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Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir)

Authors:
Dilek Aykır at Izmir Katip Celebi University
Dilek Aykır
Serkan Kükrer at Izmir Katip Celebi University
Serkan Kükrer
Şakir Fural at Ahi Evran Üniversitesi
Şakir Fural
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Coastal Ecosystem, Ecological Risk, Element Contamination
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COĞRAFYA DERGİSİ
JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY
2023, (46)
DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818
Sorumlu yazar/Correspondng author: Dlek Aykır / dlkaykr@gmal.com
Atıf/Ctaton: Aykır, D., Fural, S., Kukrer, S., Mutlu, Y.E.. (2023). Havran Lagünü’nde (Balıkesr) ekolojk rsk sevyesnn zamansal değm. Cografya Dergisi, 46, 123-135.
https://do.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818
Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135 Aratırma Makalesi / Research Article
https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/jgeography/home
Coğrafya
Dergisi
Journal of
Geography
2023
46
SAYI/ ISSUE
e-ISSN 1305-2128
Havran Lagünü’nde (Balıkesir) Ekolojik Risk Seviyesinin
Zamansal Değişimi*

  , 
1
2
3

4

ÖZ
Havran Lagünü; Balıkesr’n Havran lçesnde, Ege Denz kıyısında, Havran Çayı’nın ağız kısmında oluan br sulak alandır. Bu çalımanın amacı; yörede hızla
artan antropojenk aktvtelerden kaynaklanan element krllğnn lagün üzerndek ekolojk etklern aratırmaktır. Bu kapsamda; Havran Lagünü’nden 34
cm uzunluğunda br sedment karotu alınmıtır. Elementlern taınım süreçlerndek rollern belrlemek çn klorofl bozunma ürünler ve toplam organk
karbon analz yapılmıtır. Çoklu element analzler ICP-MS le Bureau Vertas Analytcal Laboratuvarı’nda (Kanada) gerçekletrlmtr. Zengnleme faktörü
ve jeoakümülasyon ndeks le element kaynakları belrlenmtr. Ekolojk rsk değerlendrmes çn toksk rsk ndeks, ekolojk ve potansyel ekolojk rsk
ndeks kullanılmıtır. Zengnleme faktörü sonuçlarına göre karotun farklı bölümlernde Mo, T, Mn ve Cd orta düzeyde, As öneml düzeyde zengnlemtr.
Bu durum, bahs geçen elementlern antropojenk aktvtelerden etklendğn göstermektedr. Temel Bleen Analz sonuçlarına göre; Mo, Cu, Mn, Cd, Zn,
N, Hg ve Cu, Pb, As ortak kaynaklı görünmektedr. Toksk rsk karotun alt bölümlernde yüksek As kontamnasyonuna bağlı olarak orta dereceye ulamı
ancak yüzeyde düük sevyeye nmtr. Hg ve As orta derecede, Cd orta – öneml derecede ekolojk rsk oluturmaktadır. Lagünde orta derecede potansyel
ekolojk rsk bulunmaktadır. Karot yüzeynde artan organk karbon ve klorofl bozunma ürünler konsantrasyonu organk krllğn br göstergesdr.
Elementlern kaynak tanımlamalarında tarım, endüstr, yerleme baskın antropojenk faalyetler olarak belrlenmtr.
Anahtar kelmeler: Kıyı ekosstem, Ekolojk rsk, Element kontamnasyonu
ABSTRACT
The Havran Lagoon is formed at the mouth of the Havran Stream in the Havran district of Balıkesir, located on the Aegean Sea coast. This study aimed to
investigate the ecological effects of element pollution on the lagoon caused by rapidly increasing anthropogenic activities in the region. In this context, 34
cm-long core was taken from the Havran Lagoon, and then to determine their role in the transport processes of the elements, chlorophyll degradation
products and total organic carbon analysis were performed. Element concentration analyzes were performed with ICP-MS at the Bureau Veritas Analytical
Laboratory (Canada). Element sources were identified with the help of the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index. The toxic risk index, ecological
risk index, and potential ecological risk index were used for ecological risk assessment. According to the findings obtained from enrichment factor, Mo, Ti,
Mn and Cd were found to be moderately enriched, while As was significantly enriched in different parts of the core. Hence, it was confirmed that the
mentioned elements were affected by anthropogenic activities. According to the results of the principal component analysis, Mo, Cu, Mn, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Hg
and Cu, Pb, and As appear to have common sources. The toxic risk reached a moderate level due to high As contamination in the lower parts of the core,
but decreased to a low level at the surface. Hg and As produced a moderate ecological risk, while Cd was associated with a moderate to significant
ecological risk. There is a moderate potential ecological risk in the lagoon. The increasing concentration of organic carbon and chlorophyll degradation
products in recent years indicates organic pollution. The dominant anthropogenic activities were identified to be agriculture, industry, and settlement
during the resource definition of the elements.
Keywords: Coastal Ecosystem, Ecological Risk, Element Contamination
Bavuru/Submitted: 27.09.2022 • Revizyon Talebi/Revision Requested: 09.11.2022 • Son Revizyon/Last Revision Received: 20.11.2022 •
Kabul/Accepted: 01.12.2022
*Bu çalıma, Ardahan Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Aratırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından 2020-006 nolu proje kapsamında desteklenmitir. Destekleri için Arda-
han Üniversitesi BAP birimine teekkür ederiz. Arazi çalımasındaki destekleri için Prof. Dr. Abdullah SOYKAN ve Uzman Furkan İNAN’a teekkür ederiz.
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
124
EXTENDED ABSTRACT



