention of prohibiting the so-
called “multiple rescues”, the obligation to save lives at sea is bound to prevail,
given its international and constitutional rank. However, it cannot be denied that
the heavy sanctioning apparatus, connected to the violation of insufficiently
determined prescriptions (such as the duty for the master of the ship to transmit
the “relevant data” of the persons on board) may discourage NGOs from saving
lives. Based on this, the present paper aims to critically analyse this new discipline,
also in the light of its concrete implementation in the near future.
References
L. Ferrajoli, Le politiche contro i migranti tra disumanità e illegalità, in M. Giovannetti –
N. Zorzella (edited by), Ius migrandi. Trent’anni di politiche e legislazione
sull’immigrazione in Italia, FrancoAngeli, 2020, p. 17 (available at the following link:
https://series.francoangeli.it/index.php/oa/catalog/view/553/358/2674).
The reference is to the Memorandum of Understanding between Italy and Libya, whose
incompatibility with human rights has been denounced by the Indipendent Expert on
Human Rights and International Solidarity of the United Nations (URL:
https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/221/01/PDF/N1922
101.pdf?OpenElement ).
Law-Decree 2 January 2023, n.1.
329 The solidarity’s principle in the government of migration between
criminalization and sustainability
Filomena Pisconti
During the presentation of report “Punishing compassion: solidarity on trial in
fortress Europe” (2020), Amnesty International asked European governments to
stop the criminalization of human rights defenders in the UE and to introduce a
system of safe and regular human mobility.
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The vague dispositions of so-called “Facilitators Package” (Council Directive
2002/90/EC), born in European law to oppose to trafficking in human beings, has
contributed to produce the effect of “criminalization of solidarity”, for
humanitarian conducts without profit purposes, which cannot be considered as
example of migrants’ smuggling. It takes a new reform of these dispositions, to
forbid States from criminalizing humanitarian assistance activities at sea.
The “chilling effect” of the criminal sanction and, even before that, of the risk of
criminal trials creates a preventive dimension which prevents incoming flows and,
in general, humanitarian activities in the Mediterranean.
There are example cases of criminal trials for facilitation of irregular immigration:
in Croatia, against the NGOs "Are you Syrious" and "Center for peace studies"
and in Greece, for rescuers Sarah Mardini and Seán Binder.
In France, Cédric Herrou was arrested for “délit de solidarité” for helping migrants
to cross the border between Italy and France; despite the Conseil constitutionnel
pronounces, in 2018, for the constitutional value of the principle of “fraternité”,
someone says that the crime of solidarity has not completely disappeared from
French law.
In Italy, the commanders of NGOs, repeatedly subjected to criminal investigations,
are left at sea for a long time without a place of safety where to disembark migrants,
due to ministerial prohibitions. Furthermore, rescue activities are usually regulated
through rules of conduct (the so-called, in Italy, “Codici di condotta”) to deter their
permanence at sea, wrongly considered as a “pull factor” for the departures of
migrants.
All the critical aspects of European law show the attempts of European States to
manage the immigration problem as an emergency, with the risk that national
dispositions about migration repeatedly threaten the protection of human rights,
in which it is difficult to divide humanitarian action from criminal one.
The migration issue has always been seen as an emergency of landings and
invasions, as a fight against the illegality of migrants, used to carry a sovereignist
vision, full of xenophobic and racist contents.
This management of migration is very far from the principles of sustainable
development and other fundamental values of European Union, which proposes
an integrated approach between search and rescue programs and reception and
integration national ones.
The emergency perspective of European dispositions must be suppressed in the
place of an idea of an orderly, safe, regular migration, as stated in Goal 10, Target
7 of the UN 2030 Agenda and specified in the Global Compact for Migration,
which consider migrants and refuges of growing wealth for national economy, to
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allow to EU to have a strategic role in promoting a debate on "sustainable"
immigration, to not be restrained in contemporary nationalist and populist visions.
204 Syrian Refugeedom, Post-War Reconstruction and Safe Return
Sandra Cvikić
Based on the Croatian experience of refugeedom, post-war reconstruction and safe
return into formerly occupied territory of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western
Sirmium in late 1990s this paper will provide on one hand, an insight into the
process of peaceful reintegration led by the UNTAES and international
community (Cvikić and Živić, 2010); while on the other hand, it will discuss the
predicaments of Syrian refugees’ safe return and post-war reintegration after their
long-term refugeedom in Turkiye (Cvikić, 2016; Cvikić, 2021). The aim is to discuss
the feasibility of a peaceful reintegration project on a bigger scale for 3.6 million
Syrian refugees from Turkiye as a potential solution to their prolonged and
precarious refugeedom.
Seemingly successful UN project implemented in the post-war Croatia, the
peaceful reintegration process of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium
had introduced a blueprint for forced migration solutions deemed beneficiary for
both, the international community and the post-war nation (Schondorf, 2009;
Tuković, 2015; Kasunić, 2017/2018). However, conflicting interpretations of such
‘win-win’ solutions by numerous experts and scholars have shed doubts about
migration policy outcomes that are not always beneficiary for the refuged
populations in the long run. Therefore, produced knowledge by international and
Croatian scholars/experts in this respect will be critically examined and juxtaposed
to collected knowledge about the Syrian refugeedom in Turkiye. Such comparative
analysis will test the viability of a peaceful solution to Syrian refugees’ prolonged
precarity in Turkiye – an international project supporting return to their homes in
Syria.
This qualitative sociological inquiry is premised on a critical examination of
scholarly/expert knowledge production about contemporary refugeedom and
related international policy solutions using sociology of knowledge approach to
discourse (Keller, 2020). Preliminary findings have so far indicated a greater need
for realistic and people-oriented solutions which deploy improved sense and
respect for the most vulnerable population in the world today – the refugees.
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9B Arts, Literature and Migration V1
Chair: Anwesha Das, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
75 The Middle Passage and Migration in West African Literature
Anwesha Das
This paper will reimagine the Middle Passage through the literary works of
Anglophone West African authors Amos Tutuola and Ben Okri, and personal
narrative of the West African slave Olauda Equiano (Gustavua Vassa). The
violence of European “modernisation” manifested in the production of a racialised
knowledge will be critiqued with reference to the “writing culture” debate started
by James Clifford. This paper will argue that personal slave accounts in “writing
up” their experiences and culture, provide an alternate anthropological account of
the horrifying history of migration that counters a Eurocentric perception of life.
How have the personal slave accounts re-defined the Middle Passage? This paper
will analyse literary works to argue that literature and micro-histories play
important roles in questioning the archived history of the Middle Passage. It
contributes to ongoing debates on postcolonial critique and de-colonial thought in
Europe by examining the production of Eurocentric knowledge.
425 “There is No Place Like Home”: Searching for a Home in Özdamar’s
Seltsame Sterne starren zur Erde
Irem Elbir
As migration, whether forced or voluntary, has been an issue in various
geographical areas for so long, subject positions shift inexorably, resulting in a
proliferation of studies on diaspora, migration, post-colonialism, nomadism and
transnationalism. While scholars probe how these social events shape human
subjectivity, the experiences of migrants have entered into the literature by
expanding the boundaries of not only the literary studies but also the intercultural
communication studies. Borders have become both loose and tight, forcing many
people to migrate as a result of postcolonial experiences, wars, domestic crises in
countries, colonial history, political reasons and unequal distribution of the world’s
resources. In various contexts, this mobility is viewed as a threat to or a promise
for an economic and cultural growth in the host countries.
This study presents a modified understanding of “space” with a discussion on the
creation of a “home” in the migrant’s experience. Basing upon the growing
mobility of the world currently, this study claims that Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s
Seltsame Sterne starren zur Erde: Wedding –Pankow 1976/7 (Strange Stars Stare
toward Earth: Wedding – Pankow 1976/77) (2003) is a quest for a home and
provides new comprehension of a border as both “opening” and “closing” (Müller-
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Funk, 2021: 23). As a result, a sense of place and belonging are transformed in the
Seltsame Sterne zur Erde.
The protagonist in Özdamar's work, being both a part of and separate from a
certain group, alters the spaces they are in to give them personal significance. They
reshape physical locations, making them unique and rich in meaning. The character
also takes control of their own situation by moving across the East-West German
border for her professional improvement and work and asserting herself in spaces
traditionally occupied by men. Therefore, travelling back and forth between West
and East Berlin and between İstanbul-Berlin becomes essential for the
protagonist’s understanding of a sense of place. In this novel, the dynamic process
in the relation between home and migration can be considered as Al-Ali and Koser
(2002) stated. Seltsame Sterne starren zur Erde leads up discussions on the
possibility of a “multicultural home” and the positions of the self and the Other.
206 Memory of emigration and the perception of immigrants in Italy
Luana Franco-Rocha, Dorothy Louise Zinn, Daniela Salvucci
Italy is a country well-known by its mobility of people: the important emigration
flows in the years 1880s and various subsequent waves, and the more recent
immigration flows since the 1980s, with a new phase from 2015 onwards. Having
such a background in mind, the aim of this paper is to study how the memory of
Italian emigration affects the perception towards immigrants arriving in the
country. As memory is a socio-historical construct, it is conceivable to build a
mnemonic archive that is part of everyday social relations to preserve a certain
image of the past (Halbwachs, 1987). Thus, evoking the Italian emigration path as
similar from the one taken by immigrants may conceivably be helpful in building
an empathetic perception of newcomers. Based on interviews carried out with
Italian citizens with family members who emigrated, this paper tries to correlate
the images they have of their relatives and the current immigrants who have settled
in Italy.
The interviews show the change of the image of Italian emigration across the time.
If those who left the country in the 1880s are perceived as people in a difficult
socio-economic situation that must leave to find better living conditions, recent
emigration is seen as more connected to a will of cultural exploration and better
work opportunities. In that sense, when asked to correlate the current emigration
of Italians with the recent immigration flow, the rejection of such a comparison
was unanimous. The participants stated that it is not possible to confront such
different experiences, since Italian citizens who emigrate nowadays usually have a
high education level and decided freely to move abroad. Instead, they claim that
immigrants who arrive nowadays in Italy are more comparable to the historical
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Italian emigration, since both groups are moved by a strong necessity to find a
better place to live, due to armed conflicts in their home countries or economic
need. Moreover, in several interviews there was an explicit reference to the many
disasters and difficult situations that occurred in boat trips in both past Italian
emigration and current immigration. Despite the similarities in struggling for living,
the interviews show a reluctance to create a closer bond between emigrants and
immigrants, as a sort of necessity to be detached from the image they have of
immigrants. For instance, such a disconnection can be perceived when they claim
that Italians who emigrated “were not as in need as immigrants”, even if they have
also escaped from an Italy that had a high rate of poverty and unemployment at
that time.
Therefore, although most of the participants were able to build some links between
the Italian emigratory past and recent immigration, there is still little allusion to
such correlations in the social debates on Italian migration (Glynn, 2008), which
may hinder a positive pro-migrant perception. Finally, the study shows that it is
necessary to construct a positive collective memory of immigrants, in such a way
as to create a more tolerant place for both Italian and non-Italian citizens.
325 Migration and culture: relocation of representatives of creative industries to
Kazakhstan during the war period
Saida Negizbayeva
Historically Kazakhstan has been a territory of frequent migration flows. Two main
factors contributed to it – nomadic lifestyle of Kazakhs that was predominant till
1930s and its geographic position in the center of the Eurasian continent.
People change their place of residence for various reasons – migration can be
voluntary and forced, i.e. caused by natural disasters and wars. Evacuation accounts
as a form of forced migration as well. In this regard, the WWII was marked for
Kazakhstan by evacuation of creative community to Almaty (ex-capital of
Kazakhstan). Almost 80 years later, in 2022 flows of people came to Kazakhstan
from Russia, including those with creative background.
'By the number of magnificent names, by the amount of talent and intellect that
hit Almaty in the early 1940s could probably be compared only with Odessa or
Yalta of the post-October years, wherу the flows of Russian cultural intelligentsia
hoped to escape the revolution'. This creative energy transformed the cultural
landscape of Almaty and gave a powerful impetus to the further development of
the artistic scene in Kazakhstan.
With the outbreak of war in Ukraine in February 2022, and seven months later,
when Russian President V. Putin announced ‘partial mobilization’ in Russia in
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September 2022, a large number of Russians came to Kazakhstan. The situation
resembled the one in the 1940s: war, people forced to leave homes and relocate to
a new place. According to statistics, around 200 thousand Russians entered
Kazakhstan.
As newcomers arrived, there was a sharp increase in interest in work prospects and
opportunities in art & media in Almaty. Online group dedicated to help the
newcomers with the search of work and housing was created on Telegram, which
now has almost 200 participants. However, it should be noted that migrants
seeking employment in creative sphere faced the same difficulties experienced by
the local creative community – unemployment, lack of opportunities for self-
expression, modest level of cultural life. It is important to note as well, that back
in times of the 1940s evacuation, when Russian creative community was a leading
force in the industry of the entire USSR, creative industry of Kazakhstan benefited
greatly from newcomers. However, this was not the case this time – since 1991
Kazakhstan has been involved in the process of globalization, including cultural
one, separately from Russia. This led the country to produce the same level art
professionals & creators, that have equal access to world practice and experience.
Art lives always and everywhere, both in peacetime and in wartime. Representatives
of creative industries are also involved in migration. As people move, they bring
their traditions, knowledge, and beliefs with them. In this regard, migration comes
not only with difficulties, but new ideas and cultural enrichment, that can change
and develop artistic and creative landscape of the host country.
9C Economics, Work and Migration V1
Chair: Sahizer Samuk, University of Pisa, Italy
413 Local policies of diversity in (post-)industrial cities: unpacking
multiculturalism in Italy and Japan
Magda Bolzoni and Silvia Crivello
The paper aims at discussing how migration and diversity in the urban space are
differently understood, framed and elaborated upon by local urban policies. More
specifically, it explores if and how policies and interventions aiming towards
migrations’ local governance and migrants’ social inclusion interact with those
interested in promoting urban economic growth. In so doing, the paper intends to
strengthen the bridge between migration studies and urban studies and to bring
forward the debate regarding the persistence of multiculturalism at the local level
and the ways it locally unfolds.
Multiculturalism, after considerable initial popularity, has largely come into
question in Western countries: particularly in Europe, the dissatisfaction towards
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multiculturalism principles and the idea that we have entered in a post-multicultural
era are largely shared. Despite this, policies with a multicultural approach are still
quite widespread, particularly at the local level. Also, in some context, the explicit
reference to multiculturalism is present in national policies too, as it is in Japan,
where a national guideline on “multicultural existence”, was released in 2006 and
recently renewed.
At the same time, diversity in urban spaces has emerged as a feature to bet on to
promote post-industrial neighbourhoods and cities: central ethnic districts and
multicultural neighbourhoods have been increasingly marketed to attract visitors
and prospective residents and diversity has come to be considered an element
characterizing the authentic urban experience. Similarly, the capability to attract
international high-skilled migrants and transnational elites has become a mark of
success for cities, a relevant asset in the competition to attract further resources.
To unpack these different dimensions and to address how their interconnections
(if any) take form at the local level in the field of urban policies, the paper takes
into account the two sister-cities of Turin (Italy) and Nagoya (Japan). Both cities
are characterized by a presence of migrants above the national average and by a
strong relevance of the automotive industry, and they are located in national
contexts similarly dealing with issues of ageing and shrinking population and
adopting a “jus sanguinis” approach to the matter of migration. However, relevant
differences are present too, for example in terms of debates on multiculturalism,
services for the foreign population, vision for the city’s future and the role the
foreign population may have.
The analysis relies upon a multi-site qualitative research developed between 2017
and 2023 through qualitative semi-structured interviews to local authorities, NGOs
and civic associations, as well as policy documents and materials analysis. The
paper therefore is interested in exploring how local policies for urban growth and
local migration policies interact, frame and address the issue of migration and
diversity, specifically exploring if and how three field of policies may interact: 1)
policies towards the social inclusion of low skilled migrants and local governance
of migration flows; 2) policies towards the attraction of highly skilled migrants and
transnational elites; 3) policies of urban promotion and branding in which diversity
and internationalization are considered an asset.
497 New 'crisis', old challenges and responses: Labour im(mobilities) of
Albanian migrants in Greece's COVID - 19 ‘crisis’
Maria Panteleou
The recent COVID - 19 pandemic has highlighted the interdependence of the
global and the local through the imposition of an almost universal human
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immobility in order to prevent disease from moving. Restrictions on international
travel, closure of borders, and lockdowns within national territories are some of
the measures that have abruptly halted the international and internal mobility of
labour migrants (Triandafyllidou, 2022; Papademetriou & Hooper, 2020). This
presentation examines, on the one hand, how Albanian migrants conceptualize the
labour precarity during the pandemic 'crisis' in Greece through the lens of their
past experiences of the ‘crises’ in Albania [collapse of the communist regime in the
1990s] and in Greece [economic 'crisis' throughout the 2010s], in which they faced
similar labour challenges. On the other hand, it studies how new ‘structural
constraints’ (Schewel, 2020, p. 331) on human mobility, which were imposed 'from
above' to prevent the spread of Coronavirus in Greece (e.g. total lockdown policy
in March and April 2020), interact with old challenges, such as the de-legalization,
which Albanians faced as early as the 2010s in the country and are transformed the
cultural strategies and practices that Albanians adopted to deal with labour
precariousness in the new, pandemic ‘crisis’. Specifically, drawing on data collected
during fieldwork (2015-2017) through participant observation and semi-structured
interviews with Albanian migrants who have lived and worked in the city of
Corinth and two nearby villages since 1998 and from ongoing (from 2022)
fieldwork with the same Albanian migrants and in the same areas, the presentation
highlights how their labour mobility takes on a new form in the pandemic 'crisis'.
In particular, although labour mobility was the main strategy that Albanians
adopted to deal with the past 'crises' they experienced in Albania [international
migration to Greece and labour mobility within Greece in the 1990s] (Panteleou,
2022, p. 67-71) and in Greece [labour mobility inside and outside the wider region
of Corinth in the 2010s] (Panteleou, 2022, p. 71-76), they seem to be immobilized
in the Corinthian context during the pandemic, because they do not have work
permit, which would allow them to move legally in the area to their jobs. However,
they move irregularly within the local Corinthian context, where they live, and work
in informal agricultural, domestic and construction jobs, which are secured by their
network of 'acquaintances' with Greek employers. This network, which Albanians
have built since 1998, who first settled in Corinth, helped them find jobs both
during the economic 'crisis' in Greece and during the pandemic 'crisis' in the
country. The presentation concludes that the case study of Albanian migrants
highlights how a new 'crisis', on the one hand, intensifies pre-existing social
inequalities (Sirkeci & Cohen, 2020) and on the other hand is dealt with by people
in old ways, which have a differentiated form.
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360 Which temporalities for asylum seekers and refugees? The perspective of
street-level workers in the Italian asylum system
Pamela Pasian
In the last twenty years, Italy has faced the phenomenon of the so-called ‘forced’
international migration. As a result of its geographic position in the Mediterranean,
this country constitutes, in many cases, the first reaching country for persons who
look for international protection. The increasing numbers of asylum seekers have
forced the Italian State to implement and organize a reception system characterized
by emergency and exceptionality, which led to the implementation of a public
policy with many shadows and little light, with multiple negative consequences,
especially for the asylum seekers and refugees involved (Avallone, 2021). Currently
this system is characterized by policies of subsidiarity where different actors, public
and private, are involved at various levels of government. Generally, public
authorities subcontract third sector actors and NGOs to provide inclusion and
integration services to international protection seekers and holders. Despite central
efforts to achieve harmonization on the national level, this scenario entails
considerably differences between territories, in particular according to the
commitment and willingness to promote paths of integration and inclusion from
the third sector actors involved. The role of these agents, and in particular the
discretionary practices they apply in order to cope with the task of implementing a
state mandate concerning also the management of the condition of immobility that
affect the temporality of refugees and asylum seekers, is the focus of this article.
Drawing on ethnographic research realized in the realm of the project “SIforREF
- Integrating Refugees in Society and Labour Market through Social Innovation”
founded by the Interreg Central Europe Program, I will follow a street-level
bureaucracy approach (Lipsky 2010), to analyze how the politics of time have been
managed by third sector actors involved in the reception system in two medium-
sized Italian cities located in the region of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna and Parma,
which are acknowledged as ‘virtuous’ systems of urban asylum governance
(Campomori, Ambrosini 2020). Despite the central role of a variety of street-level
workers – such as social workers, case-workers, police officers- in the everyday
management of asylum seekers and refugees have been already investigated
(Borrelli 2021; Giacomelli 2021), less attention has been devoted to the issue of
third sector workers discretionary power and agency in dealing with the
management of the legal and social limbo which caught asylum seekers and
refugees while waiting to receive a status – and, therefore, a residence permit – for
international protection or while trying to activate paths of work and social
inclusion (Della Puppa and Sanò 2021). I argue that street-level workers considered
in this study are aware of their discretionary power and use it as a tactic (de Certeau,
1984) to contrast the inconsistency of the Italian integration immigration policies
(Barberis and Boccagni, 2014). While the mechanisms of the reception system
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stuck asylum seekers and refugees, street-level workers try to use this suspended
and dilatated time to implement practices which reflect their integration and
inclusion visions and values.
219 Talking about the meaning of work: The case of highly skilled Italian
migrants abroad
Sahizer Samuk and Sandra Burchi
What do young Italians who decide to go abroad after their studies think about
work? What are the working conditions they encounter with their positive and
negative sides? What significance is attached to work and the opportunity to work
abroad? In this article, we focus on the results of a research study investigating the
career trajectories of high-skilled young people educated in Italy who have chosen
to go abroad. The empirical basis of the research consists of 50 semi-structured
online interviews conducted in 2020-2021. The substantial scientific literature on
this issue has well highlighted a 'generational sentiment' that underpins the
phenomenon of mobility, recounting the most conflicting aspects. It has been said
that it is not only the economic driver that drives research abroad, but a broader
range of motivations that unite young people from southern Europe and that
include a strong critical instinct and impatience with the overall dynamics of
countries that do not offer sufficient opportunities to young people (Bartolini et
al. 2017). It is no coincidence that a type of 'meritocratic emigration' has been
spoken of (Dubucs et al. 2017), i.e. motivated by the desire to move beyond
employment and social systems with blocked access or polluted by unfair and non-
transparent forms of access. Having dismantled the representation that portrays
skilled migration as a typically cyclical 'flight' phenomenon that returned to Italy
after the onset of the economic crisis, the research conducted has shown that this
form of mobility has been accompanying the downward parabola of our country's
economic system (and, within it, of its university system) for at least two decades,
and that it can now be qualified as a structural component of its development and
of the way in which it faces the challenges of globalisation.
In this article, we would like to highlight the elements the way young people abroad
talk about work, the meaning they attribute to the work they undertake, the aspects
relating to income and remuneration, but also those that signal autonomy and
independence, the perception of professional and personal growth, and the
ambiguous perception of risk and security.
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9D History and Migration V1
Chair: Caner Tekin, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
51 Human migrations, history and law according to “The Nomos of the Earth”
Orazio Maria Gnerre
Carl Schmitt (1888-1985) was the author of the famous essay “The Nomos of the
Earth” (1950), with which he tried to define the geopolitical history of our planet
through a whole series of concepts and images. A problem that he posed in this
essay is that relating to the taking possession of the territory following the human
migration of certain peoples, thus linking the migratory phenomenon – of very
long historical ancestry – with the birth of political orders and laws. With this
speech we intend to explore his ideas and propose some reflections starting from
them.
221 Migrating beyond the “wave”: transformations of the migratory experience
of Brazilian migrants in Portugal (1960-2020)
Patricia Posch, Rosa Cabecinhas, Isabel Macedo
When the theme is Brazilian immigration in Portugal, we find reference, in
scientific literature, to the different "waves" of this migratory flow. In the first
“wave”, between the 1980s and 1990s, migration had an economic character and
was associated with the countercurrent movement of Portuguese emigrants in
Brazil, qualified Brazilian professionals and political exiles. The second one,
between the 1990s and 2000s, marks the densification and feminization of the flow,
with the migration of people less qualified to occupy positions in sectors such as
construction, food services, tourism and domestic services. The third, which some
authors understand as a fourth (Cf. Fernandes et al., 2021), begins in the mid-
2010s, when it started to be observed the migration of Brazilians with a high social
status, among which are pensioners, investors and students, but also people with
a higher social status in general, motivated by a "middle class malaise" (Millar &
Fanini, 2022, p. 319) in the face of a political and economic scenario in Brazil
perceived as unstable (Azevedo et al., 2022). In our study, we approached these
transformations from a diachronic and qualitative point of view, with the objective
of identifying the social and cultural reflexes that they caused at the level of the
experience of migrating and being and/or immigrant. To this end, a Thematic
Analysis of biographical accounts of Brazilian migrants in Portugal was carried out,
with a time frame from the 1960s to 2020. These accounts were collected using the
Life Stories method, a variant of Narrative Interview (Jovchelovitch & Bauer,
2002). As a result, it was possible to overcome symbolic boundaries (Chouliaraki,
2017) imposed by the dominant discourses and promote a change of agency that
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is empowering and emancipatory (Abadia et al., 2018), in order to understand the
collective phenomenon from a look at the individual processes, in which are often
involved “itinerary[ies] of difficulties”, “failure in the realization of dreams”, and
“strangeness” (Fausto, 1998, p. 21). This historic awareness exercise (Freire, 1979)
allowed the analysis of how the experience of being an e/immigrant is impacted in
relation to changes in social and contexts over time, resulting in social and cultural
challenges at the individual and group levels. In this article, we present a discussion
based on some of the themes that stood out in the research, namely the influence
of cultural ties between both countries on the experience of migrating, the changes
observed over these decades in social and cultural dynamics and their impacts on
identity negotiation, the nuances and meanings of social discrimination, and
language as a demarcation factor of cultural difference and social asymmetries.