                
   

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       

    


   












 
    









       

AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
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1. GİRİŞ
   

       
     
  

       
      
 
       
   

      

      
      
    
      
  
      
      

       

      


Şekil 1:

AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
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    
      

       
     
     
    
       
      

 
      
      
      

      

     

     
      
 

       

      
  

      
     
      
      

      
    

1.1. Havran Lagünü’nün konumu ve genel Coğrafi
özellikleri
      

     Şekil 1
   2    






      
   
        
    

       
2      
       

     
 
      



2. YÖNTEM
    
      

2.1. Laboratuvar analizleri

      
  
       
      
     
Tablo 1: ICP - MS ölçümlernn kalte kontrol sonuçları
Table 1: Quality control results of ICP - MS measurements
Element Gözlenen Değer Beklenen Değer Ölçüm Lmtler
Mo (ppm) 15,35 13,9 0,01
T (%) 0,093 0,097 0,001
As (ppm) 43,9 42,8 0,1
Al (%) 1,11 1,12 0,01
Cd (ppm) 2,37 2,37 0,01
Cr (ppm) 59,4 61,5 0,5
Cu (ppm) 140,73 149 0,01
Fe (%) 3,07 3,01 0,01
Hg (ppb) 240 260 5
Mn (ppm) 1024 1055 1
N (ppm) 81,3 77,7 0,1
Pb (ppm) 136,61 138 0,01
Zn (ppm) 342,4 345 0,1
AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
127
    

    
       
      
      
      
     

     


       
      
      
 
      

2.2. Ekolojik risk indeksleri
     
      


 
     
     


       


     


     
      
        


      
      
      
       
      





Tablo 2: İndeks ölçekler
Table 2: Index scales
Zengnleme Faktörü
EF (Sutherland, 2000)
EF <2 Zengnleme yok - Mnmum
2 - EF - 5 Orta derecede zengnleme
5 - EF - 20 Öneml derecede zengnleme
20 - EF - 40 Yüksek derecede zengnleme
EF > 40 Çok yüksek derecede zengnleme
Jeoakümülasyon İndeks
Igeo (Müller, 1969).
Igeo ≤0 Krletlmem
0 < Igeo < 1 Düük – orta derecede krletlm
1 < Igeo < 2 Orta derecede krletlm
2 < Igeo < 3 Orta – yüksek derecede krletlm
3 < Igeo < 4 Güçlü derecede krletlm
4 < Igeo < 5 Oldukça güçlü derecede krletlm
Igeo ≥ 5 Çok güçlü derecede krletlm
Toksk Rsk İndeks
TRI (Zhang vd., 2016).
TRI ≤ 5 Toksk rsk yok
5 < TRI ≤ 10 Düük derecede toksk rsk
10 < TRI ≤ 15 Orta derecede toksk rsk
15 < TRI ≤ 20 Öneml derecede toksk rsk
TRI > 20 Çok yüksek derecede toksk rsk
Modfye Ekolojk Rsk İndeks
mER (Hakanson, 1980).
mER < 40 Düük derecede ekolojk rsk
40 ≤ mER < 80 Orta derecede ekolojk rsk
80 ≤ mER < 160 Öneml derecede ekolojk rsk
160 ≤ mER < 320 Yüksek derecede ekolojk rsk
mER ≥ 320 Çok yüksek derecede ekolojk rsk
Modfye Potansyel Ekolojk Rsk İndeks
mPER (Hakanson, 1980)
mPER < 150 Düük potansyel ekolojk rsk
150 ≤ mPER < 300 Orta potansyel ekolojk rsk
300 ≤ mPER < 600 Öneml potansyel ekolojk rsk
mPER ≥ 600 Çok yüksek potansyel ekolojk rsk
AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
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
   



 




     

     

 
     

2.3. Harita, grafik, tablo ve istatistik verilerinin hazırlanması
 
       
     
      
      


      

        

3. BULGULAR VE TARTIŞMA
      

      

Şekil 2:


AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
129
3.1. Element konsantrasyonlarının zamansal değişimi
      


 

       
        


        
Şekil 2


     


        
      

3.2. Toplam Organik Karbon (TOC) ve Klorofil Bozunma
Ürünleri’nin (CDP) zamansal değişimi
      


  
      


     


 

      
     
Şekil 2
     
  

Şekil 3:

AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
130
3.3. Antropojenik etki değerlendirmesi
     
     

     

3.3.1. Zenginleşme faktörü (EF)




       

    

Şekil 3

     
       
 



  
  
         
       
    
      


Tablo 3: Element konsantrasyonlarının karılatırılması
Table 3: Comparison of element concentrations
Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Hg Mn N Pb Zn
Havran Lagünü
Mn. 11300 9 0,07 23 22 16900 0,039 373 17 24 47 (Bu çalıma)
Max. 19200 56 0,34 38 63 30300 0,081 1945 28 39 69
Çardak Lagünü
Mn. 800 13 0,05 34 12 15000 0,029 212 34 7 33 (Kükrer vd., 2020)
Max. 21000 29 0,32 70 54 33000 0,072 401 74 27 92
Rabgh Lagünü
Mn. 15 73 1464 12 27 133 13 (Aljahdal vd., 2020)
Max. 6 218 8939 479 102 288 134
Antnot Lagünü
Mn. 9790 0,14 12 3130 140 4 9 (Botsou vd., 2019)
Max. 62500 3,42 25 31700 350 66 121
Togo Lagünü
Mn. 1 0,17 8 2 0,02 109 5 2 11 (OuroSama vd., 2021)
Max. 7 2,24 165 24 0,06 2335 100 28 124
Tablo 4: Değken ve ndekslern mnmum, maksmum ve ortalama değerler
Table 4: Minimum, maximum and average values of variables and indices
Mo
(ppm)
Cu
(ppm)
Pb
(ppm)
Zn
((ppm)
N
(ppm)
Mn
(ppm)
Fe
(ppm)
As
(ppm)
Cd
(ppm)
Cr
(ppm)
T
(ppm)
Al
(ppm)
Hg
(ppm)
TOC
(%)
CDP
(g/gr) TRI mPER
Ham
Değer
Mn. 1,03 22,00 24,50 47,75 17,06 373 16900 9,32 0,07 23,15 2300 11300 0,039 0,01 0,87 5,00 123
Mak. 3,58 63,00 39,43 69,60 28,31 1945 30300 56,85 0,34 38,30 6300 19200 0,080 7,20 187,18 7,84 151
Ort. 2,06 33,06 32,62 60,70 22,08 980 25700 27,76 0,18 31,41 500 15000 0,056 2,05 29,92 11,86 175
EF
Mn. 0,70 0,70 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,69 0,81 0,59 1,00 0,79 0,81 0,60 0,79
Mak. 2,50 1,49 1,39 1,11 1,13 3,15 1,66 5,91 2,86 1,24 2,48 1,23 1,40
Ort. 1,53 0,93 0,99 0,96 0,95 1,57 1,16 2,31 1,92 1,03 1,58 0,90 1,09
Igeo
Mn. -0,58 -0,88 -0,61 -0,58 -0,58 -0,88 -0,58 -0,63 -1,68 -0,58 -0,58 -0,58 -0,58
Mak. 1,21 0,66 0,08 -0,02 0,11 1,50 0,26 1,98 0,51 0,14 0,87 0,18 0,45
Ort. 0,32 -0,36 -0,21 -0,25 -0,26 0,23 0,00 0,68 -0,49 -0,16 0,36 -0,18 -0,07
mER
Mn. - 3,48 3,95 0,79 3,95 0,69 - 5,89 30,00 1,58 - - 31,61
Mak. - 7,43 6,97 1,11 5,63 3,15 - 59,06 85,76 2,48 - - 55,80
Ort. - 4,63 4,97 0,96 4,76 1,57 - 23,08 57,48 2,06 - - 43,79
AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
131
3.3.2. Jeoakümülasyon indeksi (Igeo)