248 Situational Migration and Hidden Histories: A Case Study
Rochelle Fernandes
Introduction:
Typically, migration is examined from the position of origin and destination or
from the perspective of whether it is voluntary or involuntary. However, between
willing and coercive migration, there is another variety that has yet to be
investigated. This is “situational migration”, where migrants may find themselves
in vulnerable situations due to the conditions they experience before migrating, in
transit or on arrival, in addition to the social and political structures prevalent in
the host society. This could project an identity onto the migrant, thus shaping their
experience in the host country. To further examine the concept of situational
migration, this research engages with the case study of Marie, an African poskem
who, as a child, was brought to Goa, India from Mozambique.
Objectives:
To investigate the effects of situational migration on the identity formation process
of the migrant.
To determine the role of other stakeholders in the migrational process such as the
state and policymaking structures.
Methods:
The research utilises an empirical-qualitative analysis of the migration and life of
Marie. Histories of the poskem have been excised from official documentation.
Therefore, an email interview was conducted with the respondent, whose aunt and
uncle adopted Marie and brought her to Goa. Theories of power are utilised to
understand how migration shaped Marie’s identity in Goan society.
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Results and Discussion: The term poskem is derived from the Konkani verb
“possunk,” which means “to raise” (Porobo 71) or “to feed” (Carvalho, 2017) and
was often used in reference to cattle. Such children were informally adopted by
elite Goan Catholic families. Catholics, in pre-Liberation Goa, were prohibited
from legally adopting as per the general laws of the land (Gracias 1996; 80). Because
there was no formal agreement binding the adopted child to the family, the child
was often exploited and forced into domestic servitude. Marie was taken in as a
child by a Goan couple living in Lourenco Marques, Africa, because her parents
could not afford to look after her. She was then brought to Goa to be looked after
by the respondent’s grandmother and in turn, to look after the grandmother in her
old age. Marie was denied rights to education, marriage and inheritance and
received no wages for her service. However, the respondent notes that Marie was
well-treated and accepted by the local Goan community although she was African.
As Goa was a part of the slave trade, this statement raises racial concerns pertaining
to the vestiges of slavery. The research probes into whether Marie, a victim of
situational migration, was explicitly aware of the identity thrust upon her.
Conclusion:
Marie's movement is an example of situational migration, as she was neither
coerced nor given an alternative. Her status in Goa is the consequence of her
family's circumstances coupled with a lack of regulations. The paper concludes
with an analysis of how situational migration affects identity and can “free or
imprison” (Castro et al. 14) the migrant in the host community.
Keywords: Situational migration; Portuguese Goa; Adoption; Poskem; Power;
Identity
9E Youth, Children and Families V1
Chair: Gul Ince Beqo, University of Urbino, Italy
271 Network to Credit: Role of Kinship in Punjabi Migration
Atinder Pal Kaur
The influx of migration from Punjab is not new; it is as old as Indian migration.
Due to strong network relationships, Punjabis have become visible in all parts of
the world. Network relations play a vital role in migration and provide required
information about the country of migration. Similarly, Punjabi migration always
remains influenced by the migrated kin or those that boost the migrants for
migration. With this given background, the study attempts to understand a) the
role of networks facilitating migration from Punjab b) and the role of kins to credit
to meet the cost of migration. Theoretically, the study is based on an ethnographic
and narrative approach. The ethnographic approach includes the nature of
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migration, place of migration, network relations, years of migration, and
occupation of the migrants. The narrative technique is used to understand and
analyses channels of migration and return migration. The paper will highlight the
role of social networks in discovering employment opportunities and various
typologies of debt used to meet migration demand.
Keywords: Punjabi Migration; Kinship relations; Social Networks; Credits
531 Youth Forced Migration Experiences in Southeast Asia
Rashin Lamouchi
This qualitative study investigates forced migrant youths’ sense of belonging. The
study was part of the Youth Migration Project, an ongoing investigation of how
young forced migrants construct their identities, sense of belonging, and future
aspirations while perched on the edge of mainstream society – without a voice in
decision-making about their futures. A snowball recruitment method was applied
to gather narratives of 52 forced migrant youth aged 11 to 17. In this study, I
focused on the experiences of eight forced migrant female participants living in
prolonged displacement in Malaysia. My research question was: How do the
processes and experiences of forced migration shape migrant youths’ sense of
belonging? Through a mixed-method approach, including a novel, arts-based peer-
mediated storyboard narrative method, now known as Storyboard Peers, and
follow-up interviews, youth shared their migration narratives, the challenges they
faced while living in Malaysia, and their expectations and aspirations for their
futures. The theme of safety figured prominently in the girls’ accounts, and I
constructed the themes of physical safety and social safety to represent the data
the girls contributed. The girls’ sense of belonging and feeling at home had a direct
relationship with feeling safe, valued, and loved. I found that physical and social
environments inform sense of belonging. Sense of belonging is neither a static nor
a fixed concept; rather it is a flexible, everchanging, and reconstructed with
ongoing, everyday experiences, reflections on the past, and anticipations of what
the future could hold. The girls’ accounts conveyed those feelings of
“belongingness” and “at home” shifted from tangible places and familiar faces to
abstract concepts such as love, peace, and family. Overall, feeling safe and “at
home” were rooted in basic needs being met. The findings call for governments
and nongovernmental organizations to significantly reduce the length of time that
youth spend in transit, promote safety, combat discrimination, fulfill basic needs,
and ensure access to education and healthcare.
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343 Separated but still one? On the complexities of translocal households:
Results from a case study in Sierra Leone
Johannes Lückenkötter
In political and academic discussions about migration in West Africa, internal
migration is largely neglected. Greater attention is paid to cross-border movements
within the region or international migration to other continents (Teye 2022: 3;
Romankiewicz/Gilles 2019: 9). But in terms of sheer numbers, internal migration
within one country is far more prevalent. For example, while in 2016 the total
number of Sierra Leoneans who live in other countries was estimated to be 336,000
and in 2019 only 187,100, more than twice that number migrated internally to a
different chiefdom within Sierra Leone (UN DESA). Typically, this means rural-
urban migration, which among others has contributed to rapidly growing cities.
Straddling the rural-urban divide, however, are so called translocal households
whose members live in different places but continue to define themselves as a joint
household. By splitting themselves between e.g. a rural and an urban location and
maintaining intense exchange relations, these households try to stabilize their
income and minimize livelihood risks, e.g. from adverse climatic changes in rural
areas. Greiner (2011: 610) therefore defines translocality “as the emergence of
multidirectional and overlapping networks created by migration that facilitate the
circulation of resources, practices, and ideas and thereby transform the particular
localities they connect.” In particular, translocality is often seen as a (partial)
solution to precarious living conditions in rural areas.
But despite the recent proliferation of studies on translocal migration in Sub-
Saharan Africa (e.g. Ayele, Degefa 2022, Djurfeldt 2022, Kuiper 2020, Nord,
Byerley 2020, Vibert 2020, Steinbrink, Niederfuhr 2020), the concepts and
empirical findings are still fuzzy and many open questions remain: How long and
based on what do such spatially separated persons still consider themselves as one
household? Are risks really minimised by such translocal arrangements or replaced
by a new combination of risks? How do the perspectives of the urban and rural
members of such households differ? Are translocal livelihood arrangements able
to stabilize rural communities or do they contribute to their disintegration?
This paper aims to identify, empirically investigate and discuss these and other
complexities of translocal households on the basis of a bi-local household survey
that was conducted as part of a case study in urban and rural areas of Sierra Leone.
The study is part of the international research project “Migration and Translocality
in West Africa”, which aims to better understand internal migration in the region
and is embedded in the West African Science Service Centre for Climate and
Adapted Land-use (WASCAL).
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446 Transmitting family culture and changing marriage decision strategies in the
migration context: cultural and structural dynamics
Gul Ince-Beqo and Eralba Cela
While migration entails empowerment for many women escaping from patriarchal
societies, when it comes to partner choices of their children in the destination
countries, for some communities, attachment to the country of origin becomes
prominent, in particular in the case of daughters’ marriage. Marriage patterns of
the second-generation are gaining increasing attention among migration scholars
and many studies have focused on transnational marriages and partner choices and
their impact on gender inequalities, schools dropouts and labour market careers.
Relying on qualitative biographical interviews collected among Turkish migrants
living in Italy, this article explores (1) the transmission of family culture in the
migration context, with a focus on the mother-daughter relationship (2) migration
experience and changing family practices, focusing particularly on the marriage
decision. Italy is a nontraditional destination country for migration flows from
Turkey, which means that families are lacking the support of the extended family
that once was very strong and important in the transmission of family culture. In
such lack of support of the family networks in the transmission of cultural-religious
codes, migrant mothers' concerns grow in relation of their daughters' age and
future partner choices/decisions. Our findings suggest that while migration
experiences consolidate certain gender roles in the transmission of the culture of
being a woman, as mother and wife, on the other hand, Italian migration policies,
especially those on family reunification, determine the choices of future partners,
shifting the focus from the context of origin to diasporic transnational spaces. In
particular, the long waiting time for family reunification authorisation, particularly
in the case of the future husband's arrival from the country of origin, determine
changing patterns of partner choice ‘channels. This relation is gendered since
waiting for reunification seems to be more frustrating for men, when women are
the sponsors. Such dynamics, along with others, increase the focus on the
European diasporic space for the research of future partners, being this space free
of bureaucratic restrictions that hinder free movement between European borders.
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9F Göç Çalışmaları V1
Chair: Betül Dilara Şeker, Van Yuzuncuyil University, Turkey
328 2013-2022 Arasında Türkiye'den Almanya'ya Nitelikli Göç ve İnsani
Güven(siz)lik
Burçe Orhan
Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de 2010 yılından itibaren hızlanan, 2013 yılı itibariyle dikkate
değer bir şekilde artan ve gerek medya gerekse politikacılar tarafından “Türkiye’nin
nitelikli genç kaybı” ya da “beyin göçü” olarak dile getirilmeye başlanan, uluslararası
göç akışı içerisinde de 1990’lı yılların ortası 2000’ler başı itibariyle eğitim ve
uzmanlığın uluslararasılaşması ile gittikçe büyüyen bir öneme sahip olmaya başlayan
yüksek nitelikli göçü ve profesyonellerin hareketliliğinin, Türkiye’den Almanya’ya
doğru olan ayağının -ve Türkiye’de “yeni bir göç” dalgasının başlangıcı olarak ele
alınabilecek- göç etme kararlarına ilişkin 33 katılımcı ile yarı-yapılandırılmış sorular
içeren görüşmeler ile gerçekleştirilen niteliksel bir araştırmadır. Son dönem
literatüründe, özellikle Avrupa, Amerika ve Kanada’ya doğru yüksek eğitimli göç
ve hareketliliği için; ‘life-style migration’, ‘free mover’ gibi gitme kararlarında oluşan
değişikliğe vurgu yapan farklı adlandırmalar bulunmaktadır. Yine son yıllarda
Türkiye’den ayrılan kişiler için de aynı şekilde, ‘yaşam tarzı göçü’ ya da ‘seküler göç’
gibi tanımlamalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma sonucunda, göç etme kararları
arkasında yatanların sadece bireysel sebepler ya da sadece yapısal sebepler olmadığı;
2013 yılı itibariyle Türkiye’nin içinde bulunduğu siyasi, ekonomik krizler ve
bunların insanların günlük hayatlarına, iş yaşantılarına, eğitimlerine etki etmesi ile
birlikte, göç etme kararı veren insanların ortak deneyimlerinin sonucu olarak ortak
bir duyguya/hissiyata sahip oldukları söylenebilir: Hayatın her alanındaki
güvensizlik ve belirsizlik kaygısından kaynaklanan bir huzursuzluk hissi. Bu duygu;
yaşam tarzına müdahale, politik çatışmalar, hukuk ve adalete güvenin kalmaması,
ekonomik krizin etkileri, eğitim sisteminin sürekli değişmesi ve giderek
kötüleşmesi, eşitsizlik, işsizlik, iş yerlerinde fazla çalışma ve özel/sosyal hayatın
kalmaması, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ve temel güvenlik hissinin kalmaması gibi
makro, mikro ve mezo düzeyde, birçok kesişimi barındıran Türkiye’ye özgü bir göç
olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
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538 Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Düzeyi ile Göç Arasındaki İlişki: Van İli
Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Düzeyi ile Göç
Arasındaki İlişki: Van İli Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Ceren Pehlivan, Bahadır Yüzbaşı, Gökhan Tuncel
The evolution of socioeconomic indicators in Turkey is critical to the survival of
regional differences. Migration between provinces is caused by differences in
development between regions. The concentration of economic activities in specific
regions, as well as social and political issues, are the primary reasons for the
formation of migration between provinces. When studying the concept of
migration, the social and economic structure should be taken into account. Because
migration is the phenomenon in which we see the most reflections of changes in
the economic and social structure, Migration affects the demographic structure of
cities, resulting in social mobility in settlements. Migration also transports the
cultural structure, social characteristics, and lifestyles of cities. As a result, migration
has a complex structure with numerous factors and characteristics. Another effect
of migration on cities is an imbalance in the distribution of populations, human
capital, and economic unions. Furthermore, the problem of social, economic, and
cultural adaptation to newly settled places may arise as a result of migration. In our
study, we investigated the concept of migration, which has many effects and
features, in the context of Van province. Because it is a border city, the province
of Van has become a city that receives immigration, and the surrounding provinces
have faced economic and environmental problems, particularly terrorism,
throughout history. The migrations experienced did not only occur between cities,
but also a large number of people arriving in Van from neighboring countries,
particularly Iran. Immigration to Van had an impact on the city's social, economic,
and physical structure. The coming together of different cultures has added
diversity to Van's cultural structure. At the same time, the presence of incoming
human capital has improved the economic structure. The physical structure of the
city has also evolved in tandem with the city's growing population. The relationship
between socioeconomic development level and migration was investigated in this
study for the city of Van. The Geographically Weighted Regression and Ordinary
Least Squarses Analysis were used in the research. The level of socioeconomic
development explained 36% of the total variance (adjusted R2) in migration,
according to the OLS model. The GWR model explained 53% of the total variance
in migration by socioeconomic development level. This represents a 17% increase
over the OLS model. The GWR model showed an increase in model fit while the
AICc decreased when compared to the OLS model. Similarly, the fact that the sum
of squares is less in the GWR model now proves its superiority.
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540 Ekonomik Yetersizlik İle Göç Arasindaki İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi: Van
İlinden Kanitlar
Ceren Pehlivan ve Bahadır Yüzbaşı
Negative economic developments and periodic problems play a significant role in
shaping the country's policies. The effects on economic indicators influence
individuals' decisions about the current situation and the future. Migration is one
of the decisions that people will make as a result of poor economic conditions.
Migration can occur within the borders of the same country or it can occur by
moving to different countries. People's desire to work and live in better conditions,
as well as wars, ethnic, political, and cultural factors, all exhibit a dynamic structure.
People who migrate may encounter issues with adaptation, settlement, and culture
in the regions from which they came. This phenomenon is most noticeable when
people move from rural to urban areas. Given its geographical location and
geopolitical structure, Turkey has been both a receiving and a sending country at
various times. Turkey, with its many ethnic and cultural structures, has become a
crossroads for various cultures over the years. Many migration studies have been
conducted in Turkey as a result of these characteristics. The topic of migration was
investigated in this study using the province of Van, which is an important border
city. For years, the province of Van has had a migration-receiving structure due to
its productive agricultural structure, geographical conditions, political problems,
and, in particular, terrorism in neighboring cities. The relationship between
economic inadequacy and migration was investigated in this study through
empirical analyses in the province of Van. GWR (Geographically Weighted
Regression) and OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) analyses were used in the study.
The level of economic insufficiency explained 3% of the total variance (adjusted
R2) in migration, according to the OLS model. The GWR model's F-statistic and
p-value demonstrated statistical significance. Economic insufficiency explained
34% of the total variance in migration, according to the GWR model. The GWR
model showed an increase in model fit while the AICc decreased when compared
to the OLS model. Similarly, the fact that the sum of squares is less in the GWR
model now proves its superiority.
504 Göç Sürecinde Kesişimsellik: Sosyal Psikolojik Bakış Açısı
Betül Dilara Şeker
The intersectionality theory, which has its origins in studies in feminist theory and
sociology, was developed to understand the social experiences of disadvantaged
group members. The concept emphasizes the interrelationship of the
disadvantages brought about by different group identities. Despite the increasing
importance of the concept in various fields such as psychology, philosophy,
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economics, law, and history, the ambiguity of its definition continues. In addition,
discussions about using the concept as a theoretical perspective, an analytical
approach, and a political tool for social justice projects continue and increase
interest in the concept. Intersectionality theory; is essential in understanding and
evaluating the complexity of the disadvantages that systems of power and
oppression, such as sexism and racism, cause in individuals' lives. The field of social
psychology considers intersectionality as identifying a social position rather than
an individual difference that influences social attitudes and behaviour.
Intersectionality; is regarded as a critical approach to exploring whether and/or
how the combination of social justice, equality, and disadvantaged group
memberships have social and personal meanings. According to the social identity
theory, the process of acquiring identity is constructed due to the individual's group
memberships and the process of comparing themselves with others. One's identity
is associated with multiple social categories. The social psychological perspective
focuses on multiple identities, how they are organized, how they interact, how they
lead to forms of discrimination, and the individual meanings of belonging to
multiply disadvantaged groups. During and after migration, the person moves from
one identity hierarchy to another. The individual repositions himself in the new
cultural structure with his multiple identities. For example, being a refugee can be
grounds for discrimination, while identifying as a refugee woman can result in
multiple disadvantages. In this sense, one's experiences and perceived
discrimination cannot be explained by being a refugee or a woman. Multiple and
permeable identities and combining these categories cause inequalities and
disadvantages for the individual compared to a single identity.
Today, people move for different reasons. The disadvantaged and heterogeneous
nature of the members of immigrant groups, especially in the migration process,
makes the concept of intersectionality a concept that needs to be studied to
understand the disadvantages and to produce effective solutions in creating and
implementing social justice and migration policies. However, the history of the
intersection concept in migration studies is relatively new. An intersectional
perspective should be added to migration studies to understand immigrants'
experiences in detail. The study aims to evaluate the concepts of intersectionality
and intersectional awareness in migration studies as social psychological concepts
and to reveal their contributions to the field. In the context of the concept of
intersectionality, it is thought that determining the profiles of immigrant groups in
Turkey, indicating how their identities affect their experiences, and raising
awareness about the multiple disadvantages experienced will contribute positively
to both immigrant groups and the host group in daily life and the process of policy
making and implementation.
Keywords: Intersectionality; immigrant groups; social identity theory;
intersectional awareness
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9G Las Migraciones V1
Chair: Pascual Garcia, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
355 Jóvenes españoles descendientes de familias inmigrantes en las migraciones
intra-europeas: ¿la triple ausencia?
Alberto Capote-Lama y Mónica Belén Fernández-Suarez
The area of free mobility was implemented in the European Union in the mid-
nineties. But it was not until the following decade that intra-European migrations
took on a certain extent, first with the flows of young people from Eastern
countries after successive enlargements, and then from southern Europe in the
context of the 2008 economic crisis. In the case of this new Spanish emigration
bound for Europe, some profiles have been more visible than others. In general,
both in the media field and even in research, the youth with university studies who
looks for opportunities to grow professionally or increase their cultural capital in
countries like Germany, France and the United Kingdom has predominated.
Within these young people we can find a subgroup: that of descendants of
immigrant families. In other words, these are young people who were born in Spain
to families of foreign origin or who arrived through family reunification. Their
motivations may be similar to those of other Spanish youth. But in them it is
possible to ask other types of questions such as the influence of the family
migratory history, the relations they maintain with three countries (the origin of
the parents, Spain and their destination in Europe) and how they perceive their
identity within the European framework. And, in short, remembering the
sociologist Abdelmalek Sayad and his work "The double absence", how it is lived
to belong to three countries. The study is based on a series of semi-structured
interviews with young people who have these characteristics and who have
emigrated from Spain to the United Kingdom, France and Germany.
494 Discurso de odio en contra de la inmigración: desplazamientos del homo
sacer moderno
Laura Natalia y Rodríguez Ariano
Los discursos de odio son elementos que se utilizan con frecuencia en contra de
los grupos o colectivos vulnerables. En este caso, las y los inmigrantes irregulares
son el centro de estos discursos que van en contra de los principios valores,
derechos y dignidad que son básicos e indispensables en los seres humanos.Uno
de los principales obstáculos para la incorporación de la población inmigrante al
lugar de destino son los sentimientos arraigados que existen en su contra, lo cual
incrementa las políticas de discriminación y exacerba discursos de odio que son
reforzados por normativas de contención de los flujos migratorios, lo que provoca
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la criminalización de las y los migrantes irregulares.Los diferentes discursos de odio
se encuentran latentes en la política del siglo XXI, en particular en los países donde
la nueva derecha de carácter populista utiliza este discurso para dividir, violentar y
vulnerar. Una de las principales características de la ultraderecha es el discurso
antiinmigrante; donde la otredad aparece como el mal que amenaza el bienestar
social y la identidad nacional. Esta postura política representa un grupo que
mantiene como característica de identidad un discurso antiinmigrante, en donde su
aceptación incrementa junto con su posicionamiento en la política internacional y
se refleja en las contiendas electorales.Los discursos de odio en contra de la
migración parten de la aceptación y normalización por parte de la sociedad, son
considerados como aporófobos racistas y xenófobos. donde predomina la
deshumanización, criminalización, violencia e infravaloración del migrante. Ante
esta postura, el discurso antiinmigrante propicia la cultura de odio en sociedades
democráticas que constituye un pilar importante en la necropolítica del Estado para
la gestión del fenómeno migratorio.Otro punto relevante, son los crímenes de odio
que poseen una relación estrecha con este tipo de discursos, esto se debe al impacto
que tienen los mensajes de intolerancia que diferencian a los otros como una
amenaza para el bienestar nacional, también se enaltece el rechazo y la posibilidad
de comentar delitos de odio en contra de los inmigrantes irregulares que para el
Estado receptor, los irregulares representan las vidas que no importan, vidas que
son desechables, sin valor y reemplazables.Finalmente, nos encontramos con la
ausencia de una agenda pública incluyente basada en los derechos humanos de las
y los migrantes. El discurso de odio en contra de las migraciones es una práctica
que se ha normalizado y se fortalece mediante acepciones de carácter racista, de
xenofobia, exclusión, criminalización y marginación contra de la
migraciónindocumentada. Axel Honneth señala que “el reconocimiento de la
dignidad de personas o grupos constituye el elemento esencial de nuestro concepto
de justicia”.
184 The revitalization of rural areas in Spain through the chain migration
Paula Alonso, Leticia Santaballa, Laura Oso
This contribution analyses the processes of rural revitalisation from the perspective
of chain mobilities. It attempts to go beyond the vision focused on the
depopulation approach. The chain migration perspective is a dynamic means, as it
considers the articulation between internal/international, historical/recent
migrations and shrinking/revitalisation processes. Spatial mobility is also analysed
in relation to the articulation of the local and immigrant population’s
intertergenerational social mobility processes. The research is based on intensive
fieldwork (109 semi-structured interviews) conducted in several shrinking regions
in Spain (Galicia, Andalusia and Castilla-La Mancha).
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Our research reveals how the internal and international exodus of the second half
of the 20th century in Spain, driven by the "Developmentalist" economic model,
implemented by Franco’s regime, is at the basis of the territorial imbalances and
the configuration of rural shrinking areas in this country. It also shows how de-
agrarianisation and the lack of intergenerational replacement explains the arrival of
immigrant populations in rural areas from the turn of the century, in order to meet
the needs of labour markets segmented by ethnic origin and gender. Along with
newcomers, the shrinking areas are also benefiting from the arrival of returnees
and root migrants (from both external and internal migration), who decide to go
back to their roots, drawn by emotional ties. These groups of migrants
(newcomers, returnees and root migrants) are different, yet complementary, in
terms of sustaining life in rural areas. The impact of migration on the revitalisation
of rural areas is visible in demographic, economic and social terms.
462 E Percepción negativa respecto a la inmigración venezolana por la
mendicidad
Jessica Ordóñez
Este documento parte de una metodología cualitativa que tiene como instrumento
grupos focales, se realizó en el año 2022 en la ciudad de Loja, sur de Ecuador,
participaron: servidores públicos, empleados privados, estudiantes de secundaria y
superior. El objetivo fue conocer la percepción respecto a la presencia de personas
venezolanas en la ciudad. Los resultados muestran que existe una percepción
negativa entre las personas que participaron debido a que, desde que se incrementó
la inmigración particularmente de personas venezolanas en la ciudad, la imagen
urbana ha cambiado notablemente, principalmente por la mendicidad en la cual
participan adultos acompañados de niños menores de 5 años. Cabe mencionar que
esta situación no se había observado con la presencia de personas inmigrantes de
Perú o Colombia, al menos no en la misma magnitud.
12:45-13:45 BREAK
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Day Three 25 August 2023 - 13:45-15:15
10A Migration, Law and Policy V2
Chair: Jara Al-Ali, Universität Hamburg, Germany
436 Management of Massive Asylum Seeker Influx in Kenya and Turkey
Through Policy and Law-Making
Abdülaziz Ahmet Yasar
The aim of this research is to analyse how Turkey and Kenya, two countries hosting
millions of people under international protection, have responded to the mass
influx of asylum seekers. In particular, the research paper examines the legal
framework, policies and strategies used by governments in dealing with these
crises.
The main research question is: How have the two main host countries of people
under international protection, namely Kenya and Turkey, responded legally and
politically to the mass influx of asylum seekers?
The hypothesis of the paper is that there are currently no optimal solutions for
dealing with forced mass mobility, especially as temporary measures prevail in
various asylum-affected countries. A comparative analysis combining the positive
aspects of each approach will lead to conclusions that are more in line with
international human rights.
The two main host countries of refugees and people under international protection
have responded, inter alia, with policy decisions and the implementation and
reform of domestic law to address major humanitarian disasters.
In 2014, Turkey introduced the Temporary Protection Regulation for asylum
seekers and stateless persons from Syria to provide them with protection and basic
services based on international human rights and refugee law, a year after it
established its Presidency for Migration Management. The Kenyan governments
of the 1990s responded to the mass influx of asylum seekers by no longer directly
caring for the refugees, but leaving this task to the UNHCR through opening
temporary refugee camps. The 2006 Refugee Act, which sets out the status, rights
and restrictions a refugee has or is subject to, was passed after a decade. In addition,
Kenya's Refugee Act created national institutions responsible for managing the
country's asylum and refugee affairs.
The methods used are functional comparativism, comparative policy analysis,
actor-network theory and content analysis, which provide a comprehensive and
nuanced understanding of the role of laws and policies and the mutual impact on
these areas of research.
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253 Frontex’s responsibility in third countries: Ensuring accountability in the
Western Balkans
Adnan Smajic
Frontex, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, has been increasingly
cooperating with non-EU authorities, including those in the Western Balkans, to
manage migration and enhance border control in the region. These collaborations
are carried out through various arrangements, such as working arrangements and
status agreements, which include deploying Frontex officers to the borders to
control migratory flows to tackle cross-border crime, including migrant smuggling,
trafficking in human beings, and terrorism. In light of this, there are concerns
regarding Frontex's legal responsibility and potential complicity in human rights
abuses by non-EU authorities, particularly in the context of pushbacks and
violence against migrants and refugees. Moreover, the issue of standing corps'
immunity raises questions about the accountability of Frontex personnel for their
actions in third countries.
This research analyses the legal and policy frameworks governing Frontex's
cooperation with non-EU authorities in the Western Balkans and evaluates their
adequacy in ensuring compliance with human rights standards. It examines the
specific cases where Frontex has been involved in border management activities,
and explores the role of Frontex personnel in such activities. To address the issue
of accountability, the research looks at the applicability of national and
international human rights standards, such as the European Convention on
Human Rights and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, to
Frontex's operations in the region. Additionally, it analyses the potential for judicial
and non-judicial remedies for human rights violations, including the shared
responsibility of holding Frontex accountable for its cooperation with non-EU
authorities in third countries.
The research provides policy recommendations to improve Frontex's legal
compliance and human rights protection in its cooperation with non-EU
authorities in the Western Balkans. The recommendations include analysing the
adequacy of and strengthening the mechanisms for monitoring and reporting
human rights abuses in the context of Frontex's operations in the Western Balkans;
establishing clear accountability mechanisms for Frontex personnel in third
countries, including measures to address instances of human rights violations; and
enhancing transparency and public access to information regarding Frontex's
cooperation with non-EU authorities in the Western Balkans, including the use of
standing corps' immunity.
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460 Addressing the root causes of migration and improving community
resilience by accelerating climate action
Konstantinos Pappas
Introduction
The United States has prioritized supporting climate change adaptation and
mitigation in Central America, outlining effective strategies to build resilience to
address climate change and disaster risk impacts such as food insecurity, and to
support sustainable development in the region. Its objective aims to increase the
resilience of agricultural production, resource management, and infrastructure, as
well as to enhance economic opportunities and increase the security, prosperity,
and governance of the disaster-prone region via partnerships with the private
sector and civil society (Vice President Kamala Harris on July 29, 2021).
Climate change impacts exacerbate poverty, inequality, and food insecurity, and
research increasingly suggests that climate change and disaster risk are major
contributing factors to migration. From 2014 to 2020, an average of 311,000
people migrated from the Northern Triangle (El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala)
to the United States annually, with many fleeing extreme weather events.
Projections estimate that in the next 30 years, 3.9 million climate refugees will flee
Central America due to the climate crisis.
Comprehensive approaches to climate adaptation and mitigation efforts, including
through energy transition, resilient infrastructure, and a better-integrated
development of economic sectors could offer an opportunity for sustainable
development, strengthening resilience and addressing the root causes of migration.
Objectives
The main scope of this research project is to: 1) identify key systemic inter-
dependencies of the energy-food-migration nexus in the Northern Triangle, in the
context of climate and disaster risks, 2) propose a framework for quantifying these
interlinkages in support of informed decision-making by climate-threatened small
and medium businesses and local communities and 3) identify anticipatory action
areas and interventions for disaster risk reduction and improving community
resilience.
Methodology
We will develop convergence research through example case studies, bringing
together multiple disciplines including the following activities:
Review the literature to identify key interconnection between migration, food, and
energy under climate-related risks and disasters.
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Review existing global best practices for disaster risk reduction and improving
community resilience relevant to the energy-food-migration nexus in the Northern
Triangle
Develop a framework for energy-food-migration interconnections, with a list of
potential interventions that can be made across the interconnected sectors
Co-identify the social, economic, and environmental indicators to evaluate the
impacts of the different interventions
Focusing on the agricultural sector and using El Salvador as a case study,
experiences of climate-threatened small and medium agricultural businesses and
farms as well as local communities will be identified, and decision-making
frameworks will be co-created that will support evidence-based decisions while
fostering an environment of multi-national cooperation toward climate action and
disaster resilience.
Results
Share information and build capacity related to the systemic interdependencies of
food, energy, and migration with implications for climate action and disaster risk
reduction interventions in El Salvador.
Co-identification and ranking of different identified interventions, as well as the
social, economic, and environmental indicators critical to assess these interventions
according to stakeholders.
Analysis of systemic interactions and evaluation of the developed framework,
policy, and barriers for resilient pathways.
381 The Human Rights of Refugees: Status Transition from Illegal Migrants
to Asylum Seekers regarding the Supression of Migrant Smuggling as a
Transnational Crime
Blerta Ahmedi, Bekim Nuhija, Stefani Stojchevska, Betim Jahja
When considering the protection of refugees, it is important to consider that
seeking asylum represents their guaranteed human right. Given the situation when
an asylum seeker is a person who has left his or her motherland with the intention
to seek protection from serious human rights violations and from persecution in
another country, he or she has not yet obtained the status of a refugee in a legal
manner until the reception of the decision on their asylum claim. Appropriately,
the right to seek asylum – as an established human right – is protected by both
national instruments of the Republic of North Macedonia and international
instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United
Nations 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol
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Relating to the Status of Refugees guiding national legislation concerning political
asylum. This research paper consists of two parts, where the first part of the paper
aims to analyze the human rights of refugees, with a particular focus placed upon
the right of obtaining asylum, while the second part of the paper aims to analyze
the criminal offense of Migrant Smuggling, incriminated within the national
Criminal Code of the Republic of North Macedonia, defined as a crime against
humanity and international law. In addition, statistical data for the time period 2006
– 2022 originating from the Republic of North Macedonia will be scrutinized in
detail, concerning the numeral aspects of such phenomenon. The research paper
is further enriched with two practical case-studies, where the first case-study
regards migrant smuggling (a national case) and the second case-study is taken from
the international court of human rights, whose objective regards is the right to
obtain asylum by a migrant in the Republic of Slovenia (an international case).
Keywords: Migrant Smuggling; Asylum; Refugees; Human Rights; Transnational
Crime
10B Economics, Work and Migration V2
Chair: Sadaf Mahmood, Women University Multan, Pakistan
257 Understanding the network of diaspora donors, collection, distribution, and
utilization of resources by diaspora-funded organizations and institutions;
Diaspora philanthropy in Kerala, India
Afsal K. and Reshmi R. S.
Migration has had a significant role in the socioeconomic and demographic
features of Kerala in South India, particularly the Gulf migration after the 'oil
boom' of the 1970s (Prakash, 1998). With the help of Gulf migrant workers in
Kerala, numerous charitable organizations and institutions operate in the areas of
education, health, social welfare, rehabilitation, and community development.
This paper aims to comprehend diaspora donor networks as well as how diaspora-
funded organizations and institutions distribute and employ resources for
philanthropy. For the study purpose, 26 in-depth interviews with executives of
different diaspora-funded and -supported charitable organizations and institutions
operating in the areas of health, education, social welfare, rehabilitation, and
community development were undertaken. A categorical content analysis approach
was applied using NVivo 12 for the analysis.
The research highlights that organizations and institutions establish locality,
destination, and philanthropic project-based diaspora donor networks in order to
utilize diaspora resources for various types of charitable activities in Kerala. These
organizations used different methods for resource collection from diaspora
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communities such as membership campaigns, monthly collections, special
collections, sponsorship, and challenge programs. The distribution of
philanthropic funds is categorized: as locality-based distribution, distribution to
specific groups, and distribution based on an immediate issue or response. Finally,
a large portion of the resources collected by philanthropic organizations is spent
on four areas: health education, social welfare, and rehabilitation projects. This
study proposes the idea of implementing a new framework for the optimum
utilization of philanthropic resources from the diaspora.
476 Socio-economic Determinants of Labor Movement From Georgia to the
Eastern Black Sea Coastal Cities
Kerim Taşkın
For more than 30 years, there has been an intensive, unilateral, cyclical, sensitive
to economic and political developments, regular and irregular labor migration from
Georgia to the cities of the Eastern Black Sea region, with tens of thousands of
migrants each year, although the actual number is never known. The literature on
labor migration from Georgia to the Eastern Black Sea region is mostly concerned
with seasonal agricultural workers coming to rural areas. Although most of these
studies are related to rural areas, it is observed that they cover the entire region in
terms of their results. However, some of these migrants participate in the labor
force only in rural or urban areas while others participate in the labor force in both
rural and urban areas. This paper focuses on the effects of cyclical labor movement
particularly in the coastal cities of the Eastern Black Sea. The research aims to
reveal the labor movement of Georgians with different influences in the cities and
their interactions in socio-economic life.
9 cities of different scales (Ordu (Altınordu, Fatsa, Ünye), Central Giresun,
Trabzon (Ortahisar, Akçaabat), Central Rize, Artvin (Hopa, Kemalpaşa)) located
in the coastal provinces from the western end of the Eastern Black Sea to the
Georgian border were selected as the research field. The data were obtained from
the field through the interview technique. Interviews were conducted with 40
people who have relations and knowledge about Georgians (employees of migrant
associations, administrative unit managers, intermediaries who carry out migration,
neighbors, etc.). Phenomenology method, which is a qualitative method, was used
in this research in order to determine the effects of Georgians in Eastern Black Sea
cities on socio-economic life.
Observations in field studies and data obtained from expert interviews revealed
fundamental differences such as the fact that Georgians work in different sectors
in cities, (entertainment, trade, health, care services, tourism sector, etc.) that the
mobility pattern in cities is different from seasonal agricultural labor in rural areas
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and that labor movement is longer lasting and under the influence of different
dynamics compared to rural areas. With the findings obtained, the differences and
details of labor movement in the Eastern Black Sea cities can be determined.
434 Urban-Rural Migration and Its Impact on New Business Models
Ferah Ozgoren Sen, Ebru Bilgen Kocaturk, Nevin Karabıyık Yerden
Considering the extraordinary events that have emerged in recent years, it would
be appropriate to talk about the concept of migration. The first of these is the first
Corona case in our country in 2020. The second is the February 2023 earthquake,
which we started to normalize after the pandemic. In parallel with the change in
lifestyle due to Corona, people who moved away from the city centers had to
migrate again to our country due to the earthquake. In this sense, the way of life in
places where places to go are limited should be much different than in big cities.
This study is aimed at investigating the sources of motivation and the impact of
the rapid migration after the earthquake on business models. It covers new
business models and their implications for marketing and examines the change in
the housing sector. The case study method is used in this study to examine how
migration from cities to rural areas affects the housing sector. It has been shown
that social events such as pandemics and earthquakes in Turkey have caused
reverse migration, which has led to the emergence of new houses that provide a
transition to simpler lifestyles.
1120 Human Capital Accumulation and Career Development of Pakistani Labour
Migrants in Germany. What Determines their Success?
Sadaf Mahmood, Beatrice Knerr, Izhar Ahmad Khan
In the early 21st century, international migration for the sake of better job
opportunities is increasing day by day and human capital becomes an essential
ingredient for the career development and labour market adjustment of immigrants
in the host countries. Pakistani immigrants’ communities in several developed
countries are the core example of this. 7.6 million Pakistanis studying, residing, and
working abroad. They are engaged in several occupations including students,
employed, and self-employed, and utilizing their accumulated human capital stock
by participating in labour market as well as enhancing it for their career
development. Our study is based on the human capital theory by Schultz and
Becker as they stated that the schooling and capabilities of an individual are called
human capital that maximizes their lifetime earnings (Schultz, 1971; Wossmann,
2001). Younger people are more interested to invest in migration and education as
in our case, Pakistani young people invested in both than other groups in the
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interest of better return on this decision (Becker, 1975; Sjaastad, 1962). The study
by Mahmood et al., (2015;2017,2022) strengthens these theories. The focal point
of this research is to explore the human capital stock of Pakistani immigrants in
Germany and its effects on their career development while the comparison of
gender was also done in this perspective. A face-to-face field survey was conducted
in different German cities with a significant number of Pakistanis and the results
were analyzed via descriptive and inferential statistics. In total, 264 respondents
were interviewed with different occupational statuses in Germany. The results
illustrate that commonly, Pakistani male respondents were involved in self-
employed and paid-employed activities while students and women were not
actively participating the in-labor market. Among the students’ group, males were
dominant in number whereas females were also significant in this category. It was
also found that human capital accumulation has a strong relationship with
occupational status. Another indicator of human capital in addition to education,
previous work experience has also played a significant role. It is concluded that the
accumulated human capital is significantly contributing to their career development
at their destination. Individuals with advanced human capital are better to grow in
the job market as well as integrate into the host society and play their role
effectively in the development of the country. Globally, the "race of talents" is a
competition for the sake of human capital accumulation and attracting talent which
is increasing day by day.
References
Becker, G. (1975). Human Capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special
reference to education, second edition, NBER. 0-226-04109-3, p. 13-44
Mahmood, S., & Knerr, B. (2015). Asian Students in Germany: Contexts of their Studies,
Living Conditions and Future Plans 2. (Chapter 7: Students from Pakistan Social
relations and human capital formation of Pakistani students in Germany), Volume: 11,
pp. 156-175, Kassel University Press GmbH.
Mahmood, S. (2017). Human capital, occupational status, and social integration of Pakistani
immigrants in Germany: Gender Perspectives, (Vol. 20). Pp. Kassel University press
GmbH.
Mahmood, S., Knerr, B., Khan, I. A., Shabbir, M., & Mahmood, R. (2022). A Gender-
Sensitive Analysis of Social Integration Challenges. Evidence from the Pakistani
Diaspora in Germany. Migration Letters, 19(4), 437-448.
Sjaastad, L. A. (1962). The Costs and Returns of Human Migration, Journal of Political
Economy, 70(1), 80-93
Wossmann L (2001). “Specifying human capital: A review and some extensions”,
KielInstitute of World Economics, [August 2001].
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10C Education and Skilled Migration V1
Chair: Dr Pınar Yazgan, Sakarya University, Turkey
227 The “Not Migrant” Narrative and its Causes: Self-Categorization of the
Highly-skilled Migrants in Budapest
Pınar Dilan Sönmez Gioftsios
Who are those highly-skilled individuals moving in high circularity and
temporariness? How do they self-identify, and why? Debates around migrants’
sense of belonging point out that how migrants self-identify and how they
represent their identity constitute complex processes (Bielewska 2021). The self is
considered a social actor, a motivated agent, and an autobiographical author, and
cares deeply about social acceptance as well as social status to consolidate its
autonomy. In this sense, the self-identification of highly-skilled migrants who are
portrayed as a privileged, wanted group of cosmopolitans (Weinar et al.; Bielewska
2021; Smith and Favell 2006) suggests an interesting case for understanding and
explaining how the narrative identity interacts with the external categorizations
throughout the mobility experience. Through the analysis of the interviews
conducted with 30 highly-skilled migrants in Budapest in 2022, this article explores
the ways how highly-skilled migrants make sense of categories and self-identify.
Combining the literature on self-categorization theory with the critical discourse
analysis approach, this study seeks to answer the question of why ‘migrant’ has
turned into an undesired category and become a “heavy word” that migrants
refused to be categorized as migrants. It is argued that using “non-migrant”
categories such as foreigner, foreign worker, and expatriate, these individuals try to
free themselves from the category of migrant to feel more secure, and more capable
of avoiding discrimination in their social, psychological, economic, and political
interactions. They either refuse any kind of label or recategorize themselves as a
foreigner which is a general category that does not directly indicate racial, ethnic,
and cultural connotations which may trigger social biases. This research also argued
that reconceptualization of categories in migration studies within a crisis frame, the
negative and pejorative connotations the words 'migrant' 'immigrant', and 'refugee'
have attained play a significant role in the emergence of today's understanding of
the migrant. The discursive tendency to use these terms as interchangeable
categories made them more contested, confusing, negotiated, and resisted in praxis.
373 Barriers and challenges in emigration of semiskilled and unskilled workers
of Indian Villages
Md Musharuddin Sk
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India is the highest number of migrants sending country in the world. Migrant
labourers and their households face various obstacles in of migration process.
Migrant workers encountered barriers in decision-making to arranging migration
costs. The migrant workers experienced challenges in the destination countries
also.
The highest sex ratio criteria was fit for the study. The selected two villages in
Murshidabad district reported the highest sex ratio (1204 and 1190) and had more
than 200 households in the latest census of India, 2011. They are located in West
Bengal in the eastern part of India. An interview schedule was developed to survey
214 Households covering 260 migrant workers between October 2020 and
October 2021. Face to face In-depth interviews were also conducted with 12
stayed-back wives who are heads of households, 12 elderly persons, one agent, and
15 migrant workers abroad over the telephone to understand the dynamics of
labour migration.
About 43 per cent (91 out of 214) households and emigrants took money from
moneylenders (37 per cent), sale or mortgage of land/ gold or property (16.5 per
cent) to meet their first migration cost. As the number of emigrants gradually
increased, remittances accelerated migration.
One-third of emigrant labourers suffered a loss in earnings in the workplace for
diverse reasons. However, recently (after 2015), emigrated labourers reported less
wage loss than their predecessors. Of 88 emigrant labourers, more than half
reported a full loss in destination earnings because of no work or proper work and
then returned to India. One-third of them reported a partial loss in earnings for
having no adequate job. These semiskilled or unskilled migrant workers had lower
educational levels and could not report or manage the challenges in the proper
channel in the destination countries.
41 Innovation and flexibility: Nigerian women in Durban’s informal economy
Sunday Israel Oyebamiji
The primary aim of this paper is to examine the livelihood strategies of Nigerian
female migrants in Durban, South Africa in the informal economy where the
majority engaged in informal trading. Nigerian women are known for their
diligence in trading and setting up their own informal businesses to be financially
independent. Thus, it is interesting to understand the experiences of Nigerian
women in the informal sector. This paper relies largely on a qualitative
methodology drawing on in-depth interviews with Nigerian women. It reveals that
the proceeds of informal trading may sometimes appear insignificant considering
the constraints and hurdles, as most of the women talked about their struggles in
making ends meet and their challenges as they adjust to a new environment that is
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now polarised by the crises of Covid-19. At the same time, the majority of the
women described aspects of their lives that have changed positively through
adjustment and adaptation since they arrived in South Africa and the advantages
that some have been able to identify. The study concludes that the experiences of
Nigerian migrant women demonstrate the need for a new approach to the informal
sector since this will be beneficial to all other groups irrespective of citizenship
status.
10D L’émigration V1
Chair: Erhan Kurtarir, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
348 La Place des ONG dans le cadre normatif de protection internationale des
réfugiés
Samira Bikarden
The multifaceted presence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on the
international scene and their increasingly important involvement in complex and
globalized issues such as that of refugees is at the heart of cooperation and the
global governance of international refugee’s protection. Therefore, understanding
the place and the role granted to this new actor of international relations in the
regulation of this global issue is a major challenge.
This contribution is part of a larger research endeavor on the actions and limits of
NGOs involved in the international protection of refugees. It seeks to understand
the role and place assigned to NGOs in the normative arsenal governing
international refugee law. It is based on an in-depth analysis of international refugee
law (IRL) but also international human rights law. It aims to identify the
positioning of NGOs vis-à-vis State and inter-State actors and to explore the room
for maneuver available to them, allowing them to contribute to the strengthening
of the international "protection" of refugees or, on the contrary, weakening their
intervention at this level.
113 L’émigration des ingénieurs marocains à l’étranger : une analyse empirique
Djamila Chekrouni, Zaynab Benabdallah
Partout dans le monde, le métier d’informaticien (ingénieur ou technicien) est très
recherché, bien rémunéré et offre de nombreuses opportunités. Avec
l’internationalisation des marchés du travail, l’accélération des flux d’informations
et de compétences, les informaticiens se trouvent dans l'obligation de rester
constamment à la pointe et de s’adapter à un contexte numérique en perpétuel
changement (Big data, intelligence artificielle, etc.).
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Le phénomène de la fuite des ingénieurs et des techniciens marocains en
informatique vers l’étranger constitue un sujet d’inquiétude pour les entreprises et
les autorités dans le pays. Ce phénomène universel découle d’une mobilité générale
des compétences entre les continents, en quête de conditions de travail et de
recherches scientifiques plus appropriées.
Au Maroc, Selon l’ex-ministre de l’Education nationale, de la Formation
professionnelle, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, 600
ingénieurs partent chaque année.
De même, l’Association des Ingénieurs de l’École Nationale Supérieure
d’Informatique et d’Analyse des Systèmes (ENSIAS) a affirmé que, sur les récentes
promotions, jusqu’à 80% des lauréats ont été embauchés par des entreprises
européennes.
Pour le secteur IT, la Fédération Marocaine des Technologies de l’Information, des
Télécommunications et de l’Offshoring (APEBI) a annoncé que le secteur IT au
Maroc perd chaque mois 50 ingénieurs et que trois entreprises étrangères viennent
tous les 15 jours pour recruter une dizaine d’ingénieurs.
Bien que le Maroc a augmenté de 87% ses effectifs de lauréats ingénieurs entre
2011 et 2016 pour répondre aux besoins engendrés par ses plans de développement
notamment son plan d’accélération industrielle, les entreprises qui recrutent
continuent de déplorer une carence de profils d’ingénieur sur le marché de l’emploi
marocain particulièrement dans le domaine informatique. Le schéma explicatif de
ce phénomène est assez complexe. En effet, certains pays développés comme : la
France, le Canada, la Chine, l’Inde, l’Allemagne, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le
Denmarck, les pays bas, le suède et le Royaume unis ont besoin des travailleurs
hautement qualifiés pour des activités économiques à haute intensité de
connaissance. À cause de leurs pénuries, ces pays créent indirectement une chasse
aux talents en offrant aux jeunes ingénieurs marocains une meilleure qualité de vie,
une évolution de carrière plus intéressante et des conditions de travail et de
recherches scientifiques plus appropriées.
Par ailleurs, selon les motivations théoriques et empiriques il existe 3 types de
déterminants de l’intention d’émigrer chez les ingénieurs en informatique : les
déterminants personnels, les déterminants environnementaux externes ou
contextuels, et les déterminants environnementaux internes ou organisationnels.
L’objet de cette étude est d’étudier les caractéristiques et les motivations
d’expatriations des informaticiens marocains installés à l’étranger (plus
particulièrement dans : l’Allemagne, la Belgique, le canada, la France et l’Emirats)
afin d’essayer d’expliquer plus précisément les motivations de cette émigration.
Cette intervention analyse les différents aspects de cette migration, en mettant
l’accent sur les axes suivants:
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Une analyse descriptive de la situation de la fuite des ingénieurs au Maroc;
Une étude empirique à l’aide d’un échantillon. Les résultats des estimations
souligneront les variables explicatives de l’émigration des ingénieurs à l’étranger.
510 Réinventer la migration dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal
Mohamadou Sall
Depuis la période coloniale, la vallée du fleuve Sénégal est une zone de départ pour
les migrants internes et internationaux. En fonction de l’évolution politique et
économique des zones de destination, cette migration a toujours su s’adapter,
trouvant au niveau des zones de départ, de transit et de destination, des ressorts à
perpétuer.
Depuis la période coloniale, la vallée du fleuve Sénégal est une zone de départ pour
les migrants internes et internationaux. En fonction de l’évolution politique et
économique des zones de destination, cette migration a toujours su s’adapter,
trouvant au niveau des zones de départ, de transit et de destination, des ressorts à
perpétuer.
Le but de cette communication est d’examiner les nouveaux ressorts mobilisés
aujourd’hui pour donner un nouveau souffle aux migrations internationales et
d’étudier l’articulation entre les anciens ressorts et les nouveaux ressorts, les
légitimités qui construisent ces articulations et comment, ces articulations relient
les espaces locaux, les zones de transit et les espaces de destination.
Le but de cette communication est d’examiner les nouveaux ressorts mobilisés
aujourd’hui pour donner un nouveau souffle aux migrations internationales et
d’étudier l’articulation entre les anciens ressorts et les nouveaux ressorts, les
légitimités qui construisent ces articulations et comment, ces articulations relient
les espaces locaux, les zones de transit et les espaces de destination.
10E Las Migraciones V2
Chair: Pascual Garcia, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
354 La llegada a la jubilación de los antiguos inmigrantes: la experiencia francesa
a través de los marroquíes
Alberto Capote-Lama
The objective of this proposal is part of an interest in studying a group that is often
invisible: the population that emigrated for work reasons and reaches retirement
age in the country of destination. This new phase in their life cycle makes us ask
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ourselves questions such as their position upon return, living conditions in
retirement, their state of health, if their situation differs from that of
autochthonous retirees, the migratory capital acquired and what balance they make
of their life trajectory since they emigrated. The French case, because it is a country
with a long tradition as a country of immigration, may be representative of a
sociodemographic reality that is also beginning to be perceived in Spain and will
grow in the medium term. Therefore, we analyze the French experience regarding
people of Moroccan origin, who are also the first foreign national in Spain. The
analysis is based both on a series of interviews with Moroccan retirees in the
Parisian region who have shown their testimony, as well as a balance of the studies
carried out. The results show problems they face (living old age between two
countries), loneliness problems, but also meeting points and initiatives to promote
active ageing.