             
       
 
      
      Şekil 4
     
       


3.4. Ekolojik risk değerlendirmesi


     

3.4.1. Toksik risk indeksi (TRI)


        
    
Şekil 5

      
        
       
       
 Şekil 6      


3.4.2. Modifiye ekolojik risk indeksi (mER)
 

 
        

     


      
  
      
      
      
      

Şekil 6
3.4.3. Modifiye potansiyel ekolojik risk indeksi (mPER)
      
        
      


     
Şekil 4:


Şekil 5:

AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
132
      
      

Şekil 6
     
      



3.5. Elementlerin muhtemel kaynaklarının belirlenmesi

 
     
  

         
  
       


Tablo 5
 

      
     

       
 
     
      
     

Şekil 6:

AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
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     
       
        
   
       




         
      
     
         
      

     

     
       
        
       
       

      


    

       
       

      

4. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER

 

      
 
       
      


      
      
       
      
       


       
       
       
      
      
    
       

        
      


Teşekkür:



Şekil 7:

Tablo 5: Temel Bleen Analz sonuçları
Table 5: Principal Component Analysis results
Element Bleen 1 Bleen 2 Bleen 3
Mo 0,153 0,004 -0,726
Cu 0,260 0,224 -0,231
Pb -0,231 0,244 -0,324
Zn -0,229 0,306 -0,023
N -0,140 0,363 -0,201
Mn 0,312 0,175 -0,022
Fe -0,346 0,055 -0,029
As -0,270 -0,210 -0,302
Cd 0,272 0,263 0,026
Cr -0,284 0,237 0,079
T -0,340 -0,084 -0,004
Al 0,056 0,411 0,099
Hg -0,035 0,338 -0,174
AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
134
Hakem Değerlendirmesi: 
Yazar Katkıları:   
 

Çıkar Çatışması: 
Finansal Destek:        


Peer Review:
Author Contributions:  
         
     

Conflict of Interest: 
Financial Disclosure: 

KAYNAKÇA/REFERENCES




27
    

  

         
     
       
      
     

         



            



      

      
        


          
       
     




187 
  


        


  

23
       



      
 

          

   



   


         
        



         



         


           
        
   




         
  

AYKIR, FURAL, KÜKRER, MUTLU / Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography, 2023, 46: 123-135
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        

        
       



  




  
      
    

         
  
       


           
 


      

         

      




 
    




        
       
       
   

         
   
        
       
    


        



           
  
      








       


        
     



    



    

        
   

           
      