122 El Derecho a la Salud de la Población Migrante Venezolana en Colombia
Juan Pablo Serrano Frattali
El derecho a la salud en Colombia representa para miles de personas un viacrucis;
de hecho, únicamente hasta el año 2015 el derecho a la salud en Colombia fue
consagrado como derecho fundamental. Este sistema con graves falencias ha
llevado a que las víctimas de este sistema de salud deban acudir inexorablemente al
Juez, para tratar de resolver sus problemas de salud. Este panorama nacional es
aún peor para la mayoría de los dos millones de migrantes venezolanos que se
encuentran en Colombia los cuales deben enfrentar también las desigualdades
sociales. El propósito de esta presentación es describir el sistema de salud
colombiano y cómo funciona este sistema para la población migrante venezolana
en Colombia.
115 Court-To-Court Dialogue: Challenges For The Protection Of Children In
Migration Processes
Laila Roxina y Moliterno Abi Cheble
This paper aims to explore the role of supranational courts in guaranteeing the
rights of children in processes of human mobility. Thus, it is important to take into
account the context in which children live and "differentiate in order to protect",
as law as a social science cannot remain oblivious. The number of children in
processes of human mobility is growing significantly and therefore modifying the
debates surrounding migration previously understood in terms of adults and men.
The issue becomes relevant as thousands of children are crossing international
borders both in Europe and the Americas, such as the war situation in Ukraine and
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Syria, as well as the mobility processes in the Central American region. During
these movements, which entail risks and opportunities, situations arise that place
them in a situation of increased vulnerability, as some are separated from their
families or migrate alone. This calls for an adequate study and an enriched or
reinforced protection by understanding the various key actors (families, children
and States themselves through public policies). This study highlights the value of
soft law instruments and the role of supranational courts in guaranteeing children's
rights. To this end, international law instruments (treaties) that contain references
to the terms "children" or "children" are taken up, specifically the Convention on
the Rights of the Child, additional protocols drawn up by the Committee on the
Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights
of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, etc. In addition, soft law
documents (which allow for the constant evolution of the law) such as the New
York Declaration, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Global
Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration are analysed. These instruments
are used as a framework for the study of cases in the Inter-American Court of
Human Rights (IACHR) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the
highest guarantors of law in the respective regions. Based on the cases, points of
coincidence and divergence between the understandings developed and the
interpretation of the courts are pointed out. While recognising the sovereignty of
states over the control of their borders, the importance of international
cooperation in border management is highlighted. It is concluded that the term
vulnerability(ies) is a point of convergence between the two Courts, as well as
references to the best interests of the child, the need for context analysis, detention
as a measure of last resort. However, divergences are noted (for this purpose, the
standards indicated by the IACHR and the ECHR are demarcated) and the lack of
a fluid dialogue between the courts. Finally, dialogues for the construction of a new
legal framework for the protection of human rights are pointed out as a valuable
tool.
404 Reflexiones teórico-metodológicas para el estudio de los vínculos familiares
transnacionales en México y en Estados Unidos: apuntes de trabajo de
campo
María José Grisel Enríquez-Cabral y Ismael García Castro
La familia transnacional representa un ejemplo heurístico de la perspectiva
transnacionalista, este tipo de familia se encuentra bajo el lente académico de
quienes están interesados en vencer al nacionalismo metodológico (Pries, 2017). Se
apuesta a que, en la distancia, son los “vínculos transnacionales” los que permiten
la continuidad de la unidad familiar. Diversos aportes teóricos afirman que dichos
vínculos se reproducen a través prácticas como el envío de remesas económicas y
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emocionales, contacto “virtual” facilitado por el uso de las tics. En alunas
reflexiones que van más un poco allá, se argumenta que no son las tics, sino el
deseo de mantener la familia lo que les da vida (Faist, 2005; Nyberg, 2016;
Castañeda y Román, 2021 ). Gonzálvez (2016) también abona a la necesidad de
comprender a la familia transnacional y sus vínculos desde otros cuestionamientos
y se interroga, ¿Qué novedad aporta “lo transnacional” con respecto a los
significados de familia? ¿Aporta algo más que enfatizar la gestión de los vínculos
desde la distancia? (Gonzálves, 2016: 3). En esta ponencia, como producto de un
trabajo de campo realizado con familias transnacionales sinaloenses con vínculos
en Estados Unidos, se sostiene que el deseo y/o la densidad de las practicas (envió
de remesas emocionales o económicas, co-presencia virtual) no son un sustento
que permita dar cuenta de la complejidad de los vínculos. Aunado a ello, es
necesario incluir en la teoría y metodología del análisis de los vínculos
transnacionales el sentido o intención que imprimen los actores a dichos
intercambios, en deseo carente de voluntad es letra muerta. Es preciso
cuestionarlos sobre el sentido que le dan a enviar dinero, a las llamadas por teléfono
etc, porque desde el lente del investigador suele atribuírsele que es con el afán de
dar continuidad a los lazos familiares, caemos en el error de operacionalizar los
vínculos transnaconales sin incluir las causas, motivos, fines subjetivos individuales
de los mismos.
10F Migration and Social Integration V1
Chair: Carla De Tona, University of Bologna, Italy
336 Forging Refugee Identity: On Liminal Spaces, The Arts, and Transcultural
Exchange
Sarah Koellner and Kerrigan von Carlowitz
Forced migration suspends almost all qualifiers of a stable life—security, home,
employment, health, kin connections. Further, in resettlement, refugees encounter
the systemic discrimination of welfare systems and neoliberal economies, amidst
the emotional tumult of displacement, linguistic isolation, and the loss of spatial
identity (cf. Gowayed, Refuge). Under this imposition of liminality, demonstrating
Victor Turner’s anthropological theory of communitas, refugees find agency,
voice, and community through artistic expression. In recent years, scholars
associated with the Critical Refugee Studies Collective have turned to artistic
expression to analyze “the livability of refugees,” and the ways in which artistic
creation enables them “to speak back to the law to insist on their humanity”
(Espiritu, Departures, 52).
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Contrary to the imposed “language of fear,” which is demanded of refugees to
“gain entry” into host countries and permeate the legal structures of the asylum
process (57), artistic production, as we will argue, creates a language of belonging.
Employing a comparative ethnographic approach, combined with an aesthetic
analysis of artistic production, our paper offers a transdisciplinary approach—
mirroring the hybridity of the refugee experience. Such an approach will illustrate
how translingual language production and the cultural exchange between refugee
and host country populations expedites identity reconfiguration, fostering a
cultural paradigm shift regarding a refugee’s otherness. (cf. Alastair, 2010). Our
analysis catalogs the commonalities in two transcultural innovations: the songs of
diasporic Hmong rap artist Louicha in France and the German-English poetry
from Sam Zamrik, a Queer Syrian refugee living in exile in Germany.
Evoking key feelings of nostalgia for Hmong culture and resistance against the
color-blind French majority, Hmong rappers forcibly displaced from Laos cultivate
an artistic identity because of their liminality, not in ignorance of it (cf. Shi,
“Between Return and Resistance”). Illustratively, the lyrics of the song Npawg
“connect [Louchia’s] in-betweenness with the Hmong diaspora” and “connect
their future with the idealized past” (238). Rap’s intrinsic amplification of minority
voices collaborates with refugees’ specific yearning for self-definition in this
adaptive work of creativity. Channeling the same concomitant nostalgia and
frustration of Hmong rap songs in France, Syrian refugee Sam Zamrik confronts
their legal and social marginality through German and English-language poetry.
While their poem “Bureaucracy” can be interpreted as an artistic attack on the law
that foregoes questions of refugee livability, other poems such as “Patchwork”
invite the reader to reflect upon identity, belonging, and the creation of community
through translingual writing.
Both artists, as we will conclude in our presentation, demonstrate the liberty in
escaping identity loss either through assimilation or chronic “refugeeness” which
assigns individuals the same, tragic refugee story (Espiritu, 112.). Their artworks
counter such narratives by giving voice to their unique experience of displacement,
and to the creative potential of poetic and musical language production to foster
transcultural exchange. Ultimately, both artists make a strong case for the pivotal
role of refugees in shaping their own sense of belonging, and the cultural fabric of
their host countries; refugees, as creative agents, forge a new canon of transcultural
identity.
1123 Which co-participation is possible with migrants? A critical reflection on the
organization and co-design of the Usability Tests and of the Public Pilot
Implementation during the H2020 MICADO project in Bologna, Italy
Carla De Tona
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Among the key objectives of the MICADO project was that of designing a digital
tool to facilitate the exchange and communication between migrants, public
administrations and civil society organizations engaged in promoting integration,
on common and clearly defined fronts (housing, education, health care and work)
but often with distinct and non-integrated tools and fields of operation. The key
approach of the project was that of co-participation and co-design with all relevant
stakeholders, including migrants themselves. This paper presents a critical
reflection on how co-participation has been organised in testing the validity of the
digital tool’s prototype (through Usability Tests and Public Piloting
Implementation). It also reflects on what the main achievements have been
(inclusion of gender, linguistic and ethnic minorities) and on what challenges it
faced (particularly the failure to reach migrants with limited digital and linguistic
skills and with short-term or precarious legal status).
541 Investigation of Migration due to Social Environmental Pressure by
Geographical Regression: The Example of Van Province
Çetin Görür and Bahadır Yüzbaşı
Migration; In the historical process, it has an important place for people and
societies because of the reasons and results it took place. Regardless of the duration
of the migration and the place of migration, the reasons leading to the displacement
of the population are largely similar. Individuals who decide to change their living
space basically have problems arising from the area they live in. These problems
are generally defined with the concept of push factors and they are poverty, ethnic-
ideological-religious and political pressures, unemployment, war etc. problems are
counted among these factors. From past to present, migration in Turkey is
generally from rural areas to urban areas, especially from underdeveloped eastern
and inner regions to developed western regions. While economic reasons were
among the most important reasons for internal migration in the beginning, the
security problem started to come to the forefront since the 1980s. Migration occurs
due to the fact that life is more difficult in regions where social pressure is intense.
Analyzes of migration flows and their influence factors are usually conducted at
the aggregate country level, thus ignoring the existence of large regional disparities.
Because regions are so diverse, the main drivers of migration are likely to vary in
space and act with varying intensity, creating different regional patterns. In this
study, the factors affecting migration under social environmental pressure were
examined using Ordinary Least Squares and Geographical Weighted Regression
methods. The Ordinary Least Squares method is a statistical method used to
analyze the relationship between the dependent variable and the explanatory
variables. In parameter estimation, the appropriate value is assumed to be the same
for all observations or regression points. However, if the observations are recorded
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in a regional or regional data known as spatial data, it becomes difficult to obtain
reliable results. The Geographical Weighted Regression method gives healthier
results by including spatial changes in the model by using the weighting matrix
depending on the proximity between the observation location. In this study, it was
aimed to determine the relationship between migration under social environmental
pressure and independent variables, to examine which of the models used for
analysis gave stronger results, and to examine the effects and significance of the
variables on maps. In this study, face-to-face surveys were conducted with 440
individuals who immigrated from the provinces with first and second degree
borders to Van, and it was observed that the Geographical Weighted Regression
method gave stronger results than AICc and R^2 values in the analysis results.
177 Chinese women in transnational marriage migration in two British cities,
UK
Lan Lo
This paper presents a joint research study involving ten couples in two British
cities: Nottingham and London in UK that were interviewed to explore their
transnational relationships, families, and experiences of marriage migration. This
paper explores the following research questions in the context of Chinese women’s
transnational relationship and marriage migration to the UK:
What are the culturally situated understandings and experiences of intimate
citizenship between Chinese women and their partners?
How do Chinese women negotiate perceived cultural, national, and ethnic
differences within their relationships?
How does transnational migration shape their experiences of intimacy, and vice
versa?
In terms of methodology the paper uses a qualitative interview-based approach.
Thus, ten couples in two British cities were interviewed pre-pandemic who met the
following criteria: 1) currently or previously in a committed relationship; 2) the
Chinese woman was born in the mainland China; 3) the western partner was born
in the UK. The interviews lasted approximately 90 minutes and took place at a time
and place of the participant’s choice. The participation was entirely confidential,
and their responses were anonymised, as per the British Sociological Association’s
code of ethical research.
The paper will set out the main findings from the data in areas of such as cultural
differences, maintaining spousal relationships, transnational family ties, and
employment issues. We will also define the future direction of travel of the research
which will explore the extent to which these findings remain constant or have
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changed in the post-pandemic world. To this end, the original participants will be
reinterviewed using the same methods as during the pre-pandemic phase. Our
working assumptions are that the main difference will be in the area of employment
issues and possibility in terms of maintaining spousal relationships. We predict at
this stage that there will be fewer changes in relation to transnational family ties
and cultural differences. This paper is original in three main ways: firstly, its focus
on Chinese migrant women; secondly, its methodology and thirdly, its pre and
post-pandemic comparative focus.
15:15-15:30 BREAK
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Day Three 25 August 2023 - 15:30-17:00
11A Migration, Law and Policy V3
Chair: Andrea Romano, University of Barcelona, Spain
45 The use of the transformative intercultural mediation model for immigrants
Amel Ketani
Mediation is a form of intervention in which a third party – the mediator – assists
the parties to a dispute to negotiate over the issues which divide them. The
mediator has no stake in the dispute and is not identified with any of the competing
interests involved. In every mediation, the interests and needs of the parties will be
the focus of the mediator and the participants.
This paper will focus on intercultural mediation for immigrants. An intercultural
mediator is a mediator who facilitates communication between immigrants and the
host society in trying to promote the integration of immigrants. But how can
intercultural mediators achieve this? Which mediation model can they use to assist
them achieve this objective?
There are several mediation models such as: structured, narrative and ecosystemic
mediation models. However, this paper will focus on the transformative mediation
model and will argue that if this model is used in an immigration context and is
successful, this will help transform the parties’ attitude towards the dispute. This
paper will argue that, through the use of the transformative intercultural mediation
model, mediation has the capacity to engender transformative effects that benefit
the parties and that for mediation to give rise to such transformative effects, the
mediator’s approach and philosophy must seek to achieve recognition and
empowerment. It is arguable that recognition arises when, as a result of
acknowledging each other’s views and feelings, the parties become more sensitive
to each other’s needs. In other words, empowerment promotes the freedom of the
parties to consider the case carefully and to then determine their course.
This paper is based on research that solicited the views of practising mediators.
Therefore, this paper is based on empirical research with data analysed from
questionnaires and interviews. Once the questionnaires were collected, interviews
were organised with fifteen mediators who gave their opinion on the
transformative mediation model. Their identities are kept confidential so numbers
will be assigned to each mediator. The collected data was analysed using thematic
analysis. Thematic analysis is a method for identifying, analysing and reporting
patterns (themes) within data. Thematic analysis was used in this research, with the
aid of the NVivo 11 software, to analyse quantitative and qualitative information
and to systematically gain knowledge and understanding of the transformative
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mediation model. Thematic analysis was used as a way to gain an accurate and deep
understanding from the data gathered.
1108 Retrieving the Solidarity Pillar: Reframing the future of the EU’s free
movement of persons from empowering historical legacies
Cristina Blanco Sío-López
This paper critically analyses the relevant role of the European Parliament (EP)’s
debates in the consolidation of solidarity approaches to a key policy at the core of
fundamental rights decision-making: The EU’s free movement of persons. More
particularly, this contributions looks at the role, actions and discourses of
fundamental players at the European Parliament (EP) articulating differential
resilient responses to evolving crises of human mobility rights since the inception
of the Schengen Area in 1985. These contributions constitute, indeed, inspiring
new points of departure to reframe the essential role of the solidarity principle
when articulating migration policies around the respect to fundamental rights and
freedoms. Furthermore, this paper aims to recover empowering historical critiques
towards the socalled ‘Schengen Laboratory’ which could be relevant today to find
inclusive ways of responding to the asylum and migration external dimension
challenges currently being posed with regards to the EU’s free movement of
persons. This enquiry on EP sources is based on archival research at the Historical
Archives of the EU in Florence, at the Historical Archives of the EP in
Luxembourg and at the EP Research Services. These sources also include a large
set of Oral History interviews conducted with key decision-makers at the European
institutions comprising discursive utterances on ways of influencing the dynamics
resulting from introducing a ‘solidarity’ and a fundamental rights element within
the EU’s ‘free movement of persons’ policy-making.
410 Private International Law and Migration: Insights from a Brazilian approach
Laís Silva Lopes Tavares, Marilda Rosado de Sá Ribeiro, Luís Renato Vedovato
Private International Law shows an important potential to contribute to global
migration governance, considering its methodologies and techniques.
Furthermore, there is an evident connection between both fields, considering that
international migration entails private international law issues, such as recognition
of foreign documents, legal status of individuals, among others. International
cooperation, particularly, reveals important relevance in this regard, when taking
into account a multilateral global framework in which countries of origin and
destination would assume responsibilities, consult and cooperate on a regular basis.
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An administrative cooperation between Central Authorities, for example, could
upgrade the migration governance to a more efficient level.
In order to accomplish an important background for future ways out of the
migration crisis of the contemporary Era, this article aims to survey the recent
developments of the Brazilian approach in regard to migration. Most specifically,
a specific case is scrutinised: the “Welcome Operation” project (Operação
Acolhida). The initiative, initially conceived as an answer to the substantial number
of refugees and migrants coming from Venezuela, is a coalition between the
military force, governmental bodies, international organisations, NGOs, private
parties and the civil society. With the analysis of its contradictions and positive
aspects, it is aimed to analyse and illustrate what can be expected from the possible
cooperation between Central Authorities in regard to migration.
363 Enviromental Refugees and the 1951 refugee convention
AlBaraa Quradi
This paper argues that the 1951 convention should protect environmental refugees.
This paper incorporates evidence from the literature and case laws on
"environmental refugees" to discuss the recognition of environmental refugees
under the 1951 refugee convention using a desk literature review method. It argues
that Environmental refugees fulfill the criteria of the 1951 refugee convention of
who falls under its protection. Furthermore, this notion is supported by the 1951
refugee convention concept of non-refoulment and the related case laws testifying
for this argument.
11B Education and Skilled Migration V2
Chair: Lan Lo, University of Nottingham, UK
350 Testimonios as decolonizing tools in EFL teacher education programs to
promote reflection and action
Irasema Mora Pablo
Testimonio as a research methodology has been described as a “verbal journey of
a witness who speaks to reveal the racial, classed, gendered, and nativist injustices
they have suffered as a means of healing, empowerment, and advocacy for a more
humane present and future” (Pérez Huber, 2009, p. 644). This presentation offers
perspectives to help applied linguistics researchers and teacher trainers think
through the intersections of different domains of analysis when it comes to the
study of experiences, emotions, power, and conflict that return migrants and
transnationals experience as they face relocation in Mexico or as they move across
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borders between Mexico and the United States. Based on narrative data from
central Mexico, the data show evidence on how the learning experiences, values,
and linguistic capital of these youths become the subject of mockery,
discrimination, and rupture inside learning spaces.
Using a decolonizing lens, I strive to create awareness to rethink learning spaces
for understanding and learning from diverse methods of cooperating and
interacting in the educational space. The aim is to challenge the notion of education
as a process of knowledge transmission; to give way to new forms of knowledge
construction anchored in multiculturalism and the interplay of knowledge derived
from emotional engagement and action (Ghosh & Galczynski, 2014; Hargreaves,
2003). Participants in this study shared their experiences on returning to Mexico,
moving between both countries and engaging in language learning and teaching.
Their bilingualism does not meet the social requirements of the educational
communities on either side of the border. As these returnees and transnationals
engage in English as a Foreign Language Teaching Education Programs
(EFLTEPs) and become student-teachers, they are in a relevant position to reflect
and consider new ways to approach students who have similar traits. While
EFLTEPs have been around for years, not all have opened to critical conversations
regarding the consideration of thinking, feeling, and acting characteristics. In
looking at these experiences through the lens of testimonios we can help at
validating and re-signifying the knowledge(s) and linguistic practices of returnees
and transnationals in the context of their professional training.
References
Ghosh, R. & Galczynski, M. (2014). Redefining multicultural education: inclusion and the
right to be different. Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Hargreaves, A. (2003). Teaching in the knowledge society: education in the age of
insecurity. Teachers College Press.
Pérez Huber, L. (2009). Disrupting apartheid of knowledge: Testimonio as methodology
in
Latina/o critical race research in education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in
Education, 22(6), 639-654.
334 Creating a Bilingual Digital Game-Based Learning Platform for Teaching
Refugee Children Middle-School Science
Mythili Menon and JaeHwan Byun
Introduction
A truly inclusive and accessible educational system caters to a wide variety of
learners. Considering the large influx of refugee students, the U.S. educational
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system, which is traditionally a “one-size-fits-all” model, needs to adapt to the
changing needs of new learners and provide support for their differences. Refugee
children often experience disruptions in schooling and overcome limitations and
barriers to adjust to the new educational system in their new yet foreign home.
With the goal of providing equitable educational access to all, we launched a project
called ‘Project Education for All’ by creating the ‘Center for Educational
Technologies to Assist Refugee Learners’ in October 2020. After collecting
information through a needs-assessment survey, we built an innovative, digital
game-based learning platform called ‘Gorilla Bay’ for refugee middle school
children. This platform, built in Unreal Game Engine has both a desktop version
as well as apps for both Apple and Android platforms. The game is built to
supplement middle school science curriculum and the modules are created using
the state’s Science Standards and the Next Generation Science Standards, as well
as the State Department of Education’s English Language Arts and Literacy
Common Core Standards. The game is currently being beta-tested in Kiswahili for
refugee children from Africa in the public school system.
Gorilla Bay- Digital Game-Based Learning Platform
Gorilla Bay is a role-playing game designed for students to learn the science content
embedded in the game by navigating the game area and interacting with Non-
Playing Characters (NPCs). The main objective of the game is to take pictures of
various objects corresponding to the module (such as planets in space, organs in
the human body, etc.) while exploring game environments after receiving requests
from Dr. Kayembe, the primary NPC who guides them through the game.
Methodology
The beta testing and focus group interviews are currently ongoing and is expected
to be complete before the start of the conference. All student participants tested
are in the Newcomer Program. The Newcomer program is a specially designed
initiative for newly arrived immigrants, refugees, and English second language
learners to help them transition to a new country, new school, and new language.
In total, 60 students in the Newcomer Program (30 Kiswahili-speaking refugee
students and 30 other language-speaking refugee students, immigrants, and English
learners) will participate in focus group interviews and beta testing. In addition, 30
parent participants in total will beta test the platform and participate in focus group
interviews (In Kiswahili or English). Four teachers in total will be participate in the
beta testing and the focus group interviews in person at the school. All interviews
will be recorded.
Conclusion
The results of beta-testing the digital game-based platform as well as the focus
group interviews can inform government policymakers, educators, and
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humanitarian and resettlement agencies on the importance of providing additional
educational resources to improve educational outcomes in the refugee community,
and aid in improving and prioritizing refugee childrens’ educational needs.
515 The Importance of Intercultural Competence of Educators: Non-EU
Lecturers in Baltic States
Vaiva Chockevičiūtė and Karin Kuimet
The migration context in Baltic states changed significantly during the last few
years. In a relation to hybrid attack from Belarus, 2021, and War in Ukraine, 2022,
non-European migrants' numbers rose. Therefore, a discussion of intercultural
competence in Higher Education settings takes on a new level of relevance.
Due to resent migrant crisis on the Border with Belarus, the Law on the Legal
Status of Foreigners was amended to make it easier for non-European students
and researchers to look for work in Lithuania (EMN, Country Factsheet, 2022). In
2021 after COVID-19 restrictions were removed, the number of international
students from third countries increased 102% in Estonia (EMN Annual Report,
2021).
Studies show correlation between ability to adapt to diverse cultural contexts
directly affecting both performance and satisfaction (Henderson, Stackman and
Lindekilde, 2018). Such an ability should be developed and maintained at all levels
of Educational Settings. A study of Immigrant parents in Lithuania shows several
challenges towards inclusive education, such as: the lack of preparedness of
teachers to work with culturally diverse groups; ethnocentric approach in teaching;
lack of culturally diverse teaching content (Simoniukštytė and Chockevičiūtė,
2021). From the perspective of inclusive education, a teacher dealing with cultural
differences needs to maintain a balance between respect for students’ cultural
identity and equal opportunities for every student (Simoniukštytė and
Chockevičiūtė, 2022).
The research aims to supplement the data collected for the research the importance
of intercultural communication competence of educators in multicultural
classroom. One of the research's limitations was the lack of intercontinental and
racial diversity between focus group participants. Assuming the experience might
differ between EU and Non-EU lecturers, the decision was made to collect
additional data with the help of qualitative in-depth interviews.
The data of 4 in-depth interviews allowed to supplement the data of Focus group
research with the insights from non-EU lecturers' perspective, revealing issues
faced by lecturers and students arriving in the Baltic states. The findings supported
the need of integrational assistance for the international personnel, while additional
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efforts towards non-EU lecturers’ and students' integration should be made,
considering possible cultural shock and other individual challenges. Culturally
aware environment and consistency in intercultural competence development
creates better international career opportunities and local integration prospects for
students and lecturers.
References
European Migration Network (2022). EMN Country Factsheet. Lithuania 2021. Available
at: EMN_factsheet2021_LT.pdf .
European Migration Network (2021). EMN Annual Report on Migration and Asylum
2021. National Report Estonia. Available at: arm2021_estonia.pdf (europa.eu).
Henderson, L.S., Stackman, E.W., Lindekilde, R. (2018). Why cultural intelligence matters
on global project teams. International Journal of Project Management 36. P. 954– 967.
Simoniukštytė, A., Chockevičiūtė, V. (2021). Inclusive Education from The Perspective of
Immigrant Parents: The Lithuanian Case. The Migration Conference 2021.