    
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Seasonal and spatial variations of ecological risk from potential toxic elements in the southern littoral zone of İzmir Inner Gulf, Turkey
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2022
  • ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R
This study aims to investigate the ecological risk level of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in İzmir Inner Gulf. Samples were taken from 16 stations selected in the southern littoral zone of the gulf for four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). Multi-element, total organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, biogenic silica and carbonate analyses were carried out. To determine contamination level and ecological risks, some indices (enrichment factor, modified hazard quotient and potential risk analysis, toxic risk index, etc.) were calculated. Mo and Pb show significant anthropogenic enrichment in the inner gulf. These are followed by Cu, Cd, and Zn with moderate accumulation. Risk assessment indices point out that Ni, Cr, and Cd have a serious potential to create risk for ecosystem, and these are followed by As, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cu. According to the spatial distribution, land use maps, and factor analysis, the Cd, Zn, and Cr increases are localized at the mouth of the Poligon Stream. Pb and Cu accumulate at the mouth of four large streams feeding the eastern part of the gulf. Pb and Cu enrichment is associated with traffic and industrial discharges. While one of the sources of Hg is anthropogenic, another source is eutrophication resulting from benthic and planktonic diatom blooms. While Fe and Mn are added to the gulf via rivers as a result of rock and soil erosion, another source is sediment. Cr, As, and Ni come from anthropogenic and lithogenic sources and immobilized in sediment. CO3⁻² source is marine (biogenic) and dilutes other immobilized PTEs. It is understood that the peripheral stations rich in allochthonous organic carbon and the stations close to the central area rich in autochthonous organic carbon contribute to the carbon source in question.
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Sulak alanlarda potansiyel toksik element (PTE) kaynaklı ekolojik risk araştırmalarında kullanılan analitik metotlar
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2021
Sulak alan ekosistemleri çok sayıda fauna ve flora türüne yaşam ortamı sunan, aynı zamanda insanların faydalandığı önemli doğal kaynak değerleridir. Son yıllarda artan antropojenik etkiler sulak alanlarda PTE kaynaklı ekolojik bozulmaya ve buralardan çeşitli yollarla faydalanan insanlar üzerinde sağlık risklerine neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, sulak alanlarda ekolojik bozulma ve sağlık riski analizleri yapmak için analitik metotlar geliştirilmiştir. Zenginleşme faktörü (Enrichment factor-EF), Kontaminasyon faktörü (Contamination factor-CF), Modifiye kontaminasyon derecesi (Modified contamination degree-mCd), Jeoakümülasyon indeksi (Geoaccumulation index-Igeo) ile elementlerin doğal ve antropojenik kaynakları tespit edilmektedir. Modifiye ekolojik risk indeksi (Modified ecological risk-mER) Modifiye potansiyel ekolojik risk indeksi (Modified potential ecological risk-mPER), Kirlilik yük indeksi (Pollution load index-PLI), Toksik risk indeksi (Toxic risk index-TRI), Modifiye edilmiş risk oranı (Modified hazard quotient-mHQ), Ekolojik kontaminasyon indeksi (Ecological contamination index-ECI) ve Kontaminasyon ağırlık indeksiyle (Contamination severity index-CSI) ekolojik risk değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır. Kanserojen olmayan sağlık risklerinin tespiti için Tehlike indeksi (Hazard index- HI) ve Tehlike oranı (Hazard quotient-HQ), kanser riski tespiti için Yaşam boyu toplam kanser riski indeksi (Lifetime cancer risk index-LCR) hesaplanmaktadır. PTE’lerin ortak kaynaklarını tanımlamak ve taşınma süreçlerini tespit etmek için çok değişkenli istatistiksel analizler ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri’ne dayalı mekânsal analizler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yukarıda belirtilen metotların kapsamlı bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.
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Spatial and seasonal variation of trace elements contamination in the sediments of a tropical lagoon ecosystem: the Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného complex (southern Togo)
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2021
  • ENVIRON EARTH SCI
The Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného complex is located in the area of the phosphorite mining which produces different types of waste that are dumped directly into the surrounding environment without treatment. In addition, the contributions of its tributaries after leaching agricultural and urban soils need to be considered. This increases the risk of contamination of the hydrosystem, especially the sediments in trace elements. The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of trace elements contamination and their spatial and seasonal variation in the sediments of the Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného complex. The sediment physicochemical parameters were determined in line with French standards. The trace elements were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer coupled to a hydride and cold vapour generator. The spatial and seasonal variation was assessed using Ordinary Kriging Interpolation method. The average content of trace elements in sediments in mg/kg was as follow: Cd: 0.75, Pb: 13.26, Cr: 50.63, Ni: 36.05, Cu: 10.90, Hg: 0.04, As: 3.88, Zn: 47.38 and Mn: 766.74 in the dry season. In rainy season, the average concentration was: Cd: 0.46, Pb: 9.50, Cr: 27.43, Ni: 21.36, Cu: 9.61, Hg: 0.05, As: 5.23, Zn: 39.21 and Mn: 910.08. These concentrations showed a strong spatial variation. Significant seasonal variations were obtained for conductivity, organic matter as well as for Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Hg and As. The sediments were found to be weakly to moderately contaminated and enriched by trace elements with a higher contamination for Cd. The sediments may have low to moderate adverse effects on aquatic living organisms. This trace element contamination is of anthropogenic origin through the phosphorite mining and the agricultural and urban effluents. Therefore, this lagoon ecosystem warrants regular monitoring for better understanding to inform protection of the resource.
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Ecological risk assessment of surface sediments of Çardak Lagoon along a human disturbance gradient
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2020
  • ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS
Lagoons are the hotspot ecosystems whose sustainability should be secured using the ecological assessment indicators. This study aimed to quantify the surface sediment metal distributions of Çardak Lagoon in the Marmara region of Turkey, to characterize their natural and anthropogenic sources and transport mechanisms and to assess their potential ecological risks. The surface sediment samples were collected from 11 stations using Van Veen grab, while for the background values to be determined, core sampling was used from two stations. The analyses of multiple elements, total organic carbon, carbonate, and chlorophyll degradation by-products were carried out to characterize sediments. Enrichment factor and the indices of potential ecological and toxic risks were applied to assess the ecological status of the surface sediments. The operation of the gold mine in the close vicinity was found to be responsible for the enrichment of Au and Hg in the lagoon sediments. Cd, Tl, Sb, and Sr were the other elements responsible for the enrichment. The potential risk levels of the lagoon varied between the low and significant levels. The riskiest elements were found to be Hg and Cd which in turn pointed to the mining and agricultural activities as the most dominant human disturbance. The toxic risk index of Çardak Lagoon was estimated to range from 5.21 to 11.00, with a low mean value of 7.98. The C:N ratio range of 8.52 to 134.93 (a mean of 29.07) indicated that the organic C source was mostly of the terrestrial origin, in particular, from the surrounding agricultural lands.
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Heavy metals in sediments of two nearby streams from Southeastern Black Sea coast: Contamination and ecological risk assessment
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2020
Heavy metal pollution in the sediments of Çalıs¸lar and Akc¸aova Streams may expose hazardous risk to environment and public health through food chain in Ordu province of southeastern Black Sea region of Turkey. The enrichment and distributions of the heavy metals in the sediments of these two streams demonstrated a decreasing trend in the mean heavy metal toxic levels in mg kg À1 as follows Fe (8135.27) > Mn (272.56) > Zn (25.68) > Cu (13.03) > Co (5.13) > Pb (3.74) > Ni (3.62) > Cr (3.52) > Cd (0.005) in C¸alışlar Stream and Fe (9939.12) > Mn (286.97) > Zn (24.24) > Cu (19.31) > Ni (10.95) > Co (6.2) > Cr (4.90) > Pb (3.97) > Cd (0.09) > Ag (0.07) in Akc¸aova Stream, respectively. The sum of the toxic units of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in both streams were significantly higher. The assessment of sediment pollution was carried out using multivariate statistical approaches and indices such as enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (I geo), and potential ecological risk factor (E r i). The results of the cluster analysis in both streams showed that Co, Pb, and Cr were mainly associated with natural sources. EF values indicated that the average concentration of all metals from both streams were lower than potential effect levels with the exception of Cu, and Ag in Akçaova Stream. Relatively low levels of pollution indicators in Çalışlar Stream pointed out no environmental contamination and suggested that metal contamination sourced most likely from the naturally present minerals in the area. Akçaova Stream sediments were moderately contaminated with Cu (EF > 2), and significantly contaminated with Ag (EF ¼ 5 À 20) according to the average EF values attributable to anthropogenic activities.