Transnational Press London. P. 84-85.
Simoniukštytė, A., Chockevičiūtė, V. (2022). Competences Needed for an Inclusive
Teacher. The perspective of Roma and Refugee Parents Living in Lithuania.
Reimagining Parenthood in Diverse Contexts. University of Malta. P. 99-125.
11C Remittances and Development V1
Chair: Deniz Yetkin Aker, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Turkey
236 Remittances, Healthcare and Education in Morocco: A Micro Econometric
Analysis
Boutaina Idrissi, Sara Kawkaba, Ezzrari Abdeljaouad
Morocco's current population is about 37 million with an estimated of 5.4 million
Moroccan nationals living abroad[1] 80% of which are settled in Europe mainly in
France, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. More recently, a growing
number of Moroccan migrants have settled in Canada and the U.S. Among
migrants from Maghreb countries, Moroccans living abroad are those who transfer
the most of their revenues to the country of origin[2]. Remittances are an important
source of revenue for Moroccan economy and play a key role in adjusting
Morocco's balance of payments. During the last decade, remittances represented
up to 7% of Morocco's GDP, amounting US$7 billion per year. During 2022,
remittances registered a new peak, attaining US$9 billion[3].
This paper aims to address the following question: Do remittances from Moroccan
migrants allow households remaining in the country of origin to meet their social
needs?
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A heightened interest in understanding the remitting practices of migrants and their
impact on a variety of socioeconomic aspects such as healthcare and education has
emerged as remittances flows to developing countries have risen substantially over
the last decades.
From Migrants perspectives, there are various reasons for remitting, ranging from
consumption smoothing and target saving to altruism and insurance purposes
(Amuedo-Dorantes et al. 2005). Similarly, there are a number of uses for
remittances among which are daily living expenses, paying back loans, investing in
education, paying for health expenses, funding a new business or building
residential and nonresidential structures.
Compared to empirical work, Hanson, G. H., & Woodruff, C. (2003), proves that
remittances may have both positive and negative effects on the education
attainment of school age children, there may be differential effects by gender of
the children.
Another interesting finding can be highlighted through the work of Mawuena, K.,
Okey, M. K. N., Pelenguei, E., & Kafando, B. (2022). The authors present in their
article the results of a study on the impact of remittances from migrants on the
health expenditure of recipient in Togo by using the propensity score-matching
model and data from the 2015 Unified Questionnaire of Core Indicators of Well-
being survey. The results show that remittances have a positive impact on the use
of public health services.
This paper uses an econometric model to assess the impact of remittances on
consumption in Morocco, based on the National Survey on Household
Consumption and Expenditure (ENCDM) of 2013-2014 or the most updated one
(2018-2019) conducted by The High Commissioner for Planning if it is available.
In this paper, the propensity score matching method (Rosenbaum and Rubin,
1983) was used as a key instrument. It consists of associating each household that
received remittances from a Moroccan living abroad with a household that did not
receive remittances but that has similar demographic and socio-economic
characteristics. This second sample serves as a comparison group. Matching is
based on the estimation of propensity scores, using a Probit model (default). The
variable to be explained is binary: if the household receives remittances and
otherwise (control group household).
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142 Social remittances from Gulf: Impact on different dimensions of autonomy
of the non-migrant wives in Kerala
Mohd Imran Khan
The inflow of financial remittances has continuously been assessed as a significant
channel through which migration contributes to alleviating poverty, aiding job
creation and improving overall socio-economic conditions in the origin countries.
However, the financial aspect of remittances has dominated migration research.
The study of the non-economic dimension of remittances remains relatively
limited. Migrants send financial remittances and act as a transfer channel for social
remittances such as social norms, health practices, educational systems and political
structure from the host country to the country of origin. Social remittances are
"ideas, behaviour, identities and social capital that flow from receiving to sending
countries". Social remittances are broadly categorized into norms, practices,
identities and social capital (Levit, 1998; 2001). Apart from these, there are other
references to non-economic remittances, such as the transfer of technology by
return migrants, often in the form of tacit knowledge and political remittances,
including the transfer of political identities and ideologies from the host to the
migrant-sending country.
In the Kerala context, few studies have examined the impact of social remittances.
Studies have found that Emigration can strengthen religious identities (Osella and
Osella, 2007) and have an effect on religious practices (Oommen, 2016);
Emigration affects public provisioning (Bhavnani & Peters, 2015) and the
education and Autonomy of non-migrant women (Osella and Osella 2000). Also,
it creates morbidity differentials between emigrants and non-emigrant wives (Ali
et al., 2017).
This study examines the impact of migration and remittances on women
empowerment taking the case of women whose husbands have migrated to the
Gulf. As the previous literature suggested, women's Autonomy is higher in
emigrant households than the non-emigrant households. Autonomy can be pure
because of the absence of the husband or a household head and not the changes
in gender norms. We will distinguish the existence of social remittances by
categorizing the women whose husbands are currently abroad to those whose
husbands have returned to their households. Another significant departure from
the current literature is that instead of taking the remittance amount or remittance
as binary variables, which is a usual norm for examining the impact of remittances,
we are focusing on the patterned remittances, i.e., the frequency of remittances,
which seems to have a significant effect on the receiving households as evidenced
by the recent literature in left-behind women's Autonomy in taking health-related
decisions (Green, Sharon H., et al. 2019). We use the gender module of the Kerala
Migration Survey conducted at the Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum,
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for 2016 and 2018 for our analysis. We take a sample of married women living in
nuclear families and compare across three categories – whose husbands are
emigrants, husbands are return emigrants, and husbands have never migrated. We
consider six types of Autonomy to analyze multiple dimensions of women's
empowerment: economic participation, financial Autonomy, Participation in
household decision-making, Autonomy in mobility, Autonomy in health decisions,
and Reproductive Autonomy.
23 A Quantitative Analysis on the Effect of Remittances on the Socio-
Economic Development of Return Migrants
Sarbani Thakur, Kailash Chandra Das, Tushar Dakua
This research is based on the Middle Ganga Plain (MGP region) which
encompasses 37 districts of Bihar and 27 districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh and
covers an area of 144409 square kilometres. Migrants send remittances in form of
cash or kind to their households. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact
of these remittances on the socio-economic development of the household of
return migrants as perceived by them. The data reveals that more than 57 percent
of the households from the MGP region have at least one member who had
migrated for economic purposes and 7% of these households have return migrants.
We take up a quantitative approach, by initially checking the internal validity of the
Perceptive statements using Cronbach’s Alpha and then develop an ‘Impact Score’
based on these perceptions of the Return Migrants regarding their social and
economic development. We then employ, Ordinal Logistic regression and infer
that remittance utilization in which field have a significant association with the
Impact Score. We see that, nearly 30 percent of return migrants feel that they may
migrate again and two-thirds would encourage their children to migrate. This study
would help us to know the level of satisfaction and degree of upliftment in the
lifestyle and socioeconomic characteristics, based on various determinants, among
the return migrants in the MGP region of India.
Keywords: Remittances, Return migrants, Socio-economic development, Middle
Ganga Plain, Quantitative Analysis
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11D Youth, Children and Families V2
Chair: Almudena Macías León, University of Malaga, Spain
1 Culture of migration and aspiration of youth in Kerala
Sulaiman KM
Context: Kerala, one of the prominent spots of international emigration, depicts
historical migration trends and the development of a stable migration stream
towards Persian Gulf countries and other developed countries. The widespread
diffusion of this migration also affects those without any direct links to migrants
and the community. The study intends to go beyond the conventional emphasis
on the economic benefits of migration and remittances and investigate the effects
of migration and social remittances on status relations at home and the youth who
live in a culture where migration is a crucial part, how their future decisions are
shaped by the cultural consensus related to migration.
Objectives: The collective aim of this study was to understand if there is a culture
of migration in the Kerala community. Further, how the young Keralites perceive,
represent and interact with the significant factors of the culture of migration
influenced the migration from Kerala to Gulf for over three decades. In the end,
there is a need to derive a definition for the concept of culture of migration that
can be applied in the context of Kerala.
Data and Methodology: The study used the anthropological demographic method.
Anthropological demography is an empirical research approach that includes a mix
of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The study used the primary data
collected during 2019-20 from Calicut, Kerala. In a quantitative survey, students
from six colleges in the study area, three from each professional and non-
professional course, were selected, and 491 respondents were interviewed. For the
qualitative study, urban and rural areas were selected from the same district; from
this chosen small study area, 43 open-ended interviews were conducted among
potential migrants, migrants and non-migrants using respondent-driven sampling.
Key informant interviews were also conducted with different community leaders
and travel agents. The qualitative data is used narratively to understand the
presence of the culture of migration. Relevant bivariate and multivariate techniques
were applied to analyse quantitative data in the context of the study's objectives.
Findings and Conclusion: The summary of this study will be that Kerala has a
culture of migration; more than four decades of migration from Kerala to the Gulf
induced changes to the local culture in a way that motivates and facilitates further
migration. Even though many youths find migration a potential life choice, they
are more aware of the pros and cons of migrating. Youth have a sense of hope that
if they find a suitable job in their native land, they can build their life in Kerala. The
study explained that in Kerala, migration is considered a potential life choice that
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can help the person to have meaningful employment, Support children's education
and live a middle-class lifestyle. The culture of migration in Kerala can be described
as “the migration was widespread based on the history of movements, this
migration history and previous migratory experiences influenced the cultural
perception and values, which buttress the celebration of migration and migrants.
Migration decision-making became an everyday experience for individuals, and
migration became a dignified life choice for households and individuals to attain
economic and social well-being.” The culture of migration in Kerala is a product
of historical migration patterns and experiences, which developed a cultural
scenario where migration is treated as a day-to-day activity. Migration became a
socially accepted and economically feasible way for people who want to meet
household and community expectations.
503 Adolescents' decision to migrate following parental labour migration.
Questions of agency, opportunities, and constraints
Georgiana Udrea and Gabriela Guiu
In recent years, the migration of temporary labour, whether skilled or unskilled,
has led to one of the most dramatic population shifts in Eastern Europe. Countries
such as Romania, Ukraine and Poland have some of the largest migrant
populations in the region (McAuliffe & Triandafyllidou, 2021) and the current
Russian-Ukrainian conflict seems to further deepen existing migration trends and
flows. Our paper focuses on the Romanian diaspora, which exploded when the
borders of the Romanian labour force were opened (Beciu, Ciocea, Mădroane &
Cârlan, 2018) and explores the consequences of parental migration on adolescents
left at home.One of the major consequences of the massive out-migration of
Romanians is that a significant percentage of children have grown up without the
irreplaceable support of their parents (Iancu, 2013; Onu, Pop, Chiriacescu, Preda
& Roman, 2019). According to official statistics, the total number of children
whose parents work abroad is estimated at between tens of thousands (National
Authority for the Protection of the Rights of the Child and Adoption, 2021) and
hundreds of thousands (Save the Children Romania, 2020; Toth, Toth, Voicu &
Ștefănescu, 2007). Most of these children live in regions with high unemployment
rates, especially in the north-east and south-west of the country and most come
from rural areas (Bălțeanu, Moldoveanu, Ichim, & Dobrescu). Based on these
realities and hypothesising that work migration inevitably leads to multiple changes
that affect families’ lifestyle, life quality, communication, relationships, etc., our
study discusses some of the main transformations generated by parental migration
from the adolescents’ own standpoint. This perspective is less common in the
Romanian academic literature, which tends to devote more attention to migrant
narratives than to the perceptions and experiences of the children left behind. Our
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focus is on the teenagers’ capacity to self-educate and organise themselves to
perform well at school and in everyday activities following parental migration –
young people’s agency, which is less studied in Romania. We also investigate on
their future career plans and their intentions to migrate.To understand adolescents’
perceptions of both the benefits and risks of belonging to a transnational family,
we conducted in-depth interviews with 21 adolescents aged 16–18 years from rural
Oltenia, a region in south-western Romania that ranks second in statistics on the
places of origin of left-behind children. Results show that the parental out-
migration can trigger positive outcomes for our participants, who tend to show a
high level of learning agency and a mature and responsible attitude towards school.
Taking their studies seriously means both a better career path and a chance to re-
pay the sacrifices their parents made. Asked about their future plans, with very few
exceptions, respondents said that they want to live, study and work in Romania
and dream of the moment when their families will be reunited. Thus, in addition
to making the reality of these adolescents better known, our approach provides
information that can be turned into policy solutions aimed at improving their life
quality.
445 Approach to the situation of Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Spain
Almudena Macías León
Spain is one of the countries with the most significant influx of immigrants and,
specifically, of Unaccompanied migrant children (hereafter, UAMC). The UAMC
numbers have increased considerably in recent years. The arrival of these children
is constant, especially in the Canary Islands and Andalusia, as well as the
Autonomous Cities of Ceuta and Melilla, having experienced a sharp increase in
recent years. This group has become one of the priority groups for intervention
within the child protection system in Spain.
Most are male, come from Morocco, and are accommodated in regionally-managed
state reception centers across the country in Andalusia, Melilla, Catalonia, the
Basque Country, and Madrid. However, there are increasing reports of children
who are not in shelters and find themselves destitute on the streets or in informal
accommodations.
Despite the low volume they represent within our country's total number of
entries, minors constitute a particularly vulnerable group. The insufficiency of
protection services or the shortage of training itineraries and voluntary
abandonment of protection services would be the leading causes of vulnerability
of this group. This voluntary abandonment of services means that in many of these
cases, the whereabouts of these minors are unknown.
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In this work, we will approach the situation of this population in Spain. First, we
will approach the volume and sociodemographic profile of this population.
Secondly, we will analyze the legal resources and procedures of the child protection
system to deal with these minors. Finally, we will analyze the vulnerable factors of
this population.
205 From Left-behind Children to Low-skilled Youth Labor Migrants: chain
migration within the kinship networks in Do Thanh Commune (Yen Thanh
District of Nghe An Province of Vietnam)
Thi Van Cao and Thuy Linh Nguyen
Since the 1990s, and even before that, the low-skilled Vietnamese in Do Thanh
Commune (Yen Thanh District, Nghe An Province of Vietnam), which was once
a poor commune, has now become “a billionaire village” in the eyes of Vietnamese
people, have found ways to work abroad and they have now formed several large
family lineages in the overseas countries. The continually growing number of
Vietnamese migrant workers raises important concerns about the living
environment of the left-behind children. Existing literature (Hoang et. al. 2012,
2014, 2015; Yeoh et.al. 2012; Lam et.al. 2013) are mainly concerned with how to
ensure the lives of these people, not being shed light on their attitudes and
reactions to the labor migration in their hometown. Drawing on about 200 surveys
and 20 in-depth interviews with Vietnamese return migrants and their family
members in Do Thanh Commune, this paper first examines the kinship networks,
particularly the various ways the networks are expected to assist Vietnamese left-
behind children during their transnational migration processes. Vietnamese youths
migrate at a young age by taking the different advantages of their kinship networks
to facilitate their chain migratory endeavors. They regard these networks as not just
the source of information and practical support but also the guarantees for their
migration and work in labor-receiving countries. The “chain migration” has
enhanced the likelihood of successful migration and settlement in the destination
countries, left a belief that the labor migration is inevitable for a better life. The
paper also provides deep insights into the way migration choices are often made
by Vietnamese youths in a village of Central Vietnam and, at the same time,
underscores the effects of their migration choice.
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11E Insecurities and Migration V1
Chair: Afzalur Rahman, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
239 Migrants, the State and Human Trafficking in Trinidad and Tobago
Andel Andrew and Lue Anda Francis-Blackman
The United States Department of State’s 2022 Trafficking in Persons report on
human trafficking in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) triggered a surge of media
reports from local media houses on human trafficking in T&T. The opportunity
has not been missed by political parties and public figures alleging the existence of
human trafficking and pointing fingers at each other about secrecy, lies, cover ups,
non-disclosure, and involvement. The common denominator in all of this has been
migrants at the centre of human trafficking in T&T with claims of Venezuela and
Dominican Republic female migrants being exploited and forced into prostitution.
Such a context provides the impetus for this study as human trafficking is evolving
in T&T and further it calls into question state capacity. State capacity speaks to
state efficiency and state capabilities. It speaks to the ability of the state institutions
to operate effectively. While in T&T the anti-trafficking legislation exists and there
also exist public bodies such as the Ministry of National Security and the Counter-
Trafficking Unit, the question which guides this research remains: How does state
capacity affect the ability of the state to address human trafficking in T&T? To
answer this question, this study examines the bureaucratic quality of the Counter-
Trafficking Unit at addressing Human Trafficking. The study also assesses the
Anti-Trafficking legislation of T&T at being equipped to address the current wave
of human trafficking in T&T. As such, in exploring the issue of state capacity and
human trafficking. This study will take the form of a qualitative research design
through the use of semi-structured interviews. Given the nature and sensitivity of
this study the snowballing technique would be utilized.
192 The Old Route is New Again: Female Migrant Journeys from The Gambia
to the Canary Islands
Catherine Conrad
Although the Gambia is the smallest country on the African continent, per capita,
it ranks among the highest contributors of irregular migrants. This paper presents
the results of ethnographic field work undertaken in the Gambia, West Africa
during the period 2018 through 2022. Narratives from the Atlantic migration route
between West Africa and the Canary Islands are discussed in an effort to better
understand the return to this dangerous route. Female migrant journeys have been
largely neglected in the literature of the Gambia, and yet women are increasingly
attempting irregular migration routes in the context of local understandings of
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chances of success in seeking asylum. Particular attention will be placed on the
impacts of climate change as a contributing factor to migration decisions. Bettering
the understanding of the connections between desire, motives, actions and
deprivations will allow us to consider more meaningful ways to support West
African mobility.
461 New Trend, Illegal Migration from Turkey to the USA
Emrah Cengiz
United States’ southern border has been witnessing a record increase in illegal
entrance of Turkish citizens. According to the border patrol agents, during the
2022 fiscal year, 15.445 Turkish citizens entered the country illegally through the
US-Mexican border, particularly through the border crossing at El Paso. Although
it has not gotten much attention in media and academic studies mainly because
there are other nationalities constituting higher numbers of migrants entering US
illegally such as Mexicans, Venezuelans, Nicaraguans and several others, the rate
of increase in the number of Turkish citizens entering the United States illegally is
alarming. While the main reasons of the high numbers of people migrating from
Erdogan’s Turkey seem to be the general insatiateness regarding economic and
political problems, substandard working conditions, underdeveloped fundamental
human rights protection system and other deficiencies in the country, United
States’ prestigious image in the world, decent working conditions, strong economy
and promising future can be counted among the main reasons that migrants prefer
it as destination country. The surprising rise of Turkish citizens choosing Mexico
as a transit country to enter the States is allegedly attributed to the transnational
criminal organizations’ connections to Turkey. The dire circumstances Turkish
people experience and their endeavor to somehow “get out of Turkey” plays into
the hands of cartels. This study aims to point out this multilateral phenomenon
and to elaborate the reasons behind migrants’ choosing United States as destination
country.
346 Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Mental Health Challenges and Risk Factors
Selen Subaşı and Klára Tarkó
The Syrian conflict has resulted in a major humanitarian crisis, with millions of
people seeking refuge in neighboring countries. Among these countries, Turkey
has the largest number of Syrian refugees, with more than 3.6 million individuals
residing in the country. However, many refugees struggle with psychological
consequences related to their displacement.In an effort to understand the mental
state of Syrian refugees in Turkey, identify potential symptoms of mental health
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disorders, and assess demographic and psychosocial factors associated with
increased risk, a survey was conducted among 250 participants using the Mental
State Questionnaire. The results revealed that 71% of the participants were either
“vulnerable” (39.5%) or “endangered” (30.8%), while 28% were classified as
“mentally healthy.” The analysis found no significant differences in mental health
status based on age. However, females were found to be more likely to be classified
as mentally vulnerable. Marital status did not show any strong association with
mental health status. On the other hand, higher education levels were linked to a
lower risk of being classified as mentally vulnerable or endangered.These findings
highlight the need for interventions and support programs targeting refugees who
are classified as mentally vulnerable or endangered, especially females who appear
to be at a higher risk. Addressing mental health concerns could have a significant
impact on the overall well-being, productivity, and quality of life of refugees and
society as a whole. Future research should explore the relationship between gender
and mental health to identify potential contributing factors.
11F Migration Governance V1
Chair: Ana Vila-Freyer, Universidad Latina de México, Mexico
228 Managing Mobility Dangers and Irregular Migration from Africa to Europe:
The Role of Migration Governance
Adedeji Oso
The continent of Africa is facing a multitude of political and socioeconomic
challenges such as poor leadership, poverty, bad governance, lack of job
opportunities, and insecurity. As a result, many Africans are leaving their homeland
for Europe in search of better opportunities. While some adhere to legal migration
regulations, others migrate irregularly due to bad advice, defiance, inducement,
frustration, desperation, or personal decision. Meanwhile, the irregular migration
of many African migrants to Europe has resulted in predatory and security-
threatening conditions, including death, drowning, rape, abduction, and forced
labour. Ironically, while much attention is being given to the security dynamics of
the irregular journey, only a little attention has been given to the institutions
involved in the accountability of migration in Africa, found in national, regional,
and continental spaces; to realize the efforts they have deployed to deter or reduce
these crises, including the successes and failures therein. This paper aims to fill this
gap in the literature and develop strategies, policies, or approaches for addressing
irregular migration through an effective migration governance model. In the end,
the study relies on relevant theoretical and conceptual frameworks to bridge the
gap and promote migration safety and accountability regarding migration from
Africa to Europe.
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Keywords: Mobility Dangers; Irregular Migration; Migration Governance
106 Tunisian ‘Escapees’- Sub-Saharan ‘Invaders’: Tunisian Media Discourse(s)
on Crimmigration
Amal Hlioui
Tunisia has long been conceptualized as a sending country for immigrant workers/
illegalized harraga . Yet, after the 2011 political upheaval, a new variable was thrust
onto the Tunisian migratory equation with the entry of thousands of sub-Saharans
to Tunisia. Subsequently, migration occupied an important space in mediated
debates after the so-called ‘Revolution’ and the media discourse swayed between
myopia and problematization. Indeed, media attention shifted towards ‘irregular’
sub-Saharans with a rhetoric of fight against deviation. This manufactured
‘illegality’ and their construction as “potential criminals” blurred the lines between
migration/ criminal laws, leading to crimmigration.
This study hinges on three gaps in existing literature: (i) absence of research on
crimmigration in the Tunisian context, (ii) scarcity of systematic investigations of
Tunisian media discourse on immigrants and (iii) the almost exclusively economic
and ethnographic perspectives of sub-Saharan migration in Tunisia. Research failed
to ruminate on sub-Saharans' reception and representation in their host society.
Indeed, this article proposes to examine Tunisian media discourse(s) on
crimmigration by scrutinizing the representations of Tunisian emigrants and sub-
Saharan immigrants in Tunisian news and contrasting the discursive strategies used
to crimmigrate them. Finally, it aims to understand whether the media discourse(s)
around these two groups are convergent or divergent and if they reflect the overall
social perception of Tunisian emigrants as ‘escapees’ and sub-Saharan immigrants
as ‘invaders’.
The corpus consists of news pieces published between 2019 and 2020. Data
collection was done through systematic media monitoring of Tunisian media
outlets, using key words pertaining to migration. The finished syndicated corpus is
categorized, translated, then coded according to crimmigration thematic headings
and the relevant discursive strategies. Building on crimmigration theory as
advanced by Stumpf (2006) and adapted by Kmak (2018), the study adopts a
Discourse-Historical Approach. The analysis follows a mixed-method and two-
level design, cross-referencing the discourse topics with discursive strategies used
for each group.
The quantitative/ qualitative findings yielded unforeseen answers to the research
questions. Against odds, most news reporting addresses crimmigration as a fallacy
and criticizes it rather than adopts it. The media’s crimmigration rhetoric revolves
around “harga”, rather than illicit immigration. This shatters assumptions that
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Tunisian media are fixating on sub-Saharan ‘infiltrations’ to Tunisia. Indeed, most
news pieces tackling “harga” involving Tunisians and Sub-Saharans treat both
groups similarly and use the same legitimation, nomination, argumentation
discursive strategies. The indistinguishable use of “illegal” and “irregular” in the
same pieces is indicative of the absence of ideological drive and a terminological
confusion on the part of journalists. For instance, a news briefing dated December
16, 2020, titled “Ministry of Defense: 51 Africans caught while Surreptitiously
crossing the borders”, in the Arabic version of Business News uses both terms
throughout the article, interchangeably. This lexical confusion is also displayed in
the paradoxical headlines which use incongruous terms, crimmigrating and
legitimating migrants at the same time. It is worth noting that words like
“interception” or “arrestations” often occur in the same headline as “rescue” or
“victims”.
466 Old wine in New Bottle? Old Wine in new bottle? Migrants, Discipline and
Surveillance in the New Workplaces: A Global South Perspective
Sumeetha Mokkil Maruthur
The world of work is changing at a pace we could never imagine before.
Historically, technology has of course altered the organisation and structure of
work. Today we are in the midst of a new wave of Industry 4.0 often termed as
the Fourth Industrial Revolution that is eroding many jobs and creating new ones
demanding re-skilling and training of the workforce. The work-life line is now too
fluid that to transcend it and to encounter it every day is a challenge. Global South
migration can be seen as two different streams of migration- South -South
Migration and South North migration. More than 40 per cent of all international
migrants worldwide in 2019 (112 million) were born in Asia, primarily originating
from India (the largest country of origin), China, and South Asian countries such
as Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan (IOM, 2019:26). When the new work
structure requires a revamping of the shop floor dynamics changes in technology
and surveillance becomes pivotal. Structures to discipline migrants and control
them are devised in new workplaces too.Workers in many workplaces are
monitored by using wearables-like wristbands that monitor their stress levels and
time of work. In the context of industry 4.0 it would be important to explore how
new surveillance mechanisms are actually implemented. When AI dominated
technology is used, it can result in polarisation of jobs, with highly skilled and low
skilled jobs dominating and middle skills almos disappearing, the position of
migrant workers and the precarity it will add to their work life has to be observed.
While international mobility of capital is often desired, nation states shy away from
discussing international mobility of labour. In the growth of industry 4.0, this work
proposes to analyse the new technological revolution, surveillance and unabated
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flow of international migration. The entire discourse of labour process analysis
throws up interesting questions as to the organisation of work and the
incorporation of new groups of workers into the workshop. Worker resistance or
class- consciousness have challenged the structural constraints in all workplaces.
The formal subordination of labour coupled with the real subordination of labour
(Marx, 1976), with the dominance of technology, result in capital’s control to be
elusive in the workplace. Resistance to capital structures and responses of the
workers reiterate workers’ agency in the workplace.In this paper I would like to
take forward the new developments in segmentation theories, take it as a base for
analyzing the changes in the shop floor dynamics when technological disruption is
the norm. Technology promotes highly skilled workers and may even wipe out jobs
that require manual labour. The argument put forward is that despite use of
sophisticated technology, when it comes to controlling migrant workers- diverse
forms of surveillance and discipling mechanisms are adopted. Thus control still
remains as an inveitable tool to define power relations in the workplace.
210 For every action, and equal reaction? The two paths guiding the (re)making
of the North American Migratory System
Ana Vila-Freyer
In the 1990s, Mexico first recognized itself as a transit country, along with its
traditional expelling migrants’ tradition. Thirty years later, the country is emerging
as a country of settlement (Giorguli, García, & Masferrer, 2016; Cruz Piñeiro &
Hernandez Lopez, 2021). The Mexican approach of migration management cannot
be understood outside the path (North, 1990) adopted by the United States since
1993, when the Clinton administration launched Operation Blockade and began
the construction of the border wall. By the 2020s, the presence of Central
American migrants trying to reach the US had surpassed that of Mexicans, giving
rise to a process of reshaping of a centennial migratory system, until then centered
on Mexico and the United States (París-Pombo, 2016; Durand, 2016). Mexico has
adopted a pragmatic strategy to adapt to the pressures exerted by the United States
and by grassroots migrant protection organizations (Vila-Freyer & Estrada Lozano,
2021). Both strategies frame migrant agency to challenge states and transborder
migration management in a context of criminalization and illegalization.
11G Migration and Social Integration V2
Chair: Apostolos G. Papadopoulos, Harokopio University, Greece
475 Problematising the migration-wellbeing nexus in rural Greece in unequal
times
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Apostolos G. Papadopoulos and Loukia-Maria Fratsea
In the last thirty years, Greece has changed from a country of emigration to one of
immigration. During this period, international migration flows contributed to new
socio-economic realities in the country, both in rural and urban areas. The
economic recession starting in 2008 and the related austerity measures affected
both the size, net migration and labour market integration of migrants in Greece,
while in 2015 the economic crisis in the country coincided with the recent
migration/refugee crisis.This paper draws on empirical research conducted as part
of the IMAJINE H2020 project to examine the multiple mobilities and their links
with actual and perceived social and spatial inequalities found in both urban (Attica
region) and rural areas of Greece (Western Greece region). In Western Greece, we
conducted 59 qualitative semi-structured interviews between 2017 and 2020 with
different (non)migrant groups such as Romanian migrants, Syrian refugees, internal
migrants in Western Greece, and the local population, while we conducted a
follow-up in 2022. Interviews were combined with ethnographic observation in
both research areas, and interviews with stakeholders and key informants (i.e.,
policy makers, NGO representatives, farmers, and local authorities) at the national
and local levels were used to triangulate the information obtained from the
interviews. The aim of our study is to discuss the changing conditions and
challenges posed by newly arriving migrants and refugees in rural areas of Greece,
as well as the views of local people on the impact of new arrivals in their rural areas.
The empirical analysis problematizes the changing linkages that emerge between
migrants and refugees and the economy, society, and culture in rural host areas. In
this context, we reflect on the conceptualizations of rurality and well-being among
different populations and contrast the challenges associated with well-being with
the different mobilities that exist in rural and urban areas in Greece.
1124 Repopulating small towns by international migration: a mutual interest
relationship?
Michela C. Pellicani
The picture of Italy, in particular in the last ten years, is a demographic black hole.
The micro-towns (less than 500 inhabitants), more than others, are losing on
average 11.6% of their population; the towns with 500-1,000 inhabitants 9.0% and
the towns with 1,000-3,000 inhabitants 7.0% 1 (ISTAT, 2022). Following the
ISTAT projections, this trend will even intensify in the next years compromising
the cultural identity and the sustainability of fundamental social services like
education, health, etc. Southern Italy is particularly affected by this phenomenon
induced by a consistent drop of births combined with a resurge of important levels
of young adults’ emigration. In such a scenario, our questions are: “Could this trend
be reversed?”; “By which strategies?”; “Considering the population ageing and the
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depopulation of small-medium towns on one hand and the numerous problems
related to the integration process of the migrants on the other hand, could it be
possible to trigger a positive trade off of mutual interest?” The entrepreneurial
dimension of the small towns, as a matter of fact, is more oriented to the local
know how and the prevalence of the crafts and agricultural activities is positively
correlated to the territorial peripherality. At the same time, a large number of
immigrants are characterised by an important know how for crafts and agriculture
activities associated with high entrepreneurial skills. Basing on these attitudes and
competences, a possible path to explore is, therefore, to promote immigrant’ active
integration policies to repopulate and revitalise small and medium towns through
the development of new enterprises in the crafts and agriculture sectors.
References
ISTAT (2022), La geografia delle aree interne nel 2020: vasti territori tra potenzialità e
debolezze.
22 International Migration, Nigerian Diaspora and Gender-Based Violence in
the Global North: International Migration, Nigerian Diaspora and Gender-
Based Violence in the Global North
Oláyínká Àkànle and Timileyin Asala
The Nigerian diaspora is best understood within the context of intersectionalities
of migration and development. This is largely so because the formation of Nigerian
diaspora, particularly in the global North, is heavily belied by the realities of
international migration for livelihood and socioeconomic survival abroad against
the backdrop of excruciating poverty and underdevelopment at origin. This is why
Nigerian diaspora is one of the most bourgeoning diasporas globally. The
socioeconomic and underdevelopment quagmires of Nigeria continue to propel
Nigerians’ migration up North. Common destinations in the global North among
Nigerian migrants are; United Kingdom (UK), Canada, The United States of
America [U.S.A], Australia and the European Union (EU) for survival and
existential reasons. Of particular interest in the persistently increasing up North
migrations among Nigerians is the booming spousal/family migration strategy
where women sometimes go as advance team to destinations ahead of the men (or
together with their men). Hitherto, migrations were gender selective with men been
mostly migratory while women are left behind. Due to more debilitating harsh
economic realities in Nigeria and more inclusive socioeconomic opportunities in
Northern countries, there are usually role reversals, at destination, where women
often become breadwinners (or equal-breadwinners), have better life-chances and
have more gender/rights protection. These increasingly lead to role conflicts as
well as power imbalances among spouses/couples/family members coming from
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patriarchal sociocultural systems like those of Nigeria and Africa. These
reversals/inversions of roles, life-chances, rights and power dynamics become
drivers of gender-based violence among Nigerians in the global north as gender-
based violence becomes prevalent among Nigerian migrants in the diaspora. This
calls for more studies/papers such as this. This paper, based on qualitative
empirical research conducted in 2022 among Nigerians in the diaspora, therefore,
contributes to intellectual conversations on the intersectionalities of migration and
development and interpersonal/intraspousal gender-based violence in context of
international migration in the global North. The research design used in the
research that informed this paper was exploratory. Data were from primary
insights, autoethnography, primary data and secondary data. This paper offers
original empirical and theoretical findings and experiences through migration and
development and gender-based violence experiences of Nigerian diaspora in the
global North.
281 Intergenerational transmission of domestic violence in refugee families in
Durban, South Africa
Kassa Maksudi and Shanaaz Hoosain
"The World Health Organization (2021) recently reported that 1 in 3 women
worldwide are affected by gender-based violence (GBV). South Africa has gained
notoriety for its high rates of GBV, particularly against women and children,
including domestic violence (DV) (Gouws, 2021). Despite this, less than 20 peer-
reviewed articles have been written about the experiences of refugee women in
South Africa who suffer from DV. Given their refugee status this marginalized and
vulnerable population is disproportionately at risk of violence (PASSOP, 2022).
Consequently, I became curious about the experiences of African refugee women
from war-affected countries, who are often unseen victims of violence, and the
role that women play in DV. Specifically, I focused on how DV is transmitted
intergenerationally within refugee families between mothers and their adult
daughters from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo in Durban, South
Africa. To answer this research question, I conducted a qualitative embedded single
case study inquiry with 30 pairs of mother and adult daughters, consisting of four
focus group discussions with 20 women and 40 semi-structured individual
interviews. The study revealed that refugee women and their adult daughters
face(d) varying degrees of violence within the home, which are attributed to a range
of risk factors, including their refugee status, economic challenges/dependency,
religious misconceptions, poor parent/guardian-child relationships, and adherence
to strict gender norms. The study's aim is to change the way we perceive and
address DV in refugee communities by examining and comprehending DV in
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refugee families in relation to intergenerational transmission as well as by
acknowledging the role of women in violence.
17:00 END OF DAY THREE SESSIONS
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Day Four 26 August 2023 Saturday
Day Four 26 August 2023 - 09:30-11:00
12A Theory and Methods in Migration Studies V1
Chair: Ruchi Singh, Tata Institute, India
432 A Collaborative Open-Source Migration Research Platform
Jimmy Krozel, Mark Peters, Athina Bikaki, Shaili Dave, Luke Lorentzatos, Ioannis
Kakadiaris
To understand global migration patterns, study scenarios, design effective policies,
address researcher needs, and identify how these needs change over time, accurate,
reliable, and timely migration data are needed [1]. However, migration data are
often inadequately quantified, classified, have spatial or temporal gaps, or are
nonexistent. In this paper, a collaborative, open-source research platform is
introduced to facilitate the gathering of data, studying and analyzing of migration
trends, problems, and concerns. The platform allows for easy access to structured
and unstructured datasets, mathematical and graphical functions for cleansing and
transforming data, computational models, and additional research artifacts.
157 Quality of data on migrants in the Indian Census
Reshmi R S, Ram Bhagat, Shalini Sen
Census provides valuable socio-economic and demographic data which is useful
for the public welfare. Policies based on demographic estimation heavily depend
upon the accuracy of the data and the use of statistical methods employed. Tests
of accuracy on data related to age, headcount and/or vital events help to identify
the underlying deficiencies in the datasets used. There have been studies focused
on accuracy and adequacy of census data. However, there are only a few studies
which evaluate the data of migration including its characteristics. The present
paper, based on data on migrants collected from census of India, focuses on the
quality of data on age and duration of residence of migrants. The study uses the
migration data from Census of India during the years 1991, 2001 2011. The analysis
will focus on the quality of age reporting and duration of stay and how the quality
of data has changed over the last three decades and also how it varies among sex
and place of residence. Further, detailed analysis will be carried out state-wise to
show the pattern of digit preference in age and duration of stay.
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15 Highland-Lowland Interaction in Mountain Regions: A Study of Changing
Patterns among Bhotiya Tribes of Garhwal Himalaya
Saurav Kumar
Highland-lowland interaction amongst the Bhotiya tribes is a centuries-old
tradition and practice. They have two dwellings – highland and lowland. During
the winter when the highland areas are covered with huge snow, the Bhotiya
migrate to their valley dwellings and during the summer, they migrate to the
highlands with their animals for grazing. Recently, the trend of highland-lowland
interaction is changing, mainly declining. This study examines the changing
highland-lowland interaction amongst the Bhotiya tribes. A case study of eight
villages was conducted and a total of 292 households in all villages were surveyed.
We have noticed that the practice of highland-lowland interaction has decreased
by 55% during the last two decades. A village has been abandoned. There were a
total of 662 households living in the highland villages in 2001, which has reduced
to 292 households in 2021. The occupational structure of the people has
transformed. Earlier, their main occupation was practicing agriculture and rearing
livestock mainly, goats and sheep. Now, only a few households are practicing them
and most of the Bhotiyas are working in tertiary activities. This study suggests that
the traditional practices of agriculture and livestock rearing can be revived by
increasing infrastructural facilities – transportation, education, markets, and
employment. The role of the state government and local people is noteworthy to
conserve the traditional practices of highland-lowland interaction.
1114 Impact of Machine Learning based Data Imputation on the Prediction and
Classification Performance of Refugee Modeling Dataset
Kazi Tanvir Islam, Esther Mead, Nitin Agarwal
As part of the continuous effort to improve our global refugee prediction and
classification models, this work explores the effectiveness of various data
imputation techniques. Our refugee dataset contains 233 countries and territories
with 27 predictive features/columns. Global peace index (gpi), corruption
perception index (cpi), discrimination and violence against minorities (dvam), and
freedom of religion (fr) are some essential features of the dataset. However, the
dataset contains a significant number of missing values. The feature column with
the lowest missing values has 18%, while the highest has 60% missing values. This
study was inspired by our existing research [1].
Data imputation is a common way to deal with the missing value problem where
the missing values get substituted through statistical or machine learning
techniques [2]. The simplest way to handle this problem is to ignore the missing
values. However, this technique is ineffective when the amount of missing value is
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significant [3]. Jerez et al. [2010] stated that machine learning imputation
techniques are usually much more flexible than the standard statistical models and
can capture higher-order interactions between the data, which results in better
predictions [4]. Khosla el. Al [5] utilized mean, median, and linear regression on
a Cardiovascular Health Study dataset. Among the imputation methods, Linear
Regression gave the smallest RMSD (Root Mean Square Deviation) and MAD
(Mean Absolute Deviation) values, which suggested that it achieved the highest
imputation accuracy [5].
In this research, we have utilized four machine learning (stochastic regression,
deterministic regression, KNN, and missForest) and three traditional data
imputation techniques (mean, median & mode). To begin with, we generated seven
separate datasets using the mentioned imputation techniques. Later, we performed
feature importance analysis using Pearson’s correlation technique to determine the
imputation techniques' impact on the imputed dataset and validated the result using
multicollinearity analysis. The in-depth analysis of feature importance &
multicollinearity is out of the scope of this article. Therefore, we will include that
in our final full paper. In the concluding step, we determined the prediction and
classification performance of the imputed datasets and compared the result with
the original dataset (with all the missing values removed). Figure 1 and Figure 2
exhibit the comparison of regression and classification performance
correspondingly.
The regression and classification performance confirms the effectiveness of data
imputation. Stochastic regression, the best-performing imputation method,
achieves 88% adjusted R-squared value in linear regression, while the original
dataset achieves only 55%. In classification, the best performing KNN imputation
achieves 90% accuracy, while the original dataset yields 80% accuracy.
Consequently, in both cases, the rest of the imputation datasets have performed
significantly better than the original dataset.
Any machine learning model's performance greatly depends on the dataset's
quality. A dataset with huge potential descends into a useless dataset due to the
missing value problem. Our study confirms that machine learning-based data
imputation can significantly improve a dataset’s quality, yielding better prediction
and classification performance.
Acknowledgment
This research is funded in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OIA-
1946391, OIA-1920920, IIS-1636933, ACI-1429160, and IIS-1110868), U.S.
Office of Naval Research (N00014-10-1-0091, N00014-14-1-0489, N00014-15-P-
1187, N00014-16-1-2016, N00014-16-1-2412, N00014-17-1-2675, N00014-17-1-
2605, N68335-19-C-0359, N00014-19-1-2336, N68335-20-C-0540, N00014-21-1-
2121, N00014-21-1-2765, N00014-22-1-2318), U.S. Air Force Research (FA9550-
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22-1-0332), U.S. Army Research Office (W911NF-20-1-0262, W911NF-16-1-
0189), U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W31P4Q-17-C-0059),
Arkansas Research Alliance, the Jerry L. Maulden/Entergy Endowment at the
University of Arkansas at Little Rock, and the Australian Department of Defense
Strategic Policy Grants Program (SPGP) (award number: 2020-106-094). Any
opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are
those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding
organizations. The researchers gratefully acknowledge the support.
References
Mead, E., Islam, K. T., & Agarwal, N. (2022, December). EXPERIMENTATION WITH
DATA IMPUTATION METHODS TO IMPROVE REFUGEE REGRESSION
AND CLASSIFICATION PREDICTION MODELS. In The Migration Conference
2022 Selected Papers (Vol. 23, p. 111). Transnational Press London.
Abidin, N. Z., Ismail, A. R., & Emran, N. A., (2018), PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS FOR MISSING VALUE IMPUTATION.
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 9(6).
Aljuaid, T., Sasi, S., (2016), PROPER IMPUTATION TECHNIQUES FOR MISSING
VALUES IN DATA SETS. 2016 International Conference on Data Science and
Engineering (ICDSE), pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ICDSE.2016.7823957.
Jerez, J. M., Molina, I., García-Laencina, P. J., Alba, E., Ribelles, N., Martín, M., & Franco,
L., (2010), MISSING DATA IMPUTATION USING STATISTICAL AND
MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN A REAL BREAST CANCER PROBLEM.
Artificial intelligence in medicine, 50(2), 105-115.
Khosla, A., Cao, Y., Lin, C. C. Y., Chiu, H. K., Hu, J., & Lee, H., (2010), AN
INTEGRATED MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH TO STROKE
PREDICTION. Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference on
Knowledge discovery and data mining (pp. 183-192).
12B Insecurities and Migration V2
Chair: Afzalur Rahman, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
168 Exploring Two Categories of Ukrainian War Refugees Abroad, and Their
Common Way to the Sure Victory of Ukraine
Oksana Koshulko
The abstract presents the preliminary results of the last 9 years of research on
refugeeism and asylum-seeking of Ukrainian war refugees abroad, in Turkey,
Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, and Ireland during 2014-2023.
First war refugees from Crimea have been meeting by the author in Istanbul,
Turkey, in 2014, after starting the occupation of Crimea by the Russian invaders
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(Aslund, 2018), when they have not been recognized in host countries as refugees
yet. Logically that this research continues today, in 2023, after Russia attempts a
full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
The methodology of the research during these years was qualitative methods of
research, among the methods were case studies; qualitative interviews, such as
semi-structured and in-depth; as well as, fieldwork in the mentioned countries.
The research is extremely important because it united the Ukrainian and the
Crimean Tatar populations, including refugees, into one common nation of the
state of Ukraine (Okean Elzy, 2014). Besides, the research explored two different
ways for the Ukrainian and the Crimean Tatar populations to flee the mainland
part of the country during the attempts of the full-scale invasion in 2022, and the
occupied peninsula during 2014-2023.
In addition, the research showed the efforts of the Ukrainian war refugees in
different host countries in their fight and resistance against Russia, the ‘state
sponsoring terrorism and using terrorist means,’ recognized by the European
Parliament in 2022 (Goleanu, 2022).
Therefore, this study is extremely important and timely for understanding new
approaches to studying two categories of Ukrainian war refugees abroad, the
Ukrainian and the Crimean Tatar, and their common way to the sure victory of
Ukraine.
References
Aslund, A. (2018). Kremlin Aggression in Ukraine: The Price Tag. The Report: The
Atlantic Council of the United States, Second edition, 20 p. Retrieved from
http://surl.li/efwdc
Goleanu, L. (2022). EP recognizes Russia as a state sponsoring terrorism and using terrorist
means. The Renew Europe Group. Retrieved from http://surl.li/etsub
Okean Elzy. (2014). Coldly (In Ukrainian). ATR. Retrieved from http://surl.li/efzrq
371 The hero across borders: the contemporary myth of the migrant-hero
Patricia Posch
The empirical enterprise of collecting biographical accounts of migrants over the
last few years have led to an unexpected likeness regarding the arrangement of
happenings and the meaning that migrating and being an e/immigrant has to
migrants themselves and the collectives. Despite the richness in detail and the
singularity of each account, the tone underlying the narratives is very similar: they
are stories of courage, strangeness, negotiation, resilience and perseverance. But
what is this thread that sews the diversity of contemporary migration experiences
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as a part of a broader common sense? This fundamental question guided the
development of the study presented in this essay. Having the case of Brazilian
migration to Portugal in recent years as a starting point, it stresses the existence, in
contemporary times, of a myth of the “migrant-hero” that shapes migration
narratives to its structure and meanings. The theoretical ground of this proposition
includes a review of archetypes theory as in Jung (1959), with a special attention to
the archetype of the Hero, followed by an elucidation of the concept and
mechanisms of operation of the myth as seen in Barthes (1957/1993). The idea is
further developed in a re-reading of the cosmogonic cycle of the hero’s adventure,
detailed by Campbell (1949/2004), which corresponds to the main
phenomenological events in each of the phases of the said journey. Each of these
stages is accompanied by the corresponding situations and contexts in the
migratory process and in the experience of the migrant person in the light of the
literature available in this disciplinary field, in order to draw parallels and
similarities. The intersection of this theoretical repertoire with the empirical studies
of migrations allowed us to understand the broad applicability of the myth in the
case of international migrations, besides providing evidence of how this
intertwining can take place. Based on this study, some generic conclusions could
be traced. First, despite the space-time and causal specificity of each migratory
experience, it is observed the validity of the hypothesis of the existence, in
contemporary times, of a myth of the migrant-hero. Second, the myth transcends
cultural boundaries, and consequently, individually and collectively shapes the
perceptions about migrants and their experiences of migration at different
junctures. Finally, by not operating at a conscious level, but rather silently and
(sometimes) unintentionally, it can be recognizable through all sorts of
manifestations of subjectivity, such as verbal or visual narratives. Although it is
impossible to limit all the diversity contained in migratory experiences to the myth
of the migrant-hero, its identification and the understanding of its mechanisms of
influence on individual experiences and socially shared discourses are of
immeasurable value to bring to light the invisible subjectivities and structures that
influence representations of the experience of migrating. Moreover, by bringing to
light a force that signifies, it allows a more comprehensive look at the narratives
of/about migrants, leading to a gain of consciousness that contributes to
sociocultural individual and collective empowerment.
181 A Risk Taken to Serve the Decision: Challenges of the journey of the
Irregular Sub-Saharan African Migrants
Siham Soulaimi
Unpleasant experiences can make people consider changes in their lives to find
more pleasant ones. Sub-Saharan African migrants had compelling reasons to flee
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their home countries and embark on perilous journeys. In order to get to their
destination, most of them arranged with smugglers and used irregular and
unauthorized routes. Europe has become a difficult destination due to strict
migration policies and border controls, making Morocco an immigration country.
Sub-Saharan irregular migration is full of challenges that might cause a delay for
the migrants, announcing a death sentence for many others. Our research study is
dedicated to uncovering the driving forces that push Sub-Saharan African migrants
to choose dangerous, off-the-beaten-path routes, as well as how these routes are
fraught with dangers.
379 Rohingya Refugees’ perilous journey from Myanmar to Southeast Asia and
South Asia: An assessment through criminalization approach
Afzalur Rahman
This study explores the approach of host countries towards irregular migrants
leveling them as a criminal. Furthermore, the adoption of such an approach to deal
with the movers exacerbates the insecurity of the migrants. Thus, it fails to
represent the actual scenario of the movers. For the present paper, the case of
Rohingyas' movement from Myanmar to Southeast Asia and South Asia due to
persecution has been assessed by using mixed research methods with taking field
data. In particular, the lives and living of Rohingyas who are living in Bangladesh
have been evaluated as a case study to know the perception of the host and their
experience. Rohingya is one of the most persecuted ethnic minorities in the world.
They are living in various South Asian and Southeast Asian countries for a better
life. However, host countries like Bangladesh frame them as a criminal who is
responsible for creating social unrest. As a result, the root causes of the movement
of Rohingyas can’t be understood always. Additionally, the host community
considers the movement of the Rohingyas in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, and
Indonesia as a security threat to their society. In a nutshell, the discourse of seeing
through a criminalization and insecurity lens would be a new perspective to know
the real scenario.
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12D Göç Çalışmaları V2
Chair: Betül Dilara Şeker, Van Yuzuncuyil University, Turkey
408 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye Depremleri Sonrası Yaşanan Deprem Göçü
Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Çalışma
Senem Gürkan ve Erkan Perşembe
Migration is a phenomenon that is experienced in many geographies and for
various reasons and has some sociological consequences. Migration, which has
increased especially as a result of globalization, may take place due to many reasons
such as wars, natural disasters, marriage, health, and may sometimes be compulsory
and/or on demand. This study aims to present a sociological research on the
earthquake migration experienced by the individuals who experienced the 2023
Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquakes. In this context, within the scope of the
qualitative research, in-depth interviews will be conducted with 40 individuals who
migrated to Samsun and sociological inferences will be made by applying content
analysis on the data set. The results of the study will be presented during the
conference presentation.
453 Türkiye'de Deprem ve Göç İlişkisi: Deprem Özelinde Göç
Sibel Terzioğlu
Asırlardır tarihin çeşitli dönemlerinde gerek zorunlu gerek gönüllü olarak Türkiye
coğrafyası birçok göçü bünyesinde barındırmıştır. Bu durumun kilit noktası
stratejik konumu nedeniyle Türkiye’nin bir tampon bölge olması ve göç rotalarının
geçişinde olması ile açıklanabilir. Göç olgusu yıllarda teknoloji ve değişen dünya
dinamikleriyle küreselleşme kavramını da kapsayarak yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır.
Dolayısıyla beşeri ve sosyal faktörlerin akabinde farklı dünya dinamikleri ve
sorunların da eklenmesiyle Türkiye’de ve dünyada dönüşen şartlar neticesinde göç
politikaları yeniden gözden geçirilmelidir. Tarihte birçok dezavantajlı kesim vardır
fakat trajik ve olumsuz sonuç doğuran en önemli konulardan biri de zorunlu göçler
ile beraber yer değiştiren göçmenler olmuştur. Zorunlu göç her ne kadar devlet
politikaları ile iyi yönetilmeye çalışılsa da beraberinde birçok sorun getirmektedir.