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Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in mangrove habitats, using biochemical markers and pollution indices: A case study of Avicennia marina L. in the Rabigh lagoon, Red Sea
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2020
Contamination of mangrove ecosystems, including those of the Red Sea area, has caused serious concern globally. Spatial distribution of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation in one of the common mangrove plants of Saudi Arabia, Avicennia marina L., was evaluated in 8 stations at the Rabigh lagoon to assess the ecological risks due to heavy metal contamination. Among all the heavy metals, Fe concentration was recorded highest (8939.38 ± 312.63 mg/kg) at station S4. Contamination factor (CF) values for all heavy metals determined in this study were recorded in ascending order as Cu < Cr < Mn < Zn < Fe < Ni < Pb < Cd, with the pollution load index pattern recorded in descending order as S6 > S4 > S3 > S5 > S7 > S1 > S8 > S2. Bio-concentration factor (BCF) was <1 for all the heavy metals and there was a positive correlation between the antioxidants and lead (Pb), which can be a result of the ability of A. marina to exclude or detoxify this metal by its mechanism of exclusion or detoxification. A significant correlation existed between the heavy metals concentration in sediment and A. marina leaves at one combination or the other, except for Cu and Cd, which do not correlate with any other metal concentration. The information provided in the present study can be used in the monitoring and measurement of heavy metal pollution in marine ecosystems or other aquatic environments, to prevent several ecological risks to the mangrove ecosystem.
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İkizcetepeler Baraj Gölü (Balıkesir) Çökellerindeki Organik Karbon Miktarının Zamansal ve Mekansal Dağılışı
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2019
This study was carried out to determine the spatial and temporal changes of organic carbon (OC) concentrations in surface sediment and core samples taken from the base of the İkizcetepeler Dam. Although organic carbon (OC) is an important component of natural life, when found in wetlands over a certain amount, it leads to organic pollution and reduces dissolved oxygen in the environment, putting the life of other living things at risk. Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of the amount of OC in wetlands. Within the scope of the study, the data acquired from the titration method on surface and core samples collected were converted into extensional distribution maps and vertical distribution graphs using Arc – Map 10.5 Software. Thus, the amount and distribution of OC were determined, resource identification was facilitated, and risky areas at the base of the dam lake were identified. When all the findings were evaluated, it was determined that the amount of OC reached the highest values was at the sample points where Kille Stream, Koca Stream, and Çınarlı stream mouth and old settlements were located. The highest values according to temporal or spatial distribution were found between 5 – 10 cm slices. This indicates that the OC was transported from the watershed by streams other than Bağırsak Stream and discharged into the dam and that the discharge has increased to its maximum level in recent years and is now on a downward trend. According to the field studies carried out around Ikizcetepeler Dam and data obtained from available literature and analytical procedures, no OC origin pollution was observed in the dam.
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Arsenic (As) contamination in sediments from coastal areas of China
Article
  • Feb 2022
  • MAR POLLUT BULL
Arsenic (As) from various anthropogenic sources has accumulated in estuarine and coastal sediments of China in the past decade, but we know little about the overall situation of As pollution at a national scale. Here, we analysed the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics, source, fate, and potential risks of As from 11 provincial-level regions across coastal China based on reviewed data extracted from previous studies published in the past 20 years. The anthropogenic contribution to As load was evident in 8 out of 11 provinces, especially in developed areas such as Tianjin, Zhejiang, and Guangdong. The weighted mean concentration of As in coastal sediments was 9.75 mg kg⁻¹, which was close to national agricultural land (10.7 mg kg⁻¹) and mixed land (12.1 mg kg⁻¹) soil values, and this indicated the likely