Bu durumlar yaşanırken ülkelerin dünyada aynı zamanda beşeri faktörler ve mücbir
sebeplerden dolayı; siyasi endişe ve korkular, hane halkı yoksulluğu, gün geçtikçe
artan kıtlık, sel ve deprem afet durumları söz konusudur. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma
doğal afet gibi yıkıcı etkileri olan; maddi manevi büyük kayıplara neden olan deprem
gerçeği sonrası ortaya çıkan deprem göç olgusu özelinde ele alınmıştır.
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Yapılan çalışmanın amacı 2023 Şubat ayında maddi manevi büyük yıkımlara neden
olan tüm dünya basınında günlerce yer alan 7.7 ve 7.6 büyüklüğünde Türkiye’nin
10 ilinde ciddi kayıplara neden olan deprem sonrası değerlendirmeler göz önünde
bulundurmak olmuştur.M‘Asrın felaketi’ olarak nitelendirilen deprem olgusu
sonrası maddi ,manevi, sosyoekonomik etkileri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.
Akabinde göçün yaratmış olduğu etkiler ve doğal afet durumlarında kriz
yönetiminin psikolojik ve sosyal boyutu, süreçte yapılması gerekenler, sürecin etkin
yönetilmesinde dezavantajlı gruplardan biri olan göçmen kesime yönelik tespitlerde
bulunmaya çalışmak hedeflenmiştir. Ortaya koyduğumuz çalışma yerel nitelikte bir
araştırma olmakla beraber deprem gibi büyük yıkımlara neden olan durumlarda
uluslararası çalışmaları da ilgilendirmesi bağlamında büyük önem arz etmektedir.
Özellikle deprem kuşağında yer alan Türkiye ve diğer ülkelerin deprem
akabindegerçekleşecek olan iç ve dış göçlerin yaşanmasıyla nüfus hareketliliğine
hazır olması,yaşanabilecek krizlerin sağlıklı yönetilebilmesi, göç politikalarının
nitelikli geliştirilmesi bağlamında literatüre katkı sağlanacağı hedeflenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Göç; Deprem; İç göç
Kaynakça
AFAD (2023). https://www.afad.gov.tr/, Erişim tarihi:14.03.2023.
İÇDUYGU, A., SİRKECİ, İ. (1999). “Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiye’sinde Göç
Hareketleri”, 75 Yılda Köylerden Şehirlere, Editör Oya Baydar, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı
Yayınları, s.249-268.
YENER, S. (1977). “1965-70 Döneminde İllerarası Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri”,
Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı
WILLIAMS, A., PATTERSON G. (1998). “An Empire Lost but a Province Gained: A
Cohort Analysis of British International Retirement in Algarve”, International Journal
of Population Geography, 4, 135-155.
505 Understanding the Attitudes towards Refugees among the Residents of
Izmir, Turkey
Betül Dilara Şeker and Ibrahim Sirkeci
Different groups live together in society. Today, human movements continue to
increase for various reasons. Cultural contacts and changes experienced after
migration are essential for newcomers and host people/groups. Refugees face
different challenges in the host country. The increasing number of people fleeing
war, conflict or other forms of danger requires more knowledge and effort to
understand the social integration of these groups and the cultural conditions they
face. Individuals have identities to guide themselves and their actions in daily life.
Social identity theory makes it easier to understand the factors that affect
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individuals' behaviour in groups and classifies them as "they" and "us" through
social categorization. Refugees differ from host group members because of their
cultural backgrounds and traumatic experiences.
Individuals emphasize similarities with ingroup members and focus on differences
with outgroup members. In social categorization, the host group may feel negative
emotions (prejudice) and hostility towards outgroup members, such as anxiety and
uncertainty. They may tend to act accordingly (discrimination). Intergroup
relations are shaped depending on the perceived balance between the welfare of
the refugees and their own welfare by the host group members. From the
perspective of host groups, immigrants/refugees are agents of change and
uncertainty. Refugees are seen as either passive, needy, and victims or unstable and
dangerous, although host groups often have guaranteed rights related to refugee
groups. However, it is known that these perspectives are not static and are shaped
according to the context. In social categorization, perceived realistic and symbolic
threats to refugees can lead to prejudices. Different studies show that symbolic and
realistic threats about outgroup refugees create a basis for prejudices. For this
reason, the study was designed to reveal the attitudes of host group members
toward refugees.
The study aims to examine the attitudes of host group members living in İzmir
towards refugees. There are quantitative studies that reveal the attitudes of host
groups towards refugees in general and towards Syrian refugees in particular.
However, it has been observed that qualitative studies on this subject are limited.
The study aims to reveal the participants' attitudes towards the refugee groups that
come to mind first, without specifying any refugee group. Twenty-seven people
living in Izmir, a host group member, participated in the study. Twelve of the
participants were women, and fifteen were men. Participants are between the ages
of 19-61. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants. The
data were evaluated in the research with thematic analysis, which can summarize
the basic features and allow flexible and rich descriptions. As a result of the study,
the prejudices of the host participants in the context of perceived symbolic and
realistic threats were revealed. The study evaluates which groups the host
participants perceive in the refugee concept and their positive and negative
attitudes towards those groups. In addition, it is thought that describing the
prejudices against refugees will contribute positively to the host and refugee
groups' mutual adaptation processes and policies in the long run.
255 Beklenen İstanbul Depremi Özelinde Teknoloji: Görüntü İşleme ve Yapay
Zekâ Algoritmaları Adaptasyonu
Enis Çetin
We find it very difficult to understand and describe the Kahramanmaraş
earthquake disaster that shook the society deeply. On the second day of the
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earthquake, we, as the Esenyurt Youth movement, participated in the aid campaign
and formed a team with our friends to distribute them to the earthquake zone.
What happened there wasn't a disaster, it was total apocalypse. The earthquake is
not a new thing, but when we consider the destructiveness of the earthquake,
which is recorded in history as the Kahramanmaraş earthquake, as well as the
number of people affected and the breadth of geography (Eda Esma
EYÜBAGİL1, 2023), and the human error factor that causes it, we face terrible
facts. What's going on here with technology could be overcome.
12E Migration and Integration V1
Chair: Venera Tomaselli, University of Catania, Italy
384 Extra-European Immigration by Media in EU Public Opinion
Venera Tomaselli and Rossana Sampugnaro
Media affect public opinion on crucial current issues.
Which media mainly distress the public attitudes towards no-European
immigration?
In different research fields, the scientific findings of many studies do not agree on
the role performed by different media.
To address the research question of the present study, legacy (TV, press, and radio)
and new media (website and online social networks) are considered in order to
evaluate their relationship with the EU citizens’ attitudes towards immigration. The
legacy media, indeed, have characterized the communication until the advent of
the digital platform, while the new media have changed the equilibrium of the
media ecosystem. So, the use of legacy and new media could differently affect EU
citizens’ attitudes towards immigrants from outside EU.
By the data analysis of latest 3 Eurobarometer waves from 2019 to 2021, EU
citizens' opinion on no-European immigration is investigated by estimating
multilevel statistical models with the aim of explaining whether new and legacy
media differently affect EU public opinion on immigration issues.
The estimation of the parameters of the models reveals significant implications for
media communication skills affecting the European citizens’ opinion about non-
European immigration.
The main findings point out that the use of legacy media rather than new media
shows a similar impact on the European public opinion especially when the
migration crisis becomes very serious. When the level of immigration is low, the
use of legacy media implies not so negative opinions on no-European immigrants.
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The new media use, on the other hand, performs a rather negative opinion,
especially when the number of immigrants increases.
30 Refugees Integration in Greece and Italy (2010 -2020): A Comparison Study
Dimitrios Georgiadis
Europe is facing the largest population movement since World War II. This is
expected to continue in the future as people escape from armed conflicts, extreme
poverty, lack of human rights and climate changes. The aim of the presentation is
to present a comparative overview of recent policy developments in the reception
and integration of refugees in Greece and Italy, two transit countries which have
recently had to face unexpected and unprecedented arrivals of asylum seekers and
migrants at their borders.
These countries strongly differ from main destination countries, due to their more
difficult economic and labor market conditions, and weaker institutional capacities
for labor market integration. The focus of the analysis is on the policy reactions
between 2010 and 2020, progress achieved and main challenges with a view to
integration of refugees including changes in perceptions of key stakeholders,
political actors and society.
Our research is based on a review of the literature and a survey of refugees who
have been living in Greece and Italy for the last ten years. In the context of this
work, we examine the difficulties of integration into Greek and Italian society.
310 Migration and Radicalization with Violence
Merve Önenli Güven
Migration is a sociological phenomenon in which its central subject is identity. With
the action of migration, the prior identity of an individual turns into an immigrant.
Migration is a process, which starts with the reasons that push the individual to
migrate and composes of the migration conditions and the post-migration
experiences. When the migration is because of mandatory reasons, the main
concern of the immigrant is security. With the arrival of the immigrant to the host
country, perception towards immigrants is shaped by security concerns, as well.
Perceived threats of the immigrants and towards immigrants lead to extremism on
both sides.
Especially, the conditions of the migrants in the host country can lead to radicalism
processes starting with the ideology that turns into the motivation to use violence
in order to represent the radical ideology. This radicalization process with violence,
especially the conditions of the refugee camps, which are thought to be temporary
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for the immigrants prepares the structure for the radicalization with violence. The
conditions of the refugee camps for the immigrants such as lack of free movement,
inability to access educational opportunities, economic deficiencies, and lack of
basic physical necessities with the feelings of the loss of identity, alienation,
inferiority complex, and loneliness result with desperation, anger, and frustration
in individual level. This situation also prepares a fertile ground for terrorist groups
to benefit from these situations for the recruitment and dissemination of their
ideologies.
This study aims to reveal the reasons behind the result with a relation between
migration and radicalization with violence by analyzing the conditions of the
refugee camps. Under this purpose, conditions of the refugee camps will be
researched based on common and diverse aspects of these camps in the world.
This research aims to reveal through what conditions lead to vulnerabilities, then
marginalization to extremism, and end with radical violence. This scale from
vulnerability to radical violence will be studied by searching for the parameters of
the refugee camps' physical, security, social and economic conditions, which will
be searched at the open source.
539 Examining the Factors Affecting Cultural Similarity in the Post-Migration
Adaptation Process by Geographical Weighted Regression Method: The
Case of Van Province
Çetin Görür, Bahadır Yüzbaşı, Gökhan Tuncel
Migration can be expressed as the relocation of people from the region where they
live their lives to another region. In this context, while migration can go back to
the history of humanity, it still continues today. The spatial migration of people
does not mean that they will adapt to that region. Since people have different
regional characteristics and backgrounds in many respects such as religion,
language, culture, customs and traditions, migrations should be handled in socio-
cultural terms and regionally. Migration has been in a continuous circulation in the
world from the first ages to this time. People from different cultures interact within
this framework. However, at this point, the fact that immigrants suddenly start
living in a completely different culture together with the cultures they have been
familiar with for years, affects them both psychologically and socio-culturally.
Therefore, the cultural similarity of immigrants with the society they migrated
accelerates the adaptation process. In this study, the factors affecting cultural
similarity in post-migration adaptation processes were examined using Ordinary
Least Squares and Geographically Weighted Regression methods. If the variations
in populations are located in the spatial domain, the Ordinary Least Squares
method may yield unrealistic results because the Ordinary Least Squares method
assumes that all relationships are constant. Geographically Weighted Regression,
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on the other hand, handles behaviors differently according to regions or individuals
and gives results according to these differences. Unlike Ordinary Least Squares
method, Geographical Weighted Regression analysis looks for geographic
differences and looks for spatial variations in the relationship between the
dependent variable and independent variables. Therefore, in this study, it was
aimed to determine the relationship between the benefit of cultural similarity and
independent variables in the post-migration adaptation process and to examine
which of the models used for analysis gave stronger results. At the same time, the
effects and significance of regional variables were analyzed on maps. In this study,
face-to-face surveys were conducted with 440 individuals who immigrated from
the provinces with first and second degree borders to Van, and it was observed
that the Geographical Weighted Regression method gave stronger results than
AICc and R2 values in the analysis results.
12F Wellbeing and Migration V2
Chair: Sadaf Mahmood, Women University Multan, Pakistan
314 Children in the Trauma Trail: From Being Human to Well Being
Surbhi Kumar, Shubhra Seth
The last few decades, have witnessed a quantum increase in the volume of forced
migrations across international borders and internal displacements of people
within the state as a result of civil conflicts and most recently the COVID-19
pandemic, which have caused immense trauma and a considerable need for mental
health and psychosocial support for those affected. Refugees are highly susceptible
to experiencing traumatic events that can be categorised into three phases: before,
during, and after migration (Chen, Hall, Ling, & Renzaho, 2017). Trauma exposure,
in this sense, tends to be cumulative.
In this paper, we trace the experiences of particularly children who have
experienced migration. Forced migration due to conflict or persecution can expose
children to violence, trauma, and loss of family and community, leading to mental
health problems such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). The experience of migration itself, including the journey and resettlement,
can also be stressful and challenging for children, particularly if they face language
and cultural barriers and have to adapt to new environments and social norms.
Moreover, migration can disrupt children's education, social connections, and
access to healthcare, which can have long-term consequences for their
development and future opportunities. Children who migrate may also face
discrimination, stigma, and xenophobia, which can further exacerbate their stress
and trauma.
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The paper further traces the role of social support in mitigating the impact of
trauma and the challenges of providing effective support in the Global South. The
paper also delineates strategies for providing culturally competent, trauma
informed care for children in particular. Using the systemic and interactionist
perspectives, the paper provides a useful model synthesizing two key areas in
migration-induced trauma - children and support.
Reference
Chen, W., Hall, B. J., Ling, L., & Renzaho, A. M. (2017). Pre-migration and post-migration
factors associated with mental health in humanitarian migrants in Australia and the
moderation effect of post-migration stressors: findings from the first wave data of the
BNLA cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(3), 218-229.
400 Overcoming Adversity: An Investigation of Psychological Well-Being
among Syrian Refugees in Turkey
Selen Subaşı
The Syrian conflict has given rise to an immense humanitarian catastrophe,
compelling millions of people to flee their homes and seek asylum in nearby
nations. Out of these countries, Turkey has become the primary host to a vast
number of Syrian refugees, exceeding 3.6 million people. Nevertheless, despite
finding a new home, the psychological toll of displacement and trauma remains a
significant issue for many refugees.This research paper examines the levels of
psychological well-being (PWB) among 253 Syrian refugees in Turkey, ranging in
age from 16 to 62 years (M=32, SD=9.33). The concept of psychological well-
being (PWB) is a positive approach to psychology and emphasizes the promotion
of positive human functioning. It encompasses an individual's overall sense of well-
being and satisfaction with life, consisting of six dimensions: self-acceptance,
positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth,
and purpose in life. These dimensions provide a holistic understanding of an
individual's psychological health and well-being.The findings of the study suggest
that Syrian refugees in Turkey have moderately positive levels of PWB, with self-
acceptance being the highest dimension and positive relations being the lowest.
This highlights the need for interventions aimed at improving social connections
and interpersonal relationships for refugees, as well as addressing individual factors
related to autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, and self-
acceptance.The study also found significant differences in the variance of certain
latent variables across gender, indicating that gender-specific interventions may be
necessary to effectively address the mental health needs of male and female
refugees.Overall, this research highlights the importance of addressing the mental
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health needs of refugees and developing culturally sensitive interventions to
promote their psychological well-being. This is particularly important given the
significant challenges and stressors faced by refugees, including trauma,
displacement, and social isolation, which can impact their mental health and well-
being.
217 Commodified by displacement: the case of Syrian women in Lebanon’s
agricultural sector
Jessy Nassar
Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley, being
the largest refugee host in the country and a prime agricultural zone, the paper
discusses the implications of Syrian displacement on the agricultural workforce
composition and the conditions of refugee-workers on large labour-intensive
holdings. Given their dual positioning as female and as refugees in a context where
labour relations are very much gendered and patriarchal, female refugees have
become easier scapegoats of commodification. Findings reveal that as much as the
post-displacement order has re-asserted pre-existing structures of power and
labour relations, it also crafted new gender dynamics that are continuously shaped
by the evolving reality of forced displacement. By exposing the intricacies of these
dynamics, the research attempts to reconcile the complex relationship between
labour, forced displacement, and gender.
1121 Challenges and Well-being of Pakistani Students: Evidence from Germany
Sadaf Mahmood, Beatrice Knerr, Izhar Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shabbir,
Muhammad Idrees, Uzma Niaz
There is an increasing trend of young people from economically marginalized or
less developed countries studying in higher-income countries for the sake of quality
education which is globally recognized afterward. This trend is observed in
Pakistani students too who are scattered around the world while Germany is the
top destination country rank for accommodating Pakistani students into their
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Pakistani students preferred German
universities because of the quality of education, advanced research, educational
services, and the top nominal tuition fees. Although, there are very few pieces of
literature in which the focus was the situation of Pakistani students in Germany.
Our study is based on the human capital theory by Schultz and Becker as they
stated that the schooling and capabilities of an individual are called human capital
that maximizes their lifetime earnings (Schultz, 1971; Wossmann, 2001). Younger
people are more interested to invest in migration and education as in our case,
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Pakistani young students invested in both than other groups in the interest of better
return on this decision (Becker, 1975; Sjaastad, 1962; Taylor, 2001). This paper
explores the situation and well-being of Pakistani students and the challenges they
face during their stay in Germany and discusses their coping strategies at the same
time expanding their human capital. For this purpose, a questionnaire-based survey
was conducted at different universities in Germany. A total sample of 264
respondents was screened for data analysis and 40% of the total sample was
students. Among them, the ratio of female students remained significantly low.
The data was collected through the face-to-face interview with Pakistani students
enrolled in several universities in Germany, The data was analyzed with the help
of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and STATA. The outcome
reveals that they are satisfied with their quality of educational life in Germany and
their stay in Germany considerably enhances their educational attainments.
Although, their social ties are much stronger within their Pakistani community
rather than with the host community and other nationals. Whereas, their
professional and social bindings to their home country influenced their decision of
going back to Pakistan.
References
Becker, G. (1975). Human Capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special
reference to education, second edition, NBER. 0-226-04109-3, p. 13-44
Becker, G. (1994). “Human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis with special
reference to education”, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. The journal of
political economy, 70(5), 9-49.
Becker, G. S. (1985). Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of
labor economics, 3(1), S33-S58.
Mahmood, S., & Knerr, B. (2015). Asian Students in Germany: Contexts of their Studies,
Living Conditions and Future Plans 2. (Chapter 7: Students from Pakistan Social
relations and human capital formation of Pakistani students in Germany), Volume: 11,
pp. 156-175, Kassel University Press GmbH.
Mahmood, S. (2017). Human capital, occupational status, and social integration of Pakistani
immigrants in Germany: Gender Perspectives, (Vol. 20). Pp. Kassel University press
GmbH.
Mahmood, S., Knerr, B., Khan, I. A., Shabbir, M., & Mahmood, R. (2022). A Gender-
Sensitive Analysis of Social Integration Challenges. Evidence from the Pakistani
Diaspora in Germany. Migration Letters, 19(4), 437-448.
Schultz, T. (1971). Investment in human capital: the role of education and research, free
press, New York, Mac Millan.
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Sjaastad, L. A. (1962). The Costs and Returns of Human Migration, Journal of Political
Economy, 70(1), 80-93
Wossmann L (2001). “Specifying human capital: A review and some extensions”,
KielInstitute of World Economics, [August 2001].
11:00-11:15 BREAK
Day Four 26 August 2023 - 11:15-13:00
13A Migration and Urban Integration V1
Chair: Sahizer Samuk, University of Pisa, Italy
294 Internal Bordering in the Turkish Context: Inferences from Syrians’ housing
process in urban áreas
Ulaş Sunata and Feriha Nazda Güngördü
Borders are not just physical lines of separation between nation-states but also
socially-constructed barriers used in filtering and controlling human mobility,
which proliferates into and outside of the nation-state territory (Yuval-Davis et al.,
2018). Currently, the bordering exercises have become urbanized with the
decentralization of power to local authorities and the everyday barriers that
refugees/migrants face in different aspects of city life (Balibar, 2002; Fauser, 2019).
This study contributes to the border studies literature by unveiling Türkiye’s unique
role in internal bordering, apart from its heavily discussed role in the externalization
of European borders (Stock et. al., 2019; Muftuler-Bac, 2022). Given the ongoing
war in Syria since 2011, Türkiye has hosted 3.7 million Syrians. Most research to
date has extensively focused on Türkiye concerning the macro-level policy-making
and border externalization in the European context. However, the country also fits
in the debates on internal bordering given the following circumstances: (i) The
border control exercises in Türkiye have penetrated into the urban space as no
strict procedures have been implemented at the gates (especially during the open-
door policy of 2011-2016) and as Syrians have dispersed to urban areas in the lack
of concrete settlement policies. (ii) Non-state actors (i.e., realtors, mukhtars) have
remarkably taken over the role of central/local authorities in determining Syrians’
settlement and integration (given the lack of comprehensive policies), which have
resulted in different practices of recognition, control, ordering, and othering.
This study aims to present a snapshot of internal bordering practices that Syrians
face in everyday life in Türkiye, particularly through a neighbourhood-level analysis
focusing on Syrians’ housing experiences and othering/filtering mechanisms in the
housing market. The analysis is based on forty-two semi-structured interviews held
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with Syrian refugees, local authorities, and non-state actors (e.g., NGOs, mukhtars,
and realtors) in Basmane, an inner-city settlement in Izmir attracting Syrians having
different ethnic, socio-economic backgrounds and migration motivations. The
findings suggest that there are two main forms of internal bordering concerning
Syrians’ housing in Basmane: othering and selective engagement/recognition. The
othering mechanisms are based on Turkish-Syrian tension and Syrians’ legal status
in Türkiye, and the ethnic filtering applied by the actors in the local housing market
(where being Syrian Turkmen, Arab or Kurdish affects which houses to be
accessed and under what conditions). Besides being exposed to ethnic
filtering/othering, Syrians are selectively engaged in the housing market by
landlords, realtors, and often mukhtars based on their religion, cultural habits,
political orientation, income, and household size/dynamics. Overall, in the absence
of policies that manage/regulate the settlement and housing process of Syrians,
many non-state actors come into play, and each actor plays a role in Syrians' access
to housing according to their own interests, solidarity preferences, and ethnic and
socio-political background. The type and degree of bordering practices that Syrians
have been exposed to in the housing market depend primarily on their ethnic
background and their negotiations with the actors involved in the housing process.
312 The Cretan Refugees in the Province of Adana
Aslı Emine Çomu
From the middle of the nineteenth century onwards, the Province of Adana had
received a large number of Muslim refugees from different regions and ethnic
backgrounds. Besides their impact on the consolidation of Muslim population in
the province, they contributed to the agricultural development of their settlement
points. One of these groups, Cretan Muslims, also sought refuge in the Ottoman
Empire and some of them were sent to Adana at the end of the century for
settlement. A short while after their arrival, they began to voice their complaints
loudly and bitterly about their living conditions. They also demanded help from
foreign consuls, which was not common among Muslim population. Their act
finally caught the attention of the Porte following various reports from British,
Russian and French consuls. Soon after, it was realized that these credulous
refugees fell victim to a power struggle between the local government and Muslim
notables. The paper will examine this power struggle in the light of the Ottoman
and British primary sources and present the perception and assessment of the
Cretan case in official and consular reports.
386 Reading the Production of Space in Syrian Neighborhoods in Ankara
Damla Isiklilar
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In recent years, new urban codes and new public space practices have emerged
with global changes and urban social movements. While the world is dealing with
the increasing number of refugees crisis that has become one of the biggest
challenges of the 21st century, almost all people are facing significant changes in
the urban environment and especially in Turkey both citizens and “Urban
Refugees” are facing socio-spatial changes. With this effect, numerous different
disciplines have conducted on Syrian refugee crisis. Yet, it is examined that larger
part of these research are oriented towards the outcasts of living within the refugee
camps and there is a need of inquire about the refugees so called “Urban Refugees”
settled in the cities in spite of the expanding significance of this concept. While
urban environments are also affected by this social trend and the struggle for
survival of this new concept, as urban designers, we need to look for answers to
new urban questions and crises from a wider viewpoint in order for this newly
developing agora to have a new social inclusiveness.
In this sense, with the aim of contributing in order to enrich the inadequacy in the
literature, this research focuses on the recent and predicted future socio-spatial
situation and effects of Syrian urban refugees within the cases of specific
neighborhoods such as Onder and Ulubey Neighborhoods, which are called as
Syrian Neighborhoods hereafter, in Ankara, Turkey. In this research, a reading of
the new socio-spatial texture formed in the Syrian urban refugee neighborhoods in
Ankara will be made from a Lefebvrian perspective. The phenomenon of socially
produced space is being reshaped in the context of urban crises that occur in the
neighborhoods, where refugees have settled as a result of forced migration.
Afterall, derived information from the literature review on concept of social space
and refugee movements, and case studies on daily life of refugees in the context of
social spatial practice discussions will be analyzed.
126 Understanding Turkish return migration from Germany
Funda Yildirim
The first migration flow from Turkey to Germany started in the 1960s with the
Bilateral Labor Agreements. Those that went were referred to as Guest Workers
as they were employed only on short-term contracts, and they were expected to
return to their home country after providing the workforce Germany needed.
However, it did not go as planned, and, they started a life there and settled in
Germany1.
According to the German Federal Statistical Office, the total population of
Germany is currently 84,3 million. The total foreign population is almost 11,8
million. 26% of the population has a ‘migration background’ and 12% of the
foreign population is from Turkey. Turkey has still one of the biggest diaspora
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communities in Germany². The presence of the Turkish community in Germany
has now moved away from the concept of guest workers.
Descendants of guest workers, who were born and raised in Germany, and mostly
acquired German citizenship, are settling in Turkey, the motherland of their
ancestors.
It is interesting to understand the second/third-generation migrants’ main
motivations for settling in Turkey. Thus, in this study, I aim to try to categorize the
reasons for return by analyzing pre-return life in Germany, the return decision
process, and life experiences in Turkey after the migration of the Turkish
immigrants who lived in Germany.
Although the issue of return migration has become a hot topic among migration
studies in recent years, it can be argued that there are different factors causing the
second/third generation's return migration, especially as it occurs between
relatively developed countries to less developed countries. Through this study, I
intend to analyze individual reasons for the return decisions of people born and
raised in Germany.
By comparing the quality of life in Germany and Turkey, I will go on using the
indicators which are used by the European Commission to measure the quality of
life such as income, consumption and housing, employment, health, education,
leisure, and social interactions, economic security and physical safety, governance
and basic rights, natural and living environment, life satisfaction3.
The development in the literature on return migration dates to the 1980s, the return
of the post-war labor migrants. If we look at the recent studies on the return
migration of second-generation Turkish migrants; King & Kılıç, in their studies
focusing on the return decisions of Euro - Turks, categorized the reasons for return
as a family decision, a traumatic experience, an escape, and a new start; a project
of self-realization and the attractions of the 'Turkish way of life4. Kunuroglu et al.
analyzed the interview data and narrowed the common reasons into two groups:
those generated from the host country and those generated from Turkey5.
Considering that any decision of migration is a very comprehensive, and multi-
layered issue, it does not seem possible to explain the decision of second/third
generations to settle in their ancestral lands with a single theory. For this reason, I
will similarly classify the main reasons for return as done in the above-mentioned
studies.
13B Wellbeing and Migration V3
Chair: Lan Lo, University of Nottingham, UK
345 The maternity experiences of women seeking asylum, in Australia
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Glenys Frank, Deborah Fox, Nicky Leap
Introduction:
Australia’s harsh immigration policy causes poor mental health for those who have
been held in detention while seeking asylum (Macken 2019). Previous research
indicates that asylum seekers are at high risk of PTSD and depression (Blackmore
et al. 2020), but little research has been carried out looking at asylum-seeking
women’s experiences of engaging with maternity services. This research aimed to
explore the maternity care experiences of women seeking asylum in Australia and
the experiences of the midwives and doulas who cared for them.
Methods:
A feminist lens was appropriate as the research aimed to address the power
imbalances faced by asylum-seeking women engaging with maternity services in
Australia. This is in keeping with feminist research, which aims to give a voice to
marginalised women while addressing inequalities and promoting social change
(Kelly & Gurr 2020).
Phenomenology was used to understand the life worlds of participants. In-depth
semi-structured interviews were conducted with women seeking asylum during
their pregnancy and in the postnatal period in Australia. Midwives and doulas who
care for women seeking asylum were also interviewed about their experiences.
I used the first person in writing the research in order to reflect on how I have
situated myself within the research, including my values, attitudes and opinions.
Findings:
I interviewed 17 midwives and nine doulas based in Australia. In addition, I
interviewed ten women seeking asylum and three undocumented migrants during
their pregnancies and after their babies were born. The women were originally
from Iran, Pakistan and Asia. Professional interpreters were used when required.
Many women spoke of their loneliness and lack of support, without family and
friends in Australia. A key theme was ‘living with uncertainty,’ which included
facing the barriers to accessing maternity care and the barriers to ensuring clear
communication with interpreters. In contrast, support from midwives and doulas
helped women to feel safe and informed, described in terms of ‘sisterhood.’ This
was particularly evident where there was continuity of care.
Midwives were uncertain about asking identifying questions about visa status. They
spoke of making an educated guess based on the woman’s language preference,
year of arrival and country of origin. The recommendation of the Australian
Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care to take a migration history was
not in evidence.
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Conclusion:
The thread of uncertainty for women seeking asylum was woven throughout this
research. Women seeking asylum must be identified in order to understand the
issues they experience during their maternity care and to provide appropriate
support. Policy change is needed to prioritise the needs of asylum-seeking women
in accessing midwifery continuity of care programs and models of care, such as
group antenatal care, that promote social support. The experiences of pregnant
women seeking asylum in Australia has been under-researched, and warrants
increased focus on the development and evaluation of services that address their
individual needs.
76 A comparative study on access to contraceptives and abortion services
among Nepalese migrants in Japan and New York City, USA
Masako Tanaka
Nepalese is rapidly increasing both in Japan and the USA. This study aimed to
identify the gaps in fulfilling their sexual and reproductive health and rights in
destinations where available services differ from their home country. The research
collected data through the online survey and Focus Group Discussions of
Nepalese migrants and key informant interviews with healthcare professionals. The
survey found that a few migrants brought oral contraceptive pills or emergency
contraceptives from Nepal to their destinations. The paper concludes with the
importance of including SRHR in pre-departure training in Nepal and organizing
post-arrival training at their destinations.
Reference
Tanaka Masako 2020 Migrant women and SDGs: Access to sexual and reproductive health
services in Japan, Impact, Volume 2020, Number 9, December 2020, pp. 38-39(2)
https://doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.9.38
407 Implications of male migration on the decision-making and autonomy of
the migrants’ wives: Evidence from Middle Ganga Plain Survey, India
Reshmi R S, Ram Babu Bhagat, Gulshan Kumar, Sumit Narayan Dwivedi
This paper aims to understand the effects of male migration on the decision-
making autonomy of the migrants’ wives. The study setting is Middle Ganga Plain
(MGP), a meso-level physiographic region of the Northern Indo-Gangetic Plains
of India. This region has been the epicenter of distress-led male out-migration as
an adaptive mechanism. The study hypothesizes that the absence of spouses
increases the decision-making autonomy of the migrants’ wives. A cross-sectional
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survey was conducted across 64 districts of MGP using a multi-stage systematic
random sampling technique to develop a holistic understanding of the migration
phenomenon while also assessing the consequences of migration on families’
economic and social well-being. The effective sample size of our study is 2716
women, comprising 1106 migrants’ wives and 1610 non-migrants’ wives. The
dependent variable of our study is decision-making autonomy, derived by utilizing
confirmatory factor analysis. The primary independent variable was the husband’s
migration status, based on which women were categorized as migrants’ wives and
non-migrants’ wives. In this study, descriptive and bivariate statistics have been
performed to determine the summary statistics of decision-making autonomy by
background characteristics across migrants’ and non-migrants’ wives. Pearson’s
Chi-square test was employed while cross-tabulating to examine the significance
level between the decision-making and selected background factors. Further, to
fulfill our prime objective, i.e., to study the association between selected
background factors and decision-making among migrants’ wives, multinomial
logistic regression was conducted and expressed as Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) form.
The male’s migration strongly and positively impacts the migrants’ wives decision-
making autonomy independent of background characteristics. In addition, the
findings suggests that the husband’s migration outside India, Self-help
groups(SHGs) membership are positively associated with migrants’ wives decision-
making autonomy, whereas joint family system shows a negative association.
The husbands’ migration plays a crucial role in enhancing the decision-making and
autonomy of the migrants’ wives. Several factors play a role in affecting the ability
of migrants’ wives to take part in decision-making in the household. There is a
need for more specifically designed and tailored empowerment programs for
migrants’ wives in the MGP to achieve SDG 5, which seeks to ensure gender
equality and empower all women and girls by 2030.
This study has adopted a cross-sectional study design. Thus, the findings may
generate biased estimates of the impact of male migration on women’s decision-
making autonomy because the propensity to migrate may be more in relatively
better-off families than others. Cross-sectional data also incite a question about a
causal relationship. For example, it might be possible that women with high
autonomy may be more likely to encourage their spouses to migrate. A further
longitudinal study and qualitative research are also required to thoroughly explain
the causal influence of male migration on their wives’ autonomy.
102 Immigrants' adaptation strategies in the (post)pandemic reality
Joanna Kulpińska, Katarzyna Górska, Anna Wyrwisz
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The aim of our paper is to analyze the adaptation strategies of immigrants during
and after the COVID-19 pandemic, in a comparative perspective of Poles in the
UK and Germany. Particular attention will be paid to the impact of regulations and
changes in the migration policies of these countries on the extent of immigrants'
adaptation. Thus, an important variable taken into account in the data analysis will
be the conditions existing in the place of migrant settlement and the changes
introduced in their scope as a result of COVID-19, such as, among others,
migration and social policy, labour market and employment conditions, access to
health services, formal and informal institutions, scope of activities of non-
governmental organisations, etc. Differences and similarities will be pointed out
both in relation to the adaptation strategies of immigrant groups, and to the range
of aid activities aimed at these populations: governmental and non-governmental,
and their impact on the aforementioned processes of readaptation in the two
selected countries.
The very notion of immigrant adaptation has already been explored quite
extensively (Berry 1997; Spencer, Cooper 2006.; Castles, Korac, Vasta and
Vertovec 2003.; Bosswick, Heckmann 2006.; Grzymała-Kazłowska 2016).
However, new circumstances have emerged that have not previously been
considered more widely in the context of the immigrant adaptation process -
namely the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (Brzozowski et al. 2020,
Arditis, Laczko 2020, Guadango 2020, Liem et al. 2020).
The pandemic completely changed the reality and functioning of societies almost
all over the world. Subsequent regulations aimed at combating the virus also had
many adverse effects. Among other things, they exacerbated the already existing
inequalities between different social groups, including vulnerable groups such as
immigrants. The inability to return home or, on the contrary, the necessity to leave
the country of emigration, the loss of a job or reduced salary, the lack of or poor
access to information, are just a few of the mentioned by the respondents
consequences of the restrictions introduced as a result of the COVID-19
pandemic. These above-mentioned implications, as it were, made it necessary to
reintegrate into the host society and the new (post)pandemic reality. As part of the
presentation, we will try to answer the question of whether and how the adaptation
processes of the group under study have changed as a result of the COVID-19
pandemic?
The paper will examine how migration policies and the COVID-19 epidemic
restrictions introduced within them affected migrants' adaptation strategies from
the comparative perspective of 2 case studies conducted among Poles in Germany
and the UK. The project is based on both primary (official statistics, reports) and
secondary data: both quantitative (CAWI survey) and qualitative (in-depth
interviews) research. Within our presentation we will outline the changes and
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limitations that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in the adaptation
strategies of immigrants.
537 Unpacking the magnitude and heterogeneity of the impacts of reverse
migration in environmentally vulnerable locations in Bangladesh
Mohammad Kabir
This study focused on the international migrants who came home in the context
of COVID-19 global crises. Due to workplace shutdown amongst few other
reasons, about half a million Bangladeshi workers returned home during 2020-
2022. Abrupt return and associated loss of income affected the migrant families’
food security, social protection and coping mechanism. This study explored return
migrants in Noakhali, one of the top five foreign remittance recipient districts in
Bangladesh. This coastal district is comprised of both low lying mainland and
islands, which are frequently affected by natural hazards such as cyclone, flood and
riverbank erosion. Primary data was collected at two consecutive stages. Firstly, a
spatial distributions of return migrants was identified by local key informants.
Secondly, in depth interviews with identified return migrants and their household
members were conducted. These qualitative interviews investigated the impact of
return migration on the migrant’s life trajectory and the required measures (e.g.,
how informal economies can be a source of resilience in periods of complex crises)
most beneficial for such return migrants at home country. Moreover, how to
extend such components to the migrants voluntarily returning at the end of their
natural migration cycle – was unpacked throughout the empirical fieldwork. The
outcome of this study provides greater nuance on involuntary return migration and
will have implication in other similar contexts.
13C Migration and Integration V2
Chair: Ruchi Singh, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India
65 Assessing the integration of Ukrainian refugees in the Romanian labour
market: Case study: the city of Oradea
Edina Lilla Meszaros
Anyone familiar with the history of Romania regards it mainly as a country of
emigrants and not of immigrants, thus, the problem of integrating refugees hasn’t
been on the top of its national agenda. However, the 2015 refugee crisis, the war
in Ukraine and the still increasing trend in asylum applications have demanded the
reconsideration and reforming of its migration and integration policies.
Accordingly, the current paper is aimed at assessing the level of integration of
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Ukrainian refugees on the Romanian labour market, more specifically in our
hometown, the city of Oradea, since the eruption of the war in February 2022.
After the qualitative analysis of the polls, legislation in vigour and of the
programmes elaborated at national (macro) level facilitating the integration of
Ukrainian refugees, our attention focuses exclusively on evaluating the efficiency
of the policies elaborated at local (micro) level. Local institutions (County Agency
for Employment, Payments and Social Inspection, County Health Insurance
House, Town Hall, Territorial Labour Inspectorate etc.) were requested to provide
specific information that they register about foreigners, in our case Ukrainian
refugees living in the city, about their participation in Romanian language courses,
medical insurance, help for job search, social benefits, child allowances,
unemployment benefits, social housing etc. Corroborated with the data provided
by the local authorities, an online questionnaire distributed among the Ukrainian
refugees living in Oradea by using the method of snowball sampling, offer a
genuine picture about their level of integration in the labour market of Oradea, a
medium sized city in the North-Western part of Romania. The analysed polls and
the acquired data reveal a positive and inclusive approach at both national and local
level concerning refugees from Ukraine, in contrast with the predominantly
negative and exclusive stance registered at country/local level following the debut
of the 2015 refugee crisis upon the arrival of asylum seekers from Africa and the
Middle East. As regards the theoretical framing, while emphasis shall be put on the
structural integration of refugees, namely on their incorporation into the core
institutions of the host society, such as the labour market or the educational system,
Hartmut Esser’s sociological integration theory provides the theoretical backbone
for the study.
222 Experiences of migrant nurses in Japan: Building diversity in workplace
interpersonal relationships
Yoshiyuki Nagaya, Nicola Gillin, David Smith
Objectives
This study aimed (1) to explore the experiences of foreign nurses who had arrived
in Japan under the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA); and (2) to suggest
measures to improve current policies or training schemes at hospitals.
Relevant literature
Although 3.6 per cent of the global population are international migrants (IOM,
2021), approximately 15 per cent of all health-care workers are working outside
their country of birth (WHO, 2022). In OECD countries, the number and
percentage of foreign-trained nurses in the workforce continued to rise throughout
the second decade of the twenty-first century (OECD, 2021). International
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health-care professional relocation, and difficulties in attracting and retaining
health-care professionals, are among several factors impacting upon the quality of
health-care and those who deliver it (WHO, 2016). In Japan, according to the
regulations currently in force, nurses who have been trained overseas and wish to
register for employment must pass the National Nursing Examination (NNE).
First of all, though, these applicants must be assessed for eligibility to take the
examination. This requires them to pass a Japanese language proficiency test and
have nursing qualifications at the same level as their Japanese counterparts
(MHLW, 2022). Less than proficient communication impairs collaboration with
colleagues, which leads to negative outcomes in the provision of safe, efficient, and
high-quality care.
Methods
The research is part of a doctoral study titled ‘Exploring decisions as to whether
to remain or to leave made by Indonesian, Filipino and Vietnamese registered
nurses relocating to Japan under the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA)’.
The research took an inductive qualitative approach, adopting the methodology of
Charmaz’s Constructivist Grounded Theory (2014) as its philosophical
underpinning. The target participants were EPA nurses who had passed the
Japanese National Nursing Examination and were currently or formerly working
in Japan. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, all twenty participants chose to
be interviewed online. Ethical approval for the study was given by Anglia Ruskin
University’s Ethics Committee.
Results
Although this article focuses on workplace interpersonal relationships, the
interviews had explored not only work-related but also non-work-related topics.
In the analysis, problems with workplace interpersonal relationships were
established as one of the main themes. Initial coding derived two sub-categories
from the transcripts: 1) a general tendency for relationships in the workplace to
become unpleasant; and 2) workplace difficulties that affected EPA nurses only.
Conclusions
The findings point to a need for further improvements in the workplace, such as
more generous provision of in-service training, and better opportunities for staff
to socialise with one another, so that migrant nurses encounter fewer difficulties
in their relationships with colleagues.
COI disclosure
There are no entities or relationships, etc. presenting a potential conflict of interest
requiring disclosure in relation to this study.
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440 Chinese Migration to Africa: The Case of Cameroon
Jocelyne Kenne Kenne
Chinese Migration to Africa: The Case of Cameroon
Globalization leads to important mobility and an unprecedented multiplication of
diasporic communities in various centers of the world, making them sites of
“super-diversity” (Vertovec 2007). A bulk of the literature reports the increasing
presence of the Chinese transnational community in Africa in recent decades.
Some scholars even refer to the influx of Chinese on the African continent as a
“Chinese invasion” (see e.g. Abdulai, 2016; Gagliardone, 2019; Insaidoo, 2016;
Ngome, 2007). According to Bodomo (2012), there are about two million Chinese
in Africa. At present, this number would have increased from what it was in 2012
due to China’s foreign policy and development strategy which encourages the
migration of Chinese people out of their country. Similarly, China has been Africa’s
largest trading partner since 2009. China’s position as an important trade and
development partner further consolidates Africa-China relations, which is reflected
in the strong presence of Chinese immigrants who settled in Africa for economic
reasons. The present paper focuses on the Chinese community living in Cameroon.
It aims to examine their sociodemographic profile, mainly, who are the Chinese
living in Cameroon. What is their age group? level of education? family status? how
long have they been in Cameroon, and what is their migratory project? Further,
which language are they exposed to speaking once they arrive in Cameroon?
Cameroon in this situation is a particular case due to its complex linguistic situation.
It is the African country with the highest number of languages, after Nigeria. It has
almost 300 languages among which are two official languages: French and English,
two “hybrid” languages: Pidgin English and Camfranglais, and more than 250 local
languages (Ngefac, 2010).
The present study uses a mixed research method. First, a questionnaire survey,
written in Chinese and English, has been administered to 432 Chinese migrants
living in Yaounde, Douala, and Bamenda. The goal was to elicit detailed
information about the sociodemographic data of the Chinese and their language
use and proficiency. Secondly, semi-structured interviews have been conducted.
The main goal of this research method was to collect the Chinese migrants’
narratives about their stay in Cameroon and to allow them to express their attitudes
and opinions about language matters. Lastly, observations have been used besides
questionnaires and interviews. The use of these three research instruments
augmented the validity and reliability of the data and their interpretation. The
analysis of the sociodemographic profile of the Chinese respondents shows that
Chinese immigrants in Cameroon are diverse in their level of education, marital
status, socio-economic class, profession, and age, among others. However, the
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point they share in common is their motivation for migrating: almost all of them
migrated to carry out various economic activities in Cameroon. The majority are
engaged in family retail and wholesale business. Additionally, the findings reveal
that the presence of Chinese in Cameroon is relatively recent. Indeed, 99% of them
have arrived since 2000.
1107 Boatmen and Decent Work: Insights from Varanasi District
Akhilesh Vishwakarma and Ruchi Singh
Migration is not a new phenomenon in developing countries and is described as a
long-term change in a person's place of residence. This change can occur inside
the limits of a single nation or across borders, from rural to urban or from urban
to rural areas. Water tourism is one of the major source of employment in
Varanarsi (Doron, 2005) which leads to complicated and varied phenomenon of
migrantion of boatmen to the city with important social, economic, and cultural
implications. Migrant boatmen have developed a unique type of social identity and
engage in a specific type of circulatory or “transversal” labour migration.Current
study focusses on boatmen in Varanasi, which is located on the banks of the holy
river Ganga, where boatmen have different lifestyles, patterns of interaction, and
socioeconomic conditions. Boatmen, play a vital role in the economy of Varanasi
district, despite this the decent work frameowork and ILO Conventions are still
distant dream for these migrants. They are often denied of basic civic ammenities,
have poor working conditions, and have limited access to healthcare. A variety of
elements, including economic possibilities, political unpredictability, and social and
cultural conventions, influence the migration of boatmen.With the given context ,
the major objective study is is to understand the issues, challenges and livelihood
issues of migrant boatmen in Varnasi district. The study is based on primary survey
of 100 boatmen at shores of river Ganges in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh.
Surprisingly, in spite of over 3.2 million domestic and foreign tourists visiting the
city annually, these boatmen lead a life of deprivation, destitution and poverty.
Data have been collected employing simple random sampling and simple statistical
techniques have been used for analysis of the data. The major finindg of the study
is majority of these communities belong to vulnerable and marginalised section of
the society in Varanasi and are less educated and have barely any awareness
regarding their rights both at national and internationla level inclusding ILO
frameworks on decent work. Even though they are a low-status and
underprivileged minority, it demonstrates how boatmen manage to fight and
contest state dominance and upper-caste dominance. Boatmen work long hours in
difficult conditions. They are often excluded from social and cultural events and
face stigma and prejudice are often prone to discrimination. Many boatmen in
Varanasi are denied of civic amenities and lack access to basic facilities such as
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sanitation, clean drinking water, and healthcare. Despite these challenges, the
boatmen of Varanasi continue to play an important role in the city's economy and
culture.To guarantee that boatmen may work in safe and equitable conditions and
that their human rights are safeguarded, policymakers, employers, and other
stakeholders must collaborate.
13D Migration, Religion, and Religious Groups V1 - VIRTUAL ACCESS
Chair: Eric M. Trinka, Emory and Henry College, USA
455 Religious Studies and Migration Research: Exploring Methodological
Mysteries and Interdisciplinary Insights
Ingrid Løland
While expanding literature addresses the intriguing nexus of religion and migration
through different theoretical lenses and empirical case studies, there is still a need
to delve more deeply into the methodological subtleties that encourage new
insights on these topics. When setting out to explore the many competing and
contradictory manifestations of religion in diverse migratory settings, our research
endeavours reflect highly complex phenomena that cannot always be understood
within the scientific vocabulary of one single tradition. This paper offers a dynamic
gaze on the interdisciplinary link between religious studies and migration research
and argues for an inquisitive openness towards the theory-data relationship in
qualitative research. Although vastly dissimilar and bound by their respective and
longstanding scientific traditions, both religious studies and migration research
cover broad areas of study and represent chiefly interdisciplinary types of
scholarship. Despite belonging to divergent and sometimes contending paradigms,
the paper questions how these disciplines may critically enhance and work as
combined sources of knowledge in contemporary and increasingly complex
research problems. Drawing on Alvesson and Kärreman’s (2011) compelling
‘mystery as method’ approach, the study proposes to encounter religion and
migration-related issues through combined “repertoires of lenses” (Deetz, 1992,
cited in Alvesson & Kärreman, 2011, p. 34). Acknowledging the interdependence
of theory and data allows for a critical and reflexive view of their constructed
interrelationship. Multiple perspectives may thus envision interpretative portals
into empirical realities in broader and more creatively inspired ways. When
applying this dynamic methodology to the cross-disciplinary conversations of
religious studies and migration research, alternative ways of understanding can help
challenge hegemonic discourses and blur hitherto strict boundaries between
scientific genres. Moreover, such a methodology acknowledges the messiness and
hybridity of empirical data, in which mysteries, anomalies and tensions may come
to the fore, contest established theories, as well as inspire ever-new and evolving
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perspectives. The imaginative component of conducting/constructing qualitative
research, therefore, rests upon a mutually enhancing and complementary interplay
between theory and data which, the paper argues, is beneficial for cross-fertilizing
disciplines such as religious studies and migration research. This study seeks to
illustrate these interdisciplinary linkages by showcasing a few research examples in
which the richness, depth and intricacies of the religion/migration nexus are
inquisitively imagined and creatively accounted for.
118 Identity Matters: Culture and Religion as Key Factors in the Migration of
Muslims
Joseph Abraham Levi
Using as a springboard the Islamic concept of
Hijrah (migration)—whereby
migration is conceived as a way of saving the faithful from religious
persecution[1]—I analyze how culturally, economically, and socio-politically
disfranchised and marginalized Muslims decide or, better yet, have no other choice
but to leave their homeland in search for a better life in non-Muslim lands.
Adaptation, assimilation, and compromise vs. maintaining their cultural, linguistic,
and religious identity while living in
dār al-Ḥarb (land of the enemy, i.e.,
non-Muslim territory) are oftentimes a barrier to fully enjoying the benefits of
living free from danger in their adopted homeland. Finally, cultural, ethnic, racial,
religious, and (trans)gender issues will be analyzed as these modern-day
muhājirūna (migrant Muslims) negotiate their identities away from home (
dār al-Islām, lands under Muslim sovereignty).
[1] See Qur’ān 2:218; 4:100; 8:72; 8:74-75; 9:20; 16:110.
111 A Tale of Two Regions: Perceptions of Syrian Forced Immigrants in
Lebanon through a Religious Lens
Ziad Alahmad
Previous research has shown that religion, culture, and identity play a role in forced
immigrants' acceptance. This study aimed to explore how religion influences the
relationship between the host community and forced immigrants in Lebanon. The
study focused on the perceptions of Lebanese citizens in the North Governorate,
a predominantly Sunni area, and the Greater Beirut Area, a multi-faith region,
towards Syrian forced immigrants. A total of 1000 randomly selected respondents,
equally distributed between the two regions, were surveyed through door-to-door
visits. Using statistical tests, the study confirms significant differences in
perceptions between the two regions. Respondents in the North Governorate
perceived Syrians as guests rather than members of the community, expected them
to go back home sooner or later, and were more willing to offer them housing and
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employment. Conversely, respondents in the Greater Beirut Area perceived Syrian
refugees as a part of the Lebanese community, competing with them for resources,
and were less likely to offer them housing and employment. The findings suggest
that personal and collective identity and perceived threat to shared resources are
significant factors in attitudes towards Syrian forced immigrants in Lebanon,
particularly through a religious lens. This research provides valuable insights into
the complexities of forced immigrant acceptance and integration in a country
where religion plays a significant role in society. The study's findings have
significant implications for policymakers, practitioners, and academics working in
the fields of forced migration and refugee resettlement. To foster greater
acceptance and integration of forced immigrants, there is a need for targeted
interventions that take into account the unique cultural and religious contexts of
host communities. By providing insights into these complexities, this research
contributes to a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities for
forced immigrant acceptance and integration in Lebanon and beyond.