terrestrial influences and homogenization of As distribution at the interface between land and sea. The accumulation has decreased significantly since 2005, which might be due to continuously reduced emissions from farming and animal husbandry and household consumption in the catchment of coastal areas. The geoaccumulation index indicated that the proportions of unpolluted, unpolluted to moderately polluted, and moderately polluted cases were 48%, 28%, and 8%, respectively. This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative review on As contamination in coastal sediments on a national scale. The results could be used in coastal sediment quality assessment and decision-making by authorities to meet the regulatory requirements linked to coastal environmental protection and management.
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Heavy metal pollution risk assessments and their transportation in sediment and overlay water for the typical Chinese reservoirs
Article
  • May 2020
  • ECOL INDIC
To assess the metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb) pollution risks and their transportation in sediment and overlay water from the typical reservoirs in the rapidly developing economic region of southeastern China, this study integrated an intact sediment core incubation and the sediment metals vertical distribution analysis in a drinking water reservoir (Drinking-Y) and an irrigation water reservoir (Irrigation-T). The results revealed that both studied reservoirs were severely polluted by heavy metals. Irrigation-T was at a considerable risk compared to Drinking-Y (a moderate or slightly considerable risk) reflecting higher concentration of metals in Irrigation-T versus Drinking-Y. Concentrations of Hg and Cd in the overlying water exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, contributing approximately 90% of the total potential ecological risk index (RI) for both metals in the sediment. Most of the metals continue to increase inputs into the reservoirs and metals can settle from water to sediment in 10–15 days by static incubation. The main anthropogenic pollution sources originated from fuel combinations and industry mills (6.4%) and agricultural activities (38%) for Drinking-Y and fuel combinations and industry mills (4.9%), agricultural activities (32.9%) and mines and quarries (62.1%) for Irrigation-T. To reduce the human health risks, therefore, the freshwater should be stored 10–15 days prior to drinking or irrigation. Our data indicated that all the current pollution sources require more attention for further reducing the human health risks.
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Potential toxic elements in sediment of some rivers at Giresun, Northeast Turkey: A preliminary assessment for ecotoxicological status and health risk
Article
  • Jun 2020
  • ECOL INDIC
The concentration of globally alarming potential toxic elements (PTEs) like Aluminum (Al), chrome (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and uranium (U) were measured in surface sediment of seven major rivers residing in Giresun (one of the most important Hazelnut production areas of Turkey). The mean concentrations of PTEs in all river sediments showed the descending order of Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > Co > As > U > Cd. The level of studied metals in most of the rivers exceeded the threshold effect level (TEL), indicating a potential risk to the environment. Certain indices, including the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk index (Erⁱ), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), toxic risk index (TRI), modified hazard quotient (mHQ) and ecological contamination index (ECI) were used to assess the ecological risk posed by PTEs in sediment. Contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) demonstrated that most of the sediment samples were moderately to considerably contaminated by Cu, As, Cd and Pb. In view of the potential ecological risk index, sediments from Pazarsuyu Stream (PS), Batlama Stream (BS) and Gelevera Stream (GLS) showed considerable potential ecological risk. The sources of PTEs and the relations between them were determined by using principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and Pearson correlation index (PCI). Three factors explaining 83.94% of the total variance was found by PCA/FA. 43.34% of the total variance explained by the first factor (F1) was correlated with Ni, Cr, Pb and Co elements. 28.35% of the total variance explained by the second factor (F2) was correlated with U, Al, the third factor (F3) explains 12.24% of the total variance and correlated with Zn, Cd, Cu and As elements. These factors revealed that the quality of the sediment was mainly influenced by anthropogenic effects. The extent of pollution by heavy metals in the studied streams implies that the condition is much frightening to the biota and inhabitants in the vicinity of these rivers as well.
